157:
338:, or as a notice that the owner intends on holding their claim to copyright. It is also a copyright violation, if not also a federal crime, to remove or modify copyright notice with intent to "induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal an infringement". Also worth noting is that copyright notice has never been required on "unpublished" works, the copyright of which may last for well over 100 years. A copyright notice also gives a clear statement of ownership and date of publication, in the event of a
49:
488:
107:
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405:(a lower case letter c completely surrounded by a circle) or its equivalent. The word "copyright" or the abbreviation "Copr." are also accepted in the US, but not in other countries. Works distributed outside the US use the © symbol. The copyright notice must also contain the year in which the work was first published (or created), and the name of the copyright owner, which may be the
148:
of copyright protection if corrective steps were not taken within a certain amount of time. Works published before
January 1, 1978, are governed by the 1909 Copyright Act. Under that law, if a work was published under the copyright owner's authority without a proper notice of copyright, all copyright protection for that work was permanently lost in the United States.
367:, provided the rights had not already expired in their country of original publication prior to 1996. This creates the anomaly that foreign works from 1923 to 1989 may be afforded more US copyright protection than domestic US works published in that same period, even though they were both published without any copyright notice.
636:("Restoration is a misnomer insofar as it implies that all works protected under § 104A previously enjoyed protection. Each work in the public domain because of lack of national eligibility or subject matter protection, and many that failed to comply with formalities, never enjoyed U. S. copyright protection.")
311:
The
Copyright Office has issued regulations concerning the position of the notice and methods of affixation. Generally, the copyright notice should be placed on copies or phono records in such a way that it gives reasonable notice of the claim of copyright. The notice should be permanently legible to
278:
visual work." Copyright in a sound recording protects the particular series of sounds fixed in the recording against unauthorized reproduction, revision, and distribution. This copyright is distinct from the copyright of the musical, literary, or dramatic work that may be recorded on the phonorecord.
135:
Copyright is a form of protection provided by U.S. law to authors of "original works of authorship". When a work is published under the authority of the copyright owner, a notice of copyright may be placed on all publicly distributed copies or phonorecords. The use of the notice is the responsibility
393:
Under the 1909 law, in effect until 1978, the notice for printed literary, musical, or dramatics works had to contain the name of the author, the year, and "Copyright" or "Copr." Other works did not need to include the year and could use the © symbol. In books or other printed works, the notice were
342:
or collaborative effort; explicitly stating the copyright claimant can reduce disputes over ownership, while explicitly stating the year of publication can (particularly in the cases of works claimed by corporations) make it clear when said copyright expires, thereby reducing the chances of the work
202:
The "C in a circle" notice is used only on "visually perceptible" copies. Certain kinds of works, such as musical, dramatic, and literary works, may be fixed not in "copies" but by means of sound in an audio recording. Since audio recordings such as audiotapes and phonograph discs are "phonorecords"
164:
Section 401 of the
Copyright Act specifies the form and location of the copyright notice. The form used for "visually perceptible" copies—that is, copies that can be seen or read, either directly (such as books) or with the aid of a machine (such as films)—differs from the form used for phonorecords
147:
For works first published on or after March 1, 1989, use of the copyright notice is optional. Before March 1, 1989, the use of the notice was mandatory on all published works. Omitting the notice on any work first published from
January 1, 1978, to February 28, 1989, could have resulted in the loss
139:
Use of the notice informs the public that a work is protected by copyright, identifies the copyright owner, and shows the year of first publication. Furthermore, in the event that a work is infringed, if the work carries a proper notice, the court will not give any weight to a defendant's use of an
295:
The name of the copyright owner of the sound recording, an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally known alternative designation of the owner. If the producer of the sound recording is named on the phonorecord label or container and if no other name appears in conjunction
277:
The copyright notice for phonorecords embodying a sound recording is different from that for other works. Sound recordings are defined as "works that result from the fixation of a series of musical, spoken or other sounds, but not including the sounds accompanying a motion picture or other audio
184:
The year of first publication. If the work is a derivative work or a compilation incorporating previously published material, the year date of first publication of the derivative work or compilation is sufficient. Examples of derivative works are translations or dramatizations; an example of a
620:
As the US Supreme Court has noted, "restored" is a misnomer. "Restored copyrights" include not only copyrights on works that have lapsed and are restored, but also new US copyrights on works that were never covered by copyright, due to failure to meet certain conditions imposed under older US
389:
Under the 1870 law, in effect until 1909, the copyright owner had to write "Entered according to act of
Congress, in the year _________________, by A. B., in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington." Starting in 1874, the copyright owner could also write "Copyright,
143:
US law no longer requires the use of a copyright notice, although placing it on a work does confer certain benefits to the copyright holder. Prior law did, however, require a notice, and the use of a notice is still relevant to the copyright status of older works.
350:
Inclusion of a proper copyright notice on the originals is also evidence that the copyright owners may use to defeat a defense of "innocent infringement", to avoid "statutory damages", other than in certain cases claiming a "fair use" defense.
140:
innocent infringement defense—that is, to a claim that the defendant did not realize that the work was protected. An innocent infringement defense can result in a reduction in damages that the copyright owner would otherwise receive.
189:. The year may be omitted when a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work, with accompanying textual matter, if any, is reproduced in or on greeting cards, postcards, stationery, jewelry, dolls, toys, or useful articles.
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is an object that has an intrinsic utilitarian function that is not just for portraying the appearance of the article or for conveying information. See the
Copyright Office's definition of
281:
Phonorecords can be phonograph records (such as LPs and 45s), audiotapes, cassettes, or discs. The notice should contain the following three elements appearing together on the phonorecord.
472:
request to YouTube that the recording be removed. Seltzer, who had expected this, challenged the takedown, and the snippet was restored. Seltzer has also posted the overreaching claims of
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1314:
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has pointed out how many organizations overstate their rights in their copyright notices. For her law class in 2007, Seltzer copied the televised copyright notice of the
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The notice for visually perceptible copies should contain all three elements described below. They should appear together or in close proximity on the copies.
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and not "copies," the "C in a circle" notice is not used to indicate protection of the underlying musical, dramatic, or literary work that is recorded.
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The name of the copyright owner, an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally known alternative designation of owner.
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an ordinary user of the work under normal conditions of use and should not be concealed from view upon reasonable examination.
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This article is about the U.S. statutorily-defined copyright notice. For notifications of claimed copyright infringement, see
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There are slightly different technical requirements for copyright notice on phonographic recordings, specifically using a
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the copyright notice must be affixed and positioned to give "reasonable notice of the claim of copyright".
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136:
of the copyright owner and does not require permission from, or registration with, the
Copyright Office.
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674:"The 1874 Amendment to the Copyright Act of 1870 Enacted by the Forty-third Congress on June 18, 1874"
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1573:
982:
999:
656:"Second General Revision of U.S. Copyright Law Enacted by the Forty-first Congress on July 8, 1870"
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Certain foreign works published in the US without copyright notice prior to 1989, which made them
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An incomplete copyright notice. Because multiple parties were involved in the production of
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is a notice of statutorily prescribed form that informs users of the underlying claim to
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There are technical requirements as to the information a copyright notice must contain.
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Wendy's Blog: Legal Tags - My First
Youtube: Super Bowl Highlights or Lowlights
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with the notice, the producer's name will be considered a part of the notice.
437:
330:, failure to specify the claimant thrust the series into the public domain.
1040:
WIPO Copyright and
Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act
160:
A copyright notice from a 19th-century book published in the United States
887:
Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States
344:
181:(letter C in a circle); the word "Copyright"; or the abbreviation "Copr."
31:
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Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States
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30:"Copr." redirects here. For a common abbreviation of corporation, see
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Wendy's Blog: Legal Tags - Foul ball: Baseball's copyright warnings
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A copyright notice may still be used as a deterrent against
469:
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Under the 1978 US law, a copyright notice must contain the
355:
Foreign works published in the US without copyright notice
178:
165:
of sound recordings (such as compact discs or cassettes).
453:
110:
27:
Notice to inform consumers of claimed copyright ownership
1625:
Elektra
Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.
1414:
Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.
1075:
Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act
1035:
Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act
821:
38:
Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act
1438:
Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.
1366:
Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.
1203:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
292:
The year of first publication of the sound recording.
1446:
Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.
483:
207:
Form of notice for phonorecords of sound recordings
1430:Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.
398:or the page immediately following the title page.
363:, have had their copyrights "restored" under the
1757:
1510:Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.
621:copyright law (such as the notice requirement).
1374:Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.
1275:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
691:
316:Reasons to include an optional copyright notice
1633:Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.
1470:Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l
1187:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
169:Form of notice for visually perceptible copies
850:Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices
807:
56:The examples and perspective in this article
694:US Copyright Act of 1909, Sections 18 and 19
1550:Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha
1195:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
967:Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988
245:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1566:Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.
1422:American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.
814:
800:
770:
752:
427:
1534:Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.
625:, 565 U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 873 (2012), at
370:
265:Learn how and when to remove this message
94:Learn how and when to remove this message
1267:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
431:
374:
319:
155:
105:
1155:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
1024:Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998
527:
409:(including the legal author/owner of a
14:
1758:
1689:Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.
1462:A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.
1358:Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates
1342:Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.
1251:Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.
1058:Family Entertainment and Copyright Act
680:from the original on November 3, 2013.
662:from the original on November 3, 2013.
1657:RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.
795:
571:
306:
1673:Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC
1649:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.
1526:Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.
1299:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
243:adding citations to reliable sources
210:
42:
1681:Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.
1582:Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.
1454:Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.
1315:Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith
1243:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
925:International Copyright Act of 1891
24:
1641:Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena
1486:In re Aimster Copyright Litigation
1398:Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.
1307:Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.
1219:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
989:Copyright Remedy Clarification Act
823:Copyright law of the United States
575:Reliable design of medical devices
464:. She then posted this snippet to
25:
1777:
1542:Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.
1334:Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.
424:("℗") instead of the "©" symbol.
394:required to have appeared on the
151:
1291:Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com
1283:Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands
1029:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
592:from the original on 2015-01-26.
486:
422:sound recording copyright symbol
215:
47:
1731:Home Recording Rights Coalition
737:
722:
707:
684:
390:18_________________, by A. B."
132:ownership in a published work.
844:United States Copyright Office
666:
648:
639:
614:
605:
596:
565:
554:
534:
13:
1:
1590:Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.
1558:Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.
1494:NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute
995:Copyright Renewal Act of 1992
1697:Hachette v. Internet Archive
1665:Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.
1018:Copyright Term Extension Act
1006:Uruguay Round Agreements Act
365:Uruguay Round Agreements Act
303:℗ 2012 X.Y.Z. Records, Inc.
7:
1766:United States copyright law
1179:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
479:
468:. The NFL sent an official
347:and left in a legal limbo.
289:(the letter P in a circle).
122:United States copyright law
70:, discuss the issue on the
10:
1782:
1478:Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.
578:. CRC Press. p. 196.
572:Fries, Richard C. (2006).
35:
29:
1711:
1608:
1574:Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc
1325:
1120:
1111:
1090:
1067:
1050:
983:Visual Artists Rights Act
975:
959:
943:
902:
895:
829:
460:, using her rights under
1744:You Wouldn't Steal a Car
1000:Audio Home Recording Act
1081:Music Modernization Act
1012:No Electronic Theft Act
875:Section 108 Study Group
611:17 USC §§ 401, 402, 504
428:Overstatement of rights
1726:Don't Copy That Floppy
1481:(9th Cir. 2002 / 2003)
1227:Quality King v. L'anza
870:Register of Copyrights
445:
383:
371:Technical requirements
331:
161:
117:
1502:BMG Music v. Gonzalez
1350:Eltra Corp. v. Ringer
951:Copyright Act of 1976
935:Copyright Act of 1909
920:Copyright Act of 1870
915:Copyright Act of 1831
910:Copyright Act of 1790
517:Copyright formalities
502:Anti-copyright notice
474:Major League Baseball
435:
378:
323:
159:
109:
930:Printing Act of 1895
528:Notes and references
239:improve this section
76:create a new article
68:improve this article
58:may not represent a
1737:Nimmer on Copyright
1620:(C.C.D. Mass. 1841)
1163:Banks v. Manchester
115:All Rights Reserved
1235:Eldred v. Ashcroft
1171:Callaghan v. Myers
782:2011-01-16 at the
764:2016-03-11 at the
632:2012-01-22 at the
446:
411:work made for hire
384:
332:
307:Location of notice
185:compilation is an
162:
118:
1753:
1752:
1707:
1706:
1660:(W.D. Wash. 2000)
1131:Wheaton v. Peters
1107:
1106:
865:Copyright Catalog
585:978-0-8247-2375-0
561:37 C.F.R. § 202.2
327:The New 3 Stooges
275:
274:
267:
104:
103:
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78:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
1773:
1716:Berne Convention
1692:(C.D. Cal. 2015)
1644:(M.D. Fla. 1993)
1636:(N.D. Cal. 1986)
1598:Naruto v. Slater
1390:Whelan v. Jaslow
1147:Trade-Mark Cases
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839:Copyright Clause
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1676:(S.D.N.Y. 2010)
1668:(S.D.N.Y. 2005)
1652:(S.D.N.Y. 1999)
1628:(E.D.N.Y. 1973)
1617:Folsom v. Marsh
1604:
1601:(9th Cir. 2018)
1593:(9th Cir. 2015)
1577:(9th Cir. 2013)
1561:(9th Cir. 2012)
1545:(9th Cir. 2010)
1537:(2nd Cir. 2008)
1529:(9th Cir. 2006)
1521:(2nd Cir. 2006)
1518:Blanch v. Koons
1513:(2nd Cir. 2006)
1505:(7th Cir. 2005)
1489:(7th Cir. 2003)
1473:(5th Cir. 2002)
1465:(9th Cir. 2001)
1457:(1st Cir. 2000)
1449:(9th Cir. 2000)
1433:(9th Cir. 1997)
1425:(2nd Cir. 1995)
1409:(2nd Cir. 1992)
1406:Rogers v. Koons
1401:(5th Cir. 1988)
1385:(9th Cir. 1986)
1369:(7th Cir. 1983)
1361:(9th Cir. 1978)
1353:(4th Cir. 1978)
1345:(9th Cir. 1970)
1321:
1259:Golan v. Holder
1139:Baker v. Selden
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1585:(2d Cir. 2015)
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1417:(2d Cir. 1992)
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1393:(3d Cir. 1986)
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1382:Fisher v. Dees
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1377:(3d Cir. 1983)
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1337:(2d Cir. 1964)
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1326:Appeals courts
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676:. 1874-06-18.
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658:. 1870-07-08.
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