217:
31:
976:
964:
952:
75:
893:(protective third eyelids). The mouth has short, subtle furrows at the corners and contains 29–35 upper tooth rows and 29–33 lower tooth rows. The teeth are serrated with single narrow cusps; the upper teeth have a distinctive hooked shape and become more angled towards the corners of the jaw, while the lower teeth are upright. The upper teeth of adult males are longer, narrower, more curved, and more finely serrated than those of adult females and juveniles. The five pairs of
1370:
50:
2912:
discern even by trained professionals. That said, this list must be used with caution because attacks involving easily identified species, such as white, tiger, sandtiger, hammerhead and nurse sharks, nearly always identify the attacking species, while cases involving difficult to identify species, such as requiem sharks of the genus
Carcharhinus, seldom correctly identify the attacker. Thus the list is skewed to readily identified species.
936:
544:("tail"). The name "whaler" originated in the 19th century, applied by the crews of whaling vessels in the Pacific who saw large sharks of various species congregating around harpooned whale carcasses. This species may also be referred to as black-tipped whaler, cocktail shark or cocktail whaler, or New Zealand whaler, as well as by the shortened "bronze", "bronzie", or "cocktail". Günther originally referred to four
1050:
1542:; though species-specific data is unavailable, shark populations overall have been decimated in the region. The number of large adults have been too low to sustain targeted fisheries since the 1970s, and most of the current shark catch consists of small juveniles. Additional threats to this species include the
1356:
at 2.0–2.4 m (6.6–7.9 ft) long and an age of 13–19 years, while females mature at 2.3–2.5 m (7.5–8.2 ft) long and an age of 19–20 years. Females off
Australia mature at a comparable length of 2.5 m (8.2 ft), while females off Argentina mature at a slightly smaller length
1268:. The male bites the female as a prelude to mating. In the Southern Hemisphere, mating takes place from October to December (spring and early summer), when both sexes have migrated into offshore waters at higher latitudes. Birthing seems to occur from June to January, peaking in October and November.
916:
has a well-developed lower lobe and a deep ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe. This species is bronze to olive-gray above with a metallic sheen and sometimes a pink cast, darkening towards the fin tips and margins but not conspicuously so; the color fades quickly to a dull gray-brown after
1347:
of 12 months, though some data support the interpretation of a 15–21 month long gestation period instead. Females produce litters every other year, with the number of pups ranging from 7 to 24 and averaging 15 or 16. Females off
California and the Baja Peninsula tend to bear fewer young relative to
1271:
Female copper sharks make use of shallow inshore habitats, varying from stretches of open coast to more sheltered bays and inlets, as nurseries. These nurseries provide abundant food and reduce the likelihood of predation by larger members of the species. Known and suspected nursery areas occur off
455:
throughout its range, and utilized as food. The species population size is unknown, but the IUCN's Red List assesses the species as vulnerable because it is very susceptible to population depletion due to its low growth and reproductive rates and because its numbers are believed to have declined in
874:
Populations of copper sharks in both hemispheres perform seasonal migrations, in response to temperature changes, reproductive events, and/or prey availability; the movement patterns differ with sex and age. Adult females and juveniles spend winter in the subtropics and generally shift to higher
2911:
Positive identification of attacking sharks is very difficult since victims rarely make adequate observations of the attacker during the "heat" of the interaction. Tooth remains are seldom found in wounds and diagnostic characters for many requiem sharks (family
Carcharhinidae) are difficult to
1227:
Large numbers of copper sharks have been observed hunting together in a seemingly cooperative fashion. Small schooling fish are "herded" into a tight ball, whereupon each shark swims through in turn with its mouth open to feed. For groups of tuna and larger prey, the pursuing sharks may adopt a
2937:
A number of requiem sharks in the genus
Carcharhinus likely are involved in many more attacks than they are credited in this list and, if the list could reflect that reality, Carcharhinus bites would push such species as the sandtiger, hammerhead and nurse sharks towards the bottom of the
879:
for most of the year, except in late winter or spring when they also move into higher latitudes, in time to encounter and mate with post-partum females dispersing from the nurseries. During migrations, individual sharks have been recorded traveling up to 1,320 km (820 mi). It is
828:. The copper shark is common off parts of Argentina, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, and rare elsewhere; in many areas its range is ill-defined because of confusion with other species. The shark is one of the most commonly found in the waters of New Zealand.
871:. Juveniles inhabit inshore waters less than 30 m (98 ft) deep throughout the year, while adults tend to be found further offshore and regularly approach the coast only in spring and summer, when large aggregations can be readily observed in shallow water.
888:
The copper shark has a slender, streamlined body with a slightly arched profile just behind the head. The snout is rather long and pointed, with the nostrils preceded by low flaps of skin. The round, moderately large eyes are equipped with
381:. A large species reaching 3.3 m (11 ft) long, the copper shark is difficult to distinguish from other large requiem sharks. It is characterized by its narrow, hook-shaped upper teeth, lack of a prominent ridge between the
929:), but can be identified by its upper tooth shape, absent or weak interdorsal ridge, and lack of obvious fin markings. It reportedly reaches a maximum length of 3.3 m (11 ft) and weight of 305 kilograms (672 lb).
463:
infrequently, but the species places tenth in the number of unprovoked attacks on people. However, the actual number of recorded shark attacks is low – 15 non-fatal, unprovoked attacks and only one fatal unprovoked attack.
995:
containing up to hundreds of individuals. Some aggregations seem to form for reproductive purposes, while others form to concentrations of food. This species may fall prey to larger sharks and killer whales. Known
1518:
off
Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, where fisheries are generally well-managed; the local copper shark population for each of those three countries is contained almost entirely within their respective
1493:
species most frequently caught by sport fishers and sustains a small, summer recreational fishery in northern North Island, that mainly captures pregnant and post-partum females and for the most part practices
1390:
topped the list, with 279 attacks.) Though large and powerful, the copper shark is not particularly aggressive towards humans unless in the presence of food. Copper Sharks have been known to harass and attack
1523:(EEZ). Reported catches by New Zealand have steadily declined from a peak of 40 tons in 1995/96 to 20 tons 2001/02, though it is uncertain whether this reflects a genuine decline or changing fishing habits.
1449:
Like many large, active sharks, this species adapts poorly to captivity; it tends to bump into the sides of its enclosure, and the resulting abrasions then become infected with often fatal consequences.
1510:(IUCN) has assessed the copper shark as vulnerable worldwide. While the global population is unknown, the long maturation time and low reproductive rate of this species render it highly susceptible to
908:
is tall, with a pointed apex and a concave trailing margin; its origin lies about even with the tips of the pectoral fins. The second dorsal fin is small and low, and positioned about opposite to the
519:, is of questionable taxonomic status as it was based solely on a set of now-destroyed jaws that may or may not have belonged to a copper shark. Modern authors have assigned this species to the genus
472:
Because of its very patchy range, the copper shark has been scientifically described several times from different locales. The earliest valid description is presently considered to be
British
1441:
shark is responsible for the attack. Experts trying to confirm shark attacks by species warn that their statistics undercount the number of attacks by requiem sharks like the copper.
935:
377:
to shallow bays and harbors, to offshore waters 100 m (330 ft) deep or more. Females are found apart from males for most of the year, and conduct seasonal
3014:
2286:
2041:"Preliminary list of the marine fishes and other vertebrate remains from the Late Pleistocene Palos Verdes Sand Formation at Costa Mesa, Orange County, California"
1382:
Copper sharks attack humans infrequently, but the species places tenth in the number of unprovoked attacks on people. During the tracking period through 2013, the
2990:
2615:
Heithaus, M.R. (January 2001). "Predator-prey and competitive interactions between sharks (order
Selachii) and dolphins (suborder Odontoceti): a review".
4159:
2721:
Lamberth, S.J. (November 2006). "White shark and other chondrichthyan interactions with the beach-seine (treknet) fishery in False Bay, South Africa".
2000:
1171:. Cephalopods and cartilaginous fishes become relatively more important food for sharks over 2 m (6.6 ft) long. Young sharks also consume
1942:"The phylogenetic relationships among requiem and hammerhead sharks: inferring phylogeny when thousands of equally most parsimonious trees result"
4154:
3973:
875:
latitudes as spring nears, with pregnant females also moving towards the coast to give birth in inshore nursery areas. Adult males remain in the
1507:
1422:. Three out of ten shark attacks in New Zealand are attributed to Copper sharks. Witnesses also attributed a fatal attack in September 2011 in
4012:
404:
that has been known to hunt in large groups, using their numbers to their advantage; however for most of the time they remain solitary. Off
1423:
4149:
1873:
917:
death. The underside is white, which extends onto the flanks as a prominent band. The copper shark is easily mistaken for other large
4189:
4114:
2822:
He spoke of the concern he held for his friends when he saw a large bronze whaler shark, assuming his wife was already safely ashore.
3947:
3050:
1570:
1566:
4179:
4139:
3986:
2875:
1348:
other parts of the world. The newborns measure 55–67 cm (22–26 in) long. The copper shark is among the slowest-growing
4194:
4124:
1228:"wing" formation to force their quarry closer together, with each shark targeting a particular fish and attacking in turn. In
4048:
2705:
2245:
2217:
2187:
2149:
1924:
1850:
1812:
1774:
1687:
1465:
actually takes mostly dusky sharks), South Africa, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Mexico, and China; it also contributes to the
3991:
2950:
Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Francis, Malcolm; Dunn, M. R.; Finucci, Brit; Ford, Richard; Hitchmough, Rod; Rolfe, Jeremy (2016).
1941:
1526:
In the eastern
Pacific, the copper shark is rare and little fishery information is available, leading to an assessment of
4199:
4129:
2951:
1485:
in
Namibia, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Argentina, Mexico and California, predominantly by anglers but also by
2283:
4209:
4144:
3921:
4204:
3847:
2964:
2116:
1224:
attract a multitude of predators, including several species of sharks, of which copper sharks are the most numerous.
4184:
4084:
4017:
3887:
4174:
2107:
Roberts, Clive; Stewart, A. L.; Struthers, Carl D.; Barker, Jeremy; Kortet, Salme; Freeborn, Michelle (2015).
1562:
used to protect beaches in South Africa and Australia, and persecution by fish farmers in southern Australia.
2857:
2835:
2817:
716:
regional populations with little to no interchange between them. In the Atlantic, this shark occurs from the
2040:
3043:
2477:(Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) from Australian sharks, and definition of the family Grillotiidae Dollfus, 1969"
1403:, where the species is common. (The species is commonly called bronze whalers in this part of the world.)
975:
963:
3895:
3869:
1333:
440:
of 12 or perhaps as long as 21 months. It is extremely slow-growing, with males and females not reaching
74:
3900:
1481:
and on pelagic longlines. The meat is sold for human consumption. The copper shark is also popular with
3722:
3283:
4089:
4027:
3713:
3686:
3400:
2468:
2385:(Trypanorhyncha: Lacistorhynchidae) with analysis of the systematic utility of scolex microtriches".
2307:
n. sp. (Cestoidea: Cathetocephalidae) from Australia, with a Proposal for Cathetocephalidea n. ord".
2076:(Chondrichthyes: Carcharhinidae) from southern Africa, with a review of some life history parameters"
1281:
1406:
Fatal attacks attributed to the copper shark (bronze whaler) include the 2014 death of a swimmer in
4169:
3731:
3023:
2629:
781:
1656:
843:, diving to depths of 100 m (330 ft) or more. This species commonly enters very shallow
4164:
3764:
3695:
3213:
3036:
1520:
1407:
1204:
that had succumbed to fishing nets. The predominant prey of this species off South Africa is the
596:
and returned inconclusive results: in 1982 Jack Garrick placed it by itself as a grouping within
527:
3861:
2547:
1053:
Southern African pilchard are the most important prey species of copper sharks off South Africa.
592:
The first efforts to determine the evolutionary relationships of the copper shark were based on
3978:
3874:
3809:
3310:
2924:
2898:
2624:
1706:
992:
685:
1764:
1732:
991:
Fast but active, the copper shark may be encountered alone, in pairs, or in loosely organized
4134:
4119:
3620:
3548:
3491:
1461:
for the copper shark exist off New Zealand, Australia (though the "bronze whaler fishery" of
1383:
713:
345:. It is distributed in a number of separate populations in the northeastern and southwestern
189:
4076:
4066:
1433:
One problem with counting attacks on humans is that the copper shark is so similar to other
1260:
connection through which the mother delivers nourishment. Adult females have one functional
951:
4004:
3856:
3704:
3473:
3409:
3346:
3222:
2788:
2730:
2552:
1482:
890:
593:
452:
3002:
2927:. International Shark Attack File Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida
2901:. International Shark Attack File Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida
1805:
Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date
436:. Females bear litters of 7 to 24 pups every other year in coastal nursery areas, after a
8:
3788:
3779:
3328:
1547:
1543:
1185:
1136:
859:, and also inhabits rocky areas and offshore islands. It is tolerant of low and changing
613:
39:
2792:
2734:
2659:"Sharks caught in the protective gill nets off Natal, South Africa. 6. The copper shark
2293:. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on April 18, 2010.
1212:), which comprise 69–95% of its diet. Every winter, schools of copper sharks follow the
3455:
2746:
2449:
2402:
2363:
2324:
1982:
1960:
1539:
1458:
1387:
1293:
1144:
825:
712:
waters, in temperatures above 12 °C (54 °F). It is widely distributed but as
448:
397:
229:
69:
54:
1842:
488:
4061:
3908:
3265:
3103:
2970:
2960:
2953:
Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016
2701:
2529:
2441:
2241:
2213:
2183:
2145:
2122:
2112:
1974:
1920:
1846:
1808:
1770:
1683:
1573:
but with the qualifiers "Conservation Dependent", "Data Poor" and "Secure Overseas".
1462:
1427:
1108:
836:
717:
441:
146:
3006:(Bronze Whaler, Cocktail Shark, Copper Shark, Narrowtooth Shark, New Zealand Whaler)
2750:
2524:
2499:
2406:
2261:
1986:
1633:
476:
206:
3515:
3506:
3482:
3229:
2796:
2738:
2674:
2634:
2595:
2519:
2453:
2433:
2394:
2367:
2355:
2316:
2155:
2087:
1964:
1956:
1651:
1474:
1358:
1344:
1289:
817:
797:
789:
693:
601:
437:
216:
3913:
2801:
2772:
2346:
Pintner (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha), parasitic in elasmobranch and teleost fishes".
4035:
3755:
3596:
3587:
3391:
3373:
3364:
3274:
3256:
3159:
3132:
3123:
2695:
2290:
2207:
1551:
1495:
1353:
1285:
1205:
605:
500:
413:
350:
2424:(Tetraphyllidea : Onchobothriidae) with descriptions of five new species".
1325:
3668:
3539:
3319:
3301:
3150:
3091:
3085:
3060:
3028:
2600:
2571:
2508:(Gunther, 1870) (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhinidae), in southern Brazilian waters"
1631:
1531:
1527:
1437:. Victims and witnesses are unlikely to correctly identify which type of genus
1317:
1197:
757:
749:
745:
725:
665:
656:), but could not resolve their wider relationships with the rest of the genus.
534:
378:
126:
116:
2974:
2742:
2679:
2658:
2638:
2092:
2071:
1807:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. pp. 464–466.
1395:
in an attempt to steal catches. Copper sharks have bitten several swimmers in
4108:
3999:
3926:
3832:
3572:
3563:
3355:
3204:
3195:
3141:
2126:
1869:
1835:
1642:
1515:
1434:
1337:
1233:
1217:
1180:
649:
621:
496:
335:
156:
59:
2159:
1313:
740:(where there may be two separate populations), with infrequent records from
3464:
3247:
3177:
3168:
3114:
2533:
2504:(Schmarda, 1861) (Hirudinea, Piscicolidae), parasitic on the whaler shark,
2445:
1978:
1632:
Huveneers, C.; Rigby, C.L.; Dicken, M.; Pacoureau, N.; Derrick, D. (2020).
1534:
species have been documented in the heavily-fished Gulf of California. Off
1478:
1438:
1392:
1321:
1297:
1273:
1164:
1124:
1058:
901:
753:
737:
573:
512:
460:
405:
224:
Confirmed (dark blue) and suspected (light blue) range of the copper shark
166:
4040:
3024:
Species Description of Carcharhinus brachyurus at www.shark-references.com
2815:
1469:
of other commercial fisheries across its range. This species is caught in
1369:
3960:
3841:
3629:
3446:
3431:
3422:
3382:
3337:
3238:
2420:
Caira, J.N.; C. Richmond & J. Swanson (October 2005). "A revision of
1969:
1555:
1511:
1419:
1400:
1221:
1213:
1096:
922:
785:
661:
637:
629:
553:
409:
362:
30:
2381:
Richmond, C.; J.N. Caira (May 1991). "Morphological investigations into
3952:
3677:
3653:
3644:
3292:
2398:
2359:
2328:
2142:
Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New Zealand's Native Sea Creatures
2020:(Elasmobranchii; Carcharhinidae) from the Pliocene of Tuscany, Italy".
1486:
1309:
1245:
1176:
1104:
1076:
1062:
913:
905:
876:
840:
821:
793:
741:
689:
673:
565:
549:
421:
389:
382:
3939:
2770:
2437:
2006:. The Life and Times of Long Dead Sharks. Retrieved on April 11, 2010.
604:
placed it in an informal "transitional group" that also contained the
3965:
3746:
3611:
3530:
2997:
1559:
1535:
1411:
1396:
1277:
1229:
1172:
1140:
1120:
1116:
1088:
1084:
1049:
1035:
894:
864:
832:
773:
729:
705:
648:
study concluded that the closest relative of the copper shark is the
577:
561:
473:
393:
374:
358:
339:
86:
3803:
2320:
2111:. Vol. 2. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 100.
3934:
3826:
3079:
1882:
1257:
1249:
1156:
1092:
1001:
997:
909:
860:
765:
709:
681:
645:
433:
429:
401:
370:
346:
342:
106:
2959:. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 9.
941:
The copper shark can be difficult to distinguish from other large
704:
The copper shark is the only member of its genus largely found in
3018:
2833:
1677:
1470:
1466:
1415:
1201:
1190:
1168:
1160:
1148:
1132:
1100:
1080:
844:
801:
733:
721:
677:
669:
581:
545:
366:
354:
331:
4053:
2834:
Leask, A.; K. Campbell & A. Koubaridis (February 27, 2013).
2419:
3882:
3073:
2816:
Anna Leask; Kieran Campbell; Andrew Koubaridis (Feb 27, 2013).
2240:(second ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 254–255.
1301:
1265:
1253:
1071:
856:
813:
777:
769:
657:
425:
96:
3009:
2016:
Marsili, S. (March 2007). "Revision of the teeth of the genus
1569:
has classified the copper shark as "Not Threatened" under the
3097:
2342:
Beveridge, I.; R.A. Campbell (February 1993). "A revision of
2106:
1329:
1261:
1193:
1112:
1066:
1028:
868:
852:
805:
761:
576:
designated a 2.4 m (7.9 ft) long female caught off
557:
136:
2773:"Reproduction and seasonal occurrence of the copper shark,
1305:
1128:
904:
are large, pointed, and falcate (sickle-shaped). The first
809:
2697:
Currents of Contrast: Life in Southern Africa's Two Oceans
2466:
2341:
1709:. Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida
1498:. A tag and release program is also practiced in Namibia.
880:
philopatric, returning to the same areas year after year.
2302:
1373:
The copper shark is often caught by recreational anglers.
1361:
is at least 30 years for males and 25 years for females.
912:. There is usually no ridge between the dorsal fins. The
848:
660:
teeth from the copper shark have been recovered from the
3019:
Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department
2771:
Lucifora, L.O.; R.C. Menni & A.H. Escalante (2005).
2949:
1734:
Catalogue of the Fishes in the British museum, Volume 8
2656:
2460:
2380:
2335:
2235:
2069:
1386:
attributed 20 attacks to the species. (In comparison,
1328:(Argentina) for southwestern Atlantic sharks, and off
1244:
Like other members of its family, the copper shark is
1057:
The copper shark feeds more towards the bottom of the
2296:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1514:. Regionally, the IUCN has listed this species under
2481:
Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia
1769:. University of California Press. pp. 149–152.
572:). In the interests of taxonomic stability, in 1982
2652:
2650:
2648:
2231:
2229:
2209:
A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa
2072:"Preliminary estimates of age of the bronze whaler
2065:
2063:
2061:
1678:Compagno, L.J.V.; M. Dando & S. Fowler (2005).
1316:(Western Sahara) for northwest African sharks, off
1200:, though it has been known to scavenge (rarely) on
2374:
2180:Sharks & Rays: Elasmobranch Guide of the World
2144:. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. pp. 164–169.
1834:
1821:
408:, this species associates closely with the annual
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
1730:
1296:(Japan) for northwestern Pacific sharks, off the
444:until 13–19 and 19–20 years of age respectively.
4106:
3058:
2645:
2572:"Occurrence and feeding of three shark species,
2226:
2205:
2058:
2022:Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia
1993:
1919:. Princeton University Press. pp. 319–320.
1914:
1802:
1682:. Princeton University Press. pp. 292–293.
1232:, South Africa, this species reportedly follows
2925:"ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark"
2899:"ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark"
2201:
2199:
2177:
2139:
1905:. NOAA Technical Report, NMFS Circ. 445: 1–194.
1707:"ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark"
2876:"Shark attack witness tells of mauling horror"
2757:
2720:
2614:
1939:
1508:International Union for Conservation of Nature
792:; there are also unconfirmed reports from the
3044:
1671:
1657:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T41741A2954522.en
507:). Thus, this shark was often referred to as
485:Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum
2693:
2584:, on the Eastern Cape coast of South Africa"
2497:
2196:
2173:
2171:
2169:
1999:Heim, B. and J. Bourdon (January 27, 2009).
1901:Garrick, J.A.f. (1982). Sharks of the genus
784:but occasionally further north), and around
2873:
2827:
2413:
2015:
1762:
1550:of its coastal nurseries from development,
1489:and gillnetters. In New Zealand, it is the
699:
511:in older literature. An even earlier name,
487:. The earliest name was once thought to be
3051:
3037:
2569:
2303:Schmidt, G.D.; I. Beveridge (June 1990). "
2038:
1864:
1862:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
587:
215:
48:
29:
4160:Southeastern South American coastal fauna
2800:
2678:
2628:
2599:
2523:
2166:
2091:
1968:
1908:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1766:Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California
1726:
1724:
1655:
2809:
2714:
2608:
2565:
2563:
2278:
2276:
2274:
1571:New Zealand Threat Classification System
1538:, the copper shark has been assessed as
1368:
1312:(Morocco) for Mediterranean sharks, off
1048:
499:associated with that name is actually a
2867:
2687:
2667:South African Journal of Marine Science
2588:South African Journal of Marine Science
2182:. IKAN-Unterwasserarchiv. p. 133.
2133:
2080:South African Journal of Marine Science
2009:
1868:
1859:
1783:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1352:species: off South Africa, males reach
369:regions. The species can be found from
4155:Fauna of the Baja California Peninsula
4107:
3015:Biological Profiles: Narrowtooth Shark
2284:Biological Profiles: Narrowtooth Shark
2212:(third ed.). Struik. p. 35.
1933:
1890:
1721:
1701:
1699:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
986:
556:, which have since been lost, and two
400:, the copper shark is a fast-swimming
3808:
3807:
3032:
2560:
2467:Campbell, R.A.; I. Beveridge (1993).
2271:
1917:Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes
1530:. However, catch declines across all
1414:, and the 1976 death of a swimmer in
1364:
1256:, once depleted, is converted into a
4028:3baab82d-b516-40ba-aaee-7b81c1d6f2da
2491:
2032:
1741:
1377:
831:Copper sharks can be found from the
432:connection formed from the depleted
420:). Like other requiem sharks, it is
2896:
1696:
1643:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1582:
1264:, on the right, and two functional
13:
2777:, from north Patagonia, Argentina"
2548:"Carcharhinus brachyurus (Bronze)"
2140:Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022).
2100:
1961:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1992.tb00073.x
353:, in the northwestern and eastern
14:
4221:
4150:Marine fish of Southern Australia
2984:
2874:Rickard, L. (September 5, 2011).
2723:African Journal of Marine Science
2657:Cliff, G.; S.F.J. Dudley (1992).
2236:Last, P.R.; J.D. Stevens (2009).
2070:Walter, J.P.; D.A. Ebert (1991).
1477:, and to a much lesser extent in
1357:of 2.2 m (7.2 ft). The
564:that were later discovered to be
4190:Near threatened biota of Oceania
4115:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1833:Ferrari, A.; A. Ferrari (2002).
1000:of the copper shark include the
974:
962:
950:
934:
73:
2943:
2917:
2890:
2862:A DECADE OF SHARK ATTACKS IN NZ
2850:
2540:
2525:10.1590/S0034-71082000000400024
2254:
1501:
1239:
1220:. The gathering of millions of
867:and the lower reaches of large
385:, and plain bronze coloration.
4140:Marine fish of Southern Africa
2781:ICES Journal of Marine Science
2512:Revista Brasileira de Biologia
2498:Soto, J.M.R. (November 2000).
883:
495:, until it was found that the
365:, with scattered reports from
1:
4195:Near threatened biota of Asia
4125:Fish of the Mediterranean Sea
2802:10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.09.003
1576:
1300:for South Africa sharks, off
863:, and has been reported from
483:in the 1870 eighth volume of
4180:Taxa named by Albert Günther
3723:Australian sharpnose shark (
3284:Smoothtooth blacktip shark (
2238:Sharks and Rays of Australia
1737:. The Trustees. p. 369.
1444:
1340:for eastern Pacific sharks.
1336:(Mexico), and in and around
1332:and Guanape Cove (Peru), in
1280:for New Zealand sharks, off
696:(126,000–12,000 years ago).
255:Deng, Xiong & Zhan, 1981
7:
3714:Caribbean sharpnose shark (
3687:Brazilian sharpnose shark (
3401:Australian blacktip shark (
2878:. The Sydney Morning Herald
2309:The Journal of Parasitology
2039:Long, D.J. (May 24, 1993).
1292:for Australian sharks, off
467:
428:mainly nourished through a
10:
4226:
4200:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
4130:Marine fish of New Zealand
3732:Atlantic sharpnose shark (
2601:10.2989/025776191784287808
1841:. Firefly Books. pp.
1731:Günther, A.C.L.G. (1870).
1567:Department of Conservation
1453:
1044:
1021:Phoreiobothrium robertsoni
921:species, particularly the
804:, it occurs from northern
548:: a stuffed specimen from
447:This species is valued by
276:Jordan & Gilbert, 1882
4210:Fish of the Pacific Ocean
4145:Marine fauna of East Asia
3816:
3777:
3765:Pacific spadenose shark (
3744:
3696:Pacific sharpnose shark (
3666:
3642:
3609:
3585:
3561:
3528:
3504:
3444:
3420:
3214:Pacific smalltail shark (
3112:
3068:
2743:10.2989/18142320609504222
2680:10.2989/02577619209504731
2639:10.1017/S0952836901000061
2305:Cathetocephalus australis
2206:Van der Elst, R. (1993).
2109:The fishes of New Zealand
2093:10.2989/02577619109504617
1915:Compagno, L.J.V. (1988).
1803:Compagno, L.J.V. (1984).
1216:from the Eastern Cape to
1206:southern African pilchard
1005:Cathetocephalus australis
414:southern African pilchard
235:
228:
223:
214:
195:
188:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
4205:Fish of the Indian Ocean
3311:Oceanic whitetip shark (
2502:Stibarobdella macrothela
2178:Hennemann, R.M. (2001).
1872:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1521:Exclusive Economic Zones
1343:Most sources estimate a
1061:than the top, consuming
1032:Stibarobdella macrothela
700:Distribution and habitat
412:, involving millions of
241:Moreno & Hoyos, 1983
4185:Near threatened animals
3888:carcharhinus-brachyurus
3875:Carcharhinus_brachyurus
3862:Carcharhinus_brachyurus
3848:Carcharhinus brachyurus
3818:Carcharhinus brachyurus
3621:Sicklefin lemon shark (
3549:Borneo broadfin shark (
3492:Irrawaddy river shark (
3004:Carcharhinus brachyurus
2992:Carcharhinus brachyurus
2775:Carcharhinus brachyurus
2700:. Struik. p. 122.
2661:Carcharhinus brachyurus
2574:Carcharhinus brachyurus
2506:Carcharhinus brachyurus
2426:Journal of Parasitology
2387:Systematic Parasitology
2348:Systematic Parasitology
2264:Carcharhinus brachyurus
2260:Bray, Dianne J. (2011)
2074:Carcharhinus brachyurus
2003:Carcharhinus brachyurus
1940:Naylor, G.J.P. (1992).
1876:Carcharhinus brachyurus
1636:Carcharhinus brachyurus
1408:Tathra, New South Wales
1025:Pseudogrillotia spratti
835:to slightly beyond the
756:, it is found from the
684:(5.3–2.6 Ma), and from
644:). Gavin Naylor's 1992
588:Phylogeny and evolution
319:Carcharhinus brachyurus
252:Carcharhinus remotoides
245:Carcharhinus improvisus
238:Carcharhinus acarenatus
199:Carcharhinus brachyurus
4175:Fish described in 1870
3705:Grey sharpnose shark (
3474:Northern river shark (
3347:Caribbean reef shark (
2820:. New Zealand Herald.
1374:
1334:Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay
1054:
1009:Dasyrhynchus pacificus
788:but not as far as the
453:recreational fisheries
424:, with the developing
259:Carcharhinus rochensis
3789:Whitetip reef shark (
3329:Blacktip reef shark (
2694:Pescak, T.P. (2005).
2383:Floriceps minacanthus
2268:. Fishes of Australia
1886:. April 2010 version.
1384:University of Florida
1372:
1276:from Waimea Inlet to
1214:"run" of the pilchard
1196:. It does not attack
1052:
1039:Otodistomum veliporum
1017:Floriceps minacanthus
891:nictitating membranes
481:Carcharias brachyurus
266:Carcharias brachyurus
3456:Borneo river shark (
2858:"Shark Victim Named"
2836:"Shark Victim Named"
2818:"Shark victim named"
2553:Animal Diversity Web
1763:Ebert, D.A. (2003).
1650:: e.T41741A2954522.
1483:recreational fishers
1459:Commercial fisheries
1173:scyphozoan jellyfish
1145:cartilaginous fishes
533:is derived from the
398:cartilaginous fishes
3266:Pondicherry shark (
3153:C. amblyrhynchoides
2793:2005ICJMS..62..107L
2735:2006AfJMS..28..723L
2570:Smale M.J. (1991).
1680:Sharks of the World
1430:to a copper shark.
1137:Cape horse mackerel
987:Biology and ecology
748:, and possibly the
614:blacktip reef shark
580:, New Zealand as a
459:Copper sharks only
273:Carcharias lamiella
40:Conservation status
3516:Daggernose shark (
3483:Speartooth shark (
3230:Whitecheek shark (
2617:Journal of Zoology
2399:10.1007/bf00010299
2360:10.1007/BF00009597
2289:2014-01-04 at the
1388:great white sharks
1375:
1365:Human interactions
1252:of the developing
1055:
826:Gulf of California
493:Carcharias remotus
388:Feeding mainly on
304:*ambiguous synonym
280:Carcharias remotus
181:C. brachyurus
4100:
4099:
4062:Open Tree of Life
3810:Taxon identifiers
3801:
3800:
3756:Spadenose shark (
3597:Whitenose shark (
3392:Spot-tail shark (
3374:Blackspot shark (
3365:Smalltail shark (
3275:Finetooth shark (
3257:Galapagos shark (
3160:Grey reef shark (
3135:C. albimarginatus
3133:Silvertip shark (
3124:Blacknose shark (
3104:Carcharhiniformes
2897:Burgess, George.
2707:978-1-77007-086-8
2438:10.1645/GE-3459.1
2247:978-0-674-03411-2
2219:978-1-86825-394-4
2189:978-3-925919-33-6
2151:978-1-77554-179-0
1926:978-0-691-08453-4
1852:978-1-55209-629-1
1814:978-92-5-101384-7
1776:978-0-520-23484-0
1689:978-0-691-12072-0
1558:, mortality from
1463:Western Australia
1428:Western Australia
1378:Attacks on humans
1236:fishing vessels.
1109:Australian salmon
897:are fairly long.
837:continental shelf
800:. In the eastern
718:Mediterranean Sea
582:new type specimen
552:and another from
328:narrowtooth shark
310:
309:
305:
299:
291:
284:
277:
270:
263:
256:
249:
242:
147:Carcharhiniformes
63:
4217:
4093:
4092:
4080:
4079:
4070:
4069:
4057:
4056:
4044:
4043:
4031:
4030:
4021:
4020:
4008:
4007:
3995:
3994:
3982:
3981:
3969:
3968:
3956:
3955:
3943:
3942:
3930:
3929:
3917:
3916:
3904:
3903:
3891:
3890:
3878:
3877:
3865:
3864:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3805:
3804:
3767:S. macrorhynchos
3540:Broadfin shark (
3320:Hardnose shark (
3302:Blacktip shark (
3259:C. galapagenisis
3162:C. amblyrhynchos
3151:Graceful shark (
3053:
3046:
3039:
3030:
3029:
2979:
2978:
2958:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2768:
2755:
2754:
2729:(3–4): 723–727.
2718:
2712:
2711:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2654:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2469:"New species of
2464:
2458:
2457:
2432:(5): 1153–1174.
2417:
2411:
2410:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2300:
2294:
2280:
2269:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2175:
2164:
2163:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2067:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2013:
2007:
2001:Fossil species:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1972:
1946:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1888:
1887:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1840:
1830:
1819:
1818:
1800:
1781:
1780:
1760:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1629:
1565:The New Zealand
1475:bottom longlines
1359:maximum lifespan
1345:gestation period
1290:Port Phillip Bay
1284:, in and around
978:
966:
954:
938:
824:, including the
818:Point Conception
798:Gulf of Thailand
790:Kermadec Islands
776:(mostly between
694:Late Pleistocene
692:, dating to the
680:, dating to the
668:, dating to the
602:Leonard Compagno
600:, while in 1988
528:specific epithet
517:Galeolamna greyi
438:gestation period
338:found mostly in
303:
297:
294:Galeolamna greyi
289:
282:
275:
268:
261:
254:
247:
240:
219:
201:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
16:Species of shark
4225:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4170:Vulnerable fish
4105:
4104:
4101:
4096:
4088:
4083:
4075:
4073:
4065:
4060:
4052:
4047:
4039:
4036:Observation.org
4034:
4026:
4024:
4016:
4011:
4003:
3998:
3990:
3985:
3977:
3972:
3964:
3959:
3951:
3946:
3938:
3933:
3925:
3920:
3912:
3907:
3899:
3894:
3886:
3881:
3873:
3868:
3860:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3812:
3802:
3797:
3773:
3740:
3662:
3638:
3632:N. brevirostris
3605:
3581:
3573:Sliteye shark (
3557:
3524:
3500:
3440:
3416:
3356:Sandbar shark (
3331:C. melanopterus
3250:C. fitzroyensis
3205:Nervous shark (
3196:Spinner shark (
3142:Bignose shark (
3108:
3064:
3057:
2987:
2982:
2967:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2930:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2904:
2902:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2872:
2868:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2832:
2828:
2814:
2810:
2769:
2758:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2692:
2688:
2655:
2646:
2613:
2609:
2582:Sphyrna zygaena
2568:
2561:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2500:"Marine leech,
2496:
2492:
2475:Pseudogrillotia
2465:
2461:
2422:Phoreiobothrium
2418:
2414:
2379:
2375:
2340:
2336:
2321:10.2307/3282661
2301:
2297:
2291:Wayback Machine
2281:
2272:
2262:Bronze Whaler,
2259:
2255:
2248:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2176:
2167:
2152:
2138:
2134:
2119:
2105:
2101:
2068:
2059:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2014:
2010:
1998:
1994:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1831:
1822:
1815:
1801:
1784:
1777:
1761:
1742:
1729:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1630:
1583:
1579:
1504:
1496:tag and release
1456:
1447:
1380:
1367:
1354:sexual maturity
1286:Gulf St Vincent
1248:, in which the
1242:
1210:Sardinops sagax
1113:Atlantic salmon
1047:
989:
982:
979:
970:
967:
958:
955:
946:
939:
886:
772:, off southern
768:) and southern
702:
618:C. melanopterus
606:blacknose shark
590:
501:blacknose shark
489:Auguste Duméril
470:
418:Sardinops sagax
351:southern Africa
301:
292:
285:
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
243:
210:
203:
197:
184:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4223:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4165:Gulf of Guinea
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4081:
4071:
4058:
4045:
4032:
4022:
4009:
3996:
3983:
3970:
3957:
3944:
3931:
3918:
3905:
3892:
3879:
3866:
3853:
3838:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:R. terraenovae
3729:
3720:
3711:
3702:
3693:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3669:Rhizoprionodon
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3648:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3575:L. macrorhinus
3569:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3518:I. oxyrhynchus
3512:
3510:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3489:
3480:
3471:
3465:Ganges shark (
3462:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3398:
3389:
3380:
3371:
3362:
3353:
3344:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3254:
3248:Creek whaler (
3245:
3241:C. falciformis
3236:
3227:
3220:
3211:
3202:
3193:
3187:Copper shark (
3184:
3178:Borneo shark (
3175:
3171:C. amboinensis
3169:Pigeye shark (
3166:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3092:Elasmobranchii
3088:
3086:Chondrichthyes
3082:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3012:
3000:
2994:, Copper shark
2986:
2985:External links
2983:
2981:
2980:
2965:
2942:
2916:
2889:
2866:
2849:
2826:
2808:
2787:(1): 107–115.
2756:
2713:
2706:
2686:
2644:
2630:10.1.1.404.130
2607:
2559:
2539:
2518:(4): 713–714.
2490:
2459:
2412:
2373:
2354:(2): 129–157.
2334:
2315:(3): 337–339.
2295:
2270:
2266:(Günther 1870)
2253:
2246:
2225:
2218:
2195:
2188:
2165:
2150:
2132:
2117:
2099:
2057:
2031:
2008:
1992:
1955:(4): 295–318.
1932:
1925:
1907:
1889:
1870:Froese, Rainer
1858:
1851:
1820:
1813:
1782:
1775:
1740:
1720:
1695:
1688:
1670:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1528:Data Deficient
1503:
1500:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1435:requiem sharks
1379:
1376:
1366:
1363:
1318:Rio de Janeiro
1308:(France), and
1241:
1238:
1198:marine mammals
1149:dogfish sharks
1046:
1043:
988:
985:
984:
983:
980:
973:
971:
968:
961:
959:
956:
949:
947:
940:
933:
885:
882:
758:East China Sea
750:Gulf of Mexico
746:Gulf of Guinea
726:Canary Islands
701:
698:
666:North Carolina
634:C. falciformis
589:
586:
540:("short") and
479:'s account of
477:Albert Günther
469:
466:
308:
307:
287:Eulamia ahenea
233:
232:
226:
225:
221:
220:
212:
211:
204:
193:
192:
186:
185:
178:
176:
172:
171:
164:
160:
159:
157:Carcharhinidae
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
127:Elasmobranchii
124:
120:
119:
117:Chondrichthyes
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4222:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4103:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3794:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3758:S. laticaudus
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3630:Lemon shark (
3628:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3542:L. temminckii
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3467:G. gangeticus
3463:
3461:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3432:Tiger shark (
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3383:Night shark (
3381:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3338:Dusky shark (
3336:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3313:C. longimanus
3309:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3239:Silky shark (
3237:
3235:
3233:
3232:C. dussumieri
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3198:C. brevipinna
3194:
3192:
3190:
3189:C. brachyurus
3185:
3183:
3181:
3180:C. borneensis
3176:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3061:requiem shark
3054:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:IUCN Red List
3007:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2966:9781988514628
2962:
2955:
2954:
2946:
2939:
2926:
2920:
2913:
2900:
2893:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2860:. NZ Herald.
2859:
2853:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2566:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2487:(1–2): 37–46.
2486:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2118:9780994104168
2114:
2110:
2103:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1970:2027.42/73088
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1725:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:shark and ray
1529:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1516:Least Concern
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:bottom trawls
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:spear fishers
1389:
1385:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1338:San Diego Bay
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:(Brazil) and
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1218:KwaZulu-Natal
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:electric rays
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
994:
977:
972:
965:
960:
953:
948:
944:
937:
932:
931:
930:
928:
924:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:pectoral fins
898:
896:
892:
881:
878:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:C. brevipinna
651:
650:spinner shark
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:nervous shark
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:
532:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:type specimen
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:
465:
462:
461:attack humans
457:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:, and around
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:
337:
336:requiem shark
333:
329:
325:
324:bronze whaler
321:
320:
315:
306:
300:
295:
288:
283:Duméril, 1865
281:
274:
269:Günther, 1870
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
234:
231:
227:
222:
218:
213:
208:
202:
200:
194:
191:
190:Binomial name
187:
183:
182:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:Selachimorpha
135:
133:Subdivision:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:Copper shark
22:
19:
4135:Fish of Peru
4120:Carcharhinus
4102:
3817:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3724:
3715:
3707:R. oligolinx
3706:
3697:
3688:
3679:
3678:Milk shark (
3667:
3655:
3654:Blue shark (
3643:
3631:
3623:N. acutidens
3622:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3574:
3562:
3551:L. tephrodes
3550:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3507:Isogomphodon
3505:
3494:G. siamensis
3493:
3484:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3410:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3312:
3303:
3294:
3293:Bull shark (
3285:
3276:
3267:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3206:
3197:
3188:
3186:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3126:C. acronotus
3125:
3115:Carcharhinus
3113:
3096:Subdivision
3003:
2991:
2952:
2945:
2936:
2929:. Retrieved
2919:
2910:
2903:. Retrieved
2892:
2882:September 5,
2880:. Retrieved
2869:
2861:
2852:
2840:. Retrieved
2829:
2821:
2811:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2696:
2689:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2551:
2542:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2393:(1): 25–32.
2390:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2351:
2347:
2344:Dasyrhynchus
2343:
2337:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2263:
2256:
2237:
2208:
2179:
2141:
2135:
2108:
2102:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2054:(1–4): 9–13.
2051:
2047:
2034:
2025:
2021:
2018:Carcharhinus
2017:
2011:
2002:
1995:
1952:
1948:
1935:
1916:
1910:
1903:Carcharhinus
1902:
1881:
1875:
1836:
1804:
1765:
1733:
1711:. Retrieved
1679:
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1647:
1641:
1635:
1564:
1525:
1505:
1502:Conservation
1491:Carcharhinus
1490:
1457:
1448:
1439:Carcharhinus
1432:
1405:
1381:
1350:Carcharhinus
1349:
1342:
1326:Bahía Blanca
1322:Buenos Aires
1298:Eastern Cape
1274:North Island
1270:
1243:
1240:Life history
1226:
1209:
1184:
1179:, including
1152:
1147:, including
1087:, including
1077:cuttlefishes
1070:
1065:, including
1059:water column
1056:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:D. talismani
1012:
1008:
1004:
990:
943:Carcharhinus
942:
926:
919:Carcharhinus
918:
899:
887:
873:
847:, including
830:
754:Indo-Pacific
738:South Africa
708:rather than
703:
653:
641:
633:
625:
617:
610:C. acronotus
609:
598:Carcharhinus
597:
591:
574:Jack Garrick
569:
541:
537:
530:
525:
521:Carcharhinus
520:
516:
513:Richard Owen
508:
505:C. acronotus
504:
492:
484:
480:
471:
458:
456:some areas.
446:
417:
406:South Africa
396:, and other
387:
327:
323:
318:
317:
314:copper shark
313:
311:
302:
293:
286:
279:
272:
265:
262:Abella, 1972
258:
251:
244:
237:
236:
198:
196:
180:
179:
168:Carcharhinus
167:
18:
3961:iNaturalist
3842:Wikispecies
3698:R. longurio
3689:R. lalandii
3476:G. garricki
3458:G. fowlerae
3403:C. tilstoni
3385:C. signatus
3358:C. plumbeus
3340:C. obscurus
3304:C. limbatus
3268:C. hemiodon
2838:. NZ Herald
2673:: 663–674.
2578:C. obscurus
2028:(1): 79–95.
1556:aquaculture
1548:destruction
1544:degradation
1512:overfishing
1420:New Zealand
1401:New Zealand
1222:forage fish
1186:Callianassa
1181:mud shrimps
1177:crustaceans
1085:bony fishes
1063:cephalopods
981:Lower teeth
969:Upper teeth
927:C. obscurus
923:dusky shark
884:Description
812:, and from
786:New Zealand
764:(excluding
662:Pungo River
642:C. signatus
638:night shark
636:), and the
630:silky shark
566:bull sharks
554:New Zealand
410:sardine run
394:bony fishes
390:cephalopods
383:dorsal fins
373:rivers and
363:New Zealand
290:Stead, 1938
248:Smith, 1952
4109:Categories
3780:Triaenodon
3725:R. taylori
3716:R. porosus
3485:G. glyphis
3423:Galeocerdo
3411:C. tjutjot
3367:C. porosus
3322:C. macloti
3286:C. leiodon
3224:C. coatesi
3216:C. cerdale
3144:C. altimus
2975:1042901090
2663:(Günther)"
2282:Press, M.
2160:Q114871191
1949:Cladistics
1577:References
1560:shark nets
1540:Vulnerable
1487:bowfishers
1424:Bunker Bay
1314:Río de Oro
1310:Al Hoceima
1304:(Greece),
1246:viviparous
1121:sea breams
1093:flatfishes
1034:, and the
914:caudal fin
906:dorsal fin
895:gill slits
877:subtropics
861:salinities
841:open ocean
822:California
794:Seychelles
742:Mauritania
732:, and off
690:California
686:Costa Mesa
658:Fossilized
594:morphology
550:Antarctica
531:brachyurus
509:C. remotus
449:commercial
422:viviparous
379:migrations
367:equatorial
298:Owen, 1853
123:Subclass:
55:Vulnerable
3791:T. obesus
3747:Scoliodon
3680:R. acutus
3656:P. glauca
3612:Negaprion
3588:Nasolamia
3531:Lamiopsis
3434:G. cuvier
3394:C. sorrah
3376:C. sealei
3349:C. perezi
3295:C. leucas
3277:C. isodon
3207:C. cautus
3090:Subclass
2842:April 10,
2625:CiteSeerX
2623:: 53–68.
2594:: 31–42.
2471:Grillotia
2127:908128805
2086:: 37–44.
2048:PaleoBios
1552:pollution
1536:East Asia
1445:Captivity
1412:Australia
1397:Australia
1288:, and in
1278:Hawke Bay
1272:northern
1258:placental
1234:seine net
1230:False Bay
1169:sawfishes
1157:stingrays
1141:anchovies
1101:catfishes
1002:tapeworms
998:parasites
865:estuaries
833:surf zone
774:Australia
752:. In the
730:Argentina
706:temperate
626:C. cautus
578:Whanganui
570:C. leucas
562:Australia
474:zoologist
430:placental
375:estuaries
359:Australia
343:latitudes
340:temperate
175:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
3979:10920245
3935:FishBase
3827:Wikidata
3645:Prionace
3599:N. velox
3098:Selachii
3080:Chordata
3074:Animalia
3072:Kingdom
2998:FishBase
2931:12 April
2905:12 April
2751:85727412
2534:11241973
2446:16419764
2407:39242285
2287:Archived
2156:Wikidata
1987:39697113
1979:34929961
1883:FishBase
1471:gillnets
1266:uteruses
1250:yolk sac
1202:dolphins
1133:sardines
1089:gurnards
910:anal fin
845:habitats
796:and the
766:Hokkaido
724:and the
714:disjunct
710:tropical
682:Pliocene
676:), from
672:(23–5.3
646:allozyme
546:syntypes
515:'s 1853
491:'s 1865
468:Taxonomy
442:maturity
434:yolk sac
402:predator
371:brackish
347:Atlantic
230:Synonyms
153:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
3953:2418173
3833:Q928469
3564:Loxodon
3447:Glyphis
3078:Phylum
3063:species
3059:Extant
2789:Bibcode
2731:Bibcode
2454:1738426
2368:6769785
2329:3282661
1843:164–165
1713:6 April
1473:and on
1467:bycatch
1454:Fishing
1416:Te Kaha
1294:Niigata
1191:penaeid
1155:spp.),
1153:Squalus
1117:mullets
1081:octopus
1075:spp.),
1045:Feeding
993:schools
945:species
857:harbors
839:in the
802:Pacific
734:Namibia
722:Morocco
678:Tuscany
670:Miocene
628:), the
620:), the
612:), the
558:fetuses
538:brachys
426:embryos
355:Pacific
332:species
209:, 1870)
207:Günther
163:Genus:
143:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
4090:217341
4077:122885
4074:uBio:
4067:378279
4054:217341
4041:794803
4025:NZOR:
4018:671158
3992:160346
3927:124119
3883:ARKive
3102:Order
3084:Class
2973:
2963:
2749:
2704:
2627:
2532:
2452:
2444:
2405:
2366:
2327:
2244:
2216:
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2158:
2148:
2125:
2115:
1985:
1977:
1923:
1849:
1837:Sharks
1811:
1773:
1686:
1663:28 May
1554:, and
1302:Rhodes
1282:Albany
1254:embryo
1194:prawns
1189:) and
1167:, and
1161:skates
1143:; and
1139:, and
1125:smelts
1079:, and
1072:Loligo
1027:, the
1023:, and
869:rivers
855:, and
853:shoals
814:Mexico
778:Sydney
770:Russia
744:, the
728:, off
349:, off
4085:WoRMS
4005:41741
3974:IRMNG
3966:96750
3922:EUNIS
3901:12779
2957:(PDF)
2938:list.
2747:S2CID
2450:S2CID
2403:S2CID
2364:S2CID
2325:JSTOR
2044:(PDF)
1983:S2CID
1945:(PDF)
1330:Paita
1262:ovary
1129:tunas
1105:jacks
1097:hakes
1067:squid
1036:fluke
1029:leech
806:Chile
782:Perth
762:Japan
560:from
535:Greek
330:is a
326:, or
4049:OBIS
4013:NCBI
4000:IUCN
3987:ITIS
3948:GBIF
3914:R3MV
3896:BOLD
2971:OCLC
2961:ISBN
2933:2014
2907:2014
2884:2011
2844:2014
2702:ISBN
2580:and
2530:PMID
2473:and
2442:PMID
2242:ISBN
2214:ISBN
2184:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2123:OCLC
2113:ISBN
1975:PMID
1921:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1715:2014
1684:ISBN
1665:2023
1648:2020
1546:and
1506:The
1399:and
1324:and
1306:Nice
1175:and
1011:and
957:Jaws
900:The
849:bays
810:Peru
780:and
736:and
542:oura
526:The
451:and
361:and
312:The
3940:864
3909:CoL
3870:AFD
3857:ADW
3017:at
3008:at
2996:at
2797:doi
2739:doi
2675:doi
2635:doi
2621:253
2596:doi
2520:doi
2485:117
2434:doi
2395:doi
2356:doi
2317:doi
2088:doi
2026:113
1965:hdl
1957:doi
1652:doi
816:to
808:to
760:to
720:to
688:in
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334:of
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