Knowledge

4019: 4057: 4048: 3607:). This rather large owl (averaging more than three times heavier than a Cooper's hawk) is known to regularly track down fledglings and adults as well as raid the nests of other birds of prey. Many records show great horned owls will visit the nests of birds of prey and pick off the young nightly until the prey resource is exhausted (i.e. all young or sometimes adult birds of prey are killed). Furthermore, given the opportunity, great horned owls readily expropriate the nests built by the raptors they kill as their own. Given its preference for secluded wooded spots near woodland openings, Cooper's hawks are frequently the subject of unwanted attention from horned owls. Both the young, especially around the time they leave the nest or are recently fledged, and adult Cooper's hawks are vulnerable to these owls. While little data has been collected on the overall effect great horned owls have on Cooper's hawk populations, it is known that for the larger, more formidable goshawk that as many as 40% of radiotagged juveniles within a study appeared to meet their demise via horned owls. Due to their threat level, the calls of great horned owls provoke a strong response from Cooper's hawks and banders and researchers usually use stimuli of great horned owls to attract a mobbing Cooper's hawks. Reportedly, Cooper's hawks will temporarily tolerate and possibly even cooperate with crows when one or the other spots a great horned owl in the daytime, both species appearing to join forces to mob the threatening owl out of the vicinity. In one case, after a great horned owl pair failed to successfully breed in a nest built by other Cooper's hawks, a pair of Cooper's who tried to nest was supplanted by horned owls, possibly of the same pair who had previously failed. 4010: 4053: 3793:, a single male has been recorded to successfully mate with two nearby females, with similar records from New Mexico. However, the breeding efforts in Grand Forks were found to be disproportionately producing males, seven to one. A Wisconsin study determined 19.3% of nestlings in a Milwaukee study area were from extra-pair couplings and that 34% of all broods included at least 1 extra-pair young. Despite their generally monogamous breeding system, Cooper's hawks are often rather inconsistent regarding breeding for life (as many other birds of prey do). While males are more or less devoted to same breeding sites throughout lifetime, 23% of adult females in Wisconsin moved to differ nesting grounds from 0.8 to 14.6 km (0.50 to 9.07 mi) away, averaging 2.6 km (1.6 mi), in subsequent years. Meanwhile, in Arizona, 3% of males and 10% of females displayed yearly breeding dispersal. However, in the urbanized areas of Tucson, evidence indicates that mate fidelity is higher than elsewhere. In Tucson, it was found that the mean distance of the mated pairs was only 473.4 m (1,553 ft) during the non-breeding season and 36 interactions were recorded almost all in the core range, indicating an unusually close perennial typical pair bond here. The rate of dispersal to a different breeding ground was a much higher at 68% in north Florida. 4094: 3463:(77.4% vs 78.4% for Cooper' s and 83.1% for sharp-shins). In a study from northern Utah, Cooper's hawks were intermediate in most habitat characteristics, being at median elevation (1,782 m (5,846 ft)), nest height (8 m (26 ft) against 6 m (20 ft) for sharp-shins and 12 m (39 ft) for goshawk) and in areas of intermediate branch density. However, Cooper's nests were the closest in Utah to areas disturbed by humans (147 m (482 ft) against 161 m (528 ft) for sharp-shinned and 250 m (820 ft) for goshawk), also closest to water (220 m (720 ft) against 444 m (1,457 ft) in sharp-shins and 394 m (1,293 ft) for goshawk). There is often some level of distinction in habitat between Cooper's and the sharp-shinned hawk. Compared to sharp-shinned hawks in Wisconsin and Oregon, Cooper's hawks use woods with fewer conifers, less dense stands of trees and stands with taller trees. Often, sharp-shinned hawk nests are lower in the trees and placed in much denser vegetation (often even the sharp-shins with their smaller frames themselves accidentally strike against branches while attempting to enter the nest), to hide the nest more sufficiently against predators. The habitat used by the two species in 1578:-like flight in non-courtship circumstances, such as during migration or by recent fledglings. During the late nesting stage, parent Cooper's hawks were recorded during daylight in Utah to engage in soaring flight 8.4% for males and 8.1% of the time for females with a further 6.4% and 2.8% of the time in different kinds of flights, perching the remainder of the time (about 2–6 minutes at each perch interspersed with brief flights). Another study found 13.7% and 10.7% of daylight at this later breeding stage to be in flight, the rest of time perching, with occasional inactive perching spells of around 15–40 minutes. However, that inactivity could last up to 5 hours during heavy rainfall. Breeding adults generally engage in agonistic behavior when an interloper of their sex is present; 11 responses showed that males responses consisted 64% of the provocations, 9% of the time by females and both members 27% of the time. Frequent aggressive interactions were recorded between females, often yearling and second year vs older females. Cooper's hawk's threat display appears to consist of them lowering their heads, raising their "crest" (capital tract), stretching out their wings, spreading the tail and engaging in vocalizations. Stress levels, as indicated by a study of 4081:, better habitat such as upland forest showed much higher breeding success levels (at least 1 fledgling in 86% of 26 nests) than in poorer habitats such as narrow riparian strips, in which 1 fledgling was produced in 57% of 44 nests. Younger forest in North Dakota was surprisingly preferred, with the average estimated age of trees used by Cooper's at 59.9 against a random tree age in the area of 74.6. It was found that adult female who mated with males who provisioned food at a higher rate produced 1.6 more fledglings on average. Yearling females in northeastern Oregon tended to use younger successional stands than older females and tended to have lower productivity in clutch size and brood counts. Among 70 studied male hawks in Wisconsin, the number of fledged young produced in their lifetime was similar in males who did not breed until they were two years old (mean of 8.8 fledglings) compared to those who started breeding as yearlings (mean of 8.7 fledglings), with the most successful studied male having started breeding in his second year and had produced 32 fledglings by the time he was nine years of age. In Arizona and New Mexico, 23% of nests failed altogether and 56.5% of 23 nests in Wisconsin failed during incubation. A high genetic diversity, or 4077:. Nesting success in western Pennsylvania in 32 successful nests was 3.2 fledglings; in 6 nests within Michigan, a mean of 3 in all nests got to fledge (4.3 eggs, 3 hatchlings on average); in Wisconsin, 3.5 fledglings were produced from successful nests (68.6% of 83 nests produced at least 1 fledgling); a mean of 2 fledged from 11 nests in Maryland and 2.23 fledglings per 41 successful nests in Arizona. In Illinois, in all breeding attempts (not just successful ones), the mean number of fledglings was 2.8. 81% of New York nests produced fledged young and 75% did so in Pennsylvania. Nesting success rates in western wildland areas may be lower such as in Utah, where 53.5% of nests fledged young, with many of the failures attributable to owl predation. Data from Oregon showed that 74% hatched and 61.4–69% successfully fledged, a much lower rate of nest success than goshawks, at 90.4%, and, surprisingly, than sharp-shinned hawks, at 91.7%. However, in the Oregon data, the number of eggs hatched was higher in Cooper's at 74% than in sharp-shinned hawks, at 69.4% (but not than the goshawk's). In Wisconsin in 2019, all of the eggs in a clutch of seven hatched and all of the young fledged. In 701:. Cooper's hawks have a strong flight with stiff beats and short glides, tending to do so on quite level wings with wrist thrust forward yet the head consistently projects. The 5 outer functional primaries are notched on their inner webs, the outermost is the longest, the next outermost nearly as long. When soaring, these hawks do so on flattish or, more commonly, slightly raised wings, with fairly straight leading edges. Against the barred underbody on adults, the wings are more or less flecked in similar color, with pale greyish flight feathers and a broadly white-tipped tail correspondingly barred with dark gray. Meanwhile, the upperside of adults is essentially all blue-grey. Juvenile are mostly dark above though manifest a hooded effect on the head and a rufous-buff edges and especially whitish mottling, the latter can be fairly apparent. Juveniles are mainly whitish below with neatly dark streaks about the wing linings, breast, flanks and thighs, with bars on the axillaries and flight feathers. The tail of the juvenile has a broadly white tip and bars like adults but the ground color is a paler shade of gray. 3986: 3819: 1016: 3805:, with exaggerated down strokes. Often, much like the northern goshawk, the displaying male flares his undertail coverts. Sometimes frequently for a month or so, the pair will perform as such. When perching together, the male usually keeps on a perch at least 1 m (3.3 ft) away from his unpredictable larger mate. The bowing display reported in Wisconsin, usually (but not always) done by the male, may be a sign to the other mate of their readiness to nest build. Breeding may begin as early as February in the southern part of range, but, for the most part, the breeding season is from April to July. In central New York, the male arrives in nesting woods by March, initially defending an area of 100 m (330 ft) or so. Both members of pair arrive by early March in Wisconsin and, in both Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, nest building and copulation is often complete within the month of March. Generally both members of a pair remain on the breeding ground vicinity year-around in Arizona, New Mexico and even in British Columbia. 4040: 3809:(5,400 acres) in eastern Oregon. Minimal distance between active nests is seldom less than 0.7 to 1 km (0.43 to 0.62 mi). Distance between active nest on average was 1.6 km (0.99 mi) in both California and Arizona, 2.4 km (1.5 mi) in New York, 1 km (0.62 mi) in Kansas, 5 km (3.1 mi) in western Oregon and 3.5 km (2.2 mi) in eastern Oregon and 1.6 km (0.99 mi) in central Wisconsin. Mean distance between active nests in Illinois was 5.3 km (3.3 mi). Rather small areas may be defended where hunting occurs near the nest. Typical home range sizes for Cooper's hawks are between 400 and 1,800 ha (990 and 4,450 acres). Home range for a Wisconsin male hawk is around 193 to 571 ha (480 to 1,410 acres) during breeding and about 732 ha (1,810 acres) during non-breeding. Exceptionally close active and successful nests were recorded only 160 m (520 ft) apart in 3525:, they reacted the most aggressively to the sharp-shinned hawk (as they pose little to no threat to adult poultry), intermediately to Cooper's and with strong attempts to evade and escape when exposed to the goshawk, which is very capable and ready to dispatch adult poultry. Many studies have contrasted the diet of Cooper's and sharp-shinned hawk in other areas as well, with the sharp-shinned hawk much more regularly selecting birds weighing under about 28 g (0.99 oz), a fair amount overlap in birds of 28 to 40 g (0.99 to 1.41 oz) and 40 to 75 g (1.4 to 2.6 oz) weight classes but birds over this weight range are increasingly more often taken almost exclusively by Cooper's. Also, the sharp-shinned hawk appears to hunt more so birds that dwell at the canopy level in the woodlands (as opposed to ground to shrub height-dwelling birds) within the forest and prefers to attack in heavier cover than Cooper's seemingly. 2097:) can be quite common in the diet of Cooper's hawks. Mean prey weights were roughly 112.6 g (3.97 oz). In Oregon, the mean prey sizes of Cooper's hawk was 135.5 g (4.78 oz), with larger prey was taken than in greater proportion than their occurrence in the ecosystem (indicating that they locally search out relatively large prey). In Missouri, mean prey sizes were 112 g (4.0 oz), averaging between 83.5 and 316.5 g (2.95 and 11.16 oz) amongst the main prey classes. Prey delivered by males averaged an estimated 65.9 g (2.32 oz), while the average estimated size of prey delivered by females was 227.7 g (8.03 oz). Overall, in Missouri, prey body masses were estimated to range from 15 to 600 g (0.53 to 21.16 oz). One study unusually found no strong dimorphism in the foods selected by males and females. 836: 3966: 3781: 1389:, there seemed to no detectable preference for access to water. Forest edges, in particular, tend to be key as these are peak hunting grounds for these hawks. Cooper's hawks usually occur at elevations from sea-level to 2,500 m (8,200 ft), more infrequently up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft). In the American southwest and northwestern Mexico, they are commonly considered a bird of wooded foothills, often dwelling above 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Although they often live in areas where deciduous trees are predominant, almost throughout the range they are often attracted to stands of conifers, which, due to their density, provide more extensive shelter and perhaps a more sturdy nesting site. Therefore, in areas such as Massachusetts and Wisconsin, they most often used stands of 3938: 3627:) can be considered to rival the great horned owl as the most severe threat to nesting attempts, probably consuming mostly nestlings and eggs but also perhaps some older hawks. American crows are known to rob nests of Cooper's hawks as well, especially when the parents have been displaced by the crow's severe mobbing. Smaller diurnal birds of prey are, in turn, threatened by Cooper's hawks. This is especially the case with the American kestrel. After some regional declines, a radiotagging study in Pennsylvania found that of 19 kestrels, 26% were killed by avian predators, with the suspected culprit in a majority of the cases being Cooper's hawks. Some resources have gone as far as to blame the kestrels decline directly on Cooper's hawk predation but subsequent data from the 3848:. One male, unusually, was seen to be engaging in nest building while helping parent an active brood in mid-summer. Nest are often located at 8 to 15.1 m (26 to 50 ft) above the ground in the main fork or horizontal branch close to the trunk, though are sometimes up to 20 m (66 ft) above the ground, and in trees usually of 21 to 52 cm (8.3 to 20.5 in) in diameter. Usually nest sites are within plots of woodland of at least 4 to 8 ha (9.9 to 19.8 acres) in size, with a canopy coverage usually over 64%, but can be much smaller in some urban vicinities. One unusual nest in North Dakota was in dense shrub rather than a tree and it even successfully produced fledglings. Another unconventional nesting area in North Dakota in the 850:, the enlarged rear talon featured on nearly all accipitrids, may measure from 17 to 21.7 mm (0.67 to 0.85 in) in males, averaging about 19.2 mm (0.76 in), and from 19.8 to 26.7 mm (0.78 to 1.05 in) in females, averaging about 23.3 mm (0.92 in). The footpad of Cooper's hawks may measure in males 61 to 70.2 mm (2.40 to 2.76 in), averaging 66 mm (2.6 in) in 42, and in females 74.1 to 83.5 mm (2.92 to 3.29 in), averaging 76.8 mm (3.02 in) in 23. For unclear reasons, the smaller-bodied hawks found in British Columbia were found to be proportionately larger footed, median toe length between sexes of 37.3 mm (1.47 in), than the larger bodied ones in Wisconsin. 3596:, kestrels selected only young cotton rats. In a study in western Maryland, Cooper's hawks used more mature woodland with a more developed understory and more extensive ground cover than the other woodland nesting hawks, the broad-winged and red-shouldered hawks. While red-tailed hawks nested fairly high in the Maryland data in isolated pines somewhat out of the interior forest, Cooper's nests were at similar height in forest and slightly higher than those of red-shouldered hawks and much higher than those of broad-winged hawks. In what was probably a case of defense of their hunting ground, a female Cooper's hawk was recorded to attack and drive off (without physical contact) a larger peregrine falcon from a perch during winter in Ontario. 1425: 697: 3468: 1664:, many adults are non-migratory but juveniles do tend to migrate. From the Great Lakes region in particular, migrants appear to disperse in multiple directions to the south. Multi-directional movements, even to the north as well as potentially any other direction, are more common than previously thought in this and other migratory raptors, which has been previously described as "inefficient and indirect method of 'homing'". However, reaching regions where appropriate habitat and prey is available is probably far more significant in seasonal movements to birds of prey than climatic concerns. Fairly strong evidence has been found of habitual northbound migration by Cooper's hawks from 3529: 1510: 828:, males averaged 295.8 g (10.43 oz) and females averaged 525.5 g (1.159 lb) while in western and eastern North Dakota, males averaged 301.5 and 318.7 g (10.64 and 11.24 oz) and females averaged 514.3 and 563.3 g (1.134 and 1.242 lb). In northern Florida, males averaged 288 g (10.2 oz) and females averaged 523 g (1.153 lb). In general, males may weigh anywhere from 215 to 390 g (7.6 to 13.8 oz) and females anywhere from 305.8 to 701 g (0.674 to 1.545 lb), the lightest hawks generally being juveniles recorded from the Goshutes of Nevada, the heaviest known being adults from Wisconsin. 965: 4514:, whose populations have experienced considerable decrease, may be one species which has suffered from the extensive predation of the recovered Cooper's hawk population. However, there is no evidence that Cooper's hawk predation is one of the leading causes of kestrel declines and data seems to indicate it is, at most, a localized threat. Similarly, Cooper's hawks occasionally prey upon other threatened bird species, and, although said predation is not a primary cause of concern, may exacerbate the already worrying condition of many declining North American birds. Some threatened species known to be thusly hunted by these hawks are 725:(49% of males, 14% of females). Most females over 2 years old in Wisconsin were found to have light orange eyes. The purpose of bright eye color in the hawks may be correlated to feeding stimulation of nestling hawks (i.e. darker orange or red objects may be more perceptible and tend to be pecked at more so than duller colors). The eyes of this hawk, as in most predatory birds, face forward, enabling good depth perception for hunting and catching prey while flying at top speeds. Adults have greenish yellow ceres and have legs of orangish to yellow while these parts on juveniles are a paler hue, yellow-green to yellow. The prebasic 3116:) are not infrequent prey in northerly locations. About 36 red squirrels were recorded in the foods of Cooper's hawk in Ithaca, New York and these squirrels appear to have specific alarm calls that are provoked by these hawks, however the rate of predation by Cooper's appears to be low relative to other predators overall. Reported when taking red squirrels, male Cooper's hawks, being relatively small, may tear the prey into pieces that can be transported by them to the nest. Numerous other tree squirrels are taken occasionally by Cooper's hawks. Sizes of tree squirrels taken by Cooper's hawks were studied in Missouri. 713: 705: 3420: 109: 1025: 4066: 3009: 4402: 3552:. Here, although the food niche breadth (mean number of prey species per study site) of Cooper's was relatively low at 1.79, Cooper's hawk had the largest mean prey sizes at 67.4 g (2.38 oz), which was considerably higher than even the much larger red-tailed hawk (mean prey mass of 43.4 g (1.53 oz)). In southern Wisconsin, the food niche breadth was rather higher for Cooper's at 6.9 and the mean prey mass, at 109.9 g (3.88 oz), was second only to the red-tailed hawk's. In the Wisconsin data, the red-shouldered, the 4130:, or sometimes can kill Cooper's hawks, especially those living in urban areas. In Indiana and Illinois, mortality from collisions were somewhat more prevalent in Cooper's hawks than in sharp-shinned hawks but instances of predation on immature sharp-shins were three times more prevalent than predations on immature Cooper's. Despite the risks of urban living, evidence indicates that urban Cooper's seem to be relatively successful, have moderate to low annual survival and reproduce prolifically. Cooper's hawks are known to be vulnerable to 4606: 1605: 1700: 2123: 3235:) was the most significant contributor of biomass, making up 14.5% of the total biomass. On average, in Missouri, the body mass of eastern cottontails caught was 600 g (1.3 lb), indicating juvenile eastern cottontails are usually caught. However, there are several known cases of adult eastern cottontails falling prey to Cooper's hawks, including cottontails estimated to weigh from 1,100 to 1,290 g (2.43 to 2.84 lb). Various species of non-cottontail leporids may occasionally be caught, including young 3952: 4618: 862: 2388: 4594: 4353: 2064: 1057: 2781: 4447: 2693: 153: 1849: 2812:). Indeed, the rate of predation by Cooper's does appear to exceed that committed by other species of hawk as well as that by large owls. For instance, during winter in Wisconsin, Cooper's hawks were thought to kill 3.4–12.5% of the local bobwhite population. However, the bobwhite appears to be a secondary prey species in all known studies and there is no evidence that Cooper's hawk predation alone can deplete bobwhite populations, unlike causes directly contributable to man such as 4285:) between 1925 and 1957 could range up to 60.5–77.6% in the most severe years. The amount of hawks shot down within different populations was estimated at 12 to 40%. Migration counts during the 1930s showed a strong downward trend, and an even worse decline for Cooper's hawk was observed during the late 1950s. Most Cooper's hawks reacted to heavy persecution by behaving with more shyness and elusiveness. Much of the human animosity towards Cooper's hawks was due to their hunting of 4269: 1127: 275: 1011:. Also in the hand, Cooper's hawks and sharp-shinned hawks may be fairly reliably distinguished by their sizes, with the smallest male Cooper's always being heavier and larger clawed than the largest female sharp-shinned hawk (with a 97–98% difference in dimensions of the wing and tail). However, in the field, especially when hawks must be identified in at a distance or at unfavorable angles (such as when migrating) or at a brief glance (such as when hunting), even experienced 3044:, at 49.1% of 57 prey items and mammals altogether made up an exceptional 66.9% of the foods. In the western United States, fewer chipmunks are identifiable but such prey is fairly commonly detected. High balances of chipmunks were found in food studies from Oregon, especially in eastern Oregon where chipmunks (unidentified to species) were the leading prey type, at 22.5% of 120 prey items. The most common chipmunk prey in Oregon is probably the 89.3 g (3.15 oz) 1787:, where Cooper's was only the 9th most frequently observed out of 17 species and averaged only 50 hawks in passage over the course of autumn. Nonetheless, Cooper's hawk was second only to sharp-shinned hawk as the most frequently recorded species seen migrating at nine major hawkwatchs throughout the western United States (and 1 in Canada) and, unlike the sharp-shinned, has shown a trend of increase in numbers overall in recent decades, despite some declines in numbers at 3828: 4327: 995:, Cooper's have an intermediate amount of feathering at top of the tarsus, as well as intermediate relative middle toe length and eye proportions, but have relatively the longest tail and the shortest wings of the three. Cooper's and sharp-shinned hawk are very similar (sometimes considered almost identical) in plumage characteristics at all stages of development. Most Cooper's hawks are considerably larger than most sharp-shinned hawks. Generally, Cooper's species is 2111: 785: 3454: 626: 3484:. Cooper's hawks prey sizes were intermediate in keeping with body size, at around 135 g (4.8 oz) versus a mean prey size of 306.6 g (10.81 oz) for the goshawk in eastern Oregon and 12.8 and 28.4 g (0.45 and 1.00 oz) for sharp-shins in northwestern and eastern Oregon, respectively. The amount of mammals in the diet in Oregon also increased with the body size of the species. The diets of the three species were also studied in the 3339:) constituting about 40% of the diet. Strong detection of reptilian prey is known in more western locations, especially farther south. In fact, of avian predators in one Californian study's estimation, Cooper's hawks showed the most reliance on lizards locally, but that Cooper's was not locally common in the study area so had relatively limited impact. In California, it was found that 69% of the diet was reptiles, most of which were assorted lizards (led by 908:..., males tending to have a higher pitched, less raspy and faster-paced voice than females. However, some variants uttered by males were surprisingly actually deeper than the female's version of said calls. A still more modulated and raucous version is given during the dawn chorus. Some studies have indicated that pairs nesting in more deeply wooded areas may vocalize more frequently due to inferior sight lines. However, hawks nesting in urban areas of 2617: 128: 1045: 3367:) (10.47%, plus other unidentified spiny lizards making up a further 4.2% of the diet). In Arizona, spiny lizards were similarly detected to have a strong prey-predator relationship with Cooper's hawks as well. Most lizards encountered and hunted by Cooper's hawks are fairly small but, despite being more scarcely selected, snake prey may show greater size variation. Snakes known to be taken have ranged in size from the 6 g (0.21 oz) 781:. Furthermore, juveniles can differ somewhat in size, tending to be slightly lighter and smaller than older birds, but not infrequently averaging longer in tail and especially wing length. Total length of full-grown birds can vary from 35 to 46 cm (14 to 18 in) in males and 42 to 50 cm (17 to 20 in) in females. Wingspan may range from 62 to 99 cm (24 to 39 in), with an average of around 84 cm (33 in). 3797: 1747:, first year Cooper's hawks are far more regularly encountered than older individuals, with the juvenile Cooper's accounting for 92.7% of recorded individuals of the species (juveniles of various other raptor species also generally seem to favor coastal over montane migration when it is available). In Cape May, Cooper's hawks are the third most commonly recorded raptor species in passage behind the sharp-shinned hawk and the 637:. Compared to related species, they tend to have moderate-length wings, a long, often graduated or even wedge-shaped tail and long though moderately thick legs and toes. Their eyes tend to be set well forward in the sides of the relatively large and squarish-looking head (though the head can look somewhat rounded if the feathers on the nape are held flush) and a relatively short but robust bill. They have hooked 730: 43: 4023:, and some even less so than red-shouldered hawks as well. Anti-predator behavior by parent Cooper's hawks against crows, red-tailed hawks and eastern gray squirrels were observed in Wisconsin to be surprisingly six times more often carried out by the male rather than the female. Female defensive attacks are sufficiently forceful enough to drive away more formidable predators such as 2336:, being capable of inflicting damage with both their feet and bill. In at least one case, a murder of American crows was observed to drive a Cooper's hawk to the ground and possibly seriously injure it, although the fate of the hawk was not certain. Cases of missing toes on Cooper's hawks are thought to have possibly come from failed predation of crows. At least a dozen species of 1869:. In another Michigan study, most Cooper's hawks were found to be flying 0.8 to 1.2 km (0.50 to 0.75 mi) from their wooded nests to hunt on agricultural ground. Males in New York usually covered more than 0.8 km (0.50 mi), sometimes up to 3 km (1.9 mi), during hunting efforts when flying away from the nest area. Due to scattered prey availability in 415: 2055:, and were observed to succeed in 56% of 18 hunting attempts. During the first six weeks after the young hatch, in New York, it was estimated that a male Cooper's hawk would need to procure about 66 prey items over the period. In these first six weeks in California, it was thought a minimum of 62 g (2.2 oz) would be required per nestling per day. 1554:. Cooper's hawks may come to walk on ground to gather nesting materials as well as to hunt. Cooper's hawks have a well-developed muscle mass that powers their flight, especially helping with acceleration during hunts and when carrying heavy prey. However, some other non-raptorial birds may have similar muscularity relative to their mass, such as the 2912:) taken in Florida was cited with a weight of 5,336 g (11.764 lb), which is the size of an adult. However, given that this is of enormous size relative to a Cooper's hawk, it would require verification that the turkey was this large and was taken alive by the hawk. Not unexpectedly, turkey poults are known to fall prey to Cooper's hawks. 3844:). Often nests are lined by Cooper's pair with bark or odd bits of greenery. The male grabs at bark like prey, while the female, if participating, may tear off bark with her bill; the piles of bark may be up to 3 inches deep by the time eggs are laid, though green spray is added considerably less often than other species of hawks such as 4418: 1082:), which is quite similar in most aspects to Cooper's but is slightly larger with a darker hue about the back and the cap, a gray cheek, more dense and rich rufous color on the underside and wing panel in adults and darker and more heavy streaking in juvenile form. More unlikely to be mistaken for a Cooper's hawk are some 2620: 4480: 3219:), averaging about 716 g (1.579 lb) when taken, were reported in northwestern Oregon (7.82% and fifth most regular prey species). In the rural vicinity of Tucson, cottontail rabbits were the second most regularly selected type of prey, at 12.7%. Fairly strong numbers of cottontails were also reported in 2619: 2625: 2623: 2618: 2624: 4180:, was found in Cooper's hawks (transmitted from their prey) studied in Illinois (the highest of any six raptor species studied) however effective antibodies were found and no external infection was noted. A high balance of bacterial flora were found the airways of 10 Cooper's hawks, including many with 3818: 3088:(where they were the most significant contributor of biomass, constituting 23.4%). Golden-mantled and thirteen-lined ground squirrels are fairly small for ground squirrels, the earlier averaging 166 g (5.9 oz), the latter of similar size. A few larger ground squirrels may be hunted, such as 2083: 1015: 903: 696: 657: 4479: 4417: 4339: 3937: 3813: 3808: 2135: 2122: 1930: 1699: 823: 814: 712: 4352: 4297: 4009: 3951: 3835: 3318: 2763: 1939: 747: 4509: 4442: 4161: 4056: 3610: 2571: 2088: 1860: 792: 756: 4466: 4093: 4018: 3462: 3132:) were only taken as juveniles, as the adults, sometimes scaling up to 1,350 g (2.98 lb), were apparently too formidable for Cooper's. The estimated weights of both the gray and fox squirrels taken in Missouri was 450 g (16 oz), with the gray contributing 10.9% of the biomass. 2263: 1812: 691: 12510: 4052: 4047: 3796: 3662: 3520: 3467: 1056: 729: 679: 4326: 3453: 1044: 835: 806:, weights were similar as in Wisconsin (although only hatching-year juveniles were apparently weighed), with averages of 339.2 and 347 g (11.96 and 12.24 oz) in two samples of males and 518 and 530.3 g (1.142 and 1.169 lb) in the two samples for females. Migrant hawks in the 1861: 1020: 3985: 738: 4276: 3946: 3444:, such as throughout southern Canada, the western United States, the Upper Midwest (and sometimes in the Northeastern United States) and during times of passage. In general, sharp-shinned hawks tend to use younger and denser stands of trees than do Cooper's. Meanwhile, goshawks tend to favor 3173: 613:. In general the relationship of Cooper's and Gundlach's hawk is muddled and genetic testing indicated that it is possible (but not certain) that Gundlach's may be insufficiently distinct to qualify as a separate species. It is almost certain that Cooper's hawk would at least qualify as the 797: 2743:, it was found that 15% of the red-headed woodpeckers in a study population were killed by hawks. All told, about 20 species (almost all in North America but for a couple poorly-studied species) of woodpecker are known to be taken, ranging from the smallest, the 25.6 g (0.90 oz) 2800:. Coveys of quails that attempt to evade predators by running into thick vegetation (which can allow them to successfully escape many predators) often find that Cooper's hawks are undeterred by this, as the hawks may chase them either on the wing or on foot into thickets. However, one 3448: 1885:, etc.), while males were more typically devoted to hunting on their regular home range. During hunts, Cooper's hawks rely on agile, twisting flights between bouts of perching and scanning, their flight suddenly picking up speed upon approach to the prey. Hunting hawks typically use 2622: 680: 3479: 3198:) was recently reported, also in British Columbia. One broad study found a somewhat unexpected correlation was found positively relating the previous summer's rodent density to the number of Cooper's hawks. This could be coincidental as rodent populations are probably driven by 4497:. This hawk is fairly unpopular in falconry practices due to its high-strung personality and is additionally considered in such captive conditions as given towards "tyrannical", "hysterical" and "demanding" behaviors, even compared to its similarly disposed larger cousin, the 1913: 1118:). Even the most similar buteonine hawks have notably different proportions than a Cooper's hawk, possessing relatively much longer wings and a much shorter tail. Given reasonable views, all such species are fairly to extremely different in plumage even in juvenile form. 925: 530: 418: 840: 3836:(17 in) in New York). Nests average larger in the eastern part of the range than in the west, perhaps in keeping with the eastern hawks' larger average body sizes. While sticks are almost always used, one unusual Florida nest was observed to be made largely of 417: 422: 421: 416: 4002:). The clutch size averages anywhere from about three to five. Female egg laying is individually consistent from year-to-year, with a variance of a day or two. Often about 3–5 eggs are laid every other day, though can be up to 2 days between the 4th and 5th eggs. 4302: 1724:, which coincide with migratory raptors routes in general. This species can seem to cross some bodies of water unlike most sharp-shinned hawks but seldom do so over wide bodies of water. However, they have been seen to turn up in such oceanic vicinities as the 880: 912: 423: 1591: 13157: 950: 3788: 761:, the species may reportedly reach its largest sizes but there is little evidence that these birds average distinctly larger than the large bodied individuals measured in the more northeasterly parts of the species' range in North America, from eastern 1672:, usually over fairly short distances, often less than 320 km (200 mi). However, the three longest distance movements from southern California were all northbound, i.e. 616 to 993 km (383 to 617 mi). Cooper's hawks originating from 2208:, and Victoria, British Columbia. In the urban environment of Terre Haute, it was found that starlings were taken in almost the same proportion as starlings were of all birds observed by researchers (i.e. they were 60% of 2146 individual birds seen). 1452:, including urbanized areas and can even nest in many cities. They were once thought to be averse to cities and towns, but are now fairly common urban and suburban birds even when nesting. The species may even making use of isolated trees in suburbs, 674: 4224: 4467: 955: 1926: 1620:. They tend to be most migratory in the north and largely to partially sedentary elsewhere. With individual exceptions, hawks of the species largely migrate out of nearly all of their range in southern Canada as well as cooler parts of the 2848:), finding that only one pellet consisted entirely of quail, the other pellets showing that hawks were mainly taking other prey, mostly doves. Most regularly found galliforms in North America (including well-established exotics such as 2608:, are essentially immune to Cooper's hawks (due to their own extreme agility) and were seen to incidentally benefit from nesting close to the hawks in California, due to a low risk of predators approaching while the hawks are present. 420: 379:. Many of the names applied to Cooper's hawks refer to their ability to hunt large and evasive prey using extremely well-developed agility. This species primarily hunts small-to-medium-sized birds, but will also commonly take small 3391:) (adults of the latter two snake species can average roughly 890 g (1.96 lb) for both species and may be too formidable for these hawks). Unlike with reptiles, there is little evidence that Cooper's hawk regularly hunts 3310:), quite little is known about which bat species Cooper's hawk's may prey upon and at what level do the local hawks depend on such prey. Apart from caves, sometimes Cooper's hawks have been seen to capture bats in urbanized areas. 3801:, sometimes over an open field. Courting usually occurs on bright, sunny days, in midmorning. During sky-dances by males, the wings are raised high over back in a wide arch with slow, rhythmic flapping, similar to the flight of a 1070:) in southern Mexico and Central America. The latter species of similar form and size but at all ages is generally unmarked with bars or streaks below, also with a more or less uniform mantle. Vagrating migrant Cooper's hawks to 942:(among different transliterations). The higher pitched calls of the young may even extend to females nesting within their first year while still in immature plumage. Females have what is often thought of as their own hunger cry, 11061:. In Proceedings of the Southwestern Raptor Management Symposium and Workshop (R. Glinski, B. G. Pendleton, M. B. Moss, B. A. Millsap, and S. W. Hoffman, Editors). National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC, USA. pp. 218–227. 4340: 845: 12923: 1687:, but sometimes migration extend into November. Meanwhile, spring northward migration may be any time from the end of February to May, with the last ones leaving Mexico in April and very late individuals were passing over 1397:). Additional Wisconsin studies showed that exotic conifer stands now support many Cooper's hawks even where native woodland is available. Tall, native deciduous tree stands may still be used extensively elsewhere, i.e. 1061: 3202: 2332:). However, crows are potentially dangerous prey to Cooper's hawks. Adult American crows are about the same size as a female Cooper's hawk and can potentially cause considerable damage to a lone raptor during group 566:, was discounted due to being weakly differentiated. However, evidence based on genetic markers shows that westerly birds such those in British Columbia populations are genetically differentiated from those in the 3286:) kit estimated to weigh about 661 g (1.457 lb). Occasionally, Cooper's hawks are known to hunt bats. They are said to usually capture bats on the wing rather than search them out. Findings were that in 2567:) experienced a rate of 96% predation elsewhere in California, with 25% attributable to Cooper's. Similar determent to the local nesting attempts of other small passerines such as warblers has also been reported. 878: 819:, California where 50 males (all first-years) averaged 288 g (10.2 oz) and 117 first-year females averaged 417 g (14.7 oz). Averaged between early and late summer, the average mass of males in 539: 13117: 1582: 4369: 3655:) and nesting kites appear to engage in anti-predator behavior towards Cooper's hawks. Furthermore, Cooper's hawks that came into the vicinity were considered potential predators and mobbed as such by nesting 1813:(20.9 to 54.7 mph), but one migrating from Colorado was recorded to cover about 26 km (16 mi) per day. Typically Cooper's hawk migrate singly but sometimes can be seen in groups of two to five. 3439: 2876:). Juveniles usually are the more vulnerable and more regularly taken of non-quail galliforms by Cooper's hawks, but the hawks can take adults quite regularly despite the prey's relatively large size. Adult 2047:, about 23% of attacks by male Cooper's hawks and 20% by females were successful and were far more prone to being carried out in relatively open areas than those of nearby sharp-shinned hawk. Post-fledgling 1807: 2621: 3956: 1644:. Despite being classed as sedentary, banding studies have revealed that many Cooper's hawks south of the typical migratory populations engage in some variety of seasonal winter movements. Migrants in the 1484: 757: 3302:). Per observation in Carlsbad, due to their agility, Cooper's can match the evasive flight of a bat and may be successful in about 90% of observed pursuits. Apart from their well-documented predation of 1537: 13114: 4198: 1596: 4073: 3540: 3028: 1501:, it was found for wintering Cooper's hawks that forested areas were 73% of the habitats used, which is far more prevalent than woodland available in the environs (with only 46% remaining wooded). 879: 6817: 2828:), which were estimated to constitute 47% of the prey selected by female hawks, but there was far too little impact overall to affect the quail's overall population. In the rural areas outside of 2759:). The response of woodpeckers to a sighted Cooper's hawks varies, with evidence showing that downy woodpecker and flickers would behave more boldly and themselves may scold the hawk if part of a 4085: 2840:) were found to be the most regularly selected prey species, at 15.2% of 79 prey items. A study of pellets in northwestern Mexico to determine if the local Cooper's hawks were regularly taking 2172: 471:, sometimes referred to as true hawks (and the members of which are at times commonly referred to as goshawks or sparrowhawks). This genus is the most diverse of all in the species-rich family 1999: 1417:, Cooper's hawks preferred areas with trees of 30–60 years old (and 656 trees per ha) and 50–70 years old (and 1159 trees per ha), respectively. On average, the number of trees per hectare in 9735:. Pp. 366–369 in D Wilson, S Ruff, eds. Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press in Association with the American Society of Mammalogists. 605:). While there is some degree of obvious differentiation from these species in appearance, distribution and behavior, more nebulous is the relationship of Cooper's hawk to the very similar 2395: 1803:, Mexico than the ones in the United States, but showed an annual stability of numbers that many of the more numerous raptors (including sharp-shinned hawks) in passage did not. Along the 1493: 4134: 2804: 419: 1783:, Cooper's hawk accounted for relatively few of the recorded raptors, i.e. 3.45% of 748 migrating raptors. A similarly low volume was observed relative to other bird of prey species in 1995:. Most prey is killed by repeatedly kneading the talons, with the kneading sometimes going on even after death, although in some cases birds are plucked while still alive. Despite its 10185: 2980:) in north Florida, where the egrets were the fourth most regularly recorded prey species. Assorted families of land birds are fairly rare as reported in food studies, including some 2039: 1771:, juvenile sharp-shinned hawks were roughly twice as numerous as juvenile Cooper's hawks but the number of adults seen passing through of the two species was roughly the same. At the 2685: 10555:. BC Minist. Sustainable Resour. Manage., Conservation Data Centre, and BC Minist. Water, Land and Air Protection, Biodiversity Branch, Victoria BC. Wildl. Bull. No. B-113. 14pp, 3. 12234: 653:. On perched hawks, the wing-tips tend to appear to cover less than one third of the tail, sometimes seeming to barely cover the covert feathers. As adults, they may be a solid 2491:), have good reason to fear these hawks as they are widely and regularly taken as are even common birds of less than half their size (around 20 g (0.71 oz)), such as 2215:(including thrushes and starlings). Other medium-sized to largish-bodied families of passerines tend to be most often selected. In many circumstances, Cooper's hawks will hunt 2681: 904: 6997: 3856:. Water access is of secondary import. Pine plantations are popular nesting sites across several parts of the range. In Tucson, 70.8% of 48 nests were found to be non-native 3759:). Most impressively, an instance was observed where a Cooper's hawk appeared to have preyed upon an adult of the rather larger (averaging about 787 g (1.735 lb)) 3343:, nearly 2.8 kg (6.2 lb) of which were estimated to be found in one nest). In rural areas outside of Tucson, a fairly strong presence of (unidentified to species) 1940: 3588:), there was minimal overlap in which prey species were usually selected, especially given the difference in habitat usage. Furthermore, in Durango, while Cooper's and the 2956:) estimated to weigh 1,150 g (2.54 lb) when taken. Adult ducks and herons of roughly equal weight to Cooper's hawks and other largish adult water birds including 1931: 7383: 1922: 3599: 2657:, recent data shows that Cooper's hawks are living almost exclusively on doves. Among 151 prey items there, mourning doves were 20.5% by number and 27.5% of the biomass, 1134: 2356:) are fairly frequent prey for these hawks. Cooper's hawks nesting near red-winged blackbird colonies may at times live almost entirely off of female blackbirds. In the 641: 3882:), another native was preferred in Missouri (at 51% of 43 nests) and in Illinois (at 81% of 16 nests). Deciduous trees may be preferred elsewhere in the east, such as 2308:. One black-billed magpie was caught and killed by a Cooper's hawk when attempting to mob the hawk. Incidents of predation have been witnessed on both young and adult 1497: 1226:, records show that the species has been recorded year-around with the first confirmed breeding reported in 2001. In winter, they are found up to the southern half of 4306: 2023:, with the meat eaten lastly. Like other raptors who most regularly take birds, Cooper's hawk was profiled in a study as an "attacker" rather than a "searcher" (i.e. 3395: 793: 4239: 1959: 12127: 3399:, prevailing food studies tend to find scant to none evidence of such prey; however, a truly exceptional case of Cooper's hawks found dead in Arkansas showed that 871: 7191: 4510: 4166: 1421: 551:. A natural hybrid of a Cooper's hawk and a northern goshawk with intermediate physical characteristics was verified via genetic testing of a migrant juvenile in 12894: 4434: 10712: 5654: 1385:. For example, average distance between waterways and nests in Wisconsin and Utah was 66.1 and 224 m (217 and 735 ft), respectively. However, in the 13108: 2900:), which average 1,031 g (2.273 lb), are also known have been successfully preyed upon by Cooper's hawks. Even more impressive accounts show adult 10503:. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-253. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. p. 14-46, 253. 5421:. In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 2015: 12991: 12169: 10080:. In Proceedings of the Chiricahua Mountains Research Symposium, ed. AM Barton and SA Sloan. Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Tucson (pp. 91–94). 3521: 692: 4409: 8290: 3290: 11734: 2715:), is a particular dietary staple of Cooper's hawks, being about the third most widely reported prey species. The flicker was the main prey in northern 8099:. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies (SEAFWA), Tallahassee (Vol. 56, pp. 229–238). 7401: 13485: 3852: 7035:(R. Glinski, B. G. Pendleton, M. B. Moss, B. A. Millsap, and S. W. Hoffman, Editors). National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC, USA. pp. 218–227. 6938: 4235: 4039: 3874:, at 58% of 48 nests, and in Pennsylvania, at 78% of 18 studied nests, and the most used tree in a study from Wisconsin as well, at 35% of 82 nests. 3347:, at 13% of 77 prey items, although overall in all areas of the Tucson metropolitan, reptiles constituted a lower 8% of the total 228 prey items. In 2239:), at 107 g (3.8 oz) a larger western cousin of the blue jay, are also regularly selected in various studies, such as all studied areas of 11940: 3643:). The only confirmed accipitrid that Cooper's hawk have been known to prey upon is their smaller cousins, the sharp-shinned hawks. However, in the 1683: 4348: 1680:, evidence has been found of individual Cooper's hawks being annually devoted to the same wintering grounds, presumably due to their high quality. 1432: 6017: 3910:) were preferred in northwest Oregon (94% of 18 nests) and also in northeast Oregon as well as in British Columbia (34% of 64 nests), often where 3635: 2184:) are opportunistically hunted by Cooper's hawks. The closest rival to the robin in being most widely taken as prey for Cooper's hawks may be the 975: 13639: 13402: 1266:. In winter they range regularly throughout the parts of the southern United States where they do not breed, such as all Gulf Coast areas and in 3475:, at 1,190 ha (2,900 acres) for Cooper's and 835 ha (2,060 acres) for the sparrowhawk. However, data shows that in North America, the 9980: 9967: 8873: 3190:), Cooper's hawk's came to locally take significant numbers of both young and adult rats. The first verified predation by a Cooper's hawk on a 6911: 4106:. Clashes between members of the same sex can be lethal, especially those between two males. Although Cooper's hawks are not known to prey on 721:(83% of males, 63% of females) had dark orange or red eyes (which also manifested at an earlier age in British Columbia) than mature hawks in 666: 13454: 9063: 7688: 6114: 5634: 2940: 11570: 3036:) were found in studies from New York, Michigan and Wisconsin. The eastern chipmunk appeared to dominate the foods of Cooper's hawks in the 1704:, migration of the sexes differed by 6 days in juvenile, first-year females and males and by 11 days in older females and males. Like other 1676: 13614: 11968: 9436: 13111: 9239: 6792: 3323:, a small sample of road-killed Cooper's hawks showed that small reptiles were more common than birds amongst the stomach contents, with 2719:, at 22.5% of 316 prey items, and in southern Wisconsin, at 22% of 77 prey items. Flickers are common prey elsewhere as well, such as in 2196: 1779:, Cooper's hawk was not among the most regular species, being the 6th most frequently most recorded species. In central and southwestern 8844: 2551: 645:, but can use more open perches, especially in the western part of the range or in winter when they may use leafless or isolated trees, 11228: 10429: 2089: 11517:. In Raptor research and management techniques (D. M. Bird and K. L. Bildstein, Editors), Hancock House, Blaine, WA, USA. pp. 351–364. 10972: 2920: 9412: 8627: 6273: 5693: 4031:) from the nest area. When large quadrupeds walk under the nest, the female may utter a semi-alarm call but does not leave the nest. 2653:), at 119 g (4.2 oz). Mourning doves appear to be hunted regularly in almost any part of the two species' mutual range. In 2580:), even smaller passerines are known to be hunted. The smallest known avian prey species have included the 6.8 g (0.24 oz) 479: 5897: 4386: 4314:. Raptorial birds which predominantly prey on either birds or fish were severely affected by the DDT biocide. The concentrations of 3135: 1660: 1608: 13586: 13353: 13030: 12182: 6731: 5621: 4458: 1529:) and is generally much more likely to be active in the morning than in the afternoon. These hawks may readily take to conifers to 31: 2280: 13624: 13415: 13094: 11458: 9019: 7654: 3576:) and the American kestrel all had lower mean prey masses. Much farther south in Durango, Mexico, while there was overlap in the 769:. The size variation evidenced in Cooper's hawks is apparently the most pronounced of any of the three North American species of 13006:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 12581: 10581:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 10568:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 9453:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 9217:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 8774:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 2223: 1546: 5632: 3965: 2531:). Although not known to be taken profusely in all studied urban locales, house sparrows were the leading prey in a study from 2360:, although prey species were seldom identified, evidence showed that most regularly selected prey were assorted icterids. Even 1691: 1298: 318: 8860: 7573: 3990: 1971:, Cooper's hawks may make multiple passes on a bush before success and the efforts can take up to 45 minutes. During hunts of 12322:(R. D. Chancellor, Editor), Vienna, Austria. International Council Bird Preservation, Hampshire, United Kingdom. pp. 243–253. 10227: 9176: 7965: 6348: 5509: 4852: 2572: 2515:). During harsh late winter weather in Wisconsin, Cooper's hawks were recorded to eke out an existence living largely off of 1935:. During hunts, these hawks may suddenly alight when detecting an available mammal. Sometimes, Cooper's hawks will engage in 13420: 13086: 4617: 2884:), weighing an estimated mean of 619 g (1.365 lb) when taken, are not infrequently exploited as prey, while adult 1656: 1366: 13480: 1311: 581: 506:, with various clades divisions outside traditional subfamily lines, with even the sharp-shinned hawk-like and aptly named 11348: 8202: 5726: 5574: 4426: 3780: 13629: 12620: 11568: 1135: 13376: 12005: 10315: 10114: 9759: 7652: 5872: 4005: 3849: 2559:) in California suffered a 76% rate of nest predation, among which Cooper's hawks were a considerable contributor, and 658: 12151: 13076: 9202: 4431: 2892:), estimated to weigh 1,050 g (2.31 lb) when taken have also been known to be taken repeatedly. Adult male 1732:, and so are capable of crossing larger than usual bodies of water. It is thought that Cooper's hawks also avoid the 12073: 11124: 11122: 10445: 10398: 9622:, version 1.0. In Neotropical Birds Online (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 6841: 5288:), version 3.0. In The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 17: 13634: 13532: 13459: 13028: 12926: 12761: 12316: 11784: 11652: 10529:, version 3.0. In The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 9609:, version 3.0. In The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 9089: 8787:, version 3.0. In The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 7952: 7224: 4293: 3351:, reptiles were a pronounced part of Cooper's hawk diet. Here, the most frequently identified prey species was the 11531: 2523:). In modern terms, certainly the most commonly taken small bird would be the non-native, 29 g (1.0 oz) 773:. However, Cooper's hawks are one of an estimated 25% of studied bird species that do not appear to correspond to 332: 13340: 10058: 7158: 4119: 2168:) food studies, 24.5% of 1057 prey items. The robin is regularly hunted in all seasons due to its commonality in 395: 13045:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 11681: 10460:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 9479:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 9466:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 8901:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 5328: 4605: 2641: 1424: 1330: 12086: 11929: 7366: 4374: 3435: 3287: 3077: 3069: 12676: 12539: 11683: 6083: 4593: 2075: 1413:(60% of trees used as nests). This species often prefers fairly mature forest, i.e. in two different areas of 617: 13257: 7954: 7426: 5899: 3352: 1963: 454: 348: 9783: 9144:‘Chick-a-dee’calls of Carolina chickadees convey information about degree of threat posed by avian predators 7396: 6271: 4322:, averaging at intermediate levels in Cooper's (0.11 mg/kg) but could include the highest known in the 3580: 2972:) are sometimes tackled by these hawks. Particularly frequency was recorded of 312.7 g (11.03 oz) 2144:) appears to be the most widely reported prey species. Robins were the leading prey species in northwestern 1270:. Wintering Cooper's hawks are common through essentially all parts of Mexico, becoming less regular around 1052: 13644: 13228: 13219: 11317: 9254: 7355: 6305: 2760: 1804: 921:, apparently this call is more prevalent in pairs using thicker woods. Infrequently, females may utter the 458: 13472: 13381: 12552: 12101: 11797: 8675: 5572: 4438:, with studies indicating that Cooper's need about seven years to locally recover from such displacement. 2079: 798:(11.5 oz) in males (sample size 60) and 580.3 g (1.279 lb) in females (sample size 57). At 475:, with nearly 50 recognized species, and is also the most diverse of all diurnal raptor genera. The genus 13291: 13128: 12550: 12333: 7914: 7674: 3528: 3267: 1509: 13296: 12099: 11966: 11200: 10415:. Encyclopedia of Earth, U.S. National Council for Science and the Environment, Ed-in-chief C. Cleveland 10045: 9438: 8191: 5383: 964: 12153: 12060: 11981: 7512: 5586: 4844: 3644: 3260: 3108: 3089: 3084:) were the second most common prey species in a study from Wisconsin and also important in the diet in 2536: 2157: 1307: 758: 668: 11953: 11418: 7903: 7703: 5468: 4680: 4443: 1587: 1440:. In Central America, wintering Cooper's hawks have been recorded in unusual habitats such as stunted 1021: 13537: 13270: 13062: 12826: 12513: 10156: 7775: 5673:(E. Mayr and G. W. Cottrell, Editors. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA, USA. pp. 271–425. 5435: 4252: 4186:(rarely fatal in hawks but can compromise their condition). 91% of 47 tested adults in Wisconsin had 3790: 3368: 2560: 2544: 2333: 2260: 1784: 1584: 1521: 465:, hen hawk, Mexican hawk, quail hawk, striker and swift hawk. Cooper's hawk is a member of the genus 13032:. Conservation Effects Assessment Program Final Report, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 12689: 12114: 12088: 11364: 11215: 10456: 9954: 5709: 3743:). Medium to large-sized owls are sometimes also prey for Cooper's hawks have been known to include 1448:. In most parts of the range, Cooper's hawks have shown to be somewhat adaptive to all gradients of 13467: 13149: 12007: 11927: 9648: 7980: 5377: 4558:) (Cooper's being identified as one three major nest predators along with blue jays and raccoons), 4226: 4172: 3037: 2765: 1468: 1163: 752: 439: 344: 264: 13446: 13144: 10657: 10501: 6482: 555: 152: 12247: 11502: 11204:. Diurnal Birds of Prey Through Woodpeckers. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, BC, Canada. 9785: 4515: 4331: 4328: 4126:). Hunting accidents can frequently cause injury, especially in the form of potentially hobbling 3471: 3423: 3324: 3303: 3236: 2443:(nearly 30 species each) are known to be taken by Cooper's hawks. A lower diversity are taken of 1574:(rather than hunting) behavior. Cooper's hawks have been recorded as engaging in an exaggerated, 69: 13511: 13068: 11782: 11771: 11286: 10985: 10553: 9034:. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270(1517), 799–803. 6370: 2904: 2764: 406: 13407: 13278: 13181: 12075: 11769: 9378: 8959:. In Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world (pp. 365–381). Springer, Boston, MA. 8831: 8476: 4575: 4523: 4111: 3922:) were preferred in eastern Oregon (53% of 15 nests) as well as in New Mexico. In the enormous 3376: 3169: 3045: 2732: 1776: 1550: 1037: 794: 443: 53: 13433: 12813: 12398: 11654: 11043: 10317: 9553: 8173: 6859: 6336: 5746: 5652: 5499: 3419: 2539:(although were outnumbered by robins in prey remains) and reportedly were the leading prey in 2247:, where it was the second most regularly selected of prey species at 11.7% of 316 prey items. 1282:, where the species is considered "infrequent but regular" as well as in central and southern 13506: 11407:. US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Department of Interior, Washington, DC, USA (pp. 229–250). 9394: 8818: 4559: 4531: 4423: 3736: 3712: 3688: 3509: 3488: 3360: 3166: 3117: 3109: 2724: 2689:, again the mourning dove leads the prey selection, accounting for 16.5% of 1100 prey items. 2281: 1684: 1476: 1363: 1159: 394: 247: 77: 13498: 12774: 10726: 10427: 8999: 2204:, at 56.5% of 57 prey items, and taken in large but somewhat secondary numbers in Missouri, 13283: 13244: 13239: 12965: 10917:. Paper read at Proc. western raptor management symposium and workshop, at Washington, D.C. 10670: 10006: 9746: 9289: 9045: 8805: 8783: 8147: 7586: 4414: 4349: 4341: 4135: 3632: 3628: 3557: 3533: 3485: 3472: 2674: 2589: 2484: 2341: 2297: 2248: 2201: 2181: 2161: 2044: 1832: 1649: 1522: 1490: 1382: 1374: 1155: 832: 704: 548: 544: 532: 11916: 11011: 10774: 10710: 8363: 7822: 5537: 5481: 4398: 1190: 1024: 108: 8: 12062: 11979: 11825:. Version 2016.1. Laurel, MD: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Bird Banding Laboratory. 10772: 10396: 9032: 8649: 7258: 5284: 4405: 3974: 3680: 3672: 3648: 3545: 3384: 3212: 3008: 2893: 2817: 2769: 2752: 2573: 2289: 2256: 2177: 2019: 1795:. Cooper's hawk was the 7th most often recorded raptor at four migration sites along the 1673: 1669: 1653: 1613: 1551: 1111: 946:, heard especially in poorer food areas, when the male appears. Nonetheless, the females 435: 117: 65: 13368: 13134: 12567:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report no. 238, Washington, DC, USA. 11992: 10098: 9827: 9228: 9131: 7748: 7342: 6979: 6861: 6743: 4657: 3619:). Less is known about the range of nest predators. Among all known predators, only the 3052:) but Cooper's hawks may take chipmunks down to the size of the 48 g (1.7 oz) 2864:)) are known to fall prey occasionally to Cooper's hawks. These include assorted native 13058: 12232: 12023: 11942: 7612: 5758: 3995: 3895: 3815: 3704: 3497: 3436: 3274: 3228: 2365: 2165: 2153: 2124: 1665: 1637: 1315: 1227: 1075: 1033: 976: 777:(i.e. being larger where living farther north) instead varying in size much more so by 774: 606: 536: 462: 461:) in New York City. Other common names have been known to include the big blue darter, 333: 147: 73: 59: 12140: 10899: 10741: 8912: 8705: 8546: 7790: 5396: 3784: 3647:, Cooper's hawks was counted among the potential, but not yet confirmed, predators of 2340: 13493: 13314: 13072: 12978: 12305:(J. J. Hickey, Editor). University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 232–332. 12125: 11722: 11251:(J. J. Hickey, Editor). University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 356–359. 11176: 11059: 10223: 9853: 9365: 9172: 7732: 7690: 7029: 6765: 6344: 5934: 5868: 5505: 4848: 4543: 4427: 4065: 3883: 3798: 3553: 3445: 3332: 3208: 3065: 2997: 2993: 2833: 2805: 2666: 2552: 2548: 2476: 2444: 2440: 2400: 2317: 1960: 1949: 1873:, females were nearly nomadic, wandering anywhere where food could be accessed (i.e. 1768: 1764: 1677: 1621: 1563: 1533:, generally sleeping with their heads tucked in. During daylight hours, they tend to 1465: 1398: 1343: 1199: 1103: 807: 744: 676: 329: 13550: 11852: 11189: 10728: 9672: 5381: 4401: 2792: 629: 386: 13577: 13319: 13163: 11416: 10592: 9878: 9772: 7465: 6506: 6185: 5590: 5386:. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Carey. pp. 1–11, Plate 10 fig 1. 4675: 4567: 4511: 4498: 4203: 4139: 3970: 3953: 3927: 3914: 3600: 3581: 3569: 3565: 3549: 3493: 3441: 3424: 3299: 3029: 2957: 2849: 2821: 2813: 2744: 2720: 2708: 2597: 2456: 2436: 2277: 2232: 2197: 2193: 2132: 2052: 1822: 1748: 1661: 1486: 1473: 1449: 1139: 1008: 984: 825: 714: 642: 494: 387: 10410: 9798: 9555: 6293: 2637: 2160:, at 34.6% of 2896 prey items and prominent but ranked second also in California ( 2051: 1831: 1358:. In fact, some authors felt the species increased locally in wooded parts of the 934:, which by the time they are fledgling young alters to a penetrating hunger call, 13524: 13345: 13306: 12594: 11599: 7967: 7928: 7405: 7222: 5548: 4535: 4481: 4472: 4379: 4290: 4247: 4241: 4131: 3978: 3915: 3664: 3577: 3541: 3455: 3295: 3252: 3136: 3061: 2989: 2941: 2929: 2901: 2857: 2841: 2797: 2785: 2707:. A rather numerous and widely distributed species, the 132 g (4.7 oz) 2500: 2464: 2387: 2259: 2211: 2185: 2115: 2020: 2004: 1964: 1874: 1817: 1701: 1534: 1453: 1359: 1191: 816: 740: 594: 586: 578: 488: 204: 12745: 12485:(C. J. Ralph and J. M. Scott, Editors). Studies in Avian Biology 6. pp. 235–246. 11955: 11900: 10681: 10469: 9814: 9241: 9102: 7372: 6953: 6940: 5433: 4138: 3104:), both averaging over 600 g (1.3 lb) in adults, albeit infrequently. 1604: 1530: 453:. The specific epithet and the common name were chosen to honour the naturalist 13619: 10683: 10339: 10291: 10213: 10140: 9367: 8393: 8345: 8097: 7806: 7804: 7439: 7422: 7374:. World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, Berlin, Germany (pp. 447–453). 7240: 7046: 4486: 4446: 4395: 4354: 4345: 4315: 4299: 4236: 4157: 4143: 4107: 4103: 4074: 3969: 3875: 3744: 3505: 3053: 2740: 2408: 2349: 2137: 2068: 1984: 1809: 1737: 1717: 1696: 1617: 1579: 1571: 1547: 1063: 799: 590: 514:) appearing to cluster outside of the genus nearer very dissimilar genera like 480: 403: 12732: 12719: 11583: 10957: 9865: 9516: 7584: 7238: 7073: 6687: 6600: 5594: 3767:). There is also a record of a barred owl preying on a Cooper's hawk as well. 3359:) (11.5% of 191 prey items), followed by the northern flicker and thirdly the 2692: 2084: 1987:-like flight was seen in be engaged in by a Cooper's hawk before an attack on 1901:, the preferred hunting habitats in the non-breeding season were forest, then 1736: 13608: 13428: 13204: 11994: 11444: 11401: 11315: 11304: 10844: 10383: 9840: 7211: 7057: 5886: 4666: 4439: 4410: 4188: 4127: 3871: 3863: 3720: 3636: 3279: 3271: 3105: 3097: 3024: 3013: 2965: 2877: 2801: 2686: 2646: 2630: 2524: 2460: 2309: 2231:), which also important in northern Florida, i.e. 12.27% of 1100 prey items. 2173: 1968: 1915: 1910: 1902: 1886: 1870: 1853: 1814: 1792: 1543: 1390: 1370: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1183: 1095: 1004: 567: 467: 447: 325: 224: 137: 132: 12824: 12798: 12193: 11544: 9851: 9076: 7969:. State of North America's birds of prey. Series in Ornithology, 3, 253–277. 7777: 7326: 7136:. Bureau of Endangered Resources, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 7013: 6718: 4268: 2063: 1848: 12734:. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, 101(3–4), 217–224. 12579: 12453: 12451: 12385: 10198: 10032: 8970: 8957: 7639: 7090: 4463: 4199: 4194: 4078: 3923: 3837: 3612: 3396: 3344: 3340: 3266: 3244: 3170: 3162: 3125: 3085: 2973: 2885: 2780: 2492: 2432: 2149: 1932: 1906: 1788: 1772: 1756: 1733: 1725: 1645: 1633: 1555: 1494: 1441: 1386: 1294:. There are several cumulative records of Cooper's hawks also appearing in 1254:, extreme southwestern Ontario, southwestern and southeastern New York and 1239: 1167: 1143: 1126: 1110:) which are all similar in size to Cooper's as well as the slightly larger 762: 718: 646: 598: 472: 457:, one of the founders of the New York Lyceum of Natural History (later the 214: 12646: 10946: 10471: 7788: 5707: 4069: 3926: 3827: 3504:). With the sharp-shinned hawk, Cooper's locally also shared a liking for 1215: 13441: 13389: 13213: 13170: 12424: 12245: 12221: 11226: 10928: 9965: 9440:. Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, 6(1), 63–68. 6484:. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History, 11:63–326. 6116: 4551: 4468: 4419: 4286: 4231: 4207: 4177: 4148: 4095: 3903: 3810: 3752: 3408: 2937: 2933: 2905: 2793: 2605: 2516: 2508: 2472: 2468: 2357: 2269: 2110: 2048: 1980: 1936: 1923: 1919: 1882: 1755:) but are far less than numerous in migration or in winter in the nearby 1692: 1688: 1641: 1351: 1347: 1255: 1151: 1040:. Both prey items are about one third the weight of the respective hawks. 1012: 837: 788: 693: 614: 571: 274: 12618: 12288:. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 60(2), 260–263. 12195: 12180: 11733: 11460: 10341: 9646: 7398: 7178: 7092: 7033: 5987: 2372:) which was the third most often selected prey in Ithaca, New York, and 1852: 625: 585: 13591: 13545: 13358: 12963: 12952: 12811: 12787: 12383: 12346: 12167: 10959: 10594:. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 93(1), 1–12. 7939: 7746: 4896: 4220: 4215: 4182: 4110:, one was found dead from envenomation next to a burrow holding both a 3858: 3831: 3760: 3728: 3593: 3459: 3294: 3220: 3158: 3145: 2921: 2716: 2704: 2638: 2412: 2361: 2244: 2076: 1796: 1760: 1588: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1355: 1283: 1211: 1179: 1083: 1029: 895: 803: 766: 650: 559: 13015: 12993:. Report to US Fish & Wildlife Service and US Bur. of Reclamation. 12759: 12331: 12021: 11163: 10796: 9941: 9882: 1428: 669: 12678:. In Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference (Vol. 27, No. 27). 10822: 9605: 8886: 7676:. PhD dissertation, New Mexico State University. Las Cruces, NM, USA. 7571: 7452: 5528:(Doctoral dissertation, Long Island University, The Brooklyn Center). 4435: 4387: 4383: 4049: 3948: 3911: 3853: 3802: 3656: 3492:. In the case of the goshawk and Cooper's, both hawks regularly took 3392: 3204: 3191: 3183: 2873: 2869: 2697: 2678: 2658: 2568: 2540: 2381: 2325: 2212: 2094: 1996: 1972: 1941: 1898: 1575: 1498: 1445: 1437: 1378: 1323: 1319: 1279: 1271: 1247: 1243: 1087: 1000: 914: 784: 778: 722: 654: 541: 507: 503: 399: 320: 164: 13394: 13175: 12273: 12219: 11758: 11126:. Report to US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Minot, ND. 11085: 9302: 9252: 8452: 7993: 7408:. PhD dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 7189: 2739:) were important secondary prey in different parts of the range. In 1979: 1513: 1130: 562: 13571: 13332: 13198: 11756: 11178:. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, 86: 51–62. 10754: 10525: 10127: 8759: 8025: 5098: 4494: 4375: 4371: 4211: 3943: 3464: 3431: 3320: 3140: 3041: 3025: 2981: 2682: 2532: 2416: 2373: 2224: 2205: 2093:, found prey weighing up to 360 g (13 oz) (such as adult 2040: 2012: 1890: 1862: 1800: 1744: 1433: 1418: 1410: 1339: 1331: 1291: 1275: 1251: 1219: 1207: 1178:. Their breeding range terminates just before the southern part of 681: 663: 552: 328:, the male is smaller than the female. The birds found east of the 184: 12704: 12299: 12260: 11165:. Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science. 76 (2–3): 72–76. 10696: 9566: 9030: 8685:. Environmental Sciences Group, University of California, Berkeley 8110: 4880: 4490:-related mortality and for adults via frequent lethal collisions. 4462:, Cooper's hawks can presumably only withstand a certain level of 4344: 3178: 3076:) were the second most important prey in eastern Oregon at 16.6%. 1369: 498: 13265: 12609:. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 29(2), 258–260. 10187:(Doctoral dissertation, Science: Biological Sciences Department). 10034:. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Rocky Mtn. For. and Range Exp. Stn. 10019: 9414:. In National Quail Symposium Proceedings (Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 24). 9118: 6900: 4391: 4307: 4282: 3696: 3620: 3348: 3224: 3179: 3154: 2949: 2396: 2337: 2265: 2090: 1945: 1878: 1866: 1713: 1629: 1625: 1481: 1335: 1235: 1203: 1175: 1147: 909: 726: 633: 574: 486:, albeit a distantly related one. Other smaller genera including 10866: 10078: 8829: 6843: 2872:-dwelling species (but excluding the more northerly distributed 2180: 570:, indicating that Cooper's hawk were restricted to at least two 13252: 12717: 12541:. PhD dissertation, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA. 11100:. Tri-College Center for Environmental Studies, Fargo, ND, USA. 10809: 10385: 7941: 7499: 7213:. Ph.D. dissertation, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA. 7094:. National Park Service, Natural Resources Publications Office. 6926: 6790: 6729: 6464: 6295:(Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin—Stevens Point). 6183: 5329:"Food Habits and Hunting Success of Cooper's Hawks in Missouri" 4451: 4278: 4218:) that may have made them more vulnerable to blood parasitism. 4082: 4024: 3400: 3275: 3021: 2985: 2865: 2829: 2654: 2581: 2452: 2240: 2216: 2145: 2080: 2036: 2024: 1835: 1712:), Cooper's appear to not start moving until day is warmer and 1709: 1657: 1477: 1414: 1287: 1223: 1195: 1007:, while most sharp-shinned hawks are about the size of a large 820: 811: 659: 522: 391: 380: 174: 12730: 12687: 11836: 10605: 10212: 9796: 9074: 7848: 7463: 7324: 6528: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 2219:, large, intelligent and social passerines, with the smallish 13519: 13327: 12511: 12049: 11486: 9326: 8647: 8599: 8572: 7759: 7276: 4836: 4099: 3199: 2925: 2535:, were nearly a third of observed delivered prey at nests in 2448: 2428: 2424: 2404: 2169: 2085: 2016: 1992: 1988: 1894: 1827: 1780: 1721: 1327: 1231: 1187: 1171: 1053: 1046: 516: 12706: 12592: 12359: 11555: 9939: 9425: 8680:) Nesting in Urban Areas of Berkeley and Albany, California" 8303: 7701: 7625: 7302: 6249: 6067: 6015: 5985: 4493: 3775: 1154:. They reach their northerly limits as a breeder roughly in 684: 12708:. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 17(8), 433–438. 12496: 11667: 11665: 11232: 11111: 9943:. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, 33(1), 79–80. 9490: 8946:. Journal of the British Columbia Field Ornithologists, 22. 7641: 7116: 7079: 6874: 4634: 4504: 4484:, due to the unsustainably high turnover for nestlings via 4294: 3939: 3404: 3150: 2924: 2642: 2420: 2305: 1729: 1539: 1322:. The species may further make itself at home in some pure 1295: 1071: 996: 847: 842: 638: 610: 315: 194: 12554:. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285(1890), 20182120. 12435: 12138: 12034: 10616: 8264: 8204: 8095: 7730: 7420: 5546: 3020: 12607: 12466: 12206: 11863: 11542: 10944: 9568: 9276: 9116: 9021:. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Custer, ND. 8266:. Report No. 17, the Accipiters. USDI-BLM Tech. Note 335. 7497: 7368: 7344:. Victoria: Occas. Pap. Brit. Columbia Prov. Mus. No. 17. 6898: 6887: 6656: 6628: 5932: 5483:. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 126:69–70. 4475: 4311: 4006: 3891: 3663: 2220: 1763: 1406: 12830: 12789:. Wildlife Society Bulletin (1973–2006), 25(3), 634–638. 12437: 12129:. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 17(3), 131–135. 12047: 11881: 11597: 11513: 11273: 10739: 10603: 10484: 10169: 10116:. Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa ON, 106(4), 474–479. 10112: 9897: 9475: 8160: 5963: 5470:. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 37(2), 327–346. 3414: 3383:), estimated to weigh 200 g (7.1 oz), and the 1695: 1570:), and these ample muscle masses may be correlated with 1074: 12439:. The Journal of wildlife management, 49(4), 1040–1044. 12303: 11914: 11614:. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, NM, USA. 11610: 11362: 11249: 11148: 10824:(Doctoral dissertation, North Dakota State University). 9864: 9720: 9557:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 81(6), 1073–1083. 9542: 9410: 7761: 7481: 5912: 2820:. In Washington state, female Cooper's hawks took many 1948: 1799:, being much more frequently identified in the site at 886: 12361: 11850: 11612: 11377: 11264:. Lone Pine Media Productions Ltd., Edmonton, Alberta. 10983: 10142:. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 60(2), 195–204. 10138: 9380: 9129: 8206:. Journal of Experimental Biology, 221(14), jeb177295. 8189: 7437: 7044: 6700: 6438:. Unpublished thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York. 6047: 5126: 4655: 13019:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 125(3), 562–569. 12800: 12103:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 121(3), 641–644. 11902:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 119(2), 296–298. 11854:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 117(3), 237–244. 11773:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 121(3), 610–617. 11462:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 119(2), 181–188. 10646:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 112(2), 275–277. 10618: 10387:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 71(2), 366–375. 9748:. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 7(3), 195–200. 9382:. The Journal of wildlife management, 69(1), 133–139. 9369:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 68(3), 663–671. 8651:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 124(4), 775–782. 8601: 7874: 7226:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 112(3), 417–421. 7059: 5965:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company, Boston, MA, USA. 5901:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 115(3), 225–230. 5595:"Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors" 2384: 2136: 2118:, one of the most widely taken prey for this species. 12954:. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southwest Region. 12348:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 3(4), 345–352. 12320: 12284: 11473: 11350:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management Technical Note 355. 11330: 11245: 10974:. Santa Fe National Forest, U.S.D.A. Forest Service. 10655: 10265: 10125: 9315: 8305:. Land birds from Bobwhites to Grackles. Mass. Dept. 8277: 8084: 7467:. Western North American Naturalist, 68(1), 107–112. 6730: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5585: 4043: 2665:) were 18.5% by number and 12.2% of the biomass and 2131:). One study determined that birds that nest in the 968: 12950:Bergan, J., Morrow, M. & Rossignol, T. (1993). 12479: 12286: 11641: 10930:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 112(1), 21–27. 10730:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 71(1), 64–68. 9867: 9464: 8411:Fitch, H. S., Glading, B., & House, V. (1946). 8082:Hamerstrom Jr, F. N., & Hamerstrom, F. (1951). 7048:. The American Midland Naturalist, 159(2), 421–433. 6674: 5417:White, C.M., Boesman, P. & Marks, J.S. (2020). 3060:). Mammals distantly related to chipmunks, such as 1326:forest, including the extreme southern part of the 13041:Buehler, D. A., P. B. Hamel, and T. Boves (2013). 12939:The changing seasons – a plea for the common birds 11405:Population ecology of migratory birds: a symposium 11087:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Denver, CO, USA. 10901:. Illinois Department of Natural Resources Report. 8614:Cooper's Hawk carrying a nest of young Goldfinches 8134:Cooper's hawks in urban and exurban areas: a reply 8056:Craighead, J. J. and F. C. Craighead, Jr. (1956). 1405:) in New York (nearly 40% of nest trees used) and 12980:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 76:328–335. 11898:Bedrosian, B. E., & Pierre, A. M. S. (2007). 11799:. Journal of Wildlife Management, 64(2), 599–600. 11696:A pair of subadult Cooper's Hawks nest in Indiana 11306:. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 10158:. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61(10), 2230–2241. 10021:. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service. 9761:. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 111(2), 174. 9423:Errington, P. L., & Errington, P. E. (1933). 8629:. Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 20(1), 51–59. 8413:Observations on Cooper Hawk nesting and predation 7943:. The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 131(4), 303–311. 7132:Rosenfield, R. N., & Anderson, R. K. (1983). 7118:Nesting habitat of coexisting Accipiter in Oregon 6981:. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. 6927:Species account: Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii 6921: 6919: 6917: 6372:Do British Columbia Cooper's Hawks Have Big Feet? 5947:First-cycle molts in North American Falconiformes 5884:Rosenfield R. N. & Bielefeldt, S. A. (1992). 5741: 5739: 5737: 5676: 5401:. Zipcodezoo.com. Retrieved on December 18, 2011. 4894:Pearlstine, E. V., & Thompson, D. B. (2004). 4681:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695656A93521264.en 2751:), to the largest, the 287 g (10.1 oz) 2105: 1306:Cooper's hawks tend to occur in various types of 526:. It appears that Cooper's hawk was the earliest 390:cover and can commonly produce up to two to four 347:in honor of his friend and fellow ornithologist, 13606: 13002:Woolfenden, G. E. and J. W. Fitzpatrick (1996). 12596:. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 160–164. 12411:Eggshell changes in certain North American birds 11795:Bielefeldt, J., & Rosenfield, R. N. (2000). 11639:Rosenfield, R. N., & Bielefeldt, J. (1992). 11009:Rosenfield, R. N., & Sobolik, L. E. (2017). 10961:. Urban Bird Ecology and Conservation, 45, 1–16. 10881:(The Bird Research Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio). 10752:Rosenfield, R. N., & Bielefeldt, J. (1999). 10706: 10704: 10694:Rosenfield, R. N., & Bielefeldt, J. (1996). 10540:The biology of the Elf Owl (Micrathene whitneyi) 10499:. In: Hayward, GD and J. Verner, tech. editors. 8361:Nicewander, J., & Rosenfield, R. N. (2006). 8108:Rosenfield, R. N., & Bielefeldt, J. (1993). 8038:Mammals and birds of Mount Rainier National Park 8027:. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 11(3), 413–420. 7982:. Harrisburg, PA: State Wildlife Grants-Program. 7863:. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA. 7493: 7491: 7489: 7454:. Intermountain Journal of Sciences, 20(4), 110. 6716:Dunne, P., Sibley, D., & Sutton, C. (1988). 6542:Rosenfield, R. N., & Bielefeldt, J. (1991). 6462:Rosenfield, R. N., & Bielefeldt, J. (1991). 5731:, Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 22, 2010. 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4394:poisoning of Cooper's hawks have been reported. 2324:). These hawks are also a potential predator of 1612:Like a majority of diurnal birds of prey in the 1542:regions, Cooper's hawks may seek out artificial 351:. Other common names for Cooper's hawk include: 12785:Richardson, C. T., & Miller, C. K. (1997). 12370:Moss, R., Storch, I., & Müller, M. (2010). 12275:. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 24(2), 378–379. 12171:. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 31(2), 216–222. 12038:. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 34(3), 590–593. 12009:. Journal of wildlife diseases, 44(3), 622–628. 11996:. Journal of wildlife diseases, 51(3), 576–588. 11931:. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 78–81. 11867:. Journal of wildlife diseases, 30(4), 616–619. 10714:The American Midland Naturalist, 182(1), 36–51. 10685:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 86(2), 144–152. 10497:Review of technical knowledge: Flammulated owls 10367:The food habits of North American golden eagles 9995:. Univ. of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, VA. 9838:Larrucea, E. S., & Brussard, P. F. (2009). 9596:. Canadian Wildlife Service Monograph Series 4. 9328:Optimal group size and northern bobwhite coveys 9120:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 75(4), 337–344. 9017:Stephens, R. M., & Anderson, S. H. (2002). 7668: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7081:. Nat. Wildl. Fed., Washington, DC (pp. 42–49). 7069: 7067: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6544:Undescribed bowing display in the Cooper's Hawk 6069:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 52(2), 112–126. 5623:. Chicago: Zool. Series, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.) 5504:. London, UK: T & A D Poyser. p. 274. 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 3411:each represented 12.5% of detected prey items. 2796:. By far the most regularly selected types are 2673:) 17.2% by number and 27.1% of the biomass. In 2475:. The more numerous native passerines, such as 1028:Comparison of a male Cooper's hawk (left) with 13140:– USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter 12674:Schafer, L. M., & Washburn, B. E. (2016). 12650:Proceedings of Rural Electric Power Conference 12271:Sterner, M. C., & Espinosa, R. H. (1988). 12258:Foster, G. W., & Forrester, D. J. (1995). 12208:Avian hosts of the genus Isospora (Coccidiida) 11635: 11633: 11500:Rosenfield, R.N. & Bielefeldt, J. (1991). 11496: 11494: 10566:Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium brasilianum) 10108: 10106: 9800:. The Southwestern Naturalist, 40(3), 340–342. 9787:. The Southwestern Naturalist, 47(3), 498–501. 9356:. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York City, USA. 9343:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 639–642. 9226:Greeney, H. F. & Wethington, S.M. (2009). 9087:Liebezeit, J. R., & George, T. L. (2002). 9078:. The Journal of wildlife management, 600–610. 9047:. Canadian journal of zoology, 84(6), 916–919. 9043:Duncan, W. J., & Bednekoff, P. A. (2006). 8980: 8978: 8625:Duncan, W. J., & Bednekoff, P. A. (2008). 8595: 8593: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8136:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 601–604. 8078: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8066: 7514:. Journal of Experimental Biology, 91:363–368. 7479:Rosenfield, R. N. & Sobolik, L.E. (2014). 7278:. The Journal of wildlife management, 864–871. 7128: 7126: 7120:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 124–138. 6914: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6538: 6536: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6343:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 301–. 6287: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 5734: 1628:and northern parts of surrounding states, the 708:A juvenile Cooper's hawk in Brooklyn, New York 13057: 12989:Howell, C. A., & Dettling, M. D. (2009). 12928:. Journal of Raptor Research, 43(4), 274–282. 12693:Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference 12665:. Journal of Raptor Research, 43(3), 210–226. 12633:An analysis of bird electrocutions in Montana 12506: 12504: 12236:. Parasitology international, 66(2), 106–111. 12223:. Journal of Raptor Research, 44(3), 215–223. 12036:Trichomoniasis in Cooper's hawks from Arizona 12025:. Journal of Raptor Research, 50(3), 289–294. 11918:. Journal of Raptor Research, 36(3), 229–230. 11821:Lutmerding, J. A., & Love, A. S. (2016). 11442:Apfelbaum, S. I., & Seelbach, P. (1983). 11277:. Journal of Raptor Research, 31(3), 286–287. 11275:Nest defense and mobbing behavior of Elf Owls 11174:Ehrlich, R. M. & Drickamer, L.C. (1993). 11150:Trichomoniasis in Cooper's Hawks from Arizona 11013:. Journal of Raptor Research, 51(4), 483–484. 10838: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10701: 10672:. Journal of Raptor Research, 49(3), 344–346. 10447:. Journal of Raptor Research, 46(3), 304–313. 10443:Lesko, M. J., & Smallwood, J. A. (2012). 10431:. Journal of Raptor Research, 51(4), 455–464. 10400:. Journal of Raptor Research, 40(4), 294–297. 10354:Western Red-tailed Hawk catches Cooper's Hawk 10004:Kaufman, G. A., & Gibbons, J. W. (1975). 9935: 9933: 9931: 9825:Schmidt, K. A., & Ostfeld, R. S. (2003). 9514:Pelren, E. C., & Crawford, J. A. (1999). 9398:. Journal of Raptor Research, 42(2), 148–150. 9317:. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 115(3), 413–419. 9270: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9230:. Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 121:809–812. 9057: 9055: 9053: 8938: 8936: 8928:Dangerous prey and daring predators: a review 8926:Mukherjee, S., & Heithaus, M. R. (2013). 8922: 8920: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8570:Kennedy, P. L., & Johnson, D. R. (1986). 8544:Reynolds, R. T., & Meslow, E. C. (1984). 8502: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8347:. Journal of Raptor Research, 40(4), 287–290. 8052: 8050: 8048: 8046: 7995:. Journal of Raptor Research, 38(2), 163–168. 7750:. Journal of Raptor Research, 51(4), 409–416. 7635: 7633: 7599:The influence of a hawk's appetite on mobbing 7588:. Journal of Raptor Research, 44(2), 113–119. 7538:Diurnal resting metabolic rates of accipiters 7536:Kennedy, P. L., & Gessaman, J.A. (1991). 7486: 7160:. M.S. thesis, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah. 7015:. Journal of Raptor Research, 33(4), 329–332. 6275:. Journal of Raptor Research, 50(3), 305–312. 6251:Ecology of the Cooper's Hawk in north Florida 6187:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 79(1), 71–79. 5775:. Journal of Raptor Research, 49(4), 501–505. 5695:. Journal of Raptor Research, 44(2), 146–150. 5452:Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior 4898:. Journal of Raptor Research, 38(4), 334–342. 3633:National Audubon Society Christmas Bird Count 3207:. Mainly, predation has been reported on the 3016:is an ample meal for a juvenile Cooper's hawk 2645:, particularly the abundant and widely found 76:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 13017:Nest predation in an anthropogenic landscape 12967:. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 36(2), 291–296. 12869:The Cooper's Hawk: a cross timbers chronical 12396:Elliott, J. E., & Martin, P. A. (1994). 12112:Murphy, R. K., & Stewart, A. C. (2002). 12077:. Journal of Parasitology, 94(6), 1335–1341. 12051:. Ecological Applications, 18(5), 1083–1092. 11889:(pp. 199–213). Island Press, Washington, DC. 11677: 11675: 11557:Skewed sex ratios in Cooper's Hawk offspring 11546:. Journal of Raptor Research, 40(2), 98–110. 11515:Reducing management and research disturbance 11358: 11356: 11342: 11340: 11338: 11332:. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA. 10977: 10842:Reynolds, R. T., & Wight, H. M. (1978). 10642:Boal, C. W., & Spaulding, R. L. (2000). 10527:Whiskered Screech-Owl (Megascops trichopsis) 10514:Cooper's hawk eats a flammulated screech owl 10278:Cooper's Hawk and Great Horned Owl encounter 10043:Siders, M. S., & Kennedy, P. L. (1994). 9808: 9806: 9477:Greater Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido) 9406: 9404: 9313:Walters, E. L., & Miller, E. H. (2001). 9013: 9011: 9009: 9007: 8944:Cooper’s Hawk predation on Northwestern Crow 8799: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8733: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8316:Death by drowning-one Cooper's hawk approach 8171:Dunn, E. H., & Tessaglia, D. L. (1994). 7991:DeLong, J. P., & Hoffman, S. W. (2004). 7771: 7769: 7734:. Journal of Raptor Research, 36(2), 97–110. 7726: 7724: 7714:Mueller, H. C., & Berger, D. D. (1969). 7659: 7391: 7389: 7353:Stout, W. E. & Rosenfield, R.N. (2010). 7112: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7064: 6968:. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA. 6166: 6164: 6162: 6065:Mueller, H. C., & Berger, D. D. (1981). 5721: 5719: 5717: 5466:Lerner, H. R., & Mindell, D. P. (2005). 5429: 5427: 5128:. U.S. National Museum Bulletin 170:295–357. 4890: 4888: 4695: 3592:hawks all took appreciable numbers of adult 2696:An immature Cooper's hawk that has caught a 2611: 1314:. They are also adaptable in all seasons to 1162:. Cooper's hawks live almost throughout the 13004:Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) 12937:Sullivan, B. L., & Wood, C. L. (2005). 12763:. Journal of Raptor Research, 27(1), 26–30. 12755: 12753: 12635:. Journal of Raptor Research, 22(1), 27–28. 12515:. Partners in Flight Science Committee, 35. 12447: 12445: 12409:Anderson, D. W. & Hickey, J.J. (1972). 11656:. Journal of Raptor Research, 54(1), 47–56. 11630: 11593: 11591: 11491: 11484:Snyder, N. F., & Snyder, H. A. (1973). 11454: 11452: 11375:Murphy, R. K., & Ensign, J. T. (1996). 10948:. Journal of Raptor Research, 38(1), 26–34. 10743:Journal of Raptor Research, 49(4), 458–470. 10722: 10720: 10659:. Journal of Raptor Research, 51(1), 83–84. 10564:Proudfoot, G. A. and R. R. Johnson (2000). 10542:. Misc. Publ., Mys. Zool., Univ. Mich. 136. 10423: 10421: 10196:Marti, C. D., & Kochert, M. N. (1996). 10179: 10177: 10154:Jaksić, F. M., & Braker, H. E. (1983). 10103: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10076:Snyder, N. F., & Snyder, H. A. (1992). 10072: 10070: 10068: 10066: 9952:Jaksić, F. M., & Greene, H. W. (1984). 9642: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9396:Raptor predation of Northern Bobwhite nests 9390: 9388: 8975: 8884:Balda, R. P., & Bateman, G. C. (1971). 8731: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8590: 8415:. California Fish and Game, 32(3), 144–154. 8350: 8149:. Landscape and Urban Planning, 124: 34–42. 8063: 7808:. Journal of Raptor Research, 46(1), 50–56. 7792:. Journal of Avian Biology, 47(2), 208–218. 7475: 7473: 7294: 7287:Stiles, F. G., & Skutch, A. F. (1989). 7152: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7123: 6951:Sandoval, L., & Sánchez, J. E. (2012). 6925:Global Raptor Information Network. (2010). 6624: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6549: 6533: 6441: 6316:. Royal British Columbia Museum Corporation 6278: 6256: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6101: 6085:. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology. 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 5910:Snyder, N. F., & Snyder, H. A. (1974). 5891: 5619:Hellmayr, C. E., & Conover, B. (1949). 5437:. Journal of Avian Biology, 38(5), 587–602. 4422:with aircraft, therefore 185 Cooper's were 4202:, Cooper's hawks were found to have higher 4152:among several raptorial birds in Illinois. 4088: 3251:) as well as fairly large numbers of feral 1967:, have been detected as well. When hunting 1170:, as well as perhaps a bit of northwestern 1121: 999:-sized, with the males about the size of a 12622:. Journal of Raptor Research, 38, 118–124. 12575: 12573: 12501: 12477:Fuller, M. R. & Mosher, J. A. (1981). 12422:Lincer, J. L., & Clark, R. J. (1978). 12400:. Environmental Pollution, 86(2), 189–200. 12262:. Journal of Raptor Research, 29, 117–122. 12197:. Journal of Raptor Research, 32, 281–285. 12184:. Journal of Parasitology, 96(1), 170–177. 12163: 12161: 12155:. Journal of Parasitology, 92(2), 375–379. 12017: 12015: 11910: 11908: 11760:. Journal of Raptor Research. 37. 246–252. 11709:Cooper's Hawk nesting in a suburban garden 11669:. Journal of Raptor Research, 41: 227–230. 11525: 11523: 11395: 11393: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11385: 11379:. US Fish & Wildlife Publications, 62. 11288:The second atlas of breeding birds in Ohio 11213:Siders, M. S. & Kennedy, P.L. (1996). 11155: 11152:. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34:590–593. 11113:. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 112: 339–340. 10940: 10938: 10936: 10909: 10907: 10827: 10473:. Journal of Raptor Research, 42(1), 1–12. 10379: 10377: 10375: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10325: 10319:. Journal of Raptor Research. 26: 167–178. 10289:Ward, J. M., & Kennedy, P. L. (1996). 10241: 10239: 10150: 10148: 10024: 9991:Linzey, D.W. & Clifford, M.J. (1981). 9928: 9531:. Journal of Raptor Research, 13 (4): 120. 9354:The bobwhite quail—its life and management 9259: 9142:Soard, C. M., & Ritchison, G. (2009). 9100:Schaef, K. M., & Mumme, R. L. (2012). 9050: 8933: 8917: 8914:. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 116: 137–138. 8854: 8852: 8772:Townsend's Solitaire (Myadestes townsendi) 8744: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8481: 8474:Roth II, T. C., & Lima, S. L. (2003). 8446: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8343:Roth II, T. C., & Lima, S. L. (2006). 8240: 8238: 8145:Boggie, M. A., & Mannan, R.W. (2014). 8128: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8112:. Journal of Raptor Research, 27: 170–171. 8043: 7897: 7895: 7816: 7814: 7684: 7682: 7630: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7300:Stahlecker, D. W. & Beach, A. (1979). 7205: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7023: 7021: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6504:Estes, W. A., & Mannan, R. W. (2003). 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6098:. Journal of biogeography, 30(3), 331–351. 6081:Whaley, W. H., & White, C. M. (1994). 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5878: 5703: 5701: 5656:. Journal of Ornithology, 154(1), 265–287. 5493: 5491: 5489: 5367:National Geographic Magazine, 145:432–442. 4878:Snyder, N. F., & Wiley, J. W. (1976). 4258: 4245:as well as a case was reported of related 4170:. A high balance of the bacterial disease 273: 126: 107: 12976:Kilgo, J. C. & Vukovich, M. (2011). F 12403: 12249:. Journal of Parasitology, 105(1), 11–16. 11877: 11875: 11873: 11846: 11844: 11823:Longevity Records of North American Birds 11810:Longevity records of North American birds 11672: 11536: 11399:Henny, C. J., & Wight, H. M. (1972). 11353: 11335: 11328:McGowan, K. J., & Corwin, K. (2008). 11187:Moore, K. R., & Henny, C. J. (1983). 11037: 11035: 11033: 11031: 11029: 11027: 11025: 11023: 11021: 11019: 10926:Mannan, R. W., & Boal, C. W. (2000). 10897:Kirk, D. R., & Waring, G. H. 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(1927). 8023:Black, R. W., & Borowske, A. (2009). 8019: 8017: 8003: 8001: 7820:DeLong, J., & Hoffman, S. W. (1999). 7766: 7742: 7740: 7721: 7614:. Avian Biology Research, 11(3), 159–166. 7610:Dahl, J. A., & Ritchison, G. (2018). 7525:Peculiar type of flight in Cooper's Hawks 7483:. Journal of Raptor Research, 48:294–297. 7386: 7357:. Journal of Raptor Research, 44:255–267. 7336: 7334: 7274:Boal, C. W., & Mannan, R. W. (1998). 7252: 7250: 7248: 7234: 7232: 7097: 7007: 7005: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6977:Ridgely, R. S., & Gwynne, J. (1989). 6772:. Lab. of Ornithology, Cornell University 6172:Birds of North and Middle America, Part 2 6159: 6077: 6075: 5957: 5955: 5949:. Journal of Raptor Research, 39:378–385. 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5714: 5665:Stresemann, E., & Amadon, D. (1979). 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5550:. Journal of Ethnobiology, 12(1), 83–115. 5462: 5460: 5446:Chamblee, M., & Evans, K. O. (2019). 5424: 5376: 5359: 5357: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4885: 4679: 3776:Breeding territory and prelaying behavior 2784:A wintertime kill of a probably juvenile 2391:Eating a finch in a backyard with feeders 2380:) are taken despite their preference for 2114:An adult Cooper's hawk that has caught a 1716:can be used. During migration they favor 12884:(No. 370). US Department of Agriculture. 12750: 12442: 11588: 11572:Ecology and evolution, 5(18), 4037–4048. 11449: 11431:A Seven-Egg Clutch for the Cooper's Hawk 11366:. Canadian Field-Naturalist 116:580–584. 11298: 11296: 11109:Sondreal, M. & Murphy, R.K. (1998). 10893: 10891: 10889: 10887: 10860: 10858: 10856: 10854: 10852: 10717: 10418: 10200:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 499–506. 10174: 10083: 10063: 9923:Hawk predation at the bat caves of Texas 9625: 9581:Raptor predation on wintering shorebirds 9579:Page, G., & Whitacre, D. F. (1975). 9385: 8858:Jones, Z. F., & Bock, C. E. (2003). 8710: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8329:Hunting success of some Missouri raptors 8295: 8230:Cooper's Hawk attacks pigeon by stooping 8185: 8183: 8181: 7905:. Journal of Raptor Research, 31, 54–58. 7901:Sutton, C., & Kerlinger, P. (1997). 7833:Hundley, M. H., & Hames, F. (1960). 7800: 7798: 7643:. Journal of Raptor Research, 46: 27–35. 7567: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7510:Marsh, R. L. & Storer, R.W. (1981). 7470: 7416: 7414: 7328:. Journal of Raptor Research, 22:97–100. 7270: 7268: 7266: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7139: 7134:Status of the Cooper's Hawk in Wisconsin 6999:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 104–107. 6855: 6853: 6851: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6605: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6022: 6019:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 201–211. 5989:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 192–200. 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4837:Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). 4505:Threat to conservation dependent species 4445: 4400: 4361:) may easily rival them in this regard. 4267: 4064: 4038: 3964: 3826: 3779: 3527: 3418: 3007: 2779: 2691: 2615: 2386: 2109: 2062: 2011:)) due to its unusually high-speed foot 1897:and such while hunting. In southwestern 1865:and 2 km (0.77 sq mi) in 1847: 1603: 1508: 1423: 1125: 1023: 963: 783: 703: 624: 535:of the sharp-shinned hawk came over the 413: 13095:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 12743:DeCandido, R., & Allen, D. (2005). 12570: 12483:Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds 12426:. New York Fish and Game Journal (USA). 12158: 12012: 11905: 11865:Apparent fatal snakebite in three hawks 11643:. The Wilson Bulletin, 104(1), 182–184. 11520: 11429:Ellis, D. H., & Depner, G. (1979). 11382: 11202:The Birds of British Columbia, Volume 2 11181: 11041:Moore, K. R. & Henny, C.J. (1984). 10933: 10904: 10372: 10369:. American Midland Naturalist, 231–236. 10322: 10276:Phillips, C., & Ricard, P. (1996). 10236: 10145: 10060:. M.S. Thesis, Utah State Univ., Logan. 10037: 9540:Swensen, J. E. & Eng, R.L. (1984). 9164: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9154: 9152: 8849: 8654: 8431: 8426:Birds of the Boston Mountains, Arkansas 8398: 8269: 8235: 8217:Cooper's Hawk feeding at a deer carcass 8139: 8115: 7946: 7892: 7811: 7716:Navigation by hawks migrating in spring 7679: 7307: 7196: 7176:Titus, K., & Mosher, J. A. (1981). 7018: 6635: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6190: 6174:. U.S. National Museum Bulletin no. 50. 6121: 6052: 5992: 5936:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 97–112. 5698: 5497: 5486: 4501:, which is fairly popular in falconry. 4034: 3278:and were recorded in Florida to kill a 3068:) can be taken in locally high volume. 1166:, excepting some parts of the southern 442:in 1828 from a specimen collected near 14: 13640:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte 13607: 12845:. Nick Lyons Books, New York, NY, USA. 12747:. Journal of Raptor Research, 39, 109. 12663:Human-related threats to urban raptors 11870: 11841: 11420:. The Wilson Bulletin, 89(2), 360–369. 11302:Peck, G.K., & James, R.D. (1983). 11290:. Pennsylvania State University Press. 11053: 11051: 11016: 10868:. California Fish and Game, 73: 80–87. 10779: 10759: 10434: 10252: 10203: 10132: 9770:Greene, E., & Meagher, T. (1998). 9705: 9518:. The Great Basin Naturalist, 368–373. 9462:Hagen, C. A. and K. M. Giesen (2005). 9341:Ruffed grouse escaping a Cooper's hawk 9185: 9107: 8846:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 52–55. 8673: 8457: 8395:. The Wilson Bulletin, 71(2), 169–174. 8368: 8334: 8251: 8089: 8014: 8007:Broun, M. & Goodwin, B.V. (1943). 7998: 7916:. The Wilson Bulletin, 73(2), 171–192. 7737: 7543: 7504: 7347: 7331: 7245: 7229: 7002: 6984: 6966:The Birds of Costa Rica: A Field Guide 6964:Garrigues, R., & Dean, R. (2014). 6872:Howell, S. N., & Webb, S. (1995). 6530:. Florida Field Naturalist, 14:85–112. 6177: 6072: 5952: 5865:Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World 5863:Brown, Leslie and Amadon, Dean (1986) 5765: 5639: 5553: 5457: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5354: 5326: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 3902:) in north Florida (81% of 77 nests). 3611:known of a Cooper's falling prey to a 3536:flying in to dive-bomb a Cooper's hawk 2629:Cooper's hawk eating a bird, likely a 2364:, such as the 93 g (3.3 oz) 1640:states, northern New York and much of 502:species showed that they may not be a 398:, in particular the use of industrial 32:Cooper's Hawk Winery & Restaurants 13180: 13179: 12858:. Privately published, Yuma, AZ, USA. 11319:Ecology and evolution, 7(1), 399–408. 11293: 10884: 10849: 10222:. London, Collins. pp. 209–219. 9910:Cooper's hawk observed catching a bat 9146:. Animal Behaviour, 78(6), 1447–1453. 8930:. Biological Reviews, 88(3), 550–563. 8739:Diets of North American Falconiformes 8632: 8222: 8178: 8175:. Journal of Field Ornithology, 8–16. 7885:Sutton, C., & Sutton, P. (2006). 7795: 7556: 7441:. Behavioral Ecology, 30(1), 172–180. 7428:, Tallahassee (Vol. 56, pp. 229–238). 7411: 7304:. Inland Bird Banding News, 51:56–57. 7263: 7216: 7163: 6863:. North American Fauna, 79(79), 1–32. 6848: 6818:"Cooper's Hawk Facts – NatureMapping" 6807:. Ornithological Monographs, 992–999. 6705: 6661: 6511: 6487: 6469: 6334: 6253:. North American Fauna, 78(00), 1–58. 5968: 5917: 5778: 5771:Morrow, J., & Morrow, L. (2015). 5725:Dewey, T. and V. Perepelyuk. (2000). 5601:. International Ornithologists' Union 5291: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 4901: 4861: 4623:Cooper's hawk feeding on a small bird 3415:Interspecific predatory relationships 3182:, when bird feeders began to attract 3124:) were taken of up to adult size but 748:and tail lengths). In general terms, 13043:Cerulean Warbler (Setophaga cerulea) 12387:. Ecology Letters, 7(12), 1135–1142. 12116:. Wilson Bulletin, 114 (1): 145–147. 11883:Raptor mortality in urban landscapes 11786:. Journal of genetics, 95(1), 19–24. 11475:. Raptors in human landscape, 41–44. 10216:; Cameron, Ad (illustrator) (1988). 10047:Studies in Avian Biology, 16, 92–96. 9149: 8899:Yellow-billed Magpie (Pica nuttalli) 8761:. Thesis. Dept of Fish and Wildlife. 7956:. Series in Ornithology, 3, 217–251. 7861:Flight Strategies of Migrating Hawks 7627:. Thesis, Humboldt State University. 7551:Agonistic behavior of Cooper's Hawks 7450:Stone, K., & Ramsey, A. (2014). 6377: 6364: 5939: 5671:Check-list of the Birds of the World 5576:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 5398:Accipiter cooperii (Big Blue Darter) 4364: 4013: 3427:is chasing this young Cooper's hawk. 3000:and assorted other raptorial birds. 2723:. Medium-sized woodpeckers, such as 2596:) and the 5.3 g (0.19 oz) 1274:and isolated spots of the border of 959: 739:Cooper's hawks (roughly west of the 36: 13615:IUCN Red List least concern species 12413:. Proc XVth Int Orn Congr, 514–540. 11601:. Urban Ecosystems, 11(2), 141–148. 11072:Nests and eggs of the Cooper's Hawk 11048: 9774:. Animal Behaviour, 55(3), 511–518. 9330:. Animal Behaviour, 66(2), 377–387. 9243:. Science advances, 1(8), e1500310. 9204:. Arizona Game and Fish Department. 8986:Cooper's hawk knocked down by crows 8676:"Prey Selection of Cooper's Hawks ( 8674:Haiman, Aaron N. K. (May 8, 2006). 6094:Meiri, S., & Dayan, T. (2003). 5773:Aberrant plumages in Cooper's Hawks 5579: 5404: 5103: 4667:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4318:like DDT were high in all American 4298:more recently quantified causal of 4281:, "pole trapping" and, especially, 4060: 2703:Another popular prey family is the 2264:chorus of calls at close range. In 2255:) are regular supplemental prey in 1102:) (in Mexico and points south) and 24: 13051: 12142:. J. Helminth. Soc. Washington 61. 11139:. Department of Natural Resources. 10998:Birds of Duval County (continuing) 9912:. The Wilson Bulletin, 56(2), 116. 9855:. Northwest science, 91(1), 15–26. 9165:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008). 8972:. Maryland Birdlife, 64(1), 42–50. 7835:Birdlife of the lower Florida Keys 6720:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH). 6335:Blake, Emmet Reid (July 1, 1977). 6096:On the validity of Bergmann's rule 5419:Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) 5131: 4263: 3850:Little Missouri National Grassland 2276:) are known to play a key role in 2200:, at 28.2% of 857 prey items, and 1843: 860: 25: 13656: 13122: 12941:. North American Birds, 59:20–30. 12871:. XLibris, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 12468:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. 11957:. Avian Diseases, 49(3), 371–375. 11740:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 11625:An experience with Cooper's Hawks 11045:. Northwest Science, 58: 290–299. 10304:Auditory recognition of predators 9505:. University of Washington Press. 9168:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses 8585:The use of wild birds in research 8246:Cooper's Hawk hunting in the city 6740:Patuxent Wildlife Research Center 6436:Cooper's Hawk, Accipiter cooperii 6152:Cartron, J. L. E. (Ed.). (2010). 4882:. American Ornithologists' Union. 4432:Los Angeles International Airport 4334: 3890:) in New York (39% of 36 nests), 2588:), the 6.3 g (0.22 oz) 1290:. Vagrants have been recorded in 1150:, Quebec to extreme southwestern 831:Among standard measurements, the 343:The species was named in 1828 by 13035: 13022: 13009: 12996: 12983: 12970: 12957: 12944: 12931: 12917: 12887: 12874: 12861: 12848: 12835: 12818: 12805: 12802:. J. Raptor Res, 30(4), 183–188. 12792: 12779: 12766: 12737: 12724: 12711: 12698: 12681: 12668: 12655: 12638: 12625: 12612: 12599: 12586: 12565:Status reports on twelve raptors 12557: 12544: 12531: 12518: 12488: 12471: 12458: 12429: 12416: 12390: 12377: 12374:. Wildlife Biology, 16(1), 1–11. 12364: 12351: 12338: 12325: 12308: 12291: 12278: 12265: 12252: 12239: 12226: 12213: 12200: 12187: 12174: 12145: 12132: 12119: 12106: 12093: 12080: 12067: 12054: 12041: 12028: 11999: 11986: 11973: 11960: 11947: 11944:. Science, 286(5448), 2331–2333. 11934: 11921: 11892: 11857: 11828: 11815: 11802: 11789: 11776: 11763: 11750: 11727: 11714: 11701: 11688: 11659: 11646: 11617: 11604: 11575: 11562: 11549: 11507: 11504:. J. Raptor Res, 25(4), 113–115. 11478: 11465: 11436: 11423: 11410: 11369: 11322: 11309: 11280: 11267: 11254: 11237: 11220: 11207: 11194: 11191:. Raptor Research, 17(3), 65–76. 11168: 11142: 11129: 11116: 11103: 11090: 11077: 11064: 11003: 10990: 10964: 10951: 10920: 10871: 10814: 10811:. Indiana Aud. Quart. 29: 58–59. 10746: 10733: 10688: 10675: 10662: 10649: 10636: 10623: 10610: 10597: 10584: 10571: 10558: 10545: 10532: 10519: 10506: 10489: 10476: 10463: 10450: 10403: 10390: 10359: 10346: 10309: 10296: 10283: 10270: 10190: 10161: 10129:Animal Cognition, 8(3), 200–210. 10119: 10100:. Wilson Bulletin, 103: 568–577. 10050: 10011: 9998: 9985: 9972: 9959: 9946: 9915: 9902: 9889: 9858: 9845: 9832: 9819: 9790: 9777: 9764: 9751: 9738: 9725: 9702:. Mammalian Species, (476), 1–9. 9692: 9689:. Mammalian Species, (399), 1–6. 9679: 9666: 9653: 9612: 9599: 9586: 9573: 9560: 9547: 9544:. Prairie Naturalist, 16: 49–54. 9534: 9521: 9508: 9495: 9482: 9469: 9456: 9443: 9430: 9417: 9372: 9359: 9346: 9333: 9320: 9307: 9294: 9281: 9246: 9233: 9220: 9207: 9136: 9133:. Science, 308(5730), 1934–1937. 9123: 9094: 9081: 9068: 9037: 9024: 8991: 8962: 8949: 8904: 8891: 8878: 8865: 8836: 8823: 8810: 8777: 8764: 8697: 8619: 8606: 8577: 8418: 8365:. Passenger Pigeon, 68, 321–343. 8321: 8308: 8282: 8209: 8196: 8165: 8152: 8102: 8040:. US Government Printing Office. 8030: 8009:Flight speeds of hawks and crows 7985: 7972: 7959: 7933: 7920: 7908: 7879: 7866: 7853: 7840: 7827: 7782: 7753: 7708: 7705:. Passenger Pigeon, 70: 373–379. 7695: 7646: 7617: 7604: 7591: 7578: 7530: 7517: 7457: 7444: 7431: 7377: 7360: 7289:Guide to the birds of Costa Rica 7281: 7061:. J. Raptor Res, 30(4), 183–188. 6734:Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii 6308:Avian Osteology: Tarsometatarsus 5888:. J. Raptor Res, 31(4), 313–316. 5599:IOC World Bird List Version 10.2 4616: 4604: 4592: 4272:Immature Cooper's hawk in winter 3516:). However, unlike either other 3227:. In Missouri, the widely found 2176:in North America (excluding one 2058: 1983:to capture the prey. An unusual 1743:At coastal migration sites like 1460:and shopping malls though large 1262:and to the southeastern part of 1258:up through all but northwestern 894:Problems playing this file? See 876: 743:) show slightly less pronounced 151: 56:to read and navigate comfortably 41: 13382:coopers-hawk-accipiter-cooperii 12721:. Urban ecosystems, 9(1), 5–12. 12090:. The Wilson Bulletin, 145–147. 11838:. Raptor Research, 15 :108–112. 10846:. The Wilson Bulletin, 182–196. 10644:Helping at a Cooper's Hawk nest 10631:Barred Owl takes Cooper's Hawk? 10343:. Passenger Pigeon, 68:309–320. 10219:Owls of the Northern Hemisphere 9925:. Texas J. Sci, 2 (4): 462–470. 9816:. Wildlife Afield 8(1):120–122. 9733:Least Chipmunk (Tamias minimus) 9620:Elegant Trogon (Trogon elegans) 9427:. The Wilson Bulletin, 122–132. 8574:. The Wilson Bulletin, 110–115. 8331:. The Wilson Bulletin, 116–125. 8060:. Stackpole Co. Harrisburg, PA. 7779:. The Wilson Bulletin, 214–224. 7540:. Wilson Bulletin, 103:101–105. 7501:. Wilson Bulletin, 103:656–660. 7183: 7084: 7051: 7038: 6971: 6958: 6945: 6932: 6905: 6892: 6879: 6866: 6835: 6810: 6797: 6784: 6758: 6723: 6692: 6679: 6328: 6298: 6088: 5904: 5659: 5626: 5613: 5566: 5540: 5531: 5518: 5473: 5440: 5390: 5370: 4656:BirdLife International (2016). 4251:in an injured Cooper's hawk in 4176:, common to birds who frequent 4120:eastern diamondback rattlesnake 3751:) and perhaps the rather large 3078:Thirteen-lined ground squirrels 3070:Golden-mantled ground squirrels 589:, to Cooper's hawk, namely the 58:. When this tag was added, its 13625:Birds of prey of North America 12583:. Ecotoxicology, 26(1), 32–45. 12064:. BMC microbiology, 19(1), 47. 11983:. The Condor, 108(2), 435–439. 11098:Breeding Birds of North Dakota 10776:. The Condor, 115(2), 306–315. 10579:Boreal Owl (Aegolius funereus) 9104:. The Condor, 114(4), 840–845. 9091:. The Condor, 104(3), 507–517. 9065:. Raptor Journal 13: In press. 8875:. Florida Atlantic University. 8741:. Raptor Res, 12(3/4), 49–121. 8478:. The Condor, 105(3), 474–483. 8193:. The Condor, 110(2), 260–268. 7824:. The Condor, 101(3), 674–678. 7692:. The Condor, 105(3), 567–572. 6766:"Cooper's Hawk Identification" 6630:The Crossley ID Guide: Raptors 6508:. The Condor, 105(1), 107–116. 6118:. The Condor, 112(2), 347–355. 5691:Rodríguez-Santana, F. (2010). 5365:Can the Cooper's Hawk survive? 4229:. Even rare parasites such as 2915: 2156:, 23.4% of 107 prey items, in 2148:, at 19.6% of 281 prey items, 2106:Predation rates and passerines 1003:and the females the size of a 620: 547:, apparently obtained through 13: 1: 13129:Cooper's hawk Species Account 12455:. BioScience, 23(5), 300–305. 11698:. Indiana Quarterly 71:26–34. 11433:. The Condor, 81(2), 219–220. 11243:Schriver, E. C., Jr. (1969). 10698:. The Condor, 98(1), 165–167. 10607:. The Condor, 91(4), 908–912. 10486:. The Condor, 67(4), 319–321. 9899:. The Condor, 64(6), 500–504. 9607:Vaux's Swift (Chaetura vauxi) 9492:. Passenger Pigeon, 43(5), 1. 9256:. Ecoscience, 24(1–2), 21–31. 8833:. Ethology, 97(1‐2), 119–140. 8707:. British Columbia Birds, 13. 8603:. The Condor, 94(2), 427–436. 8086:. The Wilson Bulletin, 16–25. 7887:Birds and birding at Cape May 7876:. Raptor Res, 19(2/3), 85–93. 7601:. The Condor, 59(3), 192–194. 7553:. Raptor Research 35:253–256. 7527:. Wilson Bulletin 69:110–111. 6889:. The Condor, 57(3), 154–178. 6702:. Princeton University Press. 6658:. Princeton University Press. 6632:. Princeton University Press. 6546:. The Condor, 93(1), 191–193. 6466:. The Condor, 93(3), 659–665. 6049:. The Condor, 74(2), 191–197. 5711:. The Wilson Bulletin, 73–77. 4628: 4450:A Cooper's hawk of the ample 3353:Mexican Plateau horned lizard 3313: 2775: 1636:), the northern parts of the 1230:, the southern two-thirds of 1194:, the mountains from eastern 991:). Compared to the other two 13160:at VIREO (Drexel University) 13131:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology 12897:What is an American kestrel? 11446:. J. Raptor Res, 17, 99–104. 10620:. Wildlife Monographs, 3–64. 10409:C. Michael Hogan, ed. 2010. 9969:. Ethology, 112(6), 572–580. 9661:Kingfisher and Cooper's hawk 9215:Verdin (Auriparus flaviceps) 9001:. Ecology, 73(6), 2284–2294. 7930:. Bureau of Land Management. 7656:. The condor, 103(1), 11–20. 7242:. The Wilson Bulletin, 7–14. 5336:Journal of Field Ornithology 4155:An extremely high amount of 3932:Notholithocarpus densiflorus 2932:and a smaller assortment of 2182:rare, little-studied species 1599: 1316:forested mountainous regions 1206:, also recently in northern 459:New York Academy of Sciences 446:, New Jersey. He coined the 7: 13158:Cooper's hawk photo gallery 12882:Food habits of common hawks 12528:. Indiana University Press. 12524:Heintzelman, D. S. (1986). 10306:. The Condor, 54(2), 89–92. 10280:. Bird Observer, 24: 36–37. 9744:Schwagmeyer, P. L. (1980). 9583:. The Condor, 77(1), 73–83. 9449:Christensen, G. C. (1996). 9278:. The Condor, 35(1), 19–29. 9171:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. 8862:. The Auk, 120(2), 429–432. 8785:Veery (Catharus fuscescens) 8548:. The Auk, 101(4), 761–779. 8428:. The Condor, 17(1), 41–57. 8219:. The Mississippi Kite, 12. 6822:naturemappingfoundation.org 6602:. Hancock House Publishers. 6374:British Columbia Birds, 30. 6339:Manual of Neotropical Birds 5636:. The Auk, 129(3), 427–437. 5526:Phylogeny of the Accipiters 5096:Palmer, R. S., ed. (1988). 3770: 3090:California ground squirrels 3074:Callospermophilus lateralis 2604:). Even smaller birds, the 2427:, about a dozen species of 1517:Cooper's hawk is a typical 1504: 597:and South America, and the 409: 68:content into sub-articles, 10: 13661: 13630:Birds of the United States 12498:. Pennsylvania Birds, 610. 11471:Rosenfield, R. N. (1996). 11137:Birds of prey of Wisconsin 10915:Status reports: Accipiters 10458:Merlin (Falco columbarius) 10267:. The Auk, 92(1), 157–159. 9982:. Ecology, 60(5), 901–909. 9829:. Ecology, 84(2), 406–415. 9663:. The Auk, 42(4), 585–586. 9650:. J. Rap. Res., 25: 25–29. 9061:Rosenfield, R. N. (2019). 8807:. Phd, University of Utah. 8616:. The Auk, 60(4), 597–597. 8454:. The Auk, 83(3), 423–436. 8279:. The Auk, 88(4), 815–827. 8162:. Feederwatch News, 4:1–2. 7837:. Florida Audubon Society. 7180:. The Auk, 98(2), 270–281. 7075:Status reports: accipiters 6876:. Oxford University Press. 6598:Rosenfield, R. N. (2018). 6291:Rosenfield, L. J. (2006). 5454:(pp. 1–5). Springer, Cham. 4528:Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 3814:acres). Breeding hawks in 3261:Victoria, British Columbia 3102:Otospermophilus variegatus 3082:Ictidomys tridecemlineatus 3003: 2729:Melanerpes erythrocephalus 2537:Victoria, British Columbia 2403:, several species each of 2158:Victoria, British Columbia 1308:temperate deciduous forest 1301: 872:Cooper's hawk vocalization 512:Microspizias supercillocus 29: 13561: 13188: 13164:Interactive range map of 13064:The Sibley Guide to Birds 12905:. Hawk Mountain Sanctuary 12372:Trends in grouse research 12344:Edminster, F. C. (1939). 11970:. Avian Dis, 48, 570–580. 11000:. Florida Nat, 17, 21–31. 10987:. Ecography, 15: 358–372. 10879:Arizona and its bird life 10365:Olendorff, R. R. (1976). 9978:Ballinger, R. E. (1979). 9570:. The Auk, 101(1), 69–73. 9503:Birds of Washington state 9451:Chukar (Alectoris chukar) 9274:Errington, P. L. (1933). 8942:McNicholl, M. K. (2012). 7404:October 29, 2013, at the 5961:Howell, S. N. G. (2010). 5378:Bonaparte, Charles Lucien 5363:Snyder, N. F. R. (1974). 4585: 4253:Yellowstone National Park 3791:Grand Forks, North Dakota 3629:U.S. Breeding Bird Survey 3514:Pheucticus melanocephalus 3373:Storeria occipitomaculata 2612:Columbids and woodpeckers 2545:Grand Forks, North Dakota 1785:Yellowstone National Park 438:by the French naturalist 281: 272: 253: 246: 148:Scientific classification 146: 124: 115: 106: 101: 13150:Internet Bird Collection 12494:Bolgiano, N. C. (1997). 12297:Spofford, W. R. (1969). 11720:Reynolds, R. T. (1974). 11623:Plunkett, A. M. (1986). 10913:Reynolds, R. T. (1989). 10820:Postovit, H. R. (1979). 10807:Mockford, E. L. (1951). 10668:Driscoll, T. G. (2015). 10495:McCallum, D. A. (1994). 10056:Hennessy, S. P. (1978). 10030:Reynolds, R. T. (1983). 9618:Williams, N. R. (2011). 9339:Prawdzik, T. R. (1963). 8997:Westneat, D. F. (1992). 8757:Reynolds, R. T. (1978). 8612:Linduska, J. P. (1943). 8587:. Condor, 96: 1119–1120. 8583:Walsberg, G. E. (1994). 8058:Hawks, owls and wildlife 7978:Goodrich, L. J. (2005). 7718:. The Auk, 86(1), 35–40. 7575:. Ibis, 157(4), 860–870. 7156:Hennessy, S. P. (1978). 6045:Reynolds, R. T. (1972). 5498:Kenward, Robert (2006). 4674:: e.T22695656A93521264. 4227:Marin County, California 4173:Mycoplasma gallisepticum 4089:Longevity and parasitism 3304:Mexican free-tailed bats 3237:black-tailed jackrabbits 3094:Otospermophilus beecheyi 3038:Green Ridge State Forest 2898:Tympanuchus phasianellus 2435:and a huge diversity of 2100: 1652:to have originated from 1466:available wooded habitat 1242:, the southern parts of 1164:contiguous United States 1122:Distribution and habitat 853: 440:Charles Lucien Bonaparte 383:and sometimes reptiles. 345:Charles Lucien Bonaparte 13635:Birds described in 1828 12772:Dykstra, B. L. (1996). 12605:Franson, J. C. (2017). 12526:The migrations of hawks 12357:Brennan, L. A. (1991). 11808:Kennard, J. H. (1975). 11581:Millsap, B. A. (2018). 11346:Millsap, B. A. (1981). 11262:The Northern Naturalist 11135:Hamerstrom, F. (1972). 11096:Stewart, R. E. (1975). 11057:Kennedy, P. L. (1988). 10970:Kennedy, P. L. (1989). 10551:Darling, L. M. (2003). 10008:. Herpetologica, 31–37. 9921:Sprunt Jr., A. (1950). 9908:Leopold, A. S. (1944). 9722:. Raptor Res. 16:18–24. 9659:Johnson, C. E. (1925). 9592:Erskine, A. J. (1972). 9527:Moyles, D.L.J. (1979). 9213:Webster, M. D. (1999). 8984:Richardson, F. (1957). 8955:McGowan, K. J. (2001). 8910:Holroyd, G. L. (2002). 8816:Hailman, J. P. (2009). 8803:Kennedy, P. L. (1992). 8737:Sherrod, S. K. (1978). 8703:Stewart, A. C. (2003). 8301:Forbush, E. H. (1927). 7672:Millsap, B. A. (2018). 7623:Commons, K. A. (2017). 7597:Hamerstrom, F. (1957). 7395:Goodrich, L.J. (2010). 7209:Fischer, D. L. (1986). 7027:Kennedy, P. L. (1988). 6803:Garrido, O. H. (1985). 6689:. U of Minnesota Press. 6685:Roberts, T. S. (1932). 6676:. Birding, 16: 251–263. 5867:. The Wellfleet Press. 5757:. Lab. of Ornithology, 4548:Aphelocoma coerulescens 4524:lesser prairie chickens 4516:greater prairie chicken 4329:Hawk Mountain Sanctuary 4259:Status and conservation 3960: 3822: 3114:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus 2890:Dendragapus fuliginosus 2733:red-bellied woodpeckers 2399:). About 15 species of 2316:), as well as on adult 2304:) and a few species of 2067:A Cooper's hawk with a 2031:). "Attackers" such as 1838: 1740:during autumn passage. 733: 12880:McAtee, W. L. (1935). 12631:O’Neil, T. A. (1988). 12537:Murphy, R. K. (1993). 11812:. Bird-banding, 55–73. 11711:. Kingbird 43:278–292. 11707:Rothstein, P. (1993). 11529:Madden, K. K. (2011). 11161:McConnell, S. (2003). 10996:Grimes, S. A. (1944). 10798:. Condor, 103:381–385. 10512:Borell, A. E. (1937). 10482:Stensrude, C. (1965). 10352:Peyton, S. B. (1945). 9674:Squirrels of the world 9501:Jewett, S. G. (1953). 8842:Ficken, M. S. (1989). 8450:Storer, R. W. (1966). 8275:Goslow, G. E. (1971). 7859:Kerlinger, P. (1989). 7763:. Iberia, 61, 187–196. 7523:Berger, D. D. (1957). 7011:Garner, H. D. (1999). 6885:Miller, A. H. (1955). 6805:Cuban endangered birds 6742:. USGS. Archived from 6170:Friedmann, H. (1950). 5327:Toland, Brian (1985). 4599:Cooper's hawk immature 4576:golden-cheeked warbler 4532:red-headed woodpeckers 4455: 4406: 4273: 4116:Agkistrodon contortrix 4070: 4044: 3982: 3894:in Maryland (66%) and 3832: 3785: 3717:Glaucidium brasilianum 3537: 3510:black-headed grosbeaks 3428: 3381:Pantherophis obsoletus 3249:Brachylagus idahoensis 3149:mice, some species of 3118:Eastern gray squirrels 3017: 2826:Callipepla californica 2789: 2725:red-headed woodpeckers 2700: 2634: 2392: 2274:Aphelocoma ultramarina 2253:Aphelocoma californica 2119: 2072: 1954:Odocoileus virginianus 1857: 1777:Cedar Grove, Wisconsin 1609: 1514: 1429: 1218:and possibly still in 1186:, the southern tip of 1131: 1041: 969: 865: 795:Cedar Grove, Wisconsin 789: 709: 630: 431: 13507:Paleobiology Database 13145:"Cooper's hawk media" 12661:Hager, S. B. (2009). 12563:Evans, D. L. (1982). 11585:. Condor, 120: 63–80. 11074:. Oologist, 58:26–27. 11070:Price, H. F. (1941). 10590:Bloom, P. H. (1994). 10538:Ligon, J. D. (1968). 10263:Wiley, J. W. (1975). 10245:Smith, D. G. (2002). 9895:Baker, J. K. (1962). 9812:Stirling, D. (2011). 9731:Bergstom, B. (1999). 9488:Bacon, B. R. (1981). 9352:Stoddard, H. (1931). 9300:Sullivan, K. (1985). 8968:Reese, J. G. (2015). 8871:Cowan, E. M. (2005). 8770:Bowen, R. V. (1997). 8424:Smith, A. P. (1915). 8318:. Am. Birds, 33: 836. 8288:Sustaita, D. (2008). 8244:Clark, R. J. (1977). 8215:Davis, W. M. (2000). 7926:Bates, K. K. (2001). 7872:Clark, W. S. (1985). 7846:Haugh, J. R. (1971). 7340:Beebe, F. L. (1974). 7256:James, R. D. (1984). 6995:Henny, C. J. (1990). 6942:. Contina, 31, 89–95. 6902:. Cotinga, 16, 14–26. 6526:Layne, J. N. (1986). 6480:Fitch, H. S. (1958). 6154:Raptors of New Mexico 5479:Olson, S. L. (2006). 4580:Setophaga chrysoparia 4564:Vermivora chrysoptera 4560:golden-winged warbler 4449: 4415:automobile collisions 4404: 4350:Breeding Bird Surveys 4342:Christmas Bird Counts 4271: 4068: 4042: 3968: 3908:Pseudotsuga menziesii 3830: 3783: 3737:northern saw-whet owl 3713:ferruginous pygmy owl 3689:whiskered screech-owl 3685:Megascops kennicottii 3669:Psiloscops flammeolus 3531: 3422: 3365:Sceloporus poinsettia 3357:Phrynosoma orbiculare 3329:Lerista bougainvillii 3325:Bougainville's skinks 3308:Tadarida brasiliensis 3257:Oryctolagus cuniculus 3233:Sylvilagus floridanus 3110:American red squirrel 3011: 2928:, a dozen species of 2868:, including even the 2783: 2695: 2677:, mourning doves and 2628: 2565:Empidonax oberholseri 2485:northern mockingbirds 2481:Cardinalis cardinalis 2390: 2378:Dolichonyx oryzivorus 2342:red-winged blackbirds 2314:Corvus brachyrhynchos 2249:California scrub jays 2113: 2066: 1851: 1624:, essentially all of 1616:, Cooper's hawk is a 1607: 1523:Eurasian sparrowhawks 1512: 1444:and treeless montane 1427: 1364:habitat fragmentation 1286:and perhaps northern 1210:, formerly east into 1129: 1100:Rupornis magnirostris 1027: 967: 864: 787: 707: 628: 593:, widespread through 426: 12867:McLeran, V. (2000). 12854:McElroy, H. (1977). 12644:Harness, R. (1996). 12314:Nagy, A. C. (1977). 10864:Asay, C. E. (1987). 10794:Boal, C. W. (2001). 10756:. Auk, 116: 830–835. 10629:Hertzel, A. (2003). 10356:. Condor, 47: 167.), 10183:Fremlin, K. (2018). 10167:Horvath, R. (2009). 10017:Cook, W. E. (1987). 9685:Hart, E. B. (1992). 8228:Mead, R. A. (1963). 8158:Dunn, E. H. (1991). 7549:Boal, C. W. (2001). 6698:Liguori, J. (2011). 6672:Clark. W.S. (1984). 6654:Liguori, J. (2005). 6434:Meng, H. K. (1951). 4840:Raptors of the World 4556:Hylocichla mustelina 4035:Development of young 3975:red-shouldered hawks 3842:Tillandsia usneoides 3693:Megascops trichopsis 3681:western screech-owls 3673:eastern screech-owls 3653:Elanoides forficatus 3649:swallow-tailed kites 3546:red-shouldered hawks 3502:Patagioenas fasciata 3486:Chiricahua Mountains 3473:Eurasian sparrowhawk 3361:crevice spiny lizard 3217:Sylvilagus nuttallii 3211:. Strong numbers of 3122:Sciurus carolinensis 3050:Neotamias townsendii 2737:Melanerpes carolinus 2675:Terre Haute, Indiana 2602:Psaltriparus minimus 2590:ruby-crowned kinglet 2513:Haemorhous mexicanus 2298:yellow-billed magpie 2286:Nucifraga columbiana 2202:Terre Haute, Indiana 2125:American goldfinches 2045:Terre Haute, Indiana 2043:were successful. In 1833:Johnson County, Iowa 1697:warming temperatures 1648:were determined via 1160:Cedar Lake, Manitoba 1156:Jasper National Park 667: 549:convergent evolution 396:anthropogenic causes 314:) is a medium-sized 13645:Fauna of California 11694:Dancey, H. (1993). 11559:. The Auk, 957–960. 11533:. Prescott College. 11260:Hohn, E.O. (1983). 11217:Condor, 98:123–132. 10877:Brandt, H. (1951). 10302:Miller, L. (1952). 10293:. The Auk, 200–208. 9304:. The Auk, 184–187. 8988:. The Murrelet, 37. 8327:Toland, B. (1986). 8011:. Auk, 60 :487–492. 6314:RoyalBCMuseum.bc.ca 5667:Order Falconiformes 5559:Newton, I. (2010). 5524:Pathak, V. (2018). 4611:Adult Cooper's hawk 4189:Leucocytozoon toddi 4142:, had the greatest 4124:Crotalus adamanteus 4075:southeastern Canada 3870:) was preferred in 3701:Micrathene whitneyi 3498:band-tailed pigeons 3437:sharp-shinned hawks 3389:Pituophis catenifer 3337:Diadophis punctatus 3213:mountain cottontail 3046:Townsend's chipmunk 2910:Meleagris gallopavo 2894:sharp-tailed grouse 2862:Phasianus colchicus 2846:Cyrtonyx montezumae 2838:Callipepla gambelii 2818:habitat destruction 2810:Colinus virginianus 2753:pileated woodpecker 2586:Auriparus flaviceps 2346:Agelaius phoeniceus 2290:black-billed magpie 2257:northern California 2237:Cyanocitta stelleri 2229:Cyanocitta cristata 1738:northwesterly winds 1674:Northern California 1670:Southern California 1654:mid-Atlantic states 1614:Northern Hemisphere 1568:Podilymbus podiceps 1112:red-shouldered hawk 1080:Accipiter gundlachi 603:Accipiter chilensis 118:Conservation status 60:readable prose size 30:For the chain, see 13551:Accipiter-cooperii 13258:accipiter-cooperii 13245:Accipiter_cooperii 13220:Accipiter cooperii 13190:Accipiter cooperii 13171:IUCN Red List maps 13166:Accipiter cooperii 13137:Accipiter cooperii 13089:Accipiter cooperii 13067:. Knopf. pp.  12843:A Rage for Falcons 12841:Bodio, S. (1984). 12695:(Vol. 28, No. 28). 12464:Jones, S. (1979). 11834:Keran, D. (1981). 11736:Accipiter cooperii 11685:. The Auk, 136(3). 11627:. Loon, 58: 55–60. 11488:. Condor, 461–463. 10249:. Stackpole Books. 9993:Snakes of Virginia 8888:. Condor, 287–302. 8678:Accipiter cooperii 8314:Gerig, J. (1979). 8262:Jones, S. (1979). 8248:. Auk, 94:142–143. 7889:. Stackpole Books. 6794:. PLOS ONE, 4(11). 6746:on January 2, 2020 5914:. Condor, 219–222. 5759:Cornell University 5728:Accipiter cooperii 5589:; Donsker, David; 5286:Accipiter cooperii 5124:Bent, A. C. 1938. 4660:Accipiter cooperii 4520:Tympanuchus cupido 4456: 4407: 4390:. Recent cases of 4274: 4248:Serratospiculoides 4071: 4045: 3983: 3900:Quercus laurifolia 3833: 3816:Oshkosh, Wisconsin 3786: 3757:Strix occidentalis 3725:Athene cunicularia 3705:northern pygmy owl 3558:rough-legged hawks 3538: 3429: 3333:ring-necked snakes 3241:Lepus californicus 3229:eastern cottontail 3209:cottontail rabbits 3066:antelope squirrels 3018: 2962:Larus delewarensis 2954:Anas platyrhynchos 2946:Calidris minutilla 2806:northern bobwhites 2790: 2788:by a Cooper's hawk 2757:Dryocopus pileatus 2749:Picoides pubescens 2701: 2635: 2633:, in New York City 2578:Cardellina pusilla 2557:Empidonax traillii 2553:willow flycatchers 2477:northern cardinals 2441:New World warblers 2393: 2366:eastern meadowlark 2354:Quiscalus quiscula 2282:Clark's nutcracker 2142:Turdus migratorius 2120: 2073: 1858: 1632:(but for southern 1610: 1564:pied-billed grebes 1515: 1430: 1334:, including small 1132: 1104:broad-winged hawks 1042: 1034:sharp-shinned hawk 989:Accipiter gentilis 981:Accipiter striatus 977:sharp-shinned hawk 970: 866: 790: 759:American southwest 710: 631: 537:Bering Land Bridge 504:monophyletic group 436:formally described 434:Cooper's hawk was 432: 404:chemical pollution 338:Accipiter striatus 334:sharp-shinned hawk 298: Non-breeding 102:Cooper's hawk 18:Cooper's Hawk 13602: 13601: 13494:Open Tree of Life 13182:Taxon identifiers 12856:Desert hawking II 11083:Call, M. (1978). 10516:. Condor, 39, 44. 10229:978-0-00-219493-8 9956:. Oikos, 407–411. 9883:10.1111/mam.12060 9178:978-1-4200-6444-5 8391:Meng, H. (1959). 8232:. Condor, 65:167. 6770:allaboutbirds.org 6350:978-0-226-05641-8 5945:Pyle, P. (2005). 5755:allaboutbirds.org 5591:Rasmussen, Pamela 5511:978-0-7136-6565-9 4854:978-0-7136-8026-3 4572:Setophaga cerulea 4544:Florida scrub jay 4428:Los Angeles basin 4365:Potential threats 4140:great horned owls 4014:Parental behavior 3971:American kestrels 3888:Fagus grandifolia 3741:Aegolius acadicus 3733:Aegolius funereus 3641:Falco columbarius 3617:Aquila chrysaetos 3586:Buteo albonotatus 3582:zone-tailed hawks 3564:) as well as the 3550:American kestrels 3446:old-growth forest 3442:northern goshawks 3375:) to the a young 3284:Mephitis mephitis 3205:rabbits and hares 3196:Rattus norvegicus 3058:Neotamias minimus 2958:ring-billed gulls 2822:California quails 2667:white-winged dove 2626: 2594:Regulus calendula 2561:dusky flycatchers 2529:Passer domesticus 2497:Melospiza melodia 2489:Mimus polyglottos 2469:silky-flycatchers 2437:American sparrows 2401:tyrant flycatcher 2330:Corvus ossifragus 2318:northwestern crow 2027:-hunters such as 2009:Buteo jamaicensis 1950:white-tailed deer 1769:Goshute Mountains 1765:Manzano Mountains 1757:Delaware Bayshore 1678:Lansing, Michigan 1622:Pacific Northwest 1560:Branta canadensis 1470:pigeons and doves 1450:human development 1403:Fagus grandifolia 1174:and northernmost 1108:Buteo platypterus 1068:Accipiter bicolor 983:) and the larger 960:Confusion species 881: 808:Goshute Mountains 745:sexual dimorphism 677:Pacific Northwest 424: 330:Mississippi River 303: 302: 141: 95: 94: 62:was 23,000 words. 16:(Redirected from 13652: 13595: 13594: 13582: 13581: 13580: 13554: 13553: 13541: 13540: 13528: 13527: 13515: 13514: 13502: 13501: 13489: 13488: 13476: 13475: 13463: 13462: 13450: 13449: 13437: 13436: 13424: 13423: 13411: 13410: 13398: 13397: 13385: 13384: 13372: 13371: 13362: 13361: 13349: 13348: 13336: 13335: 13323: 13322: 13310: 13309: 13300: 13299: 13287: 13286: 13274: 13273: 13271:EB98812F50A648A1 13261: 13260: 13248: 13247: 13235: 13234: 13224: 13223: 13222: 13209: 13208: 13207: 13177: 13176: 13154: 13135:Cooper's hawk – 13105: 13103: 13101: 13082: 13046: 13039: 13033: 13026: 13020: 13013: 13007: 13000: 12994: 12987: 12981: 12974: 12968: 12961: 12955: 12948: 12942: 12935: 12929: 12921: 12915: 12914: 12912: 12910: 12903:hawkmountain.org 12891: 12885: 12878: 12872: 12865: 12859: 12852: 12846: 12839: 12833: 12822: 12816: 12809: 12803: 12796: 12790: 12783: 12777: 12770: 12764: 12757: 12748: 12741: 12735: 12728: 12722: 12715: 12709: 12702: 12696: 12685: 12679: 12672: 12666: 12659: 12653: 12642: 12636: 12629: 12623: 12616: 12610: 12603: 12597: 12590: 12584: 12577: 12568: 12561: 12555: 12548: 12542: 12535: 12529: 12522: 12516: 12508: 12499: 12492: 12486: 12475: 12469: 12462: 12456: 12449: 12440: 12433: 12427: 12420: 12414: 12407: 12401: 12394: 12388: 12381: 12375: 12368: 12362: 12355: 12349: 12342: 12336: 12335:. Auk 107:96–109 12329: 12323: 12312: 12306: 12295: 12289: 12282: 12276: 12269: 12263: 12256: 12250: 12243: 12237: 12230: 12224: 12217: 12211: 12204: 12198: 12191: 12185: 12178: 12172: 12165: 12156: 12149: 12143: 12136: 12130: 12123: 12117: 12110: 12104: 12097: 12091: 12084: 12078: 12071: 12065: 12058: 12052: 12045: 12039: 12032: 12026: 12019: 12010: 12003: 11997: 11990: 11984: 11977: 11971: 11964: 11958: 11951: 11945: 11938: 11932: 11925: 11919: 11912: 11903: 11896: 11890: 11879: 11868: 11861: 11855: 11848: 11839: 11832: 11826: 11819: 11813: 11806: 11800: 11793: 11787: 11780: 11774: 11767: 11761: 11754: 11748: 11747: 11731: 11725: 11718: 11712: 11705: 11699: 11692: 11686: 11679: 11670: 11663: 11657: 11650: 11644: 11637: 11628: 11621: 11615: 11608: 11602: 11595: 11586: 11579: 11573: 11566: 11560: 11553: 11547: 11540: 11534: 11527: 11518: 11511: 11505: 11498: 11489: 11482: 11476: 11469: 11463: 11456: 11447: 11440: 11434: 11427: 11421: 11414: 11408: 11397: 11380: 11373: 11367: 11360: 11351: 11344: 11333: 11326: 11320: 11313: 11307: 11300: 11291: 11284: 11278: 11271: 11265: 11258: 11252: 11241: 11235: 11224: 11218: 11211: 11205: 11198: 11192: 11185: 11179: 11172: 11166: 11159: 11153: 11146: 11140: 11133: 11127: 11120: 11114: 11107: 11101: 11094: 11088: 11081: 11075: 11068: 11062: 11055: 11046: 11039: 11014: 11007: 11001: 10994: 10988: 10981: 10975: 10968: 10962: 10955: 10949: 10942: 10931: 10924: 10918: 10911: 10902: 10895: 10882: 10875: 10869: 10862: 10847: 10840: 10825: 10818: 10812: 10805: 10799: 10792: 10777: 10770: 10757: 10750: 10744: 10737: 10731: 10724: 10715: 10708: 10699: 10692: 10686: 10679: 10673: 10666: 10660: 10653: 10647: 10640: 10634: 10627: 10621: 10614: 10608: 10601: 10595: 10588: 10582: 10575: 10569: 10562: 10556: 10549: 10543: 10536: 10530: 10523: 10517: 10510: 10504: 10493: 10487: 10480: 10474: 10467: 10461: 10454: 10448: 10441: 10432: 10425: 10416: 10412:American Kestrel 10407: 10401: 10394: 10388: 10381: 10370: 10363: 10357: 10350: 10344: 10337: 10320: 10313: 10307: 10300: 10294: 10287: 10281: 10274: 10268: 10261: 10250: 10247:Great Horned Owl 10243: 10234: 10233: 10210: 10201: 10194: 10188: 10181: 10172: 10171:. Ontario Birds. 10165: 10159: 10152: 10143: 10136: 10130: 10123: 10117: 10110: 10101: 10094: 10081: 10074: 10061: 10054: 10048: 10041: 10035: 10028: 10022: 10015: 10009: 10002: 9996: 9989: 9983: 9976: 9970: 9963: 9957: 9950: 9944: 9937: 9926: 9919: 9913: 9906: 9900: 9893: 9887: 9886: 9862: 9856: 9849: 9843: 9836: 9830: 9823: 9817: 9810: 9801: 9794: 9788: 9781: 9775: 9768: 9762: 9755: 9749: 9742: 9736: 9729: 9723: 9716: 9703: 9696: 9690: 9683: 9677: 9670: 9664: 9657: 9651: 9644: 9623: 9616: 9610: 9603: 9597: 9590: 9584: 9577: 9571: 9564: 9558: 9551: 9545: 9538: 9532: 9525: 9519: 9512: 9506: 9499: 9493: 9486: 9480: 9473: 9467: 9460: 9454: 9447: 9441: 9434: 9428: 9421: 9415: 9408: 9399: 9392: 9383: 9376: 9370: 9363: 9357: 9350: 9344: 9337: 9331: 9324: 9318: 9311: 9305: 9298: 9292: 9285: 9279: 9272: 9257: 9250: 9244: 9237: 9231: 9224: 9218: 9211: 9205: 9198: 9183: 9182: 9162: 9147: 9140: 9134: 9127: 9121: 9114: 9105: 9098: 9092: 9085: 9079: 9072: 9066: 9059: 9048: 9041: 9035: 9028: 9022: 9015: 9002: 8995: 8989: 8982: 8973: 8966: 8960: 8953: 8947: 8940: 8931: 8924: 8915: 8908: 8902: 8895: 8889: 8882: 8876: 8869: 8863: 8856: 8847: 8840: 8834: 8827: 8821: 8814: 8808: 8801: 8788: 8781: 8775: 8768: 8762: 8755: 8742: 8735: 8708: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8684: 8671: 8652: 8645: 8630: 8623: 8617: 8610: 8604: 8597: 8588: 8581: 8575: 8568: 8549: 8542: 8479: 8472: 8455: 8448: 8429: 8422: 8416: 8409: 8396: 8389: 8366: 8359: 8348: 8341: 8332: 8325: 8319: 8312: 8306: 8299: 8293: 8286: 8280: 8273: 8267: 8260: 8249: 8242: 8233: 8226: 8220: 8213: 8207: 8200: 8194: 8187: 8176: 8169: 8163: 8156: 8150: 8143: 8137: 8130: 8113: 8106: 8100: 8093: 8087: 8080: 8061: 8054: 8041: 8034: 8028: 8021: 8012: 8005: 7996: 7989: 7983: 7976: 7970: 7963: 7957: 7950: 7944: 7937: 7931: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7899: 7890: 7883: 7877: 7870: 7864: 7857: 7851: 7844: 7838: 7831: 7825: 7818: 7809: 7802: 7793: 7786: 7780: 7773: 7764: 7757: 7751: 7744: 7735: 7728: 7719: 7712: 7706: 7699: 7693: 7686: 7677: 7670: 7657: 7650: 7644: 7637: 7628: 7621: 7615: 7608: 7602: 7595: 7589: 7582: 7576: 7569: 7554: 7547: 7541: 7534: 7528: 7521: 7515: 7508: 7502: 7495: 7484: 7477: 7468: 7461: 7455: 7448: 7442: 7435: 7429: 7418: 7409: 7393: 7384: 7381: 7375: 7364: 7358: 7351: 7345: 7338: 7329: 7322: 7305: 7298: 7292: 7285: 7279: 7272: 7261: 7254: 7243: 7236: 7227: 7220: 7214: 7207: 7194: 7187: 7181: 7174: 7161: 7154: 7137: 7130: 7121: 7114: 7095: 7088: 7082: 7071: 7062: 7055: 7049: 7042: 7036: 7025: 7016: 7009: 7000: 6993: 6982: 6975: 6969: 6962: 6956: 6949: 6943: 6936: 6930: 6923: 6912: 6909: 6903: 6896: 6890: 6883: 6877: 6870: 6864: 6857: 6846: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6814: 6808: 6801: 6795: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6727: 6721: 6714: 6703: 6696: 6690: 6683: 6677: 6670: 6659: 6652: 6633: 6626: 6603: 6596: 6547: 6540: 6531: 6524: 6509: 6502: 6485: 6478: 6467: 6460: 6439: 6432: 6375: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6302: 6296: 6289: 6276: 6269: 6254: 6247: 6188: 6181: 6175: 6168: 6157: 6150: 6119: 6112: 6099: 6092: 6086: 6079: 6070: 6063: 6050: 6043: 6020: 6013: 5990: 5983: 5966: 5959: 5950: 5943: 5937: 5930: 5915: 5908: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5882: 5876: 5861: 5776: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5743: 5732: 5723: 5712: 5705: 5696: 5689: 5674: 5663: 5657: 5650: 5637: 5630: 5624: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5583: 5577: 5570: 5564: 5563:. A&C Black. 5557: 5551: 5544: 5538: 5535: 5529: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5495: 5484: 5477: 5471: 5464: 5455: 5444: 5438: 5431: 5422: 5415: 5402: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5374: 5368: 5361: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5333: 5324: 5289: 5282: 5129: 5122: 5101: 5094: 4899: 4892: 4883: 4876: 4859: 4858: 4845:Christopher Helm 4834: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4683: 4653: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4568:cerulean warbler 4512:American kestrel 4499:northern goshawk 4471:, harvesting of 4300:changing climate 4204:white blood cell 4061:Breeding success 4000:Buteo swainsonii 3979:red-tailed hawks 3954:solar irradiance 3709:Glaucidium gnoma 3665:flammulated owls 3605:Bubo virginianus 3601:great horned owl 3574:Falco peregrinus 3570:peregrine falcon 3566:northern harrier 3542:red-tailed hawks 3425:northern harrier 3341:whiptail lizards 3296:red-tailed hawks 3288:Carlsbad Caverns 3253:European rabbits 3137:flying squirrels 3062:ground squirrels 3030:eastern chipmunk 2970:Fulica americana 2858:common pheasants 2854:Alectoris chukar 2798:New World quails 2745:downy woodpecker 2721:Ithaca, New York 2713:Colaptes auratus 2709:northern flicker 2671:Zenaida asiatica 2651:Zenaida macroura 2627: 2574:Wilson's warbler 2501:dark-eyed juncos 2198:Ithaca, New York 2190:Sturnus vulgaris 2005:red-tailed hawks 1805:Kittatinny Ridge 1753:Falco sparverius 1749:American kestrel 1662:British Columbia 1474:invasive species 1454:industrial parks 1399:American beeches 1140:British Columbia 985:northern goshawk 883: 882: 863: 826:British Columbia 715:British Columbia 671: 495:Erythrotriorchis 425: 297: 292: Year-round 291: 285: 277: 259: 239:A. cooperii 156: 155: 135: 130: 129: 111: 99: 98: 90: 87: 81: 45: 44: 37: 21: 13660: 13659: 13655: 13654: 13653: 13651: 13650: 13649: 13605: 13604: 13603: 13598: 13590: 13585: 13576: 13575: 13570: 13557: 13549: 13544: 13536: 13531: 13523: 13518: 13510: 13505: 13497: 13492: 13484: 13479: 13471: 13466: 13458: 13453: 13445: 13440: 13432: 13427: 13419: 13414: 13406: 13401: 13393: 13388: 13380: 13375: 13367: 13365: 13357: 13352: 13344: 13339: 13331: 13326: 13318: 13313: 13305: 13303: 13295: 13290: 13282: 13277: 13269: 13264: 13256: 13251: 13243: 13238: 13232: 13227: 13218: 13217: 13212: 13203: 13202: 13197: 13184: 13143: 13125: 13099: 13097: 13085: 13079: 13054: 13052:Further reading 13049: 13040: 13036: 13027: 13023: 13014: 13010: 13001: 12997: 12988: 12984: 12975: 12971: 12962: 12958: 12949: 12945: 12936: 12932: 12922: 12918: 12908: 12906: 12893: 12892: 12888: 12879: 12875: 12866: 12862: 12853: 12849: 12840: 12836: 12823: 12819: 12810: 12806: 12797: 12793: 12784: 12780: 12771: 12767: 12758: 12751: 12742: 12738: 12729: 12725: 12716: 12712: 12703: 12699: 12686: 12682: 12673: 12669: 12660: 12656: 12643: 12639: 12630: 12626: 12617: 12613: 12604: 12600: 12591: 12587: 12578: 12571: 12562: 12558: 12549: 12545: 12536: 12532: 12523: 12519: 12509: 12502: 12493: 12489: 12476: 12472: 12463: 12459: 12450: 12443: 12434: 12430: 12421: 12417: 12408: 12404: 12395: 12391: 12382: 12378: 12369: 12365: 12356: 12352: 12343: 12339: 12330: 12326: 12313: 12309: 12296: 12292: 12283: 12279: 12270: 12266: 12257: 12253: 12244: 12240: 12231: 12227: 12218: 12214: 12205: 12201: 12192: 12188: 12179: 12175: 12166: 12159: 12150: 12146: 12137: 12133: 12124: 12120: 12111: 12107: 12098: 12094: 12085: 12081: 12072: 12068: 12059: 12055: 12046: 12042: 12033: 12029: 12020: 12013: 12004: 12000: 11991: 11987: 11978: 11974: 11965: 11961: 11952: 11948: 11939: 11935: 11926: 11922: 11913: 11906: 11897: 11893: 11880: 11871: 11862: 11858: 11849: 11842: 11833: 11829: 11820: 11816: 11807: 11803: 11794: 11790: 11781: 11777: 11768: 11764: 11755: 11751: 11732: 11728: 11719: 11715: 11706: 11702: 11693: 11689: 11680: 11673: 11664: 11660: 11651: 11647: 11638: 11631: 11622: 11618: 11609: 11605: 11596: 11589: 11580: 11576: 11567: 11563: 11554: 11550: 11541: 11537: 11528: 11521: 11512: 11508: 11499: 11492: 11483: 11479: 11470: 11466: 11457: 11450: 11441: 11437: 11428: 11424: 11415: 11411: 11398: 11383: 11374: 11370: 11361: 11354: 11345: 11336: 11327: 11323: 11314: 11310: 11301: 11294: 11285: 11281: 11272: 11268: 11259: 11255: 11242: 11238: 11225: 11221: 11212: 11208: 11199: 11195: 11186: 11182: 11173: 11169: 11160: 11156: 11147: 11143: 11134: 11130: 11121: 11117: 11108: 11104: 11095: 11091: 11082: 11078: 11069: 11065: 11056: 11049: 11040: 11017: 11008: 11004: 10995: 10991: 10982: 10978: 10969: 10965: 10956: 10952: 10943: 10934: 10925: 10921: 10912: 10905: 10896: 10885: 10876: 10872: 10863: 10850: 10841: 10828: 10819: 10815: 10806: 10802: 10793: 10780: 10771: 10760: 10751: 10747: 10738: 10734: 10725: 10718: 10709: 10702: 10693: 10689: 10680: 10676: 10667: 10663: 10654: 10650: 10641: 10637: 10628: 10624: 10615: 10611: 10602: 10598: 10589: 10585: 10576: 10572: 10563: 10559: 10550: 10546: 10537: 10533: 10524: 10520: 10511: 10507: 10494: 10490: 10481: 10477: 10468: 10464: 10455: 10451: 10442: 10435: 10426: 10419: 10408: 10404: 10395: 10391: 10382: 10373: 10364: 10360: 10351: 10347: 10338: 10323: 10314: 10310: 10301: 10297: 10288: 10284: 10275: 10271: 10262: 10253: 10244: 10237: 10230: 10214:Voous, Karel H. 10211: 10204: 10195: 10191: 10182: 10175: 10166: 10162: 10153: 10146: 10137: 10133: 10124: 10120: 10111: 10104: 10095: 10084: 10075: 10064: 10055: 10051: 10042: 10038: 10029: 10025: 10016: 10012: 10003: 9999: 9990: 9986: 9977: 9973: 9964: 9960: 9951: 9947: 9938: 9929: 9920: 9916: 9907: 9903: 9894: 9890: 9863: 9859: 9850: 9846: 9837: 9833: 9824: 9820: 9811: 9804: 9795: 9791: 9782: 9778: 9769: 9765: 9756: 9752: 9743: 9739: 9730: 9726: 9717: 9706: 9700:Tamias merriami 9697: 9693: 9687:Tamias dorsalis 9684: 9680: 9671: 9667: 9658: 9654: 9645: 9626: 9617: 9613: 9604: 9600: 9591: 9587: 9578: 9574: 9565: 9561: 9552: 9548: 9539: 9535: 9526: 9522: 9513: 9509: 9500: 9496: 9487: 9483: 9474: 9470: 9461: 9457: 9448: 9444: 9435: 9431: 9422: 9418: 9409: 9402: 9393: 9386: 9377: 9373: 9364: 9360: 9351: 9347: 9338: 9334: 9325: 9321: 9312: 9308: 9299: 9295: 9286: 9282: 9273: 9260: 9251: 9247: 9238: 9234: 9225: 9221: 9212: 9208: 9199: 9186: 9179: 9163: 9150: 9141: 9137: 9128: 9124: 9115: 9108: 9099: 9095: 9086: 9082: 9073: 9069: 9060: 9051: 9042: 9038: 9029: 9025: 9016: 9005: 8996: 8992: 8983: 8976: 8967: 8963: 8954: 8950: 8941: 8934: 8925: 8918: 8909: 8905: 8896: 8892: 8883: 8879: 8870: 8866: 8857: 8850: 8841: 8837: 8828: 8824: 8815: 8811: 8802: 8791: 8782: 8778: 8769: 8765: 8756: 8745: 8736: 8711: 8702: 8698: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8672: 8655: 8646: 8633: 8624: 8620: 8611: 8607: 8598: 8591: 8582: 8578: 8569: 8552: 8543: 8482: 8473: 8458: 8449: 8432: 8423: 8419: 8410: 8399: 8390: 8369: 8360: 8351: 8342: 8335: 8326: 8322: 8313: 8309: 8300: 8296: 8287: 8283: 8274: 8270: 8261: 8252: 8243: 8236: 8227: 8223: 8214: 8210: 8201: 8197: 8188: 8179: 8170: 8166: 8157: 8153: 8144: 8140: 8131: 8116: 8107: 8103: 8094: 8090: 8081: 8064: 8055: 8044: 8035: 8031: 8022: 8015: 8006: 7999: 7990: 7986: 7977: 7973: 7964: 7960: 7951: 7947: 7938: 7934: 7925: 7921: 7913: 7909: 7900: 7893: 7884: 7880: 7871: 7867: 7858: 7854: 7845: 7841: 7832: 7828: 7819: 7812: 7803: 7796: 7787: 7783: 7774: 7767: 7758: 7754: 7745: 7738: 7729: 7722: 7713: 7709: 7700: 7696: 7687: 7680: 7671: 7660: 7651: 7647: 7638: 7631: 7622: 7618: 7609: 7605: 7596: 7592: 7583: 7579: 7570: 7557: 7548: 7544: 7535: 7531: 7522: 7518: 7509: 7505: 7496: 7487: 7478: 7471: 7462: 7458: 7449: 7445: 7436: 7432: 7419: 7412: 7406:Wayback Machine 7394: 7387: 7382: 7378: 7365: 7361: 7352: 7348: 7339: 7332: 7323: 7308: 7299: 7295: 7286: 7282: 7273: 7264: 7255: 7246: 7237: 7230: 7221: 7217: 7208: 7197: 7188: 7184: 7175: 7164: 7155: 7140: 7131: 7124: 7115: 7098: 7089: 7085: 7072: 7065: 7056: 7052: 7043: 7039: 7026: 7019: 7010: 7003: 6994: 6985: 6976: 6972: 6963: 6959: 6950: 6946: 6937: 6933: 6924: 6915: 6910: 6906: 6897: 6893: 6884: 6880: 6871: 6867: 6858: 6849: 6840: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6802: 6798: 6789: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6728: 6724: 6715: 6706: 6697: 6693: 6684: 6680: 6671: 6662: 6653: 6636: 6627: 6606: 6597: 6550: 6541: 6534: 6525: 6512: 6503: 6488: 6479: 6470: 6461: 6442: 6433: 6378: 6369: 6365: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6333: 6329: 6319: 6317: 6304: 6303: 6299: 6290: 6279: 6270: 6257: 6248: 6191: 6182: 6178: 6169: 6160: 6151: 6122: 6113: 6102: 6093: 6089: 6080: 6073: 6064: 6053: 6044: 6023: 6014: 5993: 5984: 5969: 5960: 5953: 5944: 5940: 5931: 5918: 5909: 5905: 5896: 5892: 5883: 5879: 5862: 5779: 5770: 5766: 5745: 5744: 5735: 5724: 5715: 5706: 5699: 5690: 5677: 5664: 5660: 5651: 5640: 5631: 5627: 5618: 5614: 5604: 5602: 5593:, eds. (2020). 5584: 5580: 5571: 5567: 5561:The sparrowhawk 5558: 5554: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5532: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5496: 5487: 5478: 5474: 5465: 5458: 5445: 5441: 5432: 5425: 5416: 5405: 5395: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5362: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5331: 5325: 5292: 5283: 5132: 5123: 5104: 5095: 4902: 4893: 4886: 4877: 4862: 4855: 4835: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4654: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4621: 4612: 4609: 4600: 4597: 4588: 4507: 4482:ecological trap 4473:ponderosa pines 4464:loss of habitat 4380:Bioaccumulation 4367: 4355:turkey vultures 4337: 4316:organochlorines 4266: 4264:Historic status 4261: 4242:Serratospiculum 4132:West Nile virus 4108:venomous snakes 4091: 4063: 4037: 4016: 3996:Swainson's hawk 3963: 3924:redwood forests 3920:Pinus ponderosa 3825: 3778: 3773: 3506:American robins 3456:Jemez Mountains 3417: 3377:black rat snake 3316: 3034:Tamias striatus 3006: 2942:least sandpiper 2918: 2902:common pheasant 2882:Bonasa umbellus 2842:Montezuma quail 2786:common pheasant 2778: 2639:pigeon and dove 2616: 2614: 2370:Sturnella magna 2350:common grackles 2322:Corvus caurinus 2194:non-native bird 2186:common starling 2116:common starling 2108: 2103: 2061: 1933:binocular field 1846: 1844:Hunting methods 1841: 1718:mountain ridges 1702:Marin Headlands 1650:stable isotopes 1618:partial migrant 1602: 1544:bodies of water 1527:Accipiter nisus 1507: 1436:, parkland and 1360:Rocky mountains 1304: 1192:Baja California 1124: 1092:Buteo plagiatus 1084:buteonine hawks 1076:Gundlach's hawk 962: 901: 900: 892: 890: 889: 888: 887: 884: 877: 874: 867: 861: 856: 817:Marin Headlands 775:Bergmann's rule 741:Rocky mountains 736: 673: 623: 607:Gundlach's hawk 587:species complex 579:Rocky mountains 575:glacial refugia 564:A. c. mexicanus 414: 412: 353:big blue darter 299: 295: 293: 289: 287: 283: 268: 261: 255: 242: 205:Accipitriformes 150: 142: 131: 127: 120: 91: 85: 82: 63: 46: 42: 35: 28: 27:Species of bird 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13658: 13648: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13600: 13599: 13597: 13596: 13583: 13567: 13565: 13563:Falco cooperii 13559: 13558: 13556: 13555: 13542: 13529: 13516: 13503: 13490: 13477: 13464: 13451: 13438: 13425: 13412: 13399: 13386: 13373: 13363: 13350: 13337: 13324: 13311: 13301: 13288: 13275: 13262: 13249: 13236: 13225: 13210: 13194: 13192: 13186: 13185: 13174: 13173: 13161: 13155: 13141: 13132: 13124: 13123:External links 13121: 13120: 13119: 13115: 13112: 13109: 13106: 13083: 13077: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13047: 13034: 13021: 13008: 12995: 12982: 12969: 12956: 12943: 12930: 12916: 12886: 12873: 12860: 12847: 12834: 12817: 12804: 12791: 12778: 12765: 12749: 12736: 12723: 12710: 12697: 12680: 12667: 12654: 12652:(p. B4). IEEE. 12637: 12624: 12611: 12598: 12585: 12569: 12556: 12543: 12530: 12517: 12500: 12487: 12470: 12457: 12441: 12428: 12415: 12402: 12389: 12376: 12363: 12350: 12337: 12324: 12307: 12290: 12277: 12264: 12251: 12238: 12225: 12212: 12199: 12186: 12173: 12157: 12144: 12131: 12118: 12105: 12092: 12079: 12066: 12053: 12040: 12027: 12011: 11998: 11985: 11972: 11959: 11946: 11933: 11920: 11904: 11891: 11869: 11856: 11840: 11827: 11814: 11801: 11788: 11775: 11762: 11749: 11726: 11713: 11700: 11687: 11671: 11658: 11645: 11629: 11616: 11603: 11587: 11574: 11561: 11548: 11535: 11519: 11506: 11490: 11477: 11464: 11448: 11435: 11422: 11409: 11381: 11368: 11352: 11334: 11321: 11308: 11292: 11279: 11266: 11253: 11236: 11219: 11206: 11193: 11180: 11167: 11154: 11141: 11128: 11115: 11102: 11089: 11076: 11063: 11047: 11015: 11002: 10989: 10976: 10963: 10950: 10932: 10919: 10903: 10883: 10870: 10848: 10826: 10813: 10800: 10778: 10758: 10745: 10732: 10716: 10700: 10687: 10674: 10661: 10648: 10635: 10622: 10609: 10596: 10583: 10570: 10557: 10544: 10531: 10518: 10505: 10488: 10475: 10462: 10449: 10433: 10417: 10402: 10389: 10371: 10358: 10345: 10321: 10308: 10295: 10282: 10269: 10251: 10235: 10228: 10202: 10189: 10173: 10160: 10144: 10131: 10118: 10102: 10082: 10062: 10049: 10036: 10023: 10010: 9997: 9984: 9971: 9958: 9945: 9927: 9914: 9901: 9888: 9857: 9844: 9831: 9818: 9802: 9789: 9776: 9763: 9750: 9737: 9724: 9704: 9691: 9678: 9665: 9652: 9624: 9611: 9598: 9585: 9572: 9559: 9546: 9533: 9520: 9507: 9494: 9481: 9468: 9455: 9442: 9429: 9416: 9400: 9384: 9371: 9358: 9345: 9332: 9319: 9306: 9293: 9280: 9258: 9245: 9232: 9219: 9206: 9184: 9177: 9148: 9135: 9122: 9106: 9093: 9080: 9067: 9049: 9036: 9023: 9003: 8990: 8974: 8961: 8948: 8932: 8916: 8903: 8890: 8877: 8864: 8848: 8835: 8822: 8809: 8789: 8776: 8763: 8743: 8709: 8696: 8653: 8631: 8618: 8605: 8589: 8576: 8550: 8480: 8456: 8430: 8417: 8397: 8367: 8349: 8333: 8320: 8307: 8294: 8281: 8268: 8250: 8234: 8221: 8208: 8195: 8177: 8164: 8151: 8138: 8114: 8101: 8088: 8062: 8042: 8029: 8013: 7997: 7984: 7971: 7958: 7945: 7932: 7919: 7907: 7891: 7878: 7865: 7852: 7839: 7826: 7810: 7794: 7781: 7765: 7752: 7736: 7720: 7707: 7694: 7678: 7658: 7645: 7629: 7616: 7603: 7590: 7577: 7555: 7542: 7529: 7516: 7503: 7485: 7469: 7456: 7443: 7430: 7410: 7385: 7376: 7359: 7346: 7330: 7306: 7293: 7280: 7262: 7244: 7228: 7215: 7195: 7182: 7162: 7138: 7122: 7096: 7083: 7063: 7050: 7037: 7017: 7001: 6983: 6970: 6957: 6944: 6931: 6913: 6904: 6891: 6878: 6865: 6847: 6834: 6809: 6796: 6783: 6757: 6722: 6704: 6691: 6678: 6660: 6634: 6604: 6548: 6532: 6510: 6486: 6468: 6440: 6376: 6363: 6349: 6327: 6297: 6277: 6255: 6189: 6176: 6158: 6120: 6100: 6087: 6071: 6051: 6021: 5991: 5967: 5951: 5938: 5916: 5903: 5890: 5877: 5873:978-1555214722 5777: 5764: 5733: 5713: 5697: 5675: 5658: 5638: 5625: 5612: 5578: 5565: 5552: 5539: 5530: 5517: 5510: 5485: 5472: 5456: 5439: 5423: 5403: 5389: 5369: 5353: 5290: 5130: 5102: 4900: 4884: 4860: 4853: 4694: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4506: 4503: 4487:Trichomoniasis 4396:Lead poisoning 4366: 4363: 4359:Cathartes aura 4346:Bake Oven Knob 4336: 4335:Current status 4333: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4168:Trichomoniasis 4164:Trichomoniasis 4162:vulnerable to 4158:Trichomoniasis 4144:seroprevalence 4128:bone fractures 4104:tree collapses 4090: 4087: 4062: 4059: 4036: 4033: 4015: 4012: 3962: 3959: 3916:Ponderosa pine 3884:American beech 3880:Pinus echinata 3876:Shortleaf pine 3862:trees. Native 3824: 3821: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3745:long-eared owl 3677:Megascops asio 3494:Steller's jays 3416: 3413: 3369:redbelly snake 3315: 3312: 3106:Tree squirrels 3098:rock squirrels 3054:least chipmunk 3005: 3002: 2966:American coots 2948:) to an adult 2917: 2914: 2834:Gambel's quail 2777: 2774: 2741:South Carolina 2663:Columbina inca 2613: 2610: 2505:Junco hiemalis 2453:penduline tits 2294:Pica hudsonius 2233:Steller's jays 2138:American robin 2129:Spinus tristis 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2069:common grackle 2060: 2057: 1977:Columba livia) 1916:regional parks 1905:, then lastly 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1821:, falcons and 1601: 1598: 1580:corticosterone 1506: 1503: 1303: 1300: 1123: 1120: 1116:Buteo lineatus 1096:roadside hawks 1064:bicolored hawk 961: 958: 891: 885: 875: 870: 869: 868: 859: 858: 857: 855: 852: 800:Cape May Point 735: 732: 651:exposed stumps 622: 619: 591:bicolored hawk 455:William Cooper 451:Falco cooperii 429:Astur cooperii 411: 408: 349:William Cooper 311:Astur cooperii 301: 300: 294: 288: 286: Breeding 282: 279: 278: 270: 269: 262: 257:Astur cooperii 251: 250: 244: 243: 236: 234: 230: 229: 222: 218: 217: 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 192: 188: 187: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 144: 143: 125: 122: 121: 116: 113: 112: 104: 103: 93: 92: 72:it, or adding 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13657: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13612: 13610: 13593: 13588: 13584: 13579: 13573: 13569: 13568: 13566: 13564: 13560: 13552: 13547: 13543: 13539: 13534: 13530: 13526: 13521: 13517: 13513: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13495: 13491: 13487: 13482: 13478: 13474: 13469: 13465: 13461: 13456: 13452: 13448: 13443: 13439: 13435: 13430: 13426: 13422: 13417: 13413: 13409: 13404: 13400: 13396: 13391: 13387: 13383: 13378: 13374: 13370: 13364: 13360: 13355: 13351: 13347: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13316: 13312: 13308: 13302: 13298: 13293: 13289: 13285: 13280: 13276: 13272: 13267: 13263: 13259: 13254: 13250: 13246: 13241: 13237: 13230: 13226: 13221: 13215: 13211: 13206: 13200: 13196: 13195: 13193: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13178: 13172: 13168: 13167: 13162: 13159: 13156: 13152: 13151: 13146: 13142: 13139: 13138: 13133: 13130: 13127: 13126: 13118:9780292720916 13116: 13113: 13110: 13107: 13096: 13092: 13090: 13084: 13080: 13078:0-679-45122-6 13074: 13070: 13066: 13065: 13060: 13059:Sibley, David 13056: 13055: 13044: 13038: 13031: 13025: 13018: 13012: 13005: 12999: 12992: 12986: 12979: 12973: 12966: 12960: 12953: 12947: 12940: 12934: 12927: 12920: 12904: 12900: 12898: 12890: 12883: 12877: 12870: 12864: 12857: 12851: 12844: 12838: 12831: 12827: 12821: 12814: 12808: 12801: 12795: 12788: 12782: 12775: 12769: 12762: 12756: 12754: 12746: 12740: 12733: 12727: 12720: 12714: 12707: 12701: 12694: 12690: 12684: 12677: 12671: 12664: 12658: 12651: 12647: 12641: 12634: 12628: 12621: 12615: 12608: 12602: 12595: 12589: 12582: 12576: 12574: 12566: 12560: 12553: 12547: 12540: 12534: 12527: 12521: 12514: 12507: 12505: 12497: 12491: 12484: 12480: 12474: 12467: 12461: 12454: 12448: 12446: 12438: 12432: 12425: 12419: 12412: 12406: 12399: 12393: 12386: 12380: 12373: 12367: 12360: 12354: 12347: 12341: 12334: 12328: 12321: 12317: 12311: 12304: 12300: 12294: 12287: 12281: 12274: 12268: 12261: 12255: 12248: 12242: 12235: 12229: 12222: 12216: 12209: 12203: 12196: 12190: 12183: 12177: 12170: 12164: 12162: 12154: 12148: 12141: 12135: 12128: 12122: 12115: 12109: 12102: 12096: 12089: 12083: 12076: 12070: 12063: 12057: 12050: 12044: 12037: 12031: 12024: 12018: 12016: 12008: 12002: 11995: 11989: 11982: 11976: 11969: 11963: 11956: 11950: 11943: 11937: 11930: 11924: 11917: 11911: 11909: 11901: 11895: 11888: 11887:Urban Raptors 11884: 11878: 11876: 11874: 11866: 11860: 11853: 11847: 11845: 11837: 11831: 11824: 11818: 11811: 11805: 11798: 11792: 11785: 11779: 11772: 11766: 11759: 11753: 11746:(2): 460–463. 11745: 11741: 11737: 11730: 11723: 11717: 11710: 11704: 11697: 11691: 11684: 11678: 11676: 11668: 11662: 11655: 11649: 11642: 11636: 11634: 11626: 11620: 11613: 11607: 11600: 11594: 11592: 11584: 11578: 11571: 11565: 11558: 11552: 11545: 11539: 11532: 11526: 11524: 11516: 11510: 11503: 11497: 11495: 11487: 11481: 11474: 11468: 11461: 11455: 11453: 11445: 11439: 11432: 11426: 11419: 11413: 11406: 11402: 11396: 11394: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11386: 11378: 11372: 11365: 11359: 11357: 11349: 11343: 11341: 11339: 11331: 11325: 11318: 11312: 11305: 11299: 11297: 11289: 11283: 11276: 11270: 11263: 11257: 11250: 11246: 11240: 11233: 11229: 11223: 11216: 11210: 11203: 11197: 11190: 11184: 11177: 11171: 11164: 11158: 11151: 11145: 11138: 11132: 11125: 11119: 11112: 11106: 11099: 11093: 11086: 11080: 11073: 11067: 11060: 11054: 11052: 11044: 11038: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11028: 11026: 11024: 11022: 11020: 11012: 11006: 10999: 10993: 10986: 10980: 10973: 10967: 10960: 10954: 10947: 10941: 10939: 10937: 10929: 10923: 10916: 10910: 10908: 10900: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10888: 10880: 10874: 10867: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10845: 10839: 10837: 10835: 10833: 10831: 10823: 10817: 10810: 10804: 10797: 10791: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10775: 10769: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10755: 10749: 10742: 10736: 10729: 10723: 10721: 10713: 10707: 10705: 10697: 10691: 10684: 10678: 10671: 10665: 10658: 10652: 10645: 10639: 10632: 10626: 10619: 10613: 10606: 10600: 10593: 10587: 10580: 10574: 10567: 10561: 10554: 10548: 10541: 10535: 10528: 10522: 10515: 10509: 10502: 10498: 10492: 10485: 10479: 10472: 10466: 10459: 10453: 10446: 10440: 10438: 10430: 10424: 10422: 10414: 10413: 10406: 10399: 10393: 10386: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10368: 10362: 10355: 10349: 10342: 10336: 10334: 10332: 10330: 10328: 10326: 10318: 10312: 10305: 10299: 10292: 10286: 10279: 10273: 10266: 10260: 10258: 10256: 10248: 10242: 10240: 10231: 10225: 10221: 10218: 10215: 10209: 10207: 10199: 10193: 10186: 10180: 10178: 10170: 10164: 10157: 10151: 10149: 10141: 10135: 10128: 10122: 10115: 10109: 10107: 10099: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10079: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10059: 10053: 10046: 10040: 10033: 10027: 10020: 10014: 10007: 10001: 9994: 9988: 9981: 9975: 9968: 9962: 9955: 9949: 9942: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9924: 9918: 9911: 9905: 9898: 9892: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9871:Mammal Review 9868: 9861: 9854: 9848: 9841: 9835: 9828: 9822: 9815: 9809: 9807: 9799: 9793: 9786: 9780: 9773: 9767: 9760: 9754: 9747: 9741: 9734: 9728: 9721: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9709: 9701: 9695: 9688: 9682: 9675: 9669: 9662: 9656: 9649: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9621: 9615: 9608: 9602: 9595: 9589: 9582: 9576: 9569: 9563: 9556: 9550: 9543: 9537: 9530: 9524: 9517: 9511: 9504: 9498: 9491: 9485: 9478: 9472: 9465: 9459: 9452: 9446: 9439: 9433: 9426: 9420: 9413: 9407: 9405: 9397: 9391: 9389: 9381: 9375: 9368: 9362: 9355: 9349: 9342: 9336: 9329: 9323: 9316: 9310: 9303: 9297: 9290: 9284: 9277: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9255: 9249: 9242: 9236: 9229: 9223: 9216: 9210: 9203: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9180: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9145: 9139: 9132: 9126: 9119: 9113: 9111: 9103: 9097: 9090: 9084: 9077: 9071: 9064: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9046: 9040: 9033: 9027: 9020: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9000: 8994: 8987: 8981: 8979: 8971: 8965: 8958: 8952: 8945: 8939: 8937: 8929: 8923: 8921: 8913: 8907: 8900: 8894: 8887: 8881: 8874: 8868: 8861: 8855: 8853: 8845: 8839: 8832: 8826: 8819: 8813: 8806: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8786: 8780: 8773: 8767: 8760: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8740: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8706: 8700: 8681: 8679: 8670: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8650: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8628: 8622: 8615: 8609: 8602: 8596: 8594: 8586: 8580: 8573: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8547: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8477: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8453: 8447: 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6695: 6688: 6682: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6657: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6631: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6601: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6545: 6539: 6537: 6529: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6507: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6437: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6373: 6367: 6352: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6331: 6315: 6311: 6309: 6301: 6294: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6274: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6252: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6186: 6180: 6173: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6117: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6097: 6091: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5948: 5942: 5935: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5913: 5907: 5900: 5894: 5887: 5881: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5774: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5750: 5749:Cooper's Hawk 5742: 5740: 5738: 5730: 5729: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5710: 5704: 5702: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5635: 5629: 5622: 5616: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5575: 5569: 5562: 5556: 5549: 5543: 5534: 5527: 5521: 5513: 5507: 5503: 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4590: 4589: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4440:Synurbization 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4411:electrocution 4403: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4332: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4067: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4041: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4011: 4008: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3980: 3977:(line 3) and 3976: 3972: 3967: 3958: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3872:Massachusetts 3869: 3868:Pinus strobus 3865: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3820: 3817: 3812: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3792: 3782: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3721:burrowing owl 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3625:Procyon lotor 3622: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3562:Buteo lagopus 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3421: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3397:invertebrates 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3345:spiny lizards 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3280:striped skunk 3277: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3245:pygmy rabbits 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3188:Rattus rattus 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3167:kangaroo rats 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3130:Sciurus niger 3127: 3126:fox squirrels 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3014:tree squirrel 3010: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2978:Bubulcus ibis 2975: 2974:cattle egrets 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2878:ruffed grouse 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2782: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2688: 2687:north Florida 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2647:mourning dove 2644: 2640: 2632: 2631:mourning dove 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525:house sparrow 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2509:house finches 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2493:song sparrows 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2389: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310:American crow 2307: 2303: 2302:Pica nuttalli 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2117: 2112: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2070: 2065: 2059:Prey spectrum 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1911:Stevens Point 1908: 1904: 1903:woodland edge 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875:chicken farms 1872: 1871:North Florida 1868: 1864: 1855: 1854:house sparrow 1850: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1793:Bridger Range 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1759:locations of 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1606: 1597: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1511: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395:Pinus strobus 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1342:woodlands in 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1318:, especially 1317: 1313: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268:south Florida 1265: 1264:New Hampshire 1261: 1260:Massachusetts 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1214:and south to 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184:south Florida 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1128: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1039: 1036:(right) with 1035: 1032:and a female 1031: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 966: 957: 954: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 924: 920: 916: 911: 907: 899: 897: 873: 851: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 827: 822: 818: 813: 809: 805: 801: 796: 786: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 751: 746: 742: 731: 728: 724: 720: 716: 706: 702: 700: 695: 689: 687: 683: 678: 672: 665: 661: 656: 652: 648: 647:utility poles 644: 640: 636: 627: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 573: 569: 568:Upper Midwest 565: 561: 556: 554: 550: 546: 543: 538: 534: 529: 525: 524: 519: 518: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 496: 491: 490: 485: 483: 478: 474: 470: 469: 464: 460: 456: 452: 449: 448:binomial name 445: 441: 437: 430: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 341: 339: 335: 331: 327: 326:birds of prey 324:. As in many 323: 322: 317: 313: 312: 307: 306:Cooper's hawk 280: 276: 271: 266: 260: 258: 252: 249: 248:Binomial name 245: 241: 240: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 223: 220: 219: 216: 213: 210: 209: 206: 203: 200: 199: 196: 193: 190: 189: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 169: 166: 163: 160: 159: 154: 149: 145: 139: 134: 133:Least Concern 123: 119: 114: 110: 105: 100: 97: 89: 86:February 2023 79: 75: 71: 67: 61: 57: 55: 50:This article 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 13562: 13486:coopers-hawk 13369:coopers-hawk 13189: 13165: 13148: 13136: 13100:February 22, 13098:. Retrieved 13088: 13063: 13042: 13037: 13029: 13024: 13016: 13011: 13003: 12998: 12990: 12985: 12977: 12972: 12964: 12959: 12951: 12946: 12938: 12933: 12925: 12919: 12907:. 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Retrieved 4671: 4665: 4659: 4579: 4571: 4563: 4555: 4547: 4540:Vireo bellii 4539: 4536:Bell's vireo 4527: 4519: 4508: 4492: 4485: 4476: 4459: 4457: 4424:translocated 4408: 4368: 4358: 4338: 4323: 4319: 4305: 4275: 4246: 4240: 4230: 4219: 4208:heterophiles 4200:Lake Ontario 4195:Haemoproteus 4193: 4192:and 62% had 4187: 4181: 4178:bird feeders 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4154: 4147: 4136:herpes virus 4123: 4115: 4092: 4079:North Dakota 4072: 4055: 4046: 4028: 4020: 4017: 4004: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3936: 3931: 3919: 3907: 3904:Douglas firs 3899: 3887: 3879: 3867: 3857: 3845: 3841: 3838:Spanish moss 3834: 3807: 3795: 3787: 3764: 3756: 3748: 3740: 3732: 3724: 3716: 3708: 3700: 3692: 3684: 3676: 3668: 3661: 3652: 3640: 3624: 3616: 3613:golden eagle 3609: 3604: 3598: 3589: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3554:broad-winged 3539: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3481: 3476: 3470: 3450: 3432: 3430: 3388: 3385:gopher snake 3380: 3372: 3364: 3356: 3336: 3328: 3317: 3307: 3291: 3283: 3265: 3256: 3248: 3240: 3232: 3216: 3195: 3187: 3175: 3163:jumping mice 3144: 3134: 3129: 3121: 3113: 3101: 3093: 3086:North Dakota 3081: 3073: 3057: 3049: 3033: 3019: 2977: 2969: 2961: 2953: 2945: 2919: 2909: 2897: 2889: 2886:sooty grouse 2881: 2861: 2853: 2845: 2837: 2825: 2809: 2791: 2756: 2748: 2736: 2728: 2712: 2702: 2670: 2662: 2650: 2636: 2606:hummingbirds 2601: 2593: 2585: 2577: 2564: 2556: 2528: 2521:Spinus pinus 2520: 2517:pine siskins 2512: 2504: 2496: 2488: 2480: 2461:treecreepers 2394: 2377: 2369: 2353: 2345: 2329: 2321: 2313: 2301: 2296:), possibly 2293: 2285: 2273: 2270:Mexican jays 2252: 2236: 2228: 2210: 2189: 2150:Lopez Island 2141: 2128: 2121: 2074: 2032: 2028: 2008: 2000: 1989:aquatic prey 1976: 1958: 1953: 1937:tandem hunts 1929: 1924:bird feeders 1920:golf courses 1907:open country 1883:bird feeders 1859: 1826: 1818: 1752: 1742: 1734:Great Plains 1726:Florida Keys 1708:(but unlike 1705: 1682: 1646:Florida Keys 1634:South Dakota 1611: 1593: 1567: 1559: 1556:Canada goose 1526: 1518: 1516: 1495:Pennsylvania 1442:cloud forest 1431: 1402: 1394: 1387:Appalachians 1368: 1362:after human 1312:mixed forest 1305: 1240:South Dakota 1168:Great Plains 1146:, Manitoba, 1144:Saskatchewan 1133: 1115: 1107: 1099: 1091: 1079: 1067: 1058: 1047: 1043: 1017: 1013:birdwatchers 992: 988: 980: 972: 971: 952: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 918: 905: 902: 893: 830: 791: 770: 763:North Dakota 753: 749: 737: 719:North Dakota 711: 698: 690: 685: 634: 632: 602: 599:Chilean hawk 582: 563: 557: 527: 521: 515: 511: 499: 493: 487: 481: 476: 473:Accipitridae 466: 463:chicken hawk 450: 433: 428: 385: 376: 372: 368: 364: 361:flying cross 360: 357:chicken hawk 356: 352: 342: 337: 319: 310: 309: 305: 304: 256: 254: 238: 237: 225: 215:Accipitridae 96: 83: 51: 13468:Neotropical 13442:NatureServe 13390:iNaturalist 13214:Wikispecies 12909:January 28, 9594:Buffleheads 5587:Gill, Frank 5501:The Goshawk 4552:wood thrush 4469:Black Hills 4454:population. 4430:around the 4420:bird strike 4232:Sarcocystis 4216:eosinophils 4149:Avipoxvirus 4096:hypothermia 3811:Albuquerque 3765:Strix varia 3753:spotted owl 3594:cotton rats 3534:mockingbird 3409:butterflies 3159:cotton rats 3143:, commoner 3064:(including 2994:kingfishers 2922:water birds 2916:Other birds 2906:wild turkey 2814:overhunting 2761:mixed flock 2705:woodpeckers 2549:Flycatchers 2457:aegithalids 2433:cardinalids 2362:meadowlarks 2358:Black Hills 2071:as its prey 2003:(including 1956:) carcass. 1887:forest edge 1825:, but many 1789:Lipan Point 1693:Great Lakes 1689:south Texas 1642:New England 1562:) and even 1491:Casa Grande 1462:urban parks 1438:scrub areas 1391:white pines 1356:floodplains 1350:woodlands, 1344:dry country 1256:New England 1238:, southern 1152:Nova Scotia 1142:, Alberta, 936:eeeeeeee-oo 906:keh-keh-keh 848:hallux claw 694:supercilium 621:Description 615:paraspecies 572:Pleistocene 545:sparrowhawk 484:or harriers 74:subheadings 13609:Categories 13578:Q109563275 13546:Xeno-canto 9877:(3): 160. 6776:August 21, 6356:August 21, 6320:August 21, 5605:August 27, 5448:Accipiters 4843:. London: 4629:References 4460:Accipiters 4436:wind farms 4384:pollutants 4324:Accipiters 4320:Accipiters 4221:Haematozoa 4183:Salmonella 4112:copperhead 4100:windstorms 4029:Lynx rufus 3973:(line 1), 3942:or even a 3896:laurel oak 3864:white pine 3859:Eucalyptus 3761:barred owl 3729:boreal owl 3657:gray hawks 3523:Accipiters 3490:Accipiters 3482:Accipiters 3477:Accipiters 3460:New Mexico 3451:Accipiters 3433:Accipiters 3393:amphibians 3319:hawks. In 3314:Other prey 3300:large owls 3221:New Mexico 3184:black rats 3176:Peromyscus 3146:Peromyscus 2874:ptarmigans 2794:galliforms 2776:Galliforms 2717:New Mexico 2679:rock doves 2659:Inca doves 2569:Chickadees 2417:nuthatches 2382:grasslands 2245:New Mexico 2213:passerines 2154:Washington 2077:vertebrate 2035:and large 2033:Accipiters 1973:rock doves 1942:scavenging 1895:fencelines 1819:Accipiters 1810:Fat stores 1797:Gulf Coast 1761:New Jersey 1722:coastlines 1706:Accipiters 1638:Great Lake 1464:and other 1434:open woods 1284:Costa Rica 1228:Washington 1212:Nuevo Leon 1180:Gulf Coast 1088:gray hawks 1005:large crow 1001:small crow 993:Accipiters 953:Accipiters 940:tseeeee-ar 896:media help 833:wing chord 804:New Jersey 767:New Jersey 754:Accipiters 699:Accipiters 560:subspecies 444:Bordentown 402:and other 400:pesticides 392:fledglings 377:swift hawk 369:quail hawk 70:condensing 11234:(p. 499). 4477:Accipiter 4388:Vancouver 4310:, mostly 4287:gamebirds 4279:poisoning 4237:Helminths 4212:monocytes 4118:) and an 4050:Siblicide 4021:Accipiter 3981:(line 4). 3949:mistletoe 3912:mistletoe 3854:grapevine 3803:nighthawk 3799:courtship 3749:Asio otus 3645:southeast 3518:Accipiter 3192:brown rat 3171:nocturnal 3026:Chipmunks 2982:nightjars 2930:shorebird 2870:grassland 2683:bluebirds 2541:Milwaukee 2473:longspurs 2374:bobolinks 2326:fish crow 2053:chipmunks 1899:Tennessee 1773:hawkwatch 1600:Migration 1576:nighthawk 1572:migratory 1519:Accipiter 1499:Tennessee 1446:grassland 1383:waterways 1375:clearings 1352:farmlands 1332:woodlands 1320:foothills 1280:Nicaragua 1272:Guatemala 1248:Wisconsin 1244:Minnesota 1216:Michoacán 1200:Chihuahua 1136:provinces 1059:Accipiter 1018:Accipiter 973:Accipiter 915:nighthawk 779:longitude 771:Accipiter 750:Accipiter 723:Wisconsin 688:species. 686:Accipiter 655:blue-gray 583:Accipiter 577:with the 542:Old World 533:ancestors 528:Accipiter 508:tiny hawk 500:Accipiter 477:Accipiter 321:Accipiter 265:Bonaparte 233:Species: 171:Kingdom: 165:Eukaryota 78:talk page 66:splitting 64:Consider 13572:Wikidata 13520:Species+ 13447:2.100417 13434:22695656 13408:10197090 13284:22695656 13279:BirdLife 13199:Wikidata 13061:(2000). 8689:June 13, 7402:Archived 5380:(1828). 5346:June 13, 4495:falconry 4376:warfarin 4372:dieldrin 4308:biocides 4289:such as 4283:shooting 4206:counts ( 3928:tan-oaks 3771:Breeding 3631:and the 3465:Missouri 3321:Arkansas 3141:woodrats 3042:Maryland 2766:deermice 2533:Michigan 2409:swallows 2225:blue jay 2206:Michigan 2174:thrushes 2162:Berkeley 2041:Missouri 2013:velocity 1969:sparrows 1891:woodland 1879:feedlots 1863:Michigan 1823:harriers 1815:Flocking 1801:Veracruz 1745:Cape May 1714:thermals 1505:Behavior 1419:Arkansas 1411:Maryland 1340:riparian 1336:woodlots 1292:Colombia 1276:Honduras 1252:Michigan 1220:Guerrero 1208:Coahuila 1182:states, 1086:such as 1054:coloring 682:melanism 664:cinnamon 553:Cape May 489:Harpagus 410:Taxonomy 365:hen hawk 211:Family: 185:Chordata 181:Phylum: 175:Animalia 161:Domain: 138:IUCN 3.1 54:too long 13592:9197895 13359:2480621 13266:Avibase 13205:Q862896 13069:112–113 6827:June 3, 4392:cyanide 4025:bobcats 3944:woodrat 3697:elf owl 3637:merlins 3621:raccoon 3401:beetles 3349:Durango 3225:Durango 3180:Burnaby 3155:lemming 3022:mammals 3004:Mammals 2998:parrots 2986:trogons 2950:mallard 2850:chukars 2598:bushtit 2543:and in 2465:dippers 2445:shrikes 2397:biomass 2338:icterid 2334:mobbing 2278:flicker 2266:Arizona 2261:mobbing 2217:corvids 2178:species 2170:exurban 2095:pigeons 2091:Indiana 2081:mammals 2049:parties 2037:falcons 2021:viscera 1997:gracile 1985:harrier 1961:rabbits 1946:carrion 1909:. Near 1889:, open 1867:Wyoming 1710:falcons 1666:Central 1630:Dakotas 1626:Montana 1585:mobbing 1552:sunning 1548:proning 1487:Phoenix 1482:Arizona 1324:conifer 1302:Habitat 1236:Wyoming 1204:Durango 1176:Montana 1148:Ontario 910:Arizona 670:crissum 595:Central 427:Video: 381:mammals 373:striker 267:, 1828) 221:Genus: 201:Order: 191:Class: 136: ( 52:may be 13538:159103 13512:368052 13499:764598 13473:coohaw 13460:261198 13421:175309 13366:GNAB: 13341:EURING 13333:coohaw 13307:coohaw 13253:ARKive 13233:coohaw 13075:  12832:(USA). 10226:  9175:  6347:  5871:  5508:  4851:  4586:Images 4574:) and 4452:Tucson 4214:, and 4083:allele 3994:, the 3735:) and 3331:) and 3276:weasel 3268:shrews 3096:) and 2990:swifts 2964:) and 2934:grebes 2866:grouse 2856:) and 2830:Tucson 2802:grouse 2731:) and 2698:pigeon 2655:Tucson 2582:verdin 2507:) and 2483:) and 2425:mimids 2348:) and 2241:Oregon 2166:Albany 2146:Oregon 2133:canopy 2029:Buteos 2025:mammal 2001:Buteos 1981:stoops 1918:, and 1658:Tucson 1594:Buteos 1478:Tucson 1415:Oregon 1348:pinyon 1288:Panama 1224:Oaxaca 1196:Sonora 948:whaaaa 944:whaaaa 932:chirrp 917:-like 843:culmen 838:tarsus 821:Oregon 812:Nevada 660:rufous 643:canopy 523:Milvus 482:Circus 388:canopy 375:, and 296:  290:  284:  13620:Astur 13533:WoRMS 13525:10004 13403:IRMNG 13328:eBird 13320:64FV9 13304:BOW: 13297:17509 12828:. 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