Cornelius Vanderbilt

477: 830: 1083: 1258:, North Carolina, as his main residence with part of his inheritance from his grandfather. It still retains the title of the largest privately owned home in the United States, though it is open to the public. The mansion contains 178,926 square feet (16,622.8 square meters) of total floor space and originally sat on 125,000 acres (50,600 hectares) of land. It now sits on 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) due to George's final wishes that 86,000 acres (35,000 ha) be sold to the government at $ 5 per acre ($ 12/ha)—a significantly cut rate and what George had originally paid—in order to form the core of the 1193: 924: 622:, which (along with the other Central American republics) had declared war on Walker. Vanderbilt sent a man to Costa Rica who led a raid that captured the steamboats on the San Juan River, cutting Walker off from his reinforcements from insurgent groups in the United States. Walker was forced to give up, and was driven out of the country by a U.S. Navy officer. But the new Nicaraguan government refused to allow Vanderbilt to restart the transit business, so he started a line by way of Panama, eventually developing a monopoly on the California steamship business. 1046:—received $ 2 million apiece. Vanderbilt willed amounts ranging from $ 250,000 to $ 500,000 to each of his daughters. His wife received $ 500,000, their New York City home, and 2,000 shares of common stock in the New York Central Railroad. To his younger surviving son, Cornelius Jeremiah Vanderbilt, whom he regarded as a wastrel, he left the income from a $ 200,000 trust fund. (Although his daughters and Cornelius received bequests much smaller than those of their brother William, these made them very wealthy by the standards of 1877 and were not subject to 427: 40: 193: 618:, into opposing Vanderbilt. Randolph convinced Walker to annul the charter of the Accessory Transit Company, and give the transit rights and company steamboats to him; Randolph sold these to Garrison. Garrison brought Charles Morgan in New York into the plan. Vanderbilt took control of the company just before these developments were announced. When he tried to convince the U.S. and English governments to help restore the company to its rights and property, they refused. So he negotiated with 2616: 991: 729: 2640: 794: 1023:

Commodore's presence—claimed William would be the most trustworthy to inherit the estate and business and that his other children actually hated him and were just waiting for him to die. A "spirit", during this session, came in the form of William's deceased mother, Sophia. Not wanting to risk further public humiliation of the family name in court, William finally settled with his siblings. He gave Corneel an extra $ 200,000 in cash and a

1069: 536: 2664: 2628: 1753:) was among several signers who petitioned the leaders of the American Moravian Church in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, for permission to build a meeting house. Once the New Dorp worthies received the proper authority from Bethlehem, Cornelius, Jacob II, and many more of the by-now ubiquitous Staten Island Vanderbilts helped construct an austere but sturdy house of worship, which opened its doors in 1763. 282: 2652: 2604: 418:. The Court never heard Vanderbilt's case, because on March 2, 1824, it ruled in Gibbons' favor, saying that states had no power to interfere with interstate commerce. The case is still considered a landmark ruling. The protection of competitive interstate commerce is considered the basis for much of the prosperity which the United States has generated. 1220:, contested the will on the grounds that their father was of unsound mind and under the influence of his son Billy and spiritualists whom he consulted on a regular basis. The court battle lasted more than a year and was ultimately won outright by Billy, who increased the bequests to his siblings and paid their legal fees. 986:

Cornelius Vanderbilt died on January 4, 1877, at his residence, No. 10 Washington Place, after being confined to his rooms for about eight months. The immediate cause of his death was exhaustion, brought on by long suffering from a complication of chronic disorders. At the time of his death, aged 82,

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While he was away, White conspired with Charles Morgan, Vanderbilt's erstwhile ally, to betray him, and deny him money he was owed by the Accessory Transit Company. When Vanderbilt returned from Europe, he retaliated by developing a rival steamship line to California, cutting prices until he forced

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as the United States developed its manufacturing base. Some of the first railroads in the United States were built from Boston to Long Island Sound, to connect with steamboats that ran to New York. By the end of the decade, Vanderbilt dominated the steamboat business on the Sound, and began to take

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After Thomas Gibbons died in 1826, Vanderbilt worked for Gibbons' son William until 1829. Though he had always run his own businesses on the side, he now worked entirely for himself. Step by step, he started lines between New York and the surrounding region. First he took over Gibbons' ferry to New

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Vanderbilt's biographer T. J. Stiles says, "He vastly improved and expanded the nation's transportation infrastructure, contributing to a transformation of the very geography of the United States. He embraced new technologies and new forms of business organization, and used them to compete....He

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in his employ, who'd allegedly been approached and paid off by William to do his bidding, according to eyewitness testimony. Allegedly, William paid the spiritualist (a Mr. Stoddard) to suggest the "spirits"—during a point in the session when said spiritualist would fall into a "trance" in the

769:, and was elected its president. He later explained that he wanted to show that he could take this railroad, which was generally considered worthless, and make it valuable. It had a key advantage: it was the only steam railroad to enter the center of Manhattan, running down 4th Avenue (later 914:

Gould never got the better of Vanderbilt in any other important business matter, but he often embarrassed Vanderbilt, who uncharacteristically lashed out at Gould in public. By contrast, Vanderbilt befriended his other foes after their fights ended, including Drew and Cornelius Garrison.

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Vanderbilt brought his eldest son, Billy, in as vice-president of the Harlem. Billy had had a nervous breakdown early in life, and his father had sent him to a farm on Staten Island. But he proved himself a good businessman, and eventually became the head of the

410:. There his wife Sophia operated a very profitable inn, using the proceeds to feed, clothe and educate their children. Vanderbilt also proved a quick study in legal matters, representing Gibbons in meetings with lawyers. He also went to Washington, D.C., to hire 1242:

Cornelius Jeremiah Vanderbilt was childless when he committed suicide, in 1882, and George Washington Vanderbilt died during the Civil War, before having any children. All of the Vanderbilt multimillionaires descend through the oldest son Billy and his wife.

911:" in defiance of state law, which restricted the number of shares a company could issue. But Gould bribed the legislature to legalize the new stock. Vanderbilt used the leverage of a lawsuit to recover his losses, but he and Gould became public enemies. 235:: "Contemporaries, too, often hated or feared Vanderbilt or at least considered him an unmannered brute. While Vanderbilt could be a rascal, combative and cunning, he was much more a builder than a wrecker being honorable, shrewd, and hard-working." 785:. Though the Commodore had once scorned Billy, he was impressed by his son's success. Eventually he promoted him to operational manager of all his railroad lines. In 1864, the Commodore sold his last ships, in order to concentrate on the railroads. 1018:, Ethelinda and Mary took the matter of their father's will to court, claiming he was not in his right mind in his old age when he drew up the will; that he had been behaving strangely and was under William's influence as well as that of a corrupt 388:

to run a ferry between New York and New Jersey. Gibbons launched his steamboat venture because of a personal dispute with Ogden, whom he hoped to drive into bankruptcy. To accomplish this, he undercut prices and also brought a landmark legal

583:, a partner in the Accessory Transit Company, led to a business battle in which Vanderbilt forced the company to buy his ships for an inflated price. In early 1853, he took his family on a grand tour of Europe in his steamship yacht, the 805:

in 1880; note the labels for the New York, Harlem and New York, and New Haven Railroads; the New York Central and Hudson River was off to the left. The two larger portals on the right allowed some horse-drawn trains to continue further

1014:, and 9 daughters (Phebe Jane, Ethelinda, Eliza, Emily Almira, Sophia Johnson, Maria Louisa, Frances Lavinia, Mary Alicia, and Catherine Juliette), to receive comparatively little inheritance; far less than even their young nephews. 1415:"Cornelius Vanderbilt.; A Long And Useful Life Ended. The Renowned Commodore Dies After Eight Months' Illness His Remarkable Career As A Man Of The World His Wealth Estimated At $ 100,000,000 Particulars Of His Illness And Death" 309:

However, according to the first account of his life, published in 1853, the periauger belonged to his father and the younger Vanderbilt received half the profit. He began his business by ferrying freight and passengers on a

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in Nashville, Tennessee, named in his honor. He also paid $ 50,000 for a church for his second wife's congregation, the Church of the Strangers. In addition, he donated to churches around New York, including a gift to the

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refused it, thinking its operation and maintenance too expensive for what he expected to be a short war. Vanderbilt had little choice but to lease it to the War Department, at prices set by ship brokers. When the

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Though Vanderbilt had relinquished his presidency of the Stonington Railroad during the California gold rush, he took an interest in several railroads during the 1850s, serving on the boards of directors of the

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began in 1849, Vanderbilt switched from regional steamboat lines to ocean-going steamships. Many of the migrants to California, and almost all of the gold returning to the East Coast, went by steamship to

384:, who had designed the steamboat. Though both Livingston and Fulton had died by the time Vanderbilt started working for Gibbons, the monopoly was held by Livingston's heirs. They had granted a license to 458:, who forced Vanderbilt to buy him out. Impressed, Vanderbilt became a secret partner with Drew for the next thirty years, so that the two men would have an incentive to avoid competing with each other. 1140:

Statues of Cornelius Vanderbilt can be found at various locations, including Vanderbilt University and Grand Central Terminal. At Vanderbilt University, a statue of Cornelius Vanderbilt, designed by

516:. By cutting fares on competing lines, Vanderbilt drove down the Stonington stock price, and took over the presidency of the company in 1847. It was the first of the many railroads he would head. 208:", was an American business magnate who built his wealth in railroads and shipping. After working with his father's business, Vanderbilt worked his way into leadership positions in the inland 1196:

Physician Jared Linsly testifying as to the mental and physical condition of Cornelius Vanderbilt during court proceedings surrounding the challenge to his will. From an 1877 illustration in

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by Michael Klepper and Robert Gunther, Vanderbilt would be worth $ 143 billion in 2007 United States dollars if his total wealth as a share of the nation's gross domestic product (

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to carry passengers across Nicaragua by steamboat on the lake and river, with a 12-mile (19-kilometer) carriage road between the Pacific port of San Juan del Sur and Virgin Bay on

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Once in charge of the Harlem, Vanderbilt encountered conflicts with connecting lines. In each case, the strife ended in a battle that Vanderbilt won. He bought control of the

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to get popular support for his business. At the end of the year, the monopoly paid him a large amount to stop competing, and he switched his operations to Long Island Sound.

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in commemoration of his gift to help found the university. Additionally, a statue of Cornelius Vanderbilt is located on the south side of Grand Central Terminal, facing the

614:, led an expedition to Nicaragua and briefly took control of the government. Edmund Randolph, a close friend of Walker, coerced the Accessory Transit's San Francisco agent, 1027:

of $ 400,000. He gave Mary and Ethelinda the same settlement. Still, all told, this was comparatively very little from the—by far—largest estate in the world at that time.

1118:) in 1877 (the year of his death) were taken and applied in that same proportion in 2007. This would make him the second-wealthiest person in United States history, after 595:, headed by Edward K. Collins. Vanderbilt eventually drove the Collins Line into extinction. During the 1850s, Vanderbilt also bought control of a major shipyard and the 2191: 314:. Such was his energy and eagerness in his trade that other captains nearby took to calling him "The Commodore" in jest—a nickname that stuck with him all his life. 2532: 297:

as a boy, quitting school at the age of 11. At the age of 16, Vanderbilt decided to start his own ferry service. According to one version of events, he borrowed

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The Commodore had lived in relative modesty considering his nearly unlimited means, splurging only on race horses. His descendants were the ones who built the

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During these years, Vanderbilt also operated many other businesses. He bought large amounts of real estate in Manhattan and Staten Island, and took over the

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to argue the case before the Supreme Court. Vanderbilt appealed his own case against the monopoly to the Supreme Court, which was next on the docket after

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

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When Vanderbilt entered his new position, Gibbons was fighting against a steamboat monopoly in New York waters, which had been granted by the

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over management of the connecting railroads. In the 1840s, he launched a campaign to take over the most attractive of these lines, the

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Cornelius Vanderbilt's great-great-great-grandfather, Jan Aertson or Aertszoon ("Aert's son"), was a Dutch farmer from the village of

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and traded in food and merchandise in partnership with his father and others. But on November 24, 1817, a ferry entrepreneur named

95: 2222:"The American Heritage 40; A ranking of the forty wealthiest Americans of all time (Surprise: Only three of them are alive today)" 2099: 2060: 1821: 1782: 1604:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

2714: 1323: 876: 1130:. In real terms, however, Vanderbilt's peak wealth of $ 105 million in 1877 is only worth US$ 3 billion (in 2023 dollars). 2764: 2576:

Steerage Passage Contract - Le Havre to New York on the clipper ship "Admiral" of the Vanderbilt European Steamship Line 1854

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to his death. Along with other members of the Vanderbilt family, he helped erect a local Moravian parish church in his city.

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in Manhattan. It was finished in 1871, and served as his lines' terminus in New York. He sank the tracks on 4th Avenue in a

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On December 19, 1813, at age 19 Vanderbilt married his first cousin, Sophia Johnson. They moved into a boarding house on

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Reminiscences of Famous Georgians: Embracing Episodes and Incidents in the Lives of the Great Men of the State, Volume 2

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and invested in the rapidly growing railroad industry, effectively transforming the geography of the United States.

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in 1830, George in 1832 (who died in 1836), Mary in 1834, Catherine in 1836, and another son named George in 1839.

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Working for Gibbons, Vanderbilt learned to operate a large and complicated business. He moved with his family to

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In November 1855, Vanderbilt began to buy control of Accessory Transit once again. That same year, the American

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in 1869. He later bought the Canada Southern as well. In 1870, he consolidated two of his key lines into the

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to the Union Navy, equipping it with a ram and staffing it with handpicked officers. It helped bottle up the

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Shortly thereafter, his son Cornelius (brother to Jacob II, and the second in the family to bear the name

1361: 1082: 947:($ 22,890,000 in 2023 dollars ), the largest charitable gift in American history to that date, to Bishop 611: 496:. Using the name "The People's Line", he used the populist language associated with Democratic president 396: 369:

and New York. Although Vanderbilt kept his own businesses running, he became Gibbons's business manager.

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in 1838. It was in the 1830s when he was first referred to as "commodore", then the highest rank in the

2759: 2594: 712:. He suffered a grievous loss when George Washington Vanderbilt II, his youngest and favorite son, and 565: 373: 270: 2243: 1906:

American Entrepreneur: The Fascinating Stories of the People who Defined Business in the United States

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helped to create the corporate economy that would define the United States into the 21st century."

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Klepper, Michael; Gunter, Robert; Baik, Jeanette; Barth, Linda; Gibson, Christine (October 1998).

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He then turned to transatlantic steamship lines, running in opposition to the heavily subsidized

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on Staten Island. He was later reburied in a tomb in the same cemetery constructed by his son

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Following his wife Sophia's death in 1868, Vanderbilt went to Canada. On August 21, 1869, in

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and wealthiest figures overall, Vanderbilt was the patriarch of the wealthy and influential

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In 1868, Vanderbilt fell into a dispute with Daniel Drew, who had become treasurer of the

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In addition to running his ferry, Vanderbilt bought his brother-in-law John De Forest's

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Vanderbilt had an estimated worth of $ 105 million ($ 3,004,312,500 in 2023 dollars ).

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Grand Central Terminal: Railroads, Engineering, and Architecture in New York City

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was soon built to provide a faster crossing.) Vanderbilt proposed a canal across

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The Myth of the Robber Barons: A New Look at the Rise of Big Business in America

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Nexus: the Bimonthly Newsletter of the New England Historic Genealogical Society

552:, where mule trains and canoes provided transportation across the isthmus. (The 339:

They had 13 children together: Phebe in 1814, Ethelinda in 1817, Eliza in 1819,

697: 573: 561: 497: 411: 232: 777:, New York, where it had a connection to the railroads running east and west. 2678: 2656: 2353: 1145: 1010:(Billy) and four grandsons through him. This left his only other living son, 999: 908: 875:

that later became a tunnel, and 4th Avenue became Park Avenue. The depot was

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estimated his wealth at death at $ 105,000,000, or 1/87 of the nation's GDP.

1126:(1839–1937). Another calculation, from 1998, puts him in third place, after 895:. To get revenge, he tried to corner Erie stock, which led to the so-called 1119: 892: 750: 657: 592: 451: 407: 1562:, Volumes 13-16. New England Historic Genealogical Society. 1996. p. 21-23 2527: 1674:"The Episcopalians: An American Elite With Roots Going Back To Jamestown" 709: 691: 634:

began in 1861, Vanderbilt attempted to donate his largest steamship, the

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in 1821, Emily in 1823, Sophia in 1825, Maria in 1827, Frances in 1828,

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was one of Cornelius Vanderbilt's great-great-great-great-grandfathers.

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called on Vanderbilt for help. This time he succeeded in donating the

305:(a shallow draft, two-masted sailing vessel), which he christened the 1266:

also had to sell off additional land to pay for the estate's upkeep.

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In 1869, Vanderbilt directed the Harlem to begin construction of the

793: 557: 302: 265:("of the") was eventually added to Aertson's village name to create " 83: 1209: 1068: 896: 654: 535: 351: 301:(equivalent to $ 1,900 in 2023) from his mother to purchase a 1034:, received $ 5 million in the will, while his three younger sons— 687: 244: 1006:

In his will, he left 95% of his $ 105 million estate to his son

826:, one of the first giant corporations in United States history. 269:" ("of the Bilt"). This was eventually condensed to Vanderbilt. 2627: 1617: 549: 503:

During the 1830s, textile mills were built in large numbers in

2404:"Railroad History Story: Jackson's Evolution as a Rail Center" 2455: 2328: 2160:

Jackson, Tom; Evanchik, Monica; et al. (July 15, 2007).

1953:. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co – via Archive.org. 788: 488:

In 1834, Vanderbilt competed on the Hudson River against the

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Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders, Part 4

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History of Grand Central Terminal § Grand Central Depot

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Cornelius Vanderbilt was buried in the family vault in the

454:. That year he faced opposition by a steamboat operated by 2651: 1227:, was a renowned fashion designer, and her youngest son, 1115: 461:

On November 8, 1833, Vanderbilt was nearly killed in the

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Grand Central Terminal: 100 Years of a New York Landmark

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Burials at the Vanderbilt Family Cemetery and Mausoleum

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The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt

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The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt

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Fortune's Children: The Fall of the House of Vanderbilt

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Fortune's Children: The Fall of the House of Vanderbilt

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The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt

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The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt

951:, the husband of her cousin, Amelia Townsend, to found 708:. Vanderbilt also paid to outfit a major expedition to 2219: 1910:. New York: American Management Association. pp. 1178:

before being moved to Grand Central Terminal in 1929.

666:) wrought havoc with the Union blockading squadron at 469:

in New Jersey. Also on the train was former president

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The Big Board: A History of the New York Stock Market

1269: 1166:-foot-tall (2.6-meter) bronze statue was sculpted by 1553: 1334:

Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway

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In 1999, Cornelius Vanderbilt was inducted into the

446:. In 1831, he took over his brother Jacob's line to 2342:"Grand Central Terminal to Have Vanderbilt Statue" 2293:Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide 1329:Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley and Pittsburgh Railroad 943:. Vanderbilt's second wife convinced him to give 492:, a steamboat monopoly between New York City and 19:For other people named Cornelius Vanderbilt, see 2676: 1665: 1358:, mistress of Cornelius Vanderbilt in later life 1223:One of Vanderbilt's great-great-granddaughters, 720:, fell ill and died without ever seeing combat. 325:, Cornelius Vanderbilt remained a member of the 2159: 918: 743: 406:, a stop on Gibbons' line between New York and 2456:Robins, A.W.; New York Transit Museum (2013). 1898: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1542:The Vanderbilts and the Story of Their Fortune 1246:Cornelius' youngest grandson through William, 1640: 1638: 1636: 899:. This brought him into direct conflict with 530: 204:(May 27, 1794 – January 4, 1877), nicknamed " 1672:Ayres, B. Drummond Jr. (December 19, 2011). 690:to hunt for the Confederate commerce raider 2568:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography 2488: 2449:Commodore: The Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt 2408:Michigan's Internet Railroad History Museum 1768:Commodore: The Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt 1735:Commodore: The Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt 1565: 939:, with the name — unusual for a woman — of 686:after which Vanderbilt converted it into a 2378: 2228:. Vol. 49, no. 6. Archived from 2081: 2042: 2020:. New York: Franklin-Turner. p. 123. 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1644: 1633: 1514:"Cornelius Vanderbilt [1794-1877]" 824:New York Central and Hudson River Railroad 789:New York Central and Hudson River Railroad 38: 2695:19th-century American railroad executives 2329:Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013 2322: 2283: 2127:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 6. 1967:The Life and Times of Col. James Fisk, Jr 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1733:Renehan, Edward J. Jr. (March 14, 2009). 421: 376:to the politically influential patrician 312:ferry between Staten Island and Manhattan 1963: 1957: 1942: 1940: 1597: 1577: 1312:New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad 1300:Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway 1191: 989: 922: 828: 820:Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway 792: 727: 534: 510:New York, Providence and Boston Railroad 475: 425: 280: 223:. He provided the initial gift to found 96:Vanderbilt Family Cemetery and Mausoleum 2446: 2289: 1970:. New York: New York Book Co. pp. 1764: 1732: 1726: 1620:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 1538: 1324:Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad 974:acres (3 hectares) for a cemetery (the 134: 1813; died 1868) 2677: 2526: 2437: 2360:from the original on December 15, 2018 2120: 2013: 2007: 1984: 1873: 1836: 1803: 1409: 1407: 1405: 852: 2507: 1946: 1937: 1671: 1618:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 1520:from the original on January 27, 2020 1485: 1431:from the original on February 4, 2020 1103:that characterize the United States' 887:Rivalry with Jay Gould and James Fisk 662:(popularly known in the North as the 625: 21:Cornelius Vanderbilt (disambiguation) 2735:Mutual Alliance Trust Company people 2476:from the original on August 17, 2021 2334: 2172:from the original on August 15, 2017 2102:from the original on August 14, 2021 1996:. pp. 46–53, 86. Archived from 1367:List of richest Americans in history 16:American business tycoon (1794–1877) 2725:Congressional Gold Medal recipients 2700:American businesspeople in shipping 2310:from the original on April 22, 2020 2266:""Cornelius Vanderbilt" G. Moretti" 2141:from the original on April 14, 2021 2063:from the original on April 14, 2021 2024:from the original on April 14, 2021 1824:from the original on April 14, 2021 1785:from the original on April 14, 2021 1402: 994:Vanderbilt family mausoleum at the 13: 2730:Members of the New York Yacht Club 2493:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2438:Folsom, Burton W. (2010). "ch 1". 2430: 2248:North America Railway Hall of Fame 1702: 1684:from the original on July 14, 2014 1539:Croffut, William Augustus (1886). 1486:Grant, H. Roger (2011). "Review". 1467:from the original on March 8, 2021 1270:Railroads controlled by Vanderbilt 1216:. Three of his daughters and son, 1135:North America Railway Hall of Fame 723: 490:Hudson River Steamboat Association 14: 2776: 2745:Businesspeople from Staten Island 2710:American Civil War industrialists 2589:, January 20, 1877, p. 36-37 2583:The Death of Commodore Vanderbilt 2553: 2401: 2082:Vanderbilt, Arthur T. II (2013). 2043:Vanderbilt, Arthur T. II (1991). 1344:Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad 1264:Edith Stuyvesant Vanderbilt Gerry 797:Looking out the north end of the 588:Morgan and White to pay him off. 442:Jersey, then switched to western 289:Cornelius Vanderbilt was born in 2662: 2650: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2602: 1717: 1170:and was originally sited at the 1088:Statue at Grand Central Terminal 1081: 1067: 978:). He chose to be buried there. 361:asked Vanderbilt to captain his 251:, Netherlands, who emigrated to 191: 2755:University and college founders 2447:Renehan, Edward J. Jr. (2007). 2395: 2372: 2258: 2236: 2213: 2184: 2162:"The Wealthiest Americans Ever" 2153: 2114: 2075: 2036: 1985:McGerr, Michael (Summer 2006). 1978: 1928: 1892: 1797: 1765:Renehan, Edward J. Jr. (2009). 1758: 1711: 1696: 1379: 1248:George Washington Vanderbilt II 1074:Statue at Vanderbilt University 1061:Statues of Cornelius Vanderbilt 1044:George Washington Vanderbilt II 285:Vanderbilt's mother, Phebe Hand 156: 131: 98:, Staten Island, New York, U.S. 2715:American railway entrepreneurs 2049:. Harper Collins. p. 49. 1987:"The Commodore's Strange Gift" 1902:; Doti, Lynne Pierson (2010). 1645:Vanderbilt, Arthur T. (1989). 1532: 1506: 1479: 1443: 1339:Lake Erie and Western Railroad 1235:, another descendant is actor 1181: 927:Vanderbilt in his final years. 755:Central Railroad of New Jersey 718:United States Military Academy 276: 1: 2562:"Vanderbilt, Cornelius" 2536:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2489:Schlichting, Kurt C. (2001). 2014:Knight, Lucian Lamar (1908). 1974:–147 – via Archive.org. 1810:. Vintage Books. p. 73. 1451:"Commodore Vanderbilt's Life" 1395: 1218:Cornelius Jeremiah Vanderbilt 1012:Cornelius Jeremiah Vanderbilt 736:in a famous rivalry with the 45: 2765:Vanderbilt University people 1964:McAlpine, Robert W. (1872). 1612:American Antiquarian Society 1592:American Antiquarian Society 1545:. Belford, Clarke. pp. 1516:. New Netherland Institute. 1276:New York and Harlem Railroad 1040:Frederick William Vanderbilt 919:Later years and philanthropy 744:New York and Harlem Railroad 732:Cornelius Vanderbilt versus 599:, a leading manufacturer of 217:richest Americans in history 7: 2512:. Washington: Beard Books. 2385:Michigan Passenger Stations 2290:Durante, Dianne L. (2007). 1934:38th Congress, 13 Stat. 401 1771:. Basic Books. p. 39. 1549:–9 – via Archive.org. 1488:Journal of American History 1362:List of railroad executives 1349: 1002:, where Cornelius is buried 935:, he married a cousin from 539:A map of Nicaragua in 1856. 397:United States Supreme Court 238: 10: 2781: 2379:Van Winkle, Louis (2001). 1737:. Basic Books. p. 8. 1314:(Nickel Plate Road, 1882–) 1185: 856: 531:Oceangoing steamship lines 480:Portrait of Vanderbilt by 399:to overturn the monopoly. 374:New York State Legislature 271:Anthony Janszoon van Salee 18: 2740:New York Central Railroad 2318:– via Google Books. 2110:– via Google Books. 2071:– via Google Books. 2032:– via Google Books. 1832:– via Google Books. 1793:– via Google Books. 1661:– via Google Books. 1356:Tennessee Celeste Claflin 1306:Michigan Central Railroad 1288:New York Central Railroad 1053: 1036:William Kissam Vanderbilt 816:New York Central Railroad 570:Accessory Transit Company 512:, popularly known as the 467:Camden and Amboy Railroad 404:New Brunswick, New Jersey 231:. According to historian 190: 185: 175: 167: 110: 102: 91: 72: 53: 37: 30: 1720:Staten Island, Volume 14 1372: 1150:Park Avenue road viaduct 1124:John Davison Rockefeller 981: 949:Holland Nimmons McTyeire 941:Frank Armstrong Crawford 706:Congressional Gold Medal 645:. Secretary of the Navy 579:In 1852, a dispute with 463:Hightstown rail accident 145:Frank Armstrong Crawford 2705:American industrialists 2508:Sobel, Robert (2000) . 1950:The Book of Daniel Drew 1294:Canada Southern Railway 1032:Cornelius Vanderbilt II 668:Hampton Roads, Virginia 321:members had joined the 255:(later New York) as an 2633:Business and economics 2254:on September 28, 2013. 2209:on September 13, 2009. 1260:Pisgah National Forest 1233:Emily Thorn Vanderbilt 1201: 1030:William's eldest son, 1003: 928: 881:Grand Central Terminal 849: 834:Grand Central Terminal 807: 759:Hartford and New Haven 740: 540: 485: 438: 422:Steamboat entrepreneur 286: 2750:Staten Island Railway 2548:; National Book Award 2381:"Gross Ile, MI depot" 2348:. February 24, 1929. 2270:Vanderbilt University 2232:on December 11, 2007. 2121:Stiles, T.J. (2010). 2003:on December 27, 2009. 1947:White, Bouck (1910). 1874:Stiles, T.J. (2009). 1804:Stiles, T.J. (2010). 1651:. Sphere. p. 7. 1500:10.1093/jahist/jar305 1282:Hudson River Railroad 1250:, built the 250-room 1195: 1172:Hudson River Railroad 1144:in 1897, stands near 993: 953:Vanderbilt University 926: 832: 812:Hudson River Railroad 796: 783:Staten Island Railway 731: 616:Cornelius K. Garrison 538: 479: 429: 284: 225:Vanderbilt University 2391:on October 28, 2005. 2199:"richest Americans"" 1254:in the mountains of 960:on Staten Island of 775:Chatham Four Corners 716:, a graduate of the 601:marine steam engines 545:California gold rush 229:Nashville, Tennessee 202:Cornelius Vanderbilt 32:Cornelius Vanderbilt 2587:Scientific American 1994:Vanderbilt Magazine 1878:. New York: Knopf. 1460:. January 5, 1877. 1424:. January 5, 1877. 1318:West Shore Railroad 865:Grand Central Depot 853:Grand Central Depot 803:Grand Central Depot 763:New York and Harlem 700:. For donating the 670:, Secretary of War 608:military adventurer 521:Staten Island Ferry 448:Peekskill, New York 435:James and John Bard 259:in 1650. The Dutch 2346:The New York Times 2166:The New York Times 2088:. Harper Collins. 1678:The New York Times 1648:Fortune's Children 1458:The New York Times 1422:The New York Times 1202: 1152:to the south. The 1004: 929: 850: 808: 799:Murray Hill Tunnel 767:stockmarket corner 741: 626:American Civil War 597:Allaire Iron Works 541: 525:United States Navy 486: 439: 345:Cornelius Jeremiah 287: 257:indentured servant 2760:Vanderbilt family 2543:978-0-375-41542-5 2519:978-1-893122-66-6 2500:978-0-8018-6510-7 2469:978-1-61312-387-4 2414:on March 30, 2009 2303:978-0-8147-1986-2 2226:American Heritage 2134:978-1-4000-3174-0 2095:978-0-06-228837-0 2056:978-0-688-10386-6 1921:978-0-8144-1411-8 1900:Schweikart, Larry 1885:978-0-375-41542-5 1817:978-1-4000-3174-0 1778:978-0-465-01030-1 1744:978-0-465-01030-1 1658:978-0-7474-0620-4 1262:. George's widow 1225:Gloria Vanderbilt 1206:Moravian Cemetery 1188:Vanderbilt family 1101:Vanderbilt houses 996:Moravian Cemetery 976:Moravian Cemetery 818:in 1867, and the 704:he was awarded a 482:Nathaniel Jocelyn 471:John Quincy Adams 444:Long Island Sound 378:Robert Livingston 319:Vanderbilt family 221:Vanderbilt family 199: 198: 180:Vanderbilt family 2772: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2655: 2654: 2645:New York (state) 2643: 2642: 2641: 2631: 2630: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2598: 2572: 2564: 2547: 2523: 2504: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2452: 2443: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2410:. Archived from 2399: 2393: 2392: 2387:. Archived from 2376: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2250:. Archived from 2240: 2234: 2233: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2205:. Archived from 2198: 2194:Fortune Magazine 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1991: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1944: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1909: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1871: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1703:Ingham, John N. 1700: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1642: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1615: 1609: 1595: 1589: 1574: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1466: 1455: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1430: 1419: 1411: 1389: 1383: 1237:Timothy Olyphant 1165: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1142:Giuseppe Moretti 1085: 1071: 973: 972: 968: 965: 946: 838:MetLife Building 603:, in Manhattan. 416:Gibbons v. Ogden 392:Gibbons v. Ogden 323:Episcopal Church 300: 195: 160: 158: 135: 133: 86:, New York, U.S. 79: 47: 42: 28: 27: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2593: 2559: 2556: 2551: 2544: 2520: 2501: 2479: 2477: 2470: 2433: 2431:Further reading 2428: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2400: 2396: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2313: 2311: 2304: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2244:"C. Vanderbilt" 2242: 2241: 2237: 2218: 2214: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2135: 2119: 2115: 2105: 2103: 2096: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2057: 2041: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1989: 1983: 1979: 1962: 1958: 1945: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1872: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1818: 1802: 1798: 1788: 1786: 1779: 1763: 1759: 1745: 1731: 1727: 1716: 1712: 1707:. p. 1501. 1701: 1697: 1687: 1685: 1670: 1666: 1659: 1643: 1634: 1624: 1622: 1607: 1599:McCusker, J. J. 1587: 1579:McCusker, J. J. 1575: 1566: 1558: 1554: 1537: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1484: 1480: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1392: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1352: 1272: 1252:Biltmore Estate 1229:Anderson Cooper 1198:Harper's Weekly 1190: 1184: 1176:St. John's Park 1168:Ernst Plassmann 1162: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1128:Andrew Carnegie 1112:The Wealthy 100 1093: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1063: 1062: 1056: 1048:inheritance tax 984: 970: 966: 963: 961: 958:Moravian Church 944: 937:Mobile, Alabama 933:London, Ontario 921: 889: 861: 855: 791: 746: 726: 724:Railroad empire 696:, captained by 676:Abraham Lincoln 628: 581:Joseph L. White 554:Panama Railroad 533: 450:, on the lower 424: 327:Moravian Church 298: 295:New York Harbor 279: 241: 163: 162: 159: 1869) 154: 150: 147: 137: 129: 125: 122: 87: 81: 77: 76:January 4, 1877 68: 58: 49: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2778: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2672: 2671: 2669:Modern history 2659: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2591: 2590: 2579: 2573: 2555: 2554:External links 2552: 2550: 2549: 2542: 2524: 2518: 2505: 2499: 2486: 2468: 2453: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2394: 2371: 2333: 2321: 2302: 2282: 2257: 2235: 2212: 2183: 2152: 2133: 2113: 2094: 2074: 2055: 2035: 2006: 1977: 1956: 1936: 1927: 1920: 1891: 1884: 1835: 1816: 1796: 1777: 1757: 1743: 1725: 1718:Kobb, Gustav. 1710: 1695: 1664: 1657: 1632: 1616:1800–present: 1564: 1552: 1531: 1505: 1478: 1442: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1271: 1268: 1186:Main article: 1183: 1180: 1087: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1055: 1052: 983: 980: 920: 917: 905:James Fisk Jr. 903:and financier 888: 885: 857:Main article: 854: 851: 790: 787: 745: 742: 734:James Fisk Jr. 725: 722: 698:Raphael Semmes 674:and President 627: 624: 612:William Walker 574:Lake Nicaragua 566:San Juan River 562:Lake Nicaragua 532: 529: 498:Andrew Jackson 423: 420: 412:Daniel Webster 359:Thomas Gibbons 336:in Manhattan. 278: 275: 240: 237: 233:H. Roger Grant 215:As one of the 197: 196: 188: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 152: 148: 143: 142: 141: 140: 127: 123: 121:Sophia Johnson 120: 119: 118: 117: 114: 112: 108: 107: 104: 100: 99: 93: 89: 88: 82: 80:(aged 82) 74: 70: 69: 59: 55: 51: 50: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2777: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2621:United States 2612: 2610: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2588: 2585:", obituary, 2584: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2563: 2558: 2557: 2545: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2402:Berry, Dale. 2398: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2330: 2325: 2309: 2305: 2299: 2296:. NYU Press. 2295: 2294: 2286: 2271: 2267: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2187: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2156: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2117: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2078: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2039: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2010: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1960: 1952: 1951: 1943: 1941: 1931: 1923: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1800: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1761: 1754: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1722:. p. 48. 1721: 1714: 1706: 1699: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1668: 1660: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1621: 1613: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1593: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1561: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1535: 1519: 1515: 1509: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1446: 1427: 1423: 1416: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1151: 1147: 1146:Kirkland Hall 1143: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1110:According to 1108: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1084: 1070: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1001: 1000:Staten Island 997: 992: 988: 979: 977: 959: 954: 950: 942: 938: 934: 925: 916: 912: 910: 909:watered stock 906: 902: 898: 894: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 860: 847: 843: 842:New York City 839: 835: 831: 827: 825: 821: 817: 814:in 1864, the 813: 804: 800: 795: 786: 784: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 739: 738:Erie Railroad 735: 730: 721: 719: 715: 714:heir apparent 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 694: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 672:Edwin Stanton 669: 665: 661: 660: 656: 653: 648: 647:Gideon Welles 644: 640: 638: 633: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 604: 602: 598: 594: 589: 586: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 537: 528: 526: 522: 517: 515: 511: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 483: 478: 474: 472: 468: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 436: 432: 431:C. Vanderbilt 428: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 400: 398: 394: 393: 387: 383: 382:Robert Fulton 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 353: 348: 346: 342: 337: 335: 330: 328: 324: 320: 315: 313: 308: 304: 296: 292: 291:Staten Island 283: 274: 272: 268: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253:New Amsterdam 250: 246: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 213: 211: 207: 206:the Commodore 203: 194: 189: 184: 181: 178: 174: 170: 166: 146: 139: 138: 116: 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 94: 90: 85: 75: 71: 66: 62: 61:Staten Island 56: 52: 41: 36: 29: 26: 22: 2566: 2531: 2528:Stiles, T.J. 2509: 2490: 2478:. Retrieved 2458: 2448: 2439: 2416:. Retrieved 2412:the original 2407: 2397: 2389:the original 2384: 2374: 2364:December 15, 2362:. Retrieved 2345: 2336: 2324: 2314:December 19, 2312:. Retrieved 2292: 2285: 2273:. Retrieved 2269: 2260: 2252:the original 2247: 2238: 2230:the original 2225: 2215: 2207:the original 2202: 2193: 2186: 2174:. Retrieved 2165: 2155: 2143:. Retrieved 2123: 2116: 2104:. Retrieved 2084: 2077: 2065:. 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