45:
488:
518:
336:
913:: A bright lamp illuminates the original document, and the white areas of the original document reflect the light onto the surface of the photoconductive drum. The drum areas that are exposed to light become conductive and therefore discharge to the ground. The drum area not exposed to light (those areas that correspond to black portions of the original document) remains negatively charged.
460:. This design has several advantages, such as automatic image-quality enhancement and the ability to "build jobs" (that is, to scan page images independently of printing them). Some digital copiers can function as high-speed scanners; such models typically offer the ability to send documents via email or make them available on file servers.
387:
work as well as personal publishing and advertising. By the 1990s, Kinko's had 700 locations around the United States, with 5 in
Manhattan. In such urban areas, Kinko's became a place where a multitude of users could make their ideas "typed, designed and xeroxed, then transmitted by fax, computer disk and Federal Express." Kate Eichhorn, in
234:, contracted with Carlson to refine his new process. Over the next five years, the institute conducted experiments to improve the process of electrophotography. In 1947, Haloid Corporation, a manufacturer of photographic paper, approached Battelle to obtain a license to develop and market a copying machine based on this technology.
467:". For example, when copying a set of 20 pages 20 times, a digital copier scans each page only once, then uses the stored information to produce 20 sets. In an analog copier, either each page is scanned 20 times (a total of 400 scans), making one set at a time, or 20 separate output trays are used for the 20 sets.
153:. Low-end machines that can copy and print in color have increasingly dominated the home-office market as their prices fell steadily during the 1990s. High-end color photocopiers capable of heavy-duty handling cycles and large-format printing remain a costly option found primarily in print and design shops.
386:
founded Kinko's retail chain, in Isla Vista, California. Starting with a single copier that year, this copy service chain would expand to over 1,000 locations around the world. By the 1980s, Kinko's operated 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, with customers using the copy center for academic and business
939:
A negative photocopy inverts the document's colors when creating a photocopy, resulting in letters that appear white on a black background instead of black on a white background. Negative photocopies of old or faded documents sometimes produce documents that have better focus and are easier to read
136:
Photocopying is widely used in the business, education, and government sectors. While there have been predictions that photocopiers will eventually become obsolete as information workers increase their use of digital document creation, storage, and distribution and rely less on distributing actual
202:
slide, which was placed on top of more sulfur and under a bright light. After the slide was removed, a mirror image of the words remained. Carlson tried to sell his invention to some companies but failed because the process was still underdeveloped. At the time, multiple copies were most commonly
474:
technology, but tend to consist of a standard PC scanner coupled to an inkjet or low-end laser printer, which are far slower than their counterparts in high-end copiers. However, low-end scanner-inkjets can provide color copying at a lower upfront purchase-price but a much higher cost per copy.
327:
Xerographic-copier manufacturers took advantage of the high perceived value copying had in the 1960s and early 1970s and marketed "specially designed" paper for xerographic output. By the end of the 1970s, paper producers made xerographic "runability" one of the requirements for most of their
319:(based on a 1947 patent) were used. A primary obstacle associated with the pre-xerographic copying technologies was the high cost of supplies: a Verifax print required supplies costing US$ 0.15 in 1969, while a Xerox print could be made for $ 0.03, including paper and labor. The coin-operated
1008:
Color copying also raises concerns regarding the copying and/or forging of other documents, such as driver's licenses and university degrees and transcripts. Some driver's licenses are made with embedded holograms so that a police officer can detect a fake copy. Some university and college
1025:
is a concern. In the early days of photocopiers, the sensitizing light source was filtered green to match the optimal sensitivity of the photoconductive surface. This filtering conveniently removed all ultraviolet. Currently, a variety of light sources are used. As
1079:, which can reveal information about the individual device's mechanical properties. It is often possible to identify the manufacturer and brand, and, in some cases, the individual printer can be identified from a set of known printers by comparing their outputs.
391:, notes that during this period (1970s through 1990s) the copy machine played "an especially notable role in the era's punk, street art, and DIY movements." FedEx purchased the Kinko's chain in 2004, and its services were incorporated into the name
975:
out of the revenues from the photocopying, and these collectives distribute resulting funds to various scholarly publishers. In the United States, photocopied compilations of articles, handouts, graphics, and other information called
980:
often require texts for college classes. Either the instructor or the copy center is responsible for clearing copyright for every article in the reader, and attribution information must be clearly included in the reader.
952:(such as books or scientific papers) is subject to restrictions in most countries. This is common practice, as the cost of purchasing a book for the sake of one article or a few pages can be excessive. The principle of
1589:
323:
still found in some public libraries in the late 1960s made letter-size copies for $ 0.25 each, when the minimum wage for a US worker was $ 1.65 per hour; the Xerox machines that replaced them typically charged $ 0.10.
1782:
1098:(EFF) has investigated this issue and documented how the Xerox DocuColor printer's serial number, as well as the date and time of the printout, are encoded in a repeating 8×15 dot pattern in the yellow channel.
923:
is positively charged. When it is applied to the drum to develop the image, it is attracted and sticks to the negatively charged areas (black areas), just as paper sticks to a balloon with a static charge.
1379:
102:
particles (a powder) onto paper in the form of an image. The toner is then fused onto the paper using heat, pressure, or a combination of both. Copiers can also use other technologies, such as
1644:
1013:
in the background. If a copy is made, the watermarks will become highly visible, which allows the recipient to determine that they have a copy rather than a genuine original transcript.
961:
1988:
Copies in
Seconds : How a Lone Inventor and an Unknown Company Created the Biggest Communication Breakthrough Since Gutenberg: Chester Carlson and the Birth of the Xerox Machine
997:, tiny security strips made of plastic (or other material), and ink that appears to change color as the currency is viewed at an angle. Some photocopying machines contain special
1593:
1670:
274:
in the office-copying market, Xerox became so successful that, in North
America, photocopying came to be popularly known as "xeroxing". Xerox has actively fought to prevent
1774:
415:
process rather than conventional electrostatic technology. Xerox introduced the first electrostatic color-copier (the 6500) in 1973. Color photocopying is a concern to
1102:
is working to reverse engineer additional printers. The EFF also reports that the US government has asked these companies to implement such a tracking scheme, so that
137:
pieces of paper, as of 2015, photocopiers continue to be widely used. During the 1980s, a convergence began in some high-end machines towards what came to be called a
929:: The resulting toner image on the surface of the drum is transferred from the drum onto a piece of paper that has an even greater negative charge than the drum has.
286:
has appeared in some dictionaries as a synonym for photocopying, Xerox
Corporation typically requests such entries be modified, and discourages use of the term
993:
copies of paper currency, some countries have incorporated anti-counterfeiting technologies into their currency. These include watermarks, microprinting,
1944:
44:
1812:
1622:
1286:
1892:
Sonnino et al., 1983) and wet photocopying machines (Grot et al., 1991; Tsuchiya, 1988; Tsuchiya and
Stewart, 1990; Walkinshaw et al., 1987). The.
348:
186:, found this a painful and tedious process. This motivated him to conduct experiments with photoconductivity. Carlson used his kitchen for his "
1648:
1319:
882:
1250:
1218:
899:: cylindrical drum is electrostatically charged by a high voltage wire called a corona wire or a charge roller. The drum has a coating of a
1537:
1876:
1107:
211:. People did not see the need for an electronic copier. Between 1939 and 1944, Carlson was turned down by over 20 companies, including
1380:"Paul Orfalea | Founder of Kinko's Shares Secrets of Going From a 100-Square Foot Shop to 1,000 Locations and $ 2 Billion in Revenues"
1505:
1086:
embed their identification code into the printed pages, as fine and almost invisible patterns of yellow dots. Some sources identify
1075:
and copiers can be traced by imperfections in their output. The mechanical tolerances of the toner and paper feed mechanisms cause
1558:
1674:
1915:
2040:
1724:
1030:
transmits ultraviolet rays between 325 and 400 nanometers, copiers with ultraviolet-producing lights such as fluorescent,
403:
Colored toner became available in the 1940s, although full-color copiers were not commercially available until 1968, when
1940:
1843:
1481:
308:
developed and sold a line of liquid-toner copiers that implemented a technology based on patents held by the company.
2001:
1464:
875:
270:
In 1949, Xerox
Corporation introduced the first xerographic copier, called the Model A. Seeing off computing-leader
1905:
1753:
1699:
301:, whereby images are formed directly on specially coated paper and rendered with a toner dispersed in a liquid.
1099:
1095:
255:
roots, that meant "dry writing." Haloid called the new copier machines "Xerox
Machines" and, in 1948, the term
2045:
1932:
1157:
1310:
475:
Combined digital scanner/printers sometimes have built-in fax machines and can be classified as one type of
2025:
1804:
1618:
1282:
1119:
1041:
Concerns about emissions from photocopy machines have been expressed by some in connection with the use of
868:
294:
17:
1132:"Images from 'wet photocopying' do not last as long as dry toner images, but this is not due to acidity."
190:" experiments, and, in 1938, he applied for a patent for the process. He made the first photocopy using a
2035:
227:
311:
Before the widespread adoption of xerographic copiers, photo-direct copies produced by machines such as
1775:"Wet xero/photocopying developed by Ken Metcalfe and Bob Wright at 1952 Defence laboratory in Adelaide"
2030:
1350:
829:
369:
784:
1355:
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1225:
1064:
38:
1533:
554:
439:
138:
2020:
1363:
1058:
674:
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476:
354:
Among the key advantages of photocopiers over earlier copying technologies is their ability:
279:
242:
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1002:
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305:
208:
130:
1509:
8:
1993:
1182:
734:
509:
237:
Haloid felt that the word "electrophotography" was too complicated and did not have good
150:
1565:
1986:
971:
pay royalties from each photocopy made at university copy machines and copy centers to
534:
220:
187:
126:
1118:
Photocopying, using liquid developer, was developed by Ken
Metcalfe and Bob Wright of
1997:
1911:
1460:
1152:
1022:
724:
704:
634:
375:
320:
264:
73:
182:
required him to make a large number of copies of important papers. Carlson, who was
2055:
2050:
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849:
804:
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517:
487:
452:
technology. With digital copying, the copier effectively consists of an integrated
216:
31:
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900:
774:
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604:
412:
362:
238:
171:
167:
1720:
1076:
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564:
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316:
252:
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114:
103:
1835:
98:
charges on a light-sensitive photoreceptor to first attract and then transfer
2014:
1933:"Reviewed: Paper Preservation: Conservation Techniques and Methodology. 1988"
1083:
904:
457:
453:
449:
179:
175:
146:
95:
1457:
Adjusted Margin: Xerography, Art, and
Activism in the Late Twentieth Century
1331:
IBM stumbled badly when it set out to produce an office copier in the 1970s.
935:: The toner is melted and bonded to the paper by heat and pressure rollers.
389:
Adjusted Margin: Xerography, Art, and
Activism in the Late Twentieth Century
343:
Some devices sold as photocopiers have replaced the drum-based process with
957:
544:
471:
463:
A significant advantage of digital copier technology is "automatic digital
445:
392:
383:
204:
122:
85:
1977:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1147:
1103:
990:
839:
624:
260:
110:
1091:
994:
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744:
684:
654:
496:
416:
298:
247:
199:
90:
1745:
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335:
88:
quickly and cheaply. Most modern photocopiers use a technology called
1197:
1192:
1187:
1172:
1142:
1110:
request in order to look into privacy implications of this tracking.
1010:
949:
819:
594:
491:
Schematic overview of the xerographic photocopying process (step 1–4)
464:
183:
118:
1619:"Printer forensics to aid homeland security, tracing counterfeiters"
1645:"Government Uses Color Laser Printer Technology to Track Documents"
1123:
1042:
1031:
998:
953:
614:
423:
1866:"Comparison of Volatile Organic Compounds from Processed Paper..."
1405:"Photocopying Centers: A New Slice of Life in the Wee Still Hours"
1534:"Photocopier Hazards and a Conservation Case Study (notes 17,18)"
579:
174:, as well as a part-time researcher and inventor. His job at the
162:
77:
444:
There is an increasing trend for new photocopiers to implement
344:
195:
1087:
1046:
1035:
1027:
920:
329:
312:
241:
value. After consulting a professor of classical language at
99:
81:
49:
989:
To counter the risk of people using color copiers to create
170:(1906-1968), the inventor of photocopying, was originally a
80:
that makes copies of documents and other visual images onto
1721:"List of Printers Which Do or Do Not Display Tracking Dots"
191:
1797:
1430:
1404:
964:
countries) allows copying for certain specified purposes.
271:
212:
142:
1129:
Photocopying, using liquid developer, was used in 1967.
245:, Haloid and Carlson changed the name of the process to
1551:
404:
339:
DADF or Duplex Automatic Document feeder - Canon IR6000
141:: a device that combined the roles of a photocopier, a
113:
office photocopying gradually replaced copies made by
1723:. Electronic Frontier Foundation. 19 September 2007.
1671:"Dutch track counterfeits via printer serial numbers"
1498:
1662:
297:(RCA) introduced a variation on the process called
219:—neither of which believed there was a significant
1985:
1343:
1309:
1275:
1243:
482:
1931:Atwood, Cathy; Gullick, Michael (February 1990).
1897:
1858:
1482:"No More Kinko's: FedEx Changes Copy Shops' Name"
203:made at the point of document origination, using
198:. The words "10-22-38 Astoria" were written on a
106:, but xerography is standard for office copying.
2012:
1903:
1668:
1528:
1526:
1342:
1301:
1636:
426:and other documents: for more information, see
1805:"Aussie connection to digital's next frontier"
907:that becomes conductive when exposed to light.
30:"Photocopy" redirects here. For the film, see
1930:
1590:"Health and Safety Representatives' Handbook"
1564:. London Hazards Centre. 2002. Archived from
1523:
1082:Some high-quality color printers and copiers
1038:flash, expose documents to some ultraviolet.
1001:that can prevent copying currency that has a
876:
37:"Copier" redirects here. For other uses, see
1642:
368:to scan several pages automatically with an
967:In certain countries, such as Canada, some
1904:Arrasjid, Harun; Arrasjid, Dorine (1972).
1611:
1431:"Copy Shop Stitches the Urban Crazy Quilt"
1052:
883:
869:
516:
1827:
1402:
1307:
948:Photocopying material that is subject to
1506:"Encarta definition of 'photoconductor'"
1479:
1454:
1377:
1368:- generic use recorded from 1966 onward.
486:
448:technology, thereby replacing the older
334:
304:During the 1960s and through the 1980s,
43:
1873:Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre
1713:
1559:"Photocopier and Laser Printer Hazards"
14:
2013:
1688:
1582:
1289:from the original on 28 September 2017
1009:transcripts have special anti-copying
1947:from the original on 7 September 2022
1815:from the original on 7 September 2022
1785:from the original on 7 September 2022
1428:
433:
398:
358:to use plain (untreated) office paper
1983:
1364:participating institution membership
1941:American Institute for Conservation
1836:"US3360258 Photocopy paper package"
1834:Nix, George F. (26 December 1967).
1833:
1256:. Xerox Corporation. Archived from
1224:. Xerox Corporation. Archived from
1113:
1106:can be traced. The EFF has filed a
943:
427:
149:, and a computer network-connected
24:
1966:
1846:from the original on 23 April 2022
1698:. Electronic Frontier Foundation.
25:
2067:
1592:. . July 27, 2009. Archived from
984:
903:material. A photoconductor is a
1882:from the original on 1 July 2022
1696:"Is Your Printer Spying On You?"
1016:
27:Device for reproducing documents
1924:
1767:
1756:from the original on 2008-11-22
1738:
1727:from the original on 2008-12-05
1702:from the original on 2008-11-22
1669:Wilbert de Vries (2004-10-26).
1625:from the original on 2011-05-17
1540:from the original on 2009-04-13
1473:
1322:from the original on 2008-05-14
483:How it works (using xerography)
230:, a non-profit organization in
1957:Volume 14; Number 1; Feb 1990;
1750:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1448:
1422:
1396:
1371:
1336:
1308:Greenwald, John (1983-07-11).
1211:
1096:Electronic Frontier Foundation
13:
1:
1480:Montagne, Rene (2008-06-03).
1403:Alexander, Ron (1989-09-17).
1378:Corcoran, John (2021-10-11).
1204:
1158:List of duplicating processes
1094:as companies doing this. The
1049:and fumes from heated toner.
809:
584:
569:
1459:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
1120:Defence Standards Laboratory
295:Radio Corporation of America
263:. Haloid eventually became
7:
2041:Products introduced in 1949
1984:Owen, David (August 2004).
1643:Jason Tuohey (2004-11-22).
1429:Szabo, Julia (1994-07-03).
1135:
374:eventually, to sort and/or
228:Battelle Memorial Institute
52:digital photocopier in 2010
10:
2072:
1108:Freedom of Information Act
1056:
956:(in the United States) or
494:
437:
160:
156:
94:, a dry process that uses
36:
29:
1384:Smart Business Revolution
1351:Oxford English Dictionary
1311:"The Colossus That Works"
1251:"The Story of Xerography"
1219:"The Story of Xerography"
848:
838:
830:Thermal-transfer printing
828:
818:
803:
793:
783:
773:
763:
753:
743:
733:
723:
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703:
693:
683:
673:
663:
653:
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623:
613:
603:
593:
578:
563:
553:
543:
533:
470:Low-end copiers also use
705:Photostat and rectigraph
1455:Eichhorn, Kate (2016).
1356:Oxford University Press
1065:forensic identification
1053:Forensic identification
504:Part of a series on the
39:Copier (disambiguation)
1283:"Xerox history: 1940s"
555:Intaglio (printmaking)
492:
440:Multi-function printer
340:
251:, a term, coined from
139:multi-function printer
53:
1907:Media: A Pocket Guide
1486:Morning Edition (NPR)
1059:Printer steganography
973:copyright collectives
675:Hot metal typesetting
490:
477:multifunction printer
411:copier, which used a
338:
280:genericized trademark
243:Ohio State University
47:
2046:Computer peripherals
1994:Simon & Schuster
695:Daisy wheel printing
419:, as it facilitates
365:(two-sided) printing
293:In the early 1950s,
209:duplicating machines
131:duplicating machines
2026:American inventions
1354:(Online ed.).
1183:Thermochromatic ink
735:Dot matrix printing
510:History of printing
194:plate covered with
127:mimeograph machines
2036:Printing processes
1974:Electrophotography
1435:The New York Times
1409:The New York Times
1263:on 25 January 2021
1231:on 25 January 2021
1084:steganographically
820:Solid ink printing
535:Woodblock printing
493:
434:Digital technology
399:Color photocopiers
341:
321:Photostat machines
282:. While the word
188:electrophotography
54:
1917:978-0-8422-0255-8
1362:(Subscription or
1153:IBM Copier Family
1073:computer printers
1045:and emissions of
1023:ultraviolet light
893:
892:
858:
857:
725:Spirit duplicator
635:Chromolithography
306:Savin Corporation
265:Xerox Corporation
74:generic trademark
16:(Redirected from
2063:
2031:Office equipment
2007:
1991:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1937:Abbey Newsletter
1928:
1922:
1921:
1910:. Ardent Media.
1901:
1895:
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1811:. 28 June 2012.
1801:
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1711:
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1673:. Archived from
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1660:
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1647:. Archived from
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1599:on July 19, 2011
1598:
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1508:. Archived from
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1215:
1114:Wet photocopying
962:Berne Convention
944:Copyright issues
885:
878:
871:
850:Digital printing
814:
811:
805:Thermal printing
765:Phototypesetting
589:
586:
574:
571:
531:
530:
520:
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500:
278:from becoming a
217:General Electric
32:Photocopy (film)
21:
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2011:
2010:
2004:
1969:
1967:Further reading
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1019:
1003:special pattern
987:
946:
901:photoconductive
889:
860:
859:
812:
785:Dye-sublimation
775:Inkjet printing
715:Screen printing
665:Offset printing
605:Relief printing
587:
572:
528:
499:
485:
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413:dye sublimation
401:
172:patent attorney
168:Chester Carlson
165:
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68:, and formerly
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1104:counterfeiting
1057:Main article:
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421:counterfeiting
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60:(also called
59:
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2021:Photocopiers
1992:. New York:
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1956:
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1749:
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1715:
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1690:
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1675:the original
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1613:
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1566:the original
1553:
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1510:the original
1500:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
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1439:. Retrieved
1437:. p. 31
1434:
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1411:. p. 66
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1383:
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1315:
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1293:28 September
1291:. Retrieved
1277:
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1265:. Retrieved
1258:the original
1245:
1235:28 September
1233:. Retrieved
1226:the original
1213:
1131:
1128:
1117:
1081:
1062:
1040:
1034:halogen, or
1021:Exposure to
1020:
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988:
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969:universities
966:
958:fair dealing
947:
938:
932:
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916:
910:
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645:Rotary press
545:Movable type
469:
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443:
408:
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393:FedEx Office
388:
384:Paul Orfalea
381:
353:
351:technology.
342:
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275:
269:
256:
246:
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205:carbon paper
166:
135:
129:, and other
123:carbon paper
108:
89:
86:plastic film
69:
66:copy machine
65:
61:
57:
55:
18:Copy machine
1978:Focal Press
1178:Scanography
1168:Reprography
1163:Print Audit
1148:Heliography
1069:typewriters
1063:Similar to
991:counterfeit
940:and study.
840:3D printing
813: 1972
625:Lithography
588: 1515
573: 1440
417:governments
261:trademarked
145:machine, a
111:xerographic
109:Commercial
58:photocopier
2015:Categories
1779:AdelaideAZ
1760:2014-05-03
1746:"Printers"
1731:2009-11-20
1706:2009-11-20
1681:2009-11-20
1655:2009-11-20
1629:2009-11-20
1575:2009-11-20
1544:2009-11-20
1516:2009-11-20
1491:2024-07-25
1441:2024-07-25
1415:2014-07-25
1389:2024-07-25
1366:required.)
1326:2019-05-18
1205:References
1011:watermarks
960:(in other
917:Developing
745:Xerography
685:Mimeograph
655:Hectograph
527:Techniques
497:Xerography
299:Electrofax
248:xerography
207:or manual
200:microscope
91:xerography
1840:US patent
1603:April 30,
1198:Xerox 914
1193:Xerox art
1188:Thermofax
1173:Risograph
1143:Gestetner
1126:in 1952.
995:holograms
950:copyright
595:Mezzotint
465:collation
430:section.
395:in 2008.
382:In 1970,
267:in 1961.
184:arthritic
119:photostat
1951:23 April
1945:Archived
1886:23 April
1877:Archived
1850:23 April
1844:Archived
1819:23 April
1813:Archived
1809:Sprinter
1789:23 April
1783:Archived
1754:Archived
1725:Archived
1700:Archived
1623:Archived
1538:Archived
1536:. 1998.
1320:Archived
1287:Archived
1136:See also
1124:Adelaide
1043:selenium
1032:tungsten
999:software
954:fair use
927:Transfer
911:Exposure
897:Charging
615:Aquatint
424:currency
180:New York
2056:Copying
2051:Forgery
1345:"Xerox"
1077:banding
978:readers
919:: The
580:Etching
472:digital
454:scanner
446:digital
317:Verifax
163:Copying
157:History
151:printer
147:scanner
115:verifax
78:machine
76:) is a
2000:
1980:, 1975
1914:
1463:
933:Fusing
450:analog
378:output
376:staple
363:duplex
345:inkjet
330:brands
239:recall
221:market
196:sulfur
104:inkjet
72:, the
62:copier
1880:(PDF)
1869:(PDF)
1597:(PDF)
1569:(PDF)
1562:(PDF)
1360:
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1254:(PDF)
1229:(PDF)
1222:(PDF)
1092:Canon
1088:Xerox
1047:ozone
1036:xenon
1028:glass
921:toner
313:Kodak
288:Xerox
284:Xerox
276:Xerox
257:Xerox
253:Greek
100:toner
82:paper
50:Xerox
1998:ISBN
1953:2022
1912:ISBN
1888:2022
1852:2022
1821:2022
1791:2022
1605:2011
1461:ISBN
1316:TIME
1295:2017
1269:2017
1237:2017
1090:and
854:1991
844:1986
834:1981
824:1972
799:1969
789:1957
779:1950
769:1949
759:1940
749:1938
739:1925
729:1923
719:1911
709:1907
699:1889
689:1885
679:1884
669:1875
659:1860
649:1843
639:1837
629:1796
619:1772
609:1690
599:1642
559:1430
549:1040
456:and
259:was
215:and
192:zinc
1122:in
1100:EFF
1067:of
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370:ADF
347:or
315:'s
272:IBM
213:IBM
178:in
143:fax
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1525:^
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