720:
790:
932:(where the only ink available is depleted from the master image), mimeograph technology works by forcing a replenishable supply of ink through the stencil master. In theory, the mimeography process could be continued indefinitely, especially if a durable stencil master were used (e.g. a thin metal foil). In practice, most low-cost mimeo stencils gradually wear out over the course of producing several hundred copies. Typically the stencil deteriorates gradually, producing a characteristic degraded image quality until the stencil tears, abruptly ending the print run. If further copies are desired at this point, another stencil must be made.
802:
766:
173:
754:
778:
52:
149:
1021:, a thermal head for stencil cutting, and a large roll of stencil material entirely inside the unit. The stencil material consists of a very thin polymer film laminated to a long-fiber non-woven tissue. It makes the stencils and mounts and unmounts them from the print drum automatically, making it almost as easy to operate as a photocopier. The Risograph is the best known of these machines.
959:, etc.) would fall away during continued printing, causing ink-filled letters in the copies. The stencil would gradually stretch, starting near the top where the mechanical forces were greatest, causing a characteristic "mid-line sag" in the textual lines of the copies, that would progress until the stencil failed completely.
1063:. Because changing ink color in a mimeograph could be a laborious process, involving extensively cleaning the machine or, on newer models, replacing the drum or rollers, and then running the paper through the machine a second time, some fanzine publishers experimented with techniques for painting several colors on the pad.
634:
a sheet of varnished paper with caustic ink, which ate through the varnish and paper fibers, leaving holes where the writing had been. This sheet – which had now become a stencil – was placed on a blank sheet of paper, and ink rolled over it so that the ink oozed through the holes, creating a duplicate on the second sheet.
731:
patented his
Automatic Cyclostyle. This was one of the first rotary machines that retained the flatbed, which passed back and forth under inked rollers. This invention provided for more automated, faster reproductions since the pages were produced and moved by rollers instead of pressing one single
633:
A major beneficiary of the invention of synthetic dyes was a document reproduction technique known as stencil duplicating. Its earliest form was invented in 1874 by
Eugenio de Zuccato, a young Italian studying law in London, who called his device the Papyrograph. Zuccato's system involved writing on
655:
received US patent 180,857 for
Autographic Printing on August 8, 1876. The patent covered the electric pen, used for making the stencil, and the flatbed duplicating press. In 1880, Edison obtained a further patent, US 224,665: "Method of Preparing Autographic Stencils for Printing," which covered
735:
By 1900, two primary types of mimeographs had come into use: a single-drum machine and a dual-drum machine. The single-drum machine used a single drum for ink transfer to the stencil, and the dual-drum machine used two drums and silk-screens to transfer the ink to the stencils. The single drum
969:
Compared to spirit duplication, mimeography produced a darker, more legible image. Spirit duplicated images were usually tinted a light purple or lavender, which gradually became lighter over the course of some dozens of copies. Mimeography was often considered "the next step up" in quality,
1239:
831:
Once prepared, the stencil is wrapped around the ink-filled drum of the rotary machine. When a blank sheet of paper is drawn between the rotating drum and a pressure roller, ink is forced through the holes on the stencil onto the paper. Early flatbed machines used a kind of
1220:
859:, with a stencil setting, to create a stencil. The operator loads a stencil assemblage into the typewriter like paper and uses a switch on the typewriter to put it in stencil mode. In this mode, the part of the mechanism which lifts the
828:. Later this became an immersion-coated long-fiber paper, with the coating being a plasticized nitrocellulose. This flexible waxed or coated sheet is backed by a sheet of stiff card stock, with the two sheets bound at the top.
789:
863:
between the type element and the paper is disabled so that the bare, sharp type element strikes the stencil directly. The impact of the type element displaces the coating, making the tissue paper permeable to the
900:
machine, sometimes was used to make mimeo stencils from a typed or printed original. It worked by scanning the original on a rotating drum with a moving optical head and burning through the blank stencil with an
909:. Text from electrostencils had lower resolution than that from typed stencils, although the process was good for reproducing illustrations. A skilled mimeo operator using an electrostencil and a very coarse
801:
736:(example Roneo) machine could be easily used for multi-color work by changing the drum – each of which contained ink of a different color. This was spot color for mastheads. Colors could not be mixed.
1522:
593:, were common technologies for printing small quantities of a document, as in office work, classroom materials, and church bulletins. For even smaller quantities, up to about five, a
1024:
Although mimeographs remain more economical and energy-efficient in mid-range quantities, easier-to-use photocopying and offset printing have replaced mimeography almost entirely in
990:
in the treated pulp from which the paper was made. In the worst case, old copies can crumble into small particles when handled. Mimeographed copies have moderate durability when
1009:, and other companies still make and sell highly automated mimeograph-like machines that are externally similar to photocopiers. The modern version of a mimeograph, called a
1372:
1342:
1457:
1402:
656:
the making of stencils using a file plate, a grooved metal plate on which the stencil was placed which perforated the stencil when written on with a blunt metal stylus.
605:
were printed by mimeograph because the machines and supplies were widely available and inexpensive. Beginning in the late 1960s and continuing into the 1970s,
970:
capable of producing hundreds of copies. Print runs beyond that level were usually produced by professional printers or, as the technology became available,
719:
621:
is an ancient art, but – through chemistry, papers, and presses – techniques advanced rapidly in the late nineteenth century:
897:
537:
1325:
1044:
process were both used extensively in schools to copy homework assignments and tests. They were also commonly used for low-budget amateur
879:
were used on the stencil to render lettering, illustrations, or other artistic features by hand against a textured plastic backing plate.
1380:
1350:
889:
Stencils were also made with a thermal process, an infrared method similar to that used by early photocopiers. The common machine was a
1465:
1410:
765:
753:
1487:
982:
Mimeographed images generally have much better durability than spirit-duplicated images, since the inks are more resistant to
886:, and retyping once it has dried. (Obliterine was a popular brand of correction fluid in Australia and the United Kingdom.)
1305:
116:
88:
17:
1032:
because it is a simple, cheap, and robust technology. Many mimeographs can be hand-cranked, requiring no electricity.
1161:
777:
747:
and the necessary equipment became their own printing factory, allowing for greater circulation of printed material.
530:
135:
95:
986:. The primary preservation challenge is the low-quality paper often used, which would yellow and degrade due to
638:
The process was commercialized and
Zuccato applied for a patent in 1895 having stencils prepared by typewriting.
1599:
1537:
73:
1093:
102:
1237:, Edison, Thomas A., "Method of Preparing Autographic Stencils for Printing", issued 1880-02-17
795:
Jackson & O'Sullivan's "The
National" Duplicator. Produced in Brisbane, Queensland during World War II.
523:
69:
1432:
84:
1322:
1609:
1604:
843:
base and later became an oil in water emulsion. This emulsion commonly uses turkey-red oil (sulfated
739:
The mimeograph became popular because it was much cheaper than traditional print – there was neither
484:
439:
1059:
Letters and typographical symbols were sometimes used to create illustrations, in a precursor to
916:
During the declining years of the mimeograph, some people made stencils with early computers and
62:
209:
1177:
1495:
1306:"mimeograph. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000"
1147:
690:
329:
299:
1083:
567:
349:
8:
1234:
1218:, Edison, Thomas A., "Improvement in autographic printing", issued 1876-08-08
1215:
1153:
1111:(also known as a "Rexograph" or "Ditto machine" in the US or a "Banda machine" in the UK)
714:
389:
164:
1128:
109:
1029:
1010:
917:
808:
189:
1280:
825:
701:, was another trademark used for mimeograph machines, the name being a contraction of
1157:
1108:
1048:, including club newsletters and church bulletins. They were especially popular with
1041:
1025:
983:
929:
860:
679:
664:
629:
A description of the
Papyrograph method of duplication was published by David Owen:
586:
379:
359:
289:
33:
1254:
1614:
1103:
883:
504:
459:
419:
172:
1517:
966:
Company (and others) devised various methods to make mimeo stencils more durable.
1049:
991:
728:
429:
369:
319:
259:
40:
1189:
1433:"Preservation Self-Assessment Program (PSAP) | Office Printing and Reprography"
902:
678:
in the US Patent Office. It is currently listed as a dead entry, but shows the
449:
409:
219:
1309:
1593:
1329:
1202:
1067:
1018:
652:
32:
This article is about the stencil-based process. Not to be confused with the
905:
in the places where the optical head detected ink. It was slow and produced
1070:
as a way to print illegal newspapers and publications in countries such as
647:
606:
598:
199:
1014:
882:
Mistakes were corrected by brushing them out with a specially formulated
865:
740:
494:
279:
1098:
1045:
971:
936:
856:
844:
744:
594:
590:
399:
309:
609:
gradually displaced mimeographs, spirit duplicators, and hectographs.
1060:
1006:
1002:
987:
963:
890:
671:
474:
249:
1066:
In addition, mimeographs were used by many resistance groups during
1056:
in the middle 20th century, before photocopying became inexpensive.
51:
1458:"How to prepare a mimeograph stencil by using a dot matrix printer"
910:
876:
833:
811:
during World War II to produce underground newspapers and pamphlets
602:
269:
1563:
Writing in the Shadow: Resistance
Publications in Occupied Europe
1071:
1053:
840:
683:
618:
571:
234:
689:
Over time, the term became generic and is now an example of a
1088:
1040:
Mimeographs and the closely related but distinctly different
935:
Often, the stencil material covering the interiors of closed
913:
screen could make acceptable printed copies of a photograph.
906:
821:
The image transfer medium was originally a stencil made from
148:
1343:"How to prepare a mimeograph stencil by using a typewriter"
869:
822:
1520:, "Thermal mimeograph paper", issued 1990-12-21
1052:
fans, who used them extensively in the production of
36:
which is sometimes incorrectly called a "mimeograph".
76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
743:nor skilled labor involved. One individual with a
759:Advertisement from 1889 for the Edison Mimeograph
1591:
847:) which gives it a distinctive and heavy scent.
1335:
1281:"Agreement, Thomas Alva Edison, Dick (A.B.) Co"
1450:
1373:"How to prepare a mimeograph stencil by hand"
1285:Thomas A. Edison Papers at Rutgers University
1259:Thomas A. Edison Papers at Rutgers University
531:
1579:Mimeograph: Operation Maintenance and Repair
1565:(1st ed.). London: Cass. ISBN 0-7146-3424-7.
1395:
723:A Rotary Cyclostyle No. 6 duplicating press.
152:Illustration of a typical mimeograph machine
667:when he licensed Edison's patents in 1887.
1535:
1480:
1278:
1252:
538:
524:
171:
1365:
1205:Improvement for stencils from typewriting
783:1918 illustration of a mimeograph machine
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
718:
147:
578:, and a copy made by the process was a
14:
1592:
1581:. Blue Ridge Summit: Tab Books, 1979.
1233:
1214:
1028:. Mimeography continues to be used in
872:. This is called "cutting a stencil".
816:
674:Registration no. 0356815 for the term
1403:"How to correct a mimeograph stencil"
850:
771:A wooden Edison's mimeograph size 12"
570:that worked by forcing ink through a
1145:
74:adding citations to reliable sources
45:
1464:. SIL International. Archived from
1409:. SIL International. Archived from
1379:. SIL International. Archived from
1349:. SIL International. Archived from
997:
574:onto paper. The process was called
24:
1571:
25:
1626:
1585:
1538:"Dr. Gafia's Fan Terms – VICOLOR"
1166:– via Google book preview.
807:Mimeograph machines used by the
800:
788:
776:
764:
752:
50:
1555:
1529:
1510:
1425:
1316:
1298:
1035:
641:
61:needs additional citations for
1323:Mimeograph Ink Vehicle Formula
1272:
1246:
1227:
1208:
1195:
1183:
1180:Advertisement via Google Books
1170:
1139:
1121:
923:
624:
13:
1:
1542:The FANAC Fan History Project
1115:
1094:List of duplicating processes
977:
708:
464:
239:
224:
1536:Rich Brown (June 26, 2006).
1255:"Circular Edison Mimeograph"
39:For the EP by Old 97's, see
7:
1077:
27:Type of duplicating machine
10:
1631:
1201:Eugenic de Zuccato (1895)
1129:"Definition of MIMEOGRAPH"
918:dot-matrix impact printers
896:Another device, called an
712:
686:as the owner of the name.
645:
612:
38:
31:
1437:psap.library.illinois.edu
875:A variety of specialized
839:The ink originally had a
503:
493:
485:Thermal-transfer printing
483:
473:
458:
448:
438:
428:
418:
408:
398:
388:
378:
368:
358:
348:
338:
328:
318:
308:
298:
288:
278:
268:
258:
248:
233:
218:
208:
198:
188:
1190:Antique Copying Machines
585:Mimeographs, along with
360:Photostat and rectigraph
1133:www.merriam-webster.com
159:Part of a series on the
724:
636:
554:(often abbreviated to
210:Intaglio (printmaking)
153:
1600:Obsolete technologies
1561:Stone, Harry (1996).
1488:"Duplicating stencil"
1312:on September 8, 2008.
1178:Library Journal 3:390
722:
691:genericized trademark
631:
558:, sometimes called a
330:Hot metal typesetting
151:
1468:on February 13, 2008
1154:Simon & Schuster
1146:Owen, David (2004).
1084:Duplicating machines
1030:developing countries
350:Daisy wheel printing
70:improve this article
1577:Hutchison, Howard.
1462:LinguaLinks Library
1413:on October 16, 2012
1407:LinguaLinks Library
1383:on October 22, 2011
1377:LinguaLinks Library
1353:on October 16, 2012
1347:LinguaLinks Library
1026:developed countries
972:xerographic copiers
855:One uses a regular
817:Mimeography process
715:Cyclostyle (copier)
568:duplicating machine
390:Dot matrix printing
165:History of printing
1192:from Office Museum
1011:digital duplicator
930:spirit duplicators
851:Preparing stencils
809:Belgian resistance
725:
663:was first used by
587:spirit duplicators
560:stencil duplicator
552:mimeograph machine
475:Solid ink printing
190:Woodblock printing
154:
18:Mimeograph machine
1498:on April 21, 2013
1332:Chemical Industry
1149:Copies in Seconds
1109:Spirit duplicator
1042:spirit duplicator
984:ultraviolet light
732:sheet at a time.
680:A.B. Dick Company
665:Albert Blake Dick
566:) was a low-cost
548:
547:
513:
512:
380:Spirit duplicator
290:Chromolithography
146:
145:
138:
120:
34:spirit duplicator
16:(Redirected from
1622:
1610:Printing devices
1605:Office equipment
1566:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1494:. Archived from
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1339:
1333:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1308:. Archived from
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1279:Dick (A.B.) Co.
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1253:Dick (A.B.) Co.
1250:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1125:
1104:Mimeo Revolution
998:Contemporary use
884:correction fluid
804:
792:
780:
768:
756:
540:
533:
526:
505:Digital printing
469:
466:
460:Thermal printing
420:Phototypesetting
244:
241:
229:
226:
186:
185:
175:
156:
155:
141:
134:
130:
127:
121:
119:
78:
54:
46:
21:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1574:
1572:Further reading
1569:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1321:
1317:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1203:Patent US548116
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1144:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1080:
1050:science fiction
1038:
1000:
992:acid-free paper
980:
926:
853:
819:
812:
805:
796:
793:
784:
781:
772:
769:
760:
757:
729:David Gestetner
717:
711:
703:Rotary Neostyle
650:
644:
627:
615:
564:stencil machine
544:
515:
514:
467:
440:Dye-sublimation
430:Inkjet printing
370:Screen printing
320:Offset printing
260:Relief printing
242:
227:
183:
142:
131:
125:
122:
79:
77:
67:
55:
44:
41:Mimeograph (EP)
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1587:
1586:External links
1584:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1554:
1528:
1509:
1479:
1449:
1424:
1394:
1364:
1334:
1328:2012-07-09 at
1315:
1297:
1271:
1245:
1226:
1207:
1194:
1182:
1169:
1162:
1156:. p. 42.
1138:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1037:
1034:
999:
996:
979:
976:
925:
922:
903:electric spark
898:electrostencil
852:
849:
826:mulberry paper
818:
815:
814:
813:
806:
799:
797:
794:
787:
785:
782:
775:
773:
770:
763:
761:
758:
751:
713:Main article:
710:
707:
670:Dick received
646:Main article:
643:
640:
626:
623:
614:
611:
546:
545:
543:
542:
535:
528:
520:
517:
516:
511:
510:
507:
501:
500:
497:
491:
490:
487:
481:
480:
477:
471:
470:
462:
456:
455:
452:
450:Laser printing
446:
445:
442:
436:
435:
432:
426:
425:
422:
416:
415:
412:
410:Spark printing
406:
405:
402:
396:
395:
392:
386:
385:
382:
376:
375:
372:
366:
365:
362:
356:
355:
352:
346:
345:
342:
336:
335:
332:
326:
325:
322:
316:
315:
312:
306:
305:
302:
296:
295:
292:
286:
285:
282:
276:
275:
272:
266:
265:
262:
256:
255:
252:
246:
245:
237:
231:
230:
222:
220:Printing press
216:
215:
212:
206:
205:
202:
196:
195:
192:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
168:
167:
161:
160:
144:
143:
58:
56:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1627:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1564:
1558:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1519:
1513:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1331:
1330:archive.today
1327:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1236:
1230:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1165:
1163:0-7432-5117-2
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:World War Two
1064:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1017:, contains a
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
995:
993:
989:
988:residual acid
985:
975:
973:
967:
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
931:
921:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
899:
894:
892:
887:
885:
880:
878:
873:
871:
867:
862:
858:
848:
846:
842:
837:
835:
829:
827:
824:
810:
803:
798:
791:
786:
779:
774:
767:
762:
755:
750:
749:
748:
746:
742:
737:
733:
730:
721:
716:
706:
704:
700:
699:Roneo machine
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
657:
654:
653:Thomas Edison
649:
639:
635:
630:
622:
620:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
541:
536:
534:
529:
527:
522:
521:
519:
518:
508:
506:
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
486:
482:
478:
476:
472:
463:
461:
457:
453:
451:
447:
443:
441:
437:
433:
431:
427:
423:
421:
417:
413:
411:
407:
403:
401:
397:
393:
391:
387:
383:
381:
377:
373:
371:
367:
363:
361:
357:
353:
351:
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
311:
307:
303:
301:
297:
293:
291:
287:
283:
281:
277:
273:
271:
267:
263:
261:
257:
253:
251:
247:
238:
236:
232:
223:
221:
217:
213:
211:
207:
203:
201:
197:
193:
191:
187:
179:
178:
174:
170:
169:
166:
163:
162:
158:
157:
150:
140:
137:
129:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87: –
86:
82:
81:Find sources:
75:
71:
65:
64:
59:This article
57:
53:
48:
47:
42:
35:
30:
19:
1578:
1562:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:
1531:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:the original
1491:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:the original
1461:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1406:
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1381:the original
1376:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:the original
1346:
1337:
1318:
1310:the original
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1284:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1258:
1248:
1229:
1210:
1197:
1185:
1172:
1148:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1065:
1058:
1039:
1036:Uses and art
1023:
1001:
981:
968:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
934:
927:
915:
895:
888:
881:
874:
854:
838:
830:
820:
738:
734:
726:
702:
698:
694:
688:
675:
669:
660:
658:
651:
648:Electric pen
642:Electric pen
637:
632:
628:
616:
607:photocopying
599:carbon paper
584:
579:
575:
563:
559:
555:
551:
549:
339:
300:Rotary press
200:Movable type
132:
123:
113:
106:
99:
92:
85:"Mimeograph"
80:
68:Please help
63:verification
60:
29:
1492:Patentstorm
1015:copyprinter
937:letterforms
924:Limitations
741:typesetting
625:Papyrograph
591:hectographs
576:mimeography
495:3D printing
468: 1972
280:Lithography
243: 1515
228: 1440
126:August 2015
1594:Categories
1518:US 5270099
1116:References
1099:Mimeoscope
1046:publishing
978:Durability
857:typewriter
845:castor oil
745:typewriter
709:Cyclostyle
695:Roneograph
676:mimeograph
661:mimeograph
597:would use
580:mimeograph
400:Xerography
340:Mimeograph
310:Hectograph
182:Techniques
96:newspapers
1547:April 15,
1442:April 17,
1290:April 10,
1264:April 10,
1235:US 224665
1216:US 180857
1061:ASCII art
1007:Risograph
1003:Gestetner
994:is used.
964:Gestetner
891:Thermofax
727:In 1891,
672:Trademark
659:The word
250:Mezzotint
1326:Archived
1078:See also
1054:fanzines
911:halftone
877:styluses
834:squeegee
619:stencils
603:fanzines
601:. Early
270:Aquatint
1615:Copying
1502:May 10,
1472:May 10,
1417:May 10,
1387:May 10,
1357:May 10,
1072:Belgium
1019:scanner
928:Unlike
868:-based
841:lanolin
697:, also
684:Chicago
617:Use of
613:Origins
572:stencil
235:Etching
110:scholar
1524:
1241:
1222:
1176:1878:
1160:
939:(e.g.
861:ribbon
595:typist
112:
105:
98:
91:
83:
1089:Gocco
1013:, or
907:ozone
823:waxed
556:mimeo
117:JSTOR
103:books
1549:2020
1504:2011
1474:2011
1444:2023
1419:2011
1389:2011
1359:2011
1292:2023
1266:2023
1158:ISBN
962:The
589:and
509:1991
499:1986
489:1981
479:1972
454:1969
444:1957
434:1950
424:1949
414:1940
404:1938
394:1925
384:1923
374:1911
364:1907
354:1889
344:1885
334:1884
324:1875
314:1860
304:1843
294:1837
284:1796
274:1772
264:1690
254:1642
214:1430
204:1040
89:news
870:ink
866:oil
705:.)
693:. (
682:of
562:or
194:200
72:by
1596::
1540:.
1490:.
1460:.
1435:.
1405:.
1375:.
1345:.
1283:.
1257:.
1152:.
1131:.
1074:.
1005:,
974:.
955:,
951:,
947:,
943:,
920:.
893:.
836:.
582:.
550:A
465:c.
240:c.
225:c.
1551:.
1506:.
1476:.
1446:.
1421:.
1391:.
1361:.
1294:.
1268:.
1135:.
957:g
953:e
949:d
945:b
941:a
539:e
532:t
525:v
139:)
133:(
128:)
124:(
114:·
107:·
100:·
93:·
66:.
43:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
