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challenges concerning human rights and sustainability." Sociologist John
Clammer praised the convention for highlighting the role of culture but said it "lacks a hard-edged analysis or concrete policy proposals of how to address the very issues that it itself raises". Cultural policy scholar Johnathan Vickery warned that the democratic, pluralist values motivating the convention could lead to practices undermining those same values: that the document "can be used to legitimise and bolster current patriarchal, traditional, customary, superstitious or religious 'culture'". He described it as setting out a desirable democratic system of cultural governance without specifying how this could be achieved: "it is hard to see how many of the non-democratic members of the UN Assembly could ever implement many of its Articles".
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812:, meaning that cultural works could be exported from one country to another without a physical medium. This increased the risk that cultural diversity would be threatened as more people had immediate access to the cultural productions of particular countries. The convention was intended to be technologically neutral so that future advancements would not leave it outdated. The definitions in section III allow states to develop cultural policies for digital cultural products. However, this rapid technological change raised the question of how to interpret the convention's rights and obligations relating to online cultural works. The community responded in 2017 by creating and adopting the
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usually already well-established and used to working with government, which tend to be organizations in the Global North. The authors conclude that there are successful cases of involving civil society in the convention's implementation but that the participating organisations were not yet truly diverse. In 2009, the
Intergovernmental Committee identified three general reasons why, in some countries, civil society participation was less than expected: 1) an organisationally weak cultural sector; 2) an excessively top-down approach by government and public bodies; and 3) poor communication between public bodies, civil society, and the cultural sector.
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professionals and practitioners, as well as to their cultural goods and services." The obligation to "facilitate cultural exchanges" rests with developed countries and must benefit developing countries. This is the first time that a binding agreement in the cultural field has explicitly referred to "preferential treatment". Preferential treatment measures can be cultural in nature (e.g., hosting artists from developing countries in artists' residencies in developed countries), commercial in nature (e.g., easing the demands of artists in
34:
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interpretation of cultural diversity that has been implemented is narrow – focused on the market for creative goods – compared to the broad language of the declaration. She observed that the
International Fund for Cultural Diversity, being reliant on donations, "has difficulties making real change." According to Nancy Duxbury and co-authors, although the convention mentions sustainability, it does not truly integrate sustainability requirements into its account of development. They drew a contrast with the 1996
449:, questioned the need for such a clause. A majority of states, on the other hand, wanted the convention placed on an equal footing with other instruments. They argued that the dual nature of cultural goods and services mean that they should be treated by both the WTO and UNESCO texts. The need to incorporate such a clause was finally agreed upon. It would confirm complementarity and non-hierarchy between the convention and other international legal instruments. This would become Article 20 of the convention.
828:(NGOs), cultural professionals and cultural groups — as necessary for implementation of its desired changes. Civil society organizations are involved at several levels in the implementation and promotion of the convention. Although they cannot attend the Conferences of the Parties, they can attend, by invitation, the meetings of the Intergovernmental Committee; participate in funding; contribute their expertise; or receive grants from the International Fund for Cultural Diversity.
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sovereignty, that is, their ability to develop cultural policies and provide support for their own cultural industries, which reflect their identity. In this sense, the very foundations of free trade make it difficult to recognize the specific nature of cultural products, which are bearers of identity, value and meaning, hence the need to incorporate cultural exception and cultural exemption clauses (cultural clauses) into economic agreements.
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the convention reaffirms the sovereign right of states to use legislation to promote and protect the diversity of cultural expressions. Article 6 goes into more detail, listing examples of what states may do. It suggests regulation; the use of quotas on cultural content; subsidies and other support for cultural institutions or for individual artists; and giving domestic cultural industries ways to produce, promote, and publicise their output.
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date of deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. These reports are examined by the
Conference of the Parties in order to plan international cooperation by identifying innovative measures and targeting the needs of countries that could benefit. As of 2021, it was reported that just half the ratifying states have complied with their reporting duties; there are no penalties for failing to comply.
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and ensures that the establishment of the fund is based on the principle of "hierarchical solidarity" rather than "reciprocity". Developing countries that are parties to the convention can apply to the IFCD for funding for specific activities that develop their cultural policies and cultural industries. As of April 2023, UNESCO reports that 140 projects in 69 developing countries have been carried out with funding from the IFCD.
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to the adopted text. Between the end of the negotiations and the 33rd
General Conference of UNESCO, the United States led a campaign to reopen the negotiations. Canada responded by proposing that the preliminary draft be considered a draft convention to be voted on for adoption at the 33rd session of the General Conference, which it was. In advance of the General Conference,
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Cultural
Expressions. This is composed of 24 parties elected by the Conference of the Parties from all regions of the world. Members are given a four-year term and meet annually. These two bodies together act as a "political forum on the future of cultural policy and international cooperation". Article 24 requires the UNESCO Secretariat to assist both of them.
995:, the convention was significantly watered-down by the negotiation process and so "it has been strongly questioned" whether it can provide a counterbalance to trade agreements. Despite this, she argued in 2014, the core elements of the convention are still relevant and should inform the co-ordination of policy and regulation. The Australian economist
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634:, which describes cultural diversity as "a guarantee of sustainable human development". Article 14 provides a list of suggested forms of international cultural cooperation. These relate to the strengthening of cultural industries, capacity building, transfer of technology and know-how, and financial support.
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UNESCO, Intergovernmental
Committee for the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, Report on the Results Achieved between 2010 and 2013 Following the Implementation of the Strategy to Encourage Ratification of the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity
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The monitoring framework is based on
Article 9 of the convention. It is specified by the Operational Guidelines for information sharing and transparency. In order to respect this commitment, the parties designate a point of contact and must produce periodic reports every four years, starting from the
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The convention defines the following terms to explain their specific legal meaning: "cultural diversity", "cultural content", "cultural expressions", "cultural activities, goods and services", "cultural industries", "cultural policies and measures", "protection" and "interculturality". The convention
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At the third intergovernmental meeting, a working group was charged with finding a compromise between the positions expressed to date on the relationship of the convention to other treaties. A stormy vote on the text of
Article 20 led the United States to request registration of its formal opposition
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The first intergovernmental meeting, held from 20 to 24 September 2004, set up the negotiating structure and expressed the respective views on the type of convention to come. Differences of opinion persisted regarding the purpose of the convention, its relationship with other international agreements
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did not allow for the recognition of the dual nature of cultural goods and services, some states decided at the end of the 1990s to move the debate to UNESCO. On the one hand, UNESCO's constitution, and particularly
Articles 1 and 2, make it the appropriate international forum for this debate. On the
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For example, Coalitions for the Diversity of Cultural Expressions are active around the world: Canada, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Chad, Chile, France, Gabon, Germany, Mali, Nigeria, Paraguay, Portugal, Slovakia, Switzerland, Togo and Turkey. There is also the International Network of Jurists for the
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The International Fund for Cultural Diversity (IFCD) was created as a result of the demands of developing countries and is established under article 18 of the convention. It is funded by voluntary contributions from member states. This creates some uncertainty as to the sustainability of the funding
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The obligation to promote cultural expressions is set out in article 7. Parties to the convention have an obligation to promote cultural expressions within their territory, giving individuals and society access to a diverse set of cultural influences from their own country and from around the world.
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and have cultural content: symbolic meaning, artistic dimension or values related to cultural identity. "Cultural diversity" is interpreted both in terms of cultural heritage that is preserved, and in terms of diverse ways of creating, sharing, and enjoying art. This definition creates the link with
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One of the significant difficulties encountered in the negotiations was the question of whether the convention would prevail over, or be subordinate to, other existing or future international agreements negotiated by the parties. Initially, the positions of the states were polarized on whether there
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Article 20 explains that the convention is to be interpreted as complementary to other existing treaties, not overruling or modifying them. In article 21, the parties "undertake to promote the objectives and principles of this Convention in other international forums." The term "other international
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Article 16 contains one of the most binding commitments of the convention. It states that "eveloped countries shall facilitate cultural exchanges with developing countries by granting, through appropriate institutional and legal frameworks, preferential treatment to their artists and other cultural
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The section on rights and obligations is central to the convention. It focuses on rights, especially the rights of states to take action to protect their cultural diversity. Most of these rights are expressed as options ("Parties may...") rather than requirements ("Parties shall..."). In article 5,
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In Article 8 of the declaration, UNESCO members affirm that "cultural goods and services , because they convey identity, values and meaning, should not be treated as commodities or consumer goods like any other." In Article 9, the role of cultural policies is defined as a tool to "create conditions
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UNESCO, Convention establishing a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, known as the "Constitution", 1945, London, as amended by the General Conference at its 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 12th, 15th, 17th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th,
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In 1998, the Action Plan on Cultural Policies for Development drawn up at the Stockholm Conference recommended that cultural goods and services should be treated differently from other merchandise. This action plan sets the stage for developments in cultural diversity from the early 2000s onwards.
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Article 8 sets out the powers of a state to identify a situation where a cultural expression is in need of "urgent safeguarding" and to take "all appropriate measures". It requires the parties to notify the Intergovernmental Committee (created by article 23) of any such measure. The committee may
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This declaration is not legally binding. The desirability of negotiating a binding international legal instrument is set out in Annex II of the declaration. Several articles of the declaration are included in the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions.
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Although these clauses are multiplying, concern remains in cultural circles about the progressive liberalization of the cultural sector and the repeated characterization of cultural products as mere "merchandise". In fact, cultural clauses receive a mixed reception during trade negotiations. Some
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A 2015 study found that many activities arising from the convention involved civil society, or partnerships between civil society and government, although fewer than half of the national reports mentioned involving civil society. It also found that the NGOs most involved in these activities were
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The monitoring framework is structured by four overarching objectives from the convention, as well as by the desired outcomes, core indicators and means of verification. The four objectives are: (1) supporting sustainable cultural governance systems, (2) achieving a balanced exchange of cultural
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The convention addresses many audiences and operates at three main levels. First, it is an international treaty governing co-operation between states. Second, it guides national and international governments in the legislation and other actions they can take to preserve cultural diversity within
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Reviewing the second global report in 2018, Barbara Lovrinić of the Institute for Development and International Relations observed that the reports show that countries have made progress and have come up with new ways to address the strategic issues of promoting cultural diversity, but that the
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The preamble affirms the importance and benefits of cultural diversity and of the "framework of democracy, tolerance, social justice and mutual respect" needed for it to flourish. It refers to many issues on the periphery of the scope of the convention, yet intimately linked to the diversity of
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One topic of negotiation is whether products with cultural value be treated like any other commodity. Some states answer in the affirmative, arguing that it is necessary to adopt a legal instrument that is independent of the WTO's multilateral trade system in order to recognize the dual nature,
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Evaluating the convention ten years after its creation, Christiaan De Beukelaer and Miikka Pyykkönen described it as "a useful and important instrument in the debate on cultural diversity" but warn that it is "not broad and sufficient enough to confront cultural diversity as a whole, including
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already recognized the cultural specificity of the film sector by allowing states to maintain certain types of screen quotas to ensure the broadcasting of national films. When the trade system was being reformed in the 1980s and 1990s, Canada and France asked that special treatment be given to
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or cultural exemption that appeared during the 1980s. The awareness on the part of certain states of the impacts of the liberalization of economic exchanges on their cultural policies is the trigger for the emergence of the concept of cultural diversity and the need to protect the diversity of
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Article 22 establishes the Conference of the Parties, the governing body of the convention. This is composed of all the countries that have ratified the convention and meets every two years. Article 23 creates an Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of
645:), or commercial in nature (e.g., facilitating the movement of cultural goods and services) or mixed, i.e., both cultural and commercial (e.g., entering into a film co-production agreement that includes measures that facilitate access to the developed country market for the co-produced work).
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To "strengthen international cooperation and solidarity with a view to favouring the cultural expressions of all countries, in particular those whose cultural goods and services suffer from lack of access to the means of creation, production and dissemination at the national and international
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The main objective for the convention is to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions. The convention highlights the fact that cultural creativity has been placed upon all of humanity and that aside from economical gains, creative diversity reaps plenty of cultural and social
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Work towards the convention began in the fall of 2003, with a decision of the UNESCO General Conference. Fifteen independent experts participated in a series of three meetings to create a preliminary draft. This draft was distributed to member states in July 2004. It formed the basis for the
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is also apparent in some trade disputes, most notably in Canada - Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals. In that case, the panel rejected one of Canada's arguments that, because the content of Canadian and U.S. periodicals differ, the products are not similar and, therefore, may be treated
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The application of trade rules to cultural products raises a particular problem. By making commitments in economic agreements, states agree to eliminate all forms of discrimination between domestic and imported cultural products. In doing so, they are gradually relinquishing their cultural
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In 2018, the Polish sociologist Dobrosława Wiktor-Mach described the political support for the convention, leading to its rapid ratification by many states, as impressive. She said that the convention "has had a direct impact on current debates on culture and sustainability" but that the
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their states or regions. Third, it calls for action by public and civil bodies at local and national levels to support diverse cultural expressions. The convention has no enforcing body; it leaves enforcement to the member states but sets out procedures in case of disputes between them.
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other hand, the United States was not a member of this organization at the time (it rejoined UNESCO in 2003 when the negotiation of the convention was launched), which created a favourable context for the development of a multilateral instrument aimed at protecting cultural diversity.
404:, tolerance, dialogue and cooperation, in a climate of mutual trust and understanding, are among the best guarantees of international peace and security". It represents an opportunity to "categorically reject the thesis of inescapable conflicts of cultures and civilizations".
252:, easing the movement of goods, services and capital between states. In several free trade agreements, states were able to establish exceptions to their commitments, either to protect specific sectors or to protect their policies such as environmental, social or culture.
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economic and cultural, of cultural goods and services. The recognition of this dual nature is reflected in certain bilateral or regional trade agreements that include cultural exemption clauses. The first agreement to contain a cultural exemption clause was the
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The intended beneficiaries to the convention include all individuals and societies. The convention lists several groups such as women, indigenous peoples, minorities, and artists and practitioners of developing nations as specifically intended to benefit.
1817:"La troisième session de la réunion intergouvernementale d'experts sur l'Avant-projet de Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles et l'examen du Projet de Convention par la Conférence générale de l'Unesco"
1700:"La troisième session de la réunion intergouvernementale d'experts sur l'Avant-projet de Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles et l'examen du Projet de Convention par la Conférence générale de l'Unesco"
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Varin, Clémence (2021). "The contribution of international forums apart from UNESCO in achieving the objectives of the Convention on the Diversity of Cultural Expressions in the digital environment". In Beauregard, Devin; Paquette, Jonathan (eds.).
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and the level of commitment required. At the second intergovernmental meeting, the Plenary Assembly considered almost all of the provisions of the preliminary draft. Definitions of key terms were discussed, as was the dispute settlement mechanism.
264:(GATS) then under negotiation. The United States firmly opposed this, which led to the "failure of the cultural exception", an expression that reflects the impossibility of excluding the cultural sector from the reformed multilateral trade system.
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whose research objectives are linked to those of the 2005 convention. The UNESCO Chair on the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, launched in November 2016, participates in the implementation of the convention and in the development of knowledge.
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UNESCO, Operational Guidelines - Preferential Treatment for Developing Countries, Article 15 of the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, Conference of Parties, 2nd sess, Paris, June 2009, online:
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allows for a more positive perspective and a more positive approach to free trade. It allows for a balance to be struck between the economic benefits of opening up economies and taking into account the specificity of cultural products.
1787:"The Relationship Between the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions and Other International Instruments: the Emergence of a New Balance in the Interface Between Commerce and Culture"
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but, unlike that declaration, it is legally binding and requires legal ratification by member states. The convention is the first international treaty to give cultural goods a special status, having cultural as well as economic value.
2020:
UNESCO, Operational Guidelines - Modalities for Partnerships, Article 15 of the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, Conference of Parties, 2nd session, Paris, June 2009, online:
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to advance cultural and economic development in a sustainable context. Reading the national reports on the implementation of the convention, he found that many countries have benefited by making the required policy changes.
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have not ratified or implemented the convention. The United States refused to ratify despite actively participating in the negotiations and drafting. The main argument of their opposition is that cultural products are
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in the same way as other goods and services. They argue that the benefits of free trade extend to cultural goods and services. The United States left UNESCO at the end of 2018 but officially rejoined in July 2023.
1657:"The First Intergovernmental Meeting of Experts on UNESCO's Preliminary Draft Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents and Artistic Expressions: Implications for the Following Meeting"
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Article 3 sets out the scope of application: "This Convention shall apply to the policies and measures adopted by the Parties relating to the protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions."
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stated long-term goal of reshaping cultural policy was not yet being achieved. She criticised UNESCO for not promoting more public awareness of the 2005 Convention and the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies for Development, "Action Plan on Cultural Policies for Development" in Final Report, Stockholm CLT-98/Conf.210/5, (30 March to 2 April 1998), online:
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advantages. States must also promote "openness to other cultures of the world". Protective measures are also included in the convention and international co-operation is encouraged in times of need.
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457:, the United States Secretary of State, wrote to attendees, asking them not to sign the convention, which she said "invites abuse by forces opposed to freedom of expression and free trade".
1682:"UNESCO's Second Session of the Intergovernmental Meeting of Experts on the Preliminary Draft Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents and Artistic Expressions"
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report by the World Commission on Culture and Development which considered culture not as a sector of the economy but in terms of the values and practices that define desirable futures.
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Vlassis, Antonios (5 January 2012). "La mise en oeuvre de la Convention sur la diversité des expressions culturelles: Portée et enjeux de l'interface entre le commerce et la culture".
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Article 1 of the convention sets out the convention's nine purposes discussed above. Article 2 lists eight principles that guide the interpretation of commitments made by the parties:
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The convention was born out of a desire to reconcile cultural diversity with increasingly liberal trade agreements. The international community was progressively lowering barriers to
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was the first party to ratify the treaty on 28 November 2005. Many more ratifications took place until 2007, after which the rate slowed down. The most recent ratifications are from
2088:"An Important Aspect of the Implementation of the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions: The International Fund for Cultural Diversity"
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Ivana Otasevic, The emergence of an unwritten norm for the protection of cultural diversity in international law, PhD thesis, Quebec City, Université Laval, defended 2018, p. 111.
2214:"An international instrument for international cultural policy: The challenge of UNESCO's Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions 2005"
1835:"An international instrument for international cultural policy: The challenge of UNESCO's Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions 2005"
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Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity: A Vision, a Conceptual Platform, a Box of Ideas, a New Paradigm, Document prepared for the World Summit on Sustainable Development
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Article 12 sets out the five objectives of states in relation to international cooperation. Article 13 sets out the obligation of the parties to integrate culture into their
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creates several new concepts and uses similar expressions to some already known. As interpreted in the convention, cultural activities, goods, or services must result from
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has worked to support the convention by creating a Framework for Cultural Statistics and establishing an Expert Group on Measuring the Diversity of Cultural Expressions.
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In article 19, the parties commit to sharing data, expertise, and best practice for the protection and promotion of culture, creating a data bank maintained by UNESCO.
2812:"Book Review: Globalization, Culture and Development: The UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity edited by Christiaan De Beukelaer, Miikka Pyykkönen and J. P. Singh"
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Article 15 is the most explicit provision for partnerships between public authorities and civil society, especially to respond to the needs of developing countries.
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goods and services and increasing the mobility of artists and cultural professionals, (3) including culture in sustainable development frameworks and (4) promoting
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UNESCO reports that "at least eight bilateral and regional free trade agreements concluded between 2015 and 2017 have introduced cultural clauses or list [
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cultural expressions, including intellectual property rights, the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, linguistic diversity, and traditional knowledge.
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Neuwrith, Rostam J. "La Convention de l'UNESCO et les technologies du futur: 'Un voyage au centre de l'Ă©laboration des lois et des politiques culturelles'" in (
204:. The convention aimed to provide a legally binding international agreement that reaffirms that right. It enshrined the view that goods and services created as
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Al-Khamees, Omar A.; Yecies, Brian; Moore, Christopher (2 November 2022). "Cultural policy aspirations and the turn in Saudi Arabia's video game industry".
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2753:"The UNESCO Convention on the Diversity of Cultural Expressions as a coordination framework to promote regulatory coherence in the creative economy"
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intergovernmental negotiations from the fall of 2004 onwards to prepare the draft convention to be presented to the General Conference in 2005.
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UNESCO, Operational Guidelines - Information Sharing and Transparency, Conference of Parties, 3rd sess. 2011, revised at the 7th sess. online:
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UNESCO has published a series of reports that monitor the outcomes of the 2005 Convention and the progress being made within signatory states.
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1912:"Preliminary Draft of the Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents of Artistic Expressions: analysis and commentary"
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516:, information and communication, as well as the ability of individuals to choose cultural expressions, are guaranteed" in a manner against a
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would be an explicit clause setting out the relations between the convention and other international commitments. Some states, including the
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2454:"Implementing UNESCO's Convention on Cultural Diversity at the regional level: Experiences from evaluating cultural competence centers"
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UNESCO, Framework for Monitoring the 2005 Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, online:
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Articles 9 to 11 commit the states to sharing information transparently, to promoting cultural diversity through education and public
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Article 17 commits parties to cooperate in situations of serious threat to cultural expressions of the kind mentioned in article 8.
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Clammer, John. "Cultural Diversity, Global Change, and Social Justice: Contextualizing the 2005 Convention in a World in Flux". In
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George, Éric. "La politique de "contenu canadien" à l'ère de la "diversité culturelle" dans le contexte de la mondialisation". In
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Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property
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David contre Goliath: la Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles de l'UNESCO
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729:. One recommendation was that Commonwealth states should ratify the convention and work with civil society to implement it.
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2967:"The UNESCO Convention on the Diversity of Cultural Expressions: A Cultural Instrument at the Crossroads of Law and Policy"
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156:, including the creation of the International Fund for Cultural Diversity. It reaffirms many of the principles of the 2001
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Throsby, David (4 March 2017). "Culturally sustainable development: theoretical concept or practical policy instrument?".
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The convention has received both praise and criticism from academic sources. According to Lilian Richieri Hanania of the
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The UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions : explanatory notes
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argued in 2016 that the convention, as a legally binding treaty with many signatories, has achieved much more than the
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Matsuura, Koïchiro (2002). "The World's Cultural Wealth is its Diversity in Dialogue". In Stenou, Katérina (ed.).
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differently by Canada. In the end, certain measures to protect the Canadian periodical industry were not adopted.
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Anheier, Helmut K.; Hoelsche, Michael. "The 2005 UNESCO Convention and Civil Society: An Initial Assessment". In
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and calls for international co-operation, especially to support the cultural industries of developing countries.
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De Beukelaer, Christiaan; Pyykkönen, Miikka. "Introduction: UNESCO's "Diversity Convention" – Ten Years on". In
2838:"What role for culture in the age of sustainable development? UNESCO's advocacy in the 2030 Agenda negotiations"
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3318:: full text, list of parties, and documents from the Conference of Parties and the Intergovernmental Committee
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Théorêt, Yves (2008a). "Petite histoire de la reconnaissance de la diversité des expressions culturelles". In
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30 frequently asked questions concerning the Convention and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
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opposing. The agreement came into effect in March 2007 and has been ratified by 151 states, as well as by the
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The convention also affirms that "Cultural diversity can be protected and promoted only if human rights and
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To recognise the distinct nature of cultural goods and services as vehicles of values, identity and meaning.
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3261:"Rip it up and start again? The contemporary relevance of the 2005 UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity"
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3414:
324:
The Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions is one of seven
4004:
3989:
3944:
3914:
3854:
3789:
3739:
3719:
3699:
3679:
3649:
3634:
3594:
3539:
3474:
3109:
Turp, Daniel (2013). "La Contribution Du Droit International Au Maintien de La Diversité Culturelle".
1580:"Did You Know That There Is the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity? And Why You Should Care?"
867:
Re|shaping cultural policies: a decade promoting the diversity of cultural expressions for development
486:
To create the conditions for cultures to flourish and freely interact in a mutually beneficial manner.
4089:
3899:
3879:
3864:
3784:
3749:
3709:
3559:
3534:
2884:
2837:
1969:"Cultural expressions under threat in the UNESCO Convention on the Diversity of Cultural Expressions"
1208:"Ten Keys to the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions"
361:
236:, particularly in the context of agreements aimed at liberalizing trade. It succeeds the concepts of
2752:
2503:
Guèvremont, Véronique (2017). "The Convention in other international forums: a crucial commitment".
4154:
2364:
665:
376:
193:
483:
To define a new framework for international cultural co-operation, the keystone of the convention.
3349:
3226:
15 Years of the UNESCO Diversity of Cultural Expressions Convention: Actors, Processes and Impact
1361:(in French). Groupe de travail Franco-Québécois sur la diversité culturelle. pp. 2, 24, 25.
722:
627:
490:
233:
1743:Évaluation de la faisabilité juridique d'un instrument international sur la diversité culturelle
1355:Évaluation de la faisabilité juridique d'un instrument international sur la diversité culturelle
168:
One hundred and forty-eight countries voted to approve the treaty, with five abstaining and the
2504:
2116:
1282:
965:
943:
917:
891:
865:
3060:
3044:
3070:"Policy Review: Assessing the effectiveness of UNESCO's new Convention on cultural diversity"
2430:
2399:
2036:
2022:
1822:(in French). Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications. pp. 5, 6.
1496:
http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=15244&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
308:
generally refuses to incorporate such clauses into the free trade agreements it negotiates.
152:. It also establishes international co-operation to help protect the cultural industries of
3069:
2213:
1874:
1834:
1207:
408:
conducive to the production and dissemination of diversified cultural goods and services".
397:
205:
189:
145:
8:
2979:
Globalization, culture and development : the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity
2163:
2005 Convention, Art. 24, Rules of Procedure of the Intergovernmental Committee, Art. 39.
1519:
1327:
814:
Operational Guidelines on the Implementation of the Convention in the Digital Environment
792:] of commitments that promote the objectives and principles of the 2005 Convention."
517:
396:
was adopted unanimously by 188 member states on 2 November 2001, in the aftermath of the
2932:"UNESCO Global Report Reshaping Cultural Policies. Advancing Creativity for Development"
500:
To ensure that civil society plays a major role in the implementation of the convention.
3278:
3247:
3158:
3145:
3097:
2912:
2865:
2780:
2733:
2695:
2656:
2290:
1310:
509:
354:
Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict
312:
237:
153:
141:
3295:
3282:
3251:
3237:
3164:
3149:
3135:
3101:
3089:
3056:
2982:
2916:
2904:
2869:
2857:
2784:
2772:
2737:
2699:
2566:
2510:
2473:
2233:
2199:
2177:"Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions"
1854:
1750:
1623:
1609:
1591:
1562:
1474:
1362:
1314:
1302:
1094:
971:
949:
923:
897:
871:
642:
513:
494:
337:
329:
213:
201:
197:
188:
The convention was a response to treaties and other international measures promoting
149:
3321:
676:(OECD), but also to more informal bilateral or regional fora or negotiating groups.
3331:
Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
3316:
Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
3268:
3229:
3205:
3127:
3081:
2896:
2849:
2764:
2725:
2687:
2465:
2225:
1974:. Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications. pp. 5, 10.
1846:
1466:
1294:
1173:
1086:
454:
333:
217:
122:
Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
27:
Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
2900:
2853:
2768:
2729:
2691:
1792:. Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications. pp. 1, 2.
140:
would lead to an increasingly uniform global culture, it allows states to protect
809:
800:
The convention was negotiated at a time when music and films were mainly sold on
474:
268:
3335:
Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
3334:
3326:
2387:
https://en.unesco.org/creativity/sites/creativity/files/2018gmr-framework-en.pdf
2064:
725:
produced the Kampala Civil Society Statement, which made recommendations to the
562:
Principle of the complementarity of economic and cultural aspects of development
1687:. Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications. p. 29.
1624:"Records of the General Conference, 32nd Session. Volume 1, Resolutions, 32C34"
1075:"The New UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity: A Counterbalance to the WTO?"
935:
909:
699:
623:
programs, and to working with civil society to achieve the convention's goals.
242:
229:
177:
33:
3168:
2469:
2142:
1917:. Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications. p. 5.
1705:(in French). Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications.
1298:
1037:
Diversity of Cultural Expressions, the World Organization of the Francophonie.
967:
Re|shaping policies for creativity: addressing culture as a global public good
3343:
3224:
Barreiro Carril, Beatriz; Jakubowski, Andrzej; Lixinski, Lucas, eds. (2023).
3093:
3085:
2908:
2861:
2776:
2477:
2237:
2229:
1858:
1850:
1749:(in French). Groupe de travail Franco-Québécois sur la diversité culturelle.
1595:
1470:
1306:
1098:
996:
430:
305:
289:
169:
137:
2883:
Duxbury, Nancy; Kangas, Anita; De Beukelaer, Christiaan (28 February 2017).
3273:
3260:
1328:
Panel on Canada - Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals (14 March 1997).
883:
801:
764:
737:
703:
362:
Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage
3233:
1090:
208:
have both an economic and cultural nature and so cannot be seen purely as
3131:
438:
301:
2429:
Operational Guidelines on Information Sharing and Transparency, online:
1545:"Records of the General Conference, 31st session, Volume 1: Resolutions"
223:
2286:"Israel, U.S. slated to leave UNESCO today to protest anti-Israel bias"
733:
711:
591:
345:
297:
249:
114:
Authoritative in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish
3209:
328:
conventions that deal with the four core areas of creative diversity;
196:. These were seen as undermining the sovereign right of states to use
3045:"The Convention on Cultural Diversity and International Economic Law"
2977:
Beukelaer, Christiaan; Pyykkönen, Miikka; Singh, J. P., eds. (2015).
2885:"Cultural policies for sustainable development: four strategic paths"
836:
750:
620:
387:
3014:
Guèvremont, Véronique. "The 2005 Convention in the Digital Age". In
1122:
1120:
602:
497:, via assistance from the International Fund for Cultural Diversity.
228:
The concept of diversity of cultural expressions is the result of a
2972:. Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications.
2198:
of Cultural Expressions, Off. CE/13/7.IGC/10 (2013), p. 2, online:
2093:. Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications.
1662:. Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications.
1424:(2017 ed.). Paris: UNESCO. pp. 19, 42–46. CLT-2017/WS/10.
715:
370:
Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage
293:
2637:
2625:
2506:
Re|shaping cultural policies: advancing creativity for development
1229:
893:
Re|shaping cultural policies: advancing creativity for development
854:
Re-shaping cultural policies: advancing creativity for development
721:
A November 2007 meeting of delegates from 59 member states of the
241:
cultural expressions, particularly because of the strength of the
3223:
1132:
1117:
658:
442:
401:
781:
366:
Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
134:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
2931:
1159:
741:
707:
541:
325:
173:
133:
125:
104:
69:
3049:
Asian Journal of WTO & International Health Law and Policy
2579:
550:
Principle of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
3023:
Singh, J. P. "Cultural Globalization and the Convention". In
2523:
1105:
824:
The convention repeatedly mentions civil society — including
745:
446:
434:
209:
129:
65:
3322:
Texts in all official languages, plus Operational Guidelines
3120:
Hanania, Lilian Richieri; Norodom, Anne-Thida, eds. (2016).
919:
Freedom & Creativity: Defending art, defending diversity
3112:
Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law
2253:
2097:
795:
673:
3123:
Diversité des expressions culturelles à l'ère du numérique
2981:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
2431:
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000260710.page=36
2400:
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000370521.page=37
2037:
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000370521.page=66
2023:
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000370521.page=63
1428:
3265:
The Journal of Law, Social Justice and Global Development
2882:
1635:
1633:
805:
788:
375:
Faced with the fact that the commitments made within the
132:
during the 33rd session of the General Conference of the
1721:
1709:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3006:
2997:
2976:
679:
556:
Principle of equal dignity and respect for all cultures
3290:
Schorlemer, Sabine; Stoll, Peter-Tobias, eds. (2012).
2791:
1950:
1948:
1763:
1630:
1525:
1520:
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000113935_fre
1387:
1241:
674:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
630:
policies at all levels. This echoes article 11 of the
3004:
2681:
1870:
1868:
1780:
1778:
1440:
1332:. World Trade Organization. p. §5.25. WT/DS/31R.
1235:
1149:
1147:
1138:
1126:
808:
formats. The subsequent years saw the rise of online
559:
Principle of international solidarity and cooperation
224:
The impact of trade liberalization on cultural policy
2611:"Civil society - change agent and cultural watchdog"
1891:
706:
of the convention, or a legally equivalent process.
693:
477:
while ensuring the free movement of ideas and works.
473:
To reaffirm the sovereign rights of states to adopt
3115:(in French). Vol. 363. Brill Reference Online.
2591:
2484:
2265:
2042:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1796:
1500:
1375:
575:
3258:
2200:https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000224652
1865:
1775:
1462:Cultural Products and the World Trade Organization
1144:
945:Gender & creativity: progress on the precipice
688:
632:UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity
394:UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity
388:UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity
158:UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity
4070:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
1739:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1351:
603:Section IV: Rights and obligations of the parties
520:that may undermine universality of human rights.
192:in cultural goods, especially the actions of the
4040:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3341:
2340:"U.S. rejoins UNESCO: "It's a historic moment!""
1650:
1648:
400:. It affirms "that respect for the diversity of
3289:
2995:
2643:
2631:
2585:
2171:
2169:
1111:
3119:
2549:. Quebec: Université Laval. pp. 2, 18–19.
1666:
1414:
1263:
698:To date, 151 signatory states, as well as the
659:Section V: Relationship with other instruments
183:
2923:
2314:"The United States officially rejoins Unesco"
2059:
2057:
1645:
782:Effect on subsequent international agreements
3940:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2166:
819:
757:
542:Section I: Objectives and guiding principles
352:(1952, followed by a revision in 1971), the
3365:Treaties entered into by the European Union
3259:Garner, B; O'Connor, J (23 December 2019).
2836:Wiktor-Mach, Dobrosława (24 October 2018).
2835:
1073:Graber, Christoph Beat (1 September 2006).
597:Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity
584:
38:Countries that have ratified the convention
4060:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
3013:
2751:Hanania, Lilian Richieri (7 August 2016).
2529:
2502:
2458:International Journal of Cultural Property
2054:
1740:Bernier, Ivan; Ruiz Fabri, Hélène (2002).
1352:Bernier, Ivan; Ruiz Fabri, Hélène (2002).
1287:International Journal of Cultural Property
32:
3272:
2218:International Journal of Cultural Studies
1839:International Journal of Cultural Studies
489:To endeavour to support co-operation for
232:in the way that culture is considered in
4025:Treaties of the Central African Republic
3327:Procedural history and related documents
3175:
2929:
2889:International Journal of Cultural Policy
2842:International Journal of Cultural Policy
2757:International Journal of Cultural Policy
2718:International Journal of Cultural Policy
2684:International Journal of Cultural Policy
2661:UNESCO Diversity of Cultural Expressions
2283:
2121:UNESCO Diversity of Cultural Expressions
1655:Bernier, Ivan (November–December 2004).
1560:
1531:
1494:29th and 31st sessions, art. 1, online:
1434:
1415:Guèvremont, Véronique; Otašević, Ivana.
1258:
1256:
1247:
847:
796:Implementation in the online environment
727:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
670:World Intellectual Property Organization
136:(UNESCO). In response to the fears that
3195:
3186:
3177:
3156:
3126:(in French). Buenos Aires: Teseopress.
3034:Beukelaer, Pyykkönen & Singh (2015)
3031:
3025:Beukelaer, Pyykkönen & Singh (2015)
3016:Beukelaer, Pyykkönen & Singh (2015)
3007:Beukelaer, Pyykkönen & Singh (2015)
2998:Beukelaer, Pyykkönen & Singh (2015)
2964:
2936:Croatian International Relations Review
2809:
2797:
2750:
2715:
2451:
2259:
2103:
2085:
1966:
1909:
1897:
1814:
1784:
1769:
1697:
1679:
1654:
1639:
1393:
1276:
1274:
1272:
993:University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne
616:then make appropriate recommendations.
3390:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
3342:
3184:
3163:(in French). Montréal: Hurtubise HMH.
2810:Vickery, Johnathan (19 January 2016).
2563:Canadian cultural policy in transition
2541:
2211:
1832:
1584:International In-House Counsel Journal
1577:
1446:
1072:
986:
963:
889:
863:
835:Civil society includes UNESCO Chairs:
469:Additional objectives are as follows:
262:General Agreement on Trade in Services
257:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
4065:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
3022:
2711:
2709:
2565:(First ed.). London: Routledge.
2559:
2490:
2277:
2135:
1253:
1079:Journal of International Economic Law
941:
776:UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)
319:
148:by promoting and defending their own
4080:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
3108:
3067:
3042:
2597:
2337:
2311:
2284:Lazaroff, Tovah (31 December 2018).
2271:
2048:
1954:
1939:
1927:
1802:
1727:
1715:
1506:
1458:
1381:
1280:
1269:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1153:
1068:
1066:
915:
680:Section VI: Organs of the convention
664:forums" refers in particular to the
565:Principle of sustainable development
3370:Treaties entered into force in 2007
1405:2005 Convention, Preamble, para 19.
13:
4075:Treaties of the State of Palestine
4045:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
3485:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
3217:
2706:
1567:. Johannesburg: UNESCO. p. 3.
1418:Culture in Treaties and Agreements
1167:"Coalition for Cultural Diversity"
292:and therefore antithetical to the
14:
4166:
3930:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3309:
1236:De Beukelaer & Pyykkönen 2015
1191:
1139:De Beukelaer & Pyykkönen 2015
1127:De Beukelaer & Pyykkönen 2015
1063:
852:Cover of the 2018 global report,
843:
694:Ratification and non-ratification
571:Principle of openness and balance
2876:
1578:Passer, Juliette (Autumn 2020).
576:Section II: Scope of application
260:audiovisual services in the new
4095:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
3420:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
2829:
2803:
2744:
2675:
2649:
2603:
2553:
2535:
2496:
2445:
2442:2005 Convention, Art. 22(4)(b).
2436:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2392:
2379:
2357:
2331:
2305:
2244:
2205:
2191:
2157:
2109:
2079:
2028:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1960:
1903:
1879:
1826:
1815:Bernier, Ivan (February 2006).
1808:
1733:
1698:Bernier, Ivan (February 2006).
1691:
1616:
1602:
1571:
1554:
1537:
1512:
1487:
1452:
1408:
1399:
1345:
1336:
1321:
1030:
689:Ratification and implementation
415:
4085:Treaties of the United Kingdom
4035:Treaties of the Czech Republic
3380:Treaties extended to Hong Kong
3375:Treaties extended to Greenland
3074:Global Media and Communication
2452:Betzler, Diana (17 May 2021).
1910:Bernier, Ivan (October 2004).
1612:. Paris: UNESCO. 18 July 2003.
1217:
1051:
826:non-governmental organizations
350:Universal Copyright Convention
278:Canada-US Free Trade Agreement
212:. The convention also defines
194:World Trade Organisation (WTO)
1:
3640:Treaties of Georgia (country)
3605:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
2901:10.1080/10286632.2017.1280789
2854:10.1080/10286632.2018.1534841
2769:10.1080/10286632.2015.1025068
2730:10.1080/10286632.2017.1280788
2692:10.1080/10286632.2022.2135705
2338:Falk, Pamela (11 July 2023).
2312:Voon, Claire (12 July 2023).
1785:Bernier, Ivan (August 2009).
1044:
1001:Sustainable Development Goals
568:Principle of equitable access
2086:Bernier, Ivan (April 2007).
1967:Bernier, Ivan (April 2009).
982:(foreword by Audrey Azoulay)
960:(foreword by Ernesto Ottone)
342:intangible cultural heritage
7:
4055:Treaties of the Netherlands
3870:Treaties of North Macedonia
3157:Théorêt, Yves, ed. (2008).
2644:Anheier & Hoelsche 2015
2632:Anheier & Hoelsche 2015
2586:Anheier & Hoelsche 2015
2389:(accessed 11 January 2020).
2212:Aylett, Holly (July 2010).
1833:Aylett, Holly (July 2010).
1626:. UNESCO. 2004. p. 34.
1112:Anheier & Hoelsche 2015
532:
288:states consider them to be
267:The vulnerability of state
184:Background and negotiations
128:adopted in October 2005 in
10:
4171:
3385:Treaties extended to Macau
3360:Treaties concluded in 2005
2965:Bernier, Ivan (May 2008).
2958:
2930:Lovrinić, Barbara (2018).
2145:. UNESCO. 15 February 2018
1680:Bernier, Ivan (May 2005).
1264:Hanania & Norodom 2016
767:and fundamental freedoms.
527:
460:
16:2005 UNESCO-related treaty
2470:10.1017/S0940739121000059
2411:2005 Convention, art. 28.
1299:10.1017/S0940739106060073
820:The role of civil society
758:Implementation monitoring
110:
99:
91:
87:Ratification by 30 states
83:
75:
61:
43:
31:
26:
4110:Treaties of Turkmenistan
3975:Treaties of South Africa
3505:Treaties of Burkina Faso
3355:Art and culture treaties
3086:10.1177/1742766506066278
2230:10.1177/1367877910369975
1888:, Article 2, Paragraph 1
1851:10.1177/1367877910369975
1471:10.1017/cbo9780511674501
1281:Voon, Tania (May 2006).
1023:
702:, have registered their
666:World Trade Organization
585:Section III: Definitions
553:Principle of sovereignty
4030:Treaties of the Comoros
4020:Treaties of the Bahamas
4000:Treaties of Switzerland
3985:Treaties of South Sudan
3980:Treaties of South Korea
3935:Treaties of Saint Lucia
3845:Treaties of New Zealand
3725:Treaties of Ivory Coast
3600:Treaties of El Salvador
3395:Treaties of Afghanistan
2542:Guèvremont, Véronique.
2509:. UNESCO. p. 143.
2420:2005 Convention, Art. 9
1226:, Article 4 Paragraph 8
942:Conor, Bridget (2021).
916:Cuny, Lawrence (2020).
628:sustainable development
491:sustainable development
234:international relations
4130:Treaties of Uzbekistan
4050:Treaties of the Gambia
4010:Treaties of Tajikistan
3960:Treaties of Seychelles
3835:Treaties of Mozambique
3825:Treaties of Montenegro
3795:Treaties of Mauritania
3775:Treaties of Madagascar
3770:Treaties of Luxembourg
3585:Treaties of East Timor
3550:Treaties of Costa Rica
3530:Treaties of Cape Verde
3450:Treaties of Bangladesh
3445:Treaties of Azerbaijan
3274:10.31273/LGD.2019.2401
3198:Études internationales
3043:Hahn, Michael (2007).
2365:"Monitoring Framework"
1999:, art. 8(3), 23 (6) d)
1014:Our Creative Diversity
856:
49:; 18 years ago
4135:Treaties of Venezuela
3850:Treaties of Nicaragua
3800:Treaties of Mauritius
3765:Treaties of Lithuania
3705:Treaties of Indonesia
3665:Treaties of Guatemala
3435:Treaties of Australia
3425:Treaties of Argentina
3234:10.5040/9781509961474
2613:. UNESCO. August 2016
1330:"Report of the Panel"
851:
514:freedom of expression
348:. The others are the
200:to support their own
4150:Treaties of Zimbabwe
4015:Treaties of Tanzania
3970:Treaties of Slovenia
3965:Treaties of Slovakia
3910:Treaties of Portugal
3895:Treaties of Paraguay
3885:Treaties of Pakistan
3820:Treaties of Mongolia
3685:Treaties of Honduras
3620:Treaties of Ethiopia
3615:Treaties of Eswatini
3580:Treaties of Dominica
3575:Treaties of Djibouti
3545:Treaties of Colombia
3520:Treaties of Cameroon
3515:Treaties of Cambodia
3500:Treaties of Bulgaria
3490:Treaties of Botswana
3455:Treaties of Barbados
3294:. Berlin: Springer.
3132:10.55778/ts096909001
3068:Neil, Garry (2006).
2262:, pp. 493, 496.
2106:, pp. 498, 499.
1730:, pp. 410, 411.
1718:, pp. 410, 414.
1459:Voon, Tania (2007).
510:fundamental freedoms
398:September 11 attacks
206:cultural expressions
190:trade liberalization
154:developing countries
146:cultural expressions
124:is an international
4140:Treaties of Vietnam
4125:Treaties of Uruguay
4120:Treaties of Ukraine
4100:Treaties of Tunisia
3950:Treaties of Senegal
3920:Treaties of Romania
3860:Treaties of Nigeria
3840:Treaties of Namibia
3830:Treaties of Morocco
3810:Treaties of Moldova
3760:Treaties of Lesotho
3730:Treaties of Jamaica
3715:Treaties of Ireland
3695:Treaties of Iceland
3690:Treaties of Hungary
3660:Treaties of Grenada
3645:Treaties of Germany
3625:Treaties of Finland
3610:Treaties of Estonia
3590:Treaties of Ecuador
3570:Treaties of Denmark
3555:Treaties of Croatia
3510:Treaties of Burundi
3480:Treaties of Bolivia
3465:Treaties of Belgium
3460:Treaties of Belarus
3440:Treaties of Austria
3430:Treaties of Armenia
3410:Treaties of Andorra
3405:Treaties of Algeria
3400:Treaties of Albania
3228:. Hart Publishing.
2816:LSE Review of Books
2646:, pp. 188–189.
2634:, pp. 199–200.
2532:, pp. 147–148.
2065:"What is the IFCD?"
1091:10.1093/jiel/jgl018
987:Scholarly reception
643:developed countries
518:cultural relativism
202:cultural industries
150:cultural industries
23:
4145:Treaties of Zambia
4115:Treaties of Uganda
4105:Treaties of Turkey
3995:Treaties of Sweden
3955:Treaties of Serbia
3925:Treaties of Rwanda
3905:Treaties of Poland
3890:Treaties of Panama
3875:Treaties of Norway
3815:Treaties of Monaco
3805:Treaties of Mexico
3780:Treaties of Malawi
3755:Treaties of Latvia
3745:Treaties of Kuwait
3735:Treaties of Jordan
3675:Treaties of Guyana
3670:Treaties of Guinea
3655:Treaties of Greece
3630:Treaties of France
3565:Treaties of Cyprus
3525:Treaties of Canada
3495:Treaties of Brazil
3470:Treaties of Belize
3415:Treaties of Angola
2663:. 15 February 2018
2291:The Jerusalem Post
2123:. 15 February 2018
2117:"Governing bodies"
1437:, pp. 36, 37.
857:
714:(26 May 2021) and
320:The role of UNESCO
313:cultural diversity
238:cultural exception
142:cultural diversity
21:
4005:Treaties of Syria
3990:Treaties of Spain
3945:Treaties of Samoa
3915:Treaties of Qatar
3855:Treaties of Niger
3790:Treaties of Malta
3740:Treaties of Kenya
3720:Treaties of Italy
3700:Treaties of India
3680:Treaties of Haiti
3650:Treaties of Ghana
3635:Treaties of Gabon
3595:Treaties of Egypt
3540:Treaties of Chile
3475:Treaties of Benin
3301:978-3-642-25995-1
3243:978-1-50996-147-4
3210:10.7202/1007552ar
3141:979-10-96909-00-1
2988:978-1-137-39763-8
2516:978-92-3-100256-4
2318:The Art Newspaper
1480:978-0-521-87327-7
977:978-92-3-100503-9
955:978-92-3-100444-5
929:978-92-3-100379-0
903:978-92-3-100256-4
877:978-92-3-100136-9
495:poverty reduction
475:cultural policies
356:(1954/1999), the
344:and contemporary
338:cultural property
269:cultural policies
214:cultural industry
198:cultural policies
118:
117:
4162:
4090:Treaties of Togo
3900:Treaties of Peru
3880:Treaties of Oman
3865:Treaties of Niue
3785:Treaties of Mali
3750:Treaties of Laos
3710:Treaties of Iraq
3560:Treaties of Cuba
3535:Treaties of Chad
3305:
3286:
3276:
3255:
3213:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3153:
3116:
3105:
3064:
3037:
3028:
3019:
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2992:
2973:
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2742:
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2679:
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2300:
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2195:
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2083:
2077:
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2061:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1830:
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1806:
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1794:
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1278:
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1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1172:. Archived from
1171:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1038:
1034:
981:
959:
933:
907:
881:
736:, states in the
718:(4 March 2022).
455:Condoleezza Rice
368:(2001), and the
334:natural heritage
300:, which favours
218:interculturality
57:
55:
50:
36:
24:
20:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4155:UNESCO treaties
3340:
3339:
3312:
3302:
3244:
3220:
3218:Further reading
3142:
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2969:
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2530:Guèvremont 2015
2528:
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2068:
2063:
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2055:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2015:
2009:2005 Convention
2007:
2003:
1997:2005 Convention
1995:
1991:
1985:2005 Convention
1983:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1886:2005 Convention
1884:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1831:
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1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
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1714:
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1702:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1667:
1659:
1653:
1646:
1642:, pp. 1–3.
1638:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1576:
1572:
1559:
1555:
1550:. UNESCO. 2001.
1547:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1488:
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1453:
1449:, pp. 239.
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:, pp. 1–2.
1392:
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1234:
1230:
1224:2005 Convention
1222:
1218:
1213:. UNESCO. 2006.
1210:
1206:
1205:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1179:on 5 March 2016
1176:
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1058:2005 Convention
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1047:
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1026:
989:
978:
964:UNESCO (2022).
956:
930:
904:
890:UNESCO (2017).
878:
864:UNESCO (2015).
846:
822:
810:streaming media
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311:The concept of
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103:United Nations/
54:20 October 2005
53:
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48:
47:20 October 2005
39:
22:2005 Convention
17:
12:
11:
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3362:
3357:
3352:
3350:2005 in France
3338:
3337:
3324:
3319:
3311:
3310:External links
3308:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3287:
3256:
3242:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3204:(4): 493–510.
3193:
3192:
3191:
3187:Théorêt (2008)
3182:
3178:Théorêt (2008)
3154:
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3106:
3080:(2): 257–262.
3065:
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2895:(2): 214–230.
2875:
2848:(3): 312–327.
2828:
2802:
2800:, p. 113.
2790:
2763:(4): 574–593.
2743:
2724:(2): 133–147.
2705:
2674:
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2636:
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2602:
2600:, p. 397.
2590:
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2041:
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2013:
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1957:, p. 258.
1944:
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1932:
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1920:
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1104:
1085:(3): 553–574.
1062:
1060:, The Preamble
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936:Ernesto Ottone
928:
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910:Audrey Azoulay
902:
887:
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845:
844:Global reports
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243:Hollywood film
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3200:(in French).
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3188:
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3174:
3173:
3170:
3166:
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2942:(82): 134–137
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2518:
2512:
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2507:
2499:
2493:, p. 38.
2492:
2487:
2479:
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2459:
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2112:
2105:
2100:
2089:
2082:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1856:
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1829:
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1781:
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1758:
1756:2-550-39185-3
1752:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1729:
1724:
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1712:
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1597:
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1574:
1566:
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1557:
1546:
1540:
1534:, p. 38.
1533:
1532:Théorêt 2008a
1528:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
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1435:Théorêt 2008a
1431:
1420:
1419:
1411:
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1395:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1370:
1368:2-550-39185-3
1364:
1357:
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1308:
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1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1275:
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1265:
1259:
1257:
1250:, p. 47.
1249:
1248:Théorêt 2008a
1244:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
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1009:
1005:
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997:David Throsby
994:
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969:
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431:United States
426:
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306:United States
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291:
290:protectionist
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281:
279:
273:
270:
265:
263:
258:
255:The 1947 the
253:
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246:
244:
239:
235:
231:
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215:
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195:
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181:
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170:United States
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159:
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139:
138:globalization
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127:
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109:
106:
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3330:
3291:
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3077:
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2978:
2944:. Retrieved
2939:
2935:
2925:
2892:
2888:
2878:
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2841:
2831:
2819:. Retrieved
2815:
2805:
2798:Clammer 2015
2793:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2721:
2717:
2683:
2677:
2665:. Retrieved
2660:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2615:. Retrieved
2605:
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2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2343:
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2321:. Retrieved
2317:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2289:
2279:
2267:
2260:Vlassis 2012
2255:
2246:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:"Governance"
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2120:
2111:
2104:Vlassis 2012
2099:
2081:
2069:. Retrieved
2044:
2030:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1987:, art. 8(1).
1984:
1980:
1962:
1935:
1923:
1905:
1900:, p. 5.
1898:Bernier 2008
1893:
1885:
1881:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1810:
1798:
1770:Vlassis 2012
1765:
1742:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1693:
1640:Bernier 2008
1618:
1604:
1590:(53): 6811.
1587:
1583:
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1527:
1514:
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1461:
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1401:
1394:Bernier 2008
1389:
1377:
1354:
1347:
1338:
1323:
1290:
1286:
1243:
1238:, p. 4.
1231:
1223:
1219:
1181:. Retrieved
1174:the original
1161:
1141:, p. 7.
1134:
1129:, p. 2.
1107:
1082:
1078:
1057:
1053:
1032:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1006:
990:
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944:
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892:
884:Irina Bokova
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858:
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830:
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799:
787:
785:
773:
769:
765:human rights
761:
738:Asia-Pacific
731:
723:Commonwealth
720:
704:ratification
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683:
672:(WIPO), the
662:
654:
650:
647:
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614:
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606:
588:
579:
545:
536:
522:
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468:
464:
451:
427:
423:
419:
416:Negotiations
410:
406:
391:
382:
374:
364:(1972), the
360:(1970), the
323:
310:
302:open markets
286:
282:
274:
266:
254:
247:
227:
187:
167:
163:
121:
119:
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2297:31 December
1447:George 2008
751:commodities
734:Arab states
668:(WTO), the
439:New Zealand
3344:Categories
3169:1319339094
2617:12 January
2491:Singh 2015
2464:(4): 524.
2224:(4): 369.
1845:(4): 359.
1293:(2): 130.
1045:References
970:. UNESCO.
948:. UNESCO.
922:. UNESCO.
896:. UNESCO.
870:. UNESCO.
837:professors
712:Cape Verde
592:creativity
512:, such as
346:creativity
336:, movable
298:free trade
250:free trade
100:Depositary
79:March 2007
3283:213154050
3252:257242641
3150:252803309
3102:146884655
3094:1742-7665
2917:151387157
2909:1028-6632
2870:149625996
2862:1028-6632
2785:214652409
2777:1028-6632
2738:149418865
2700:253286030
2598:Turp 2013
2478:0940-7391
2272:Hahn 2007
2238:1367-8779
2049:Turp 2013
2011:, art. 14
1955:Neil 2006
1940:Turp 2013
1928:Turp 2013
1859:1367-8779
1803:Turp 2013
1728:Turp 2013
1716:Turp 2013
1596:1754-0607
1507:Hahn 2007
1382:Hahn 2007
1342:5.24-5.27
1315:159822250
1307:0940-7391
1154:Neil 2006
1099:1464-3758
621:awareness
280:of 1988.
84:Condition
76:Effective
2821:4 August
2686:: 1–14.
2657:"Chairs"
2371:26 April
2367:. UNESCO
2344:CBS News
2179:. UNESCO
2149:26 April
2127:26 April
2071:25 April
2067:. UNESCO
1522:, p. 11.
1183:15 April
740:region,
716:Pakistan
533:Preamble
402:cultures
372:(2003).
330:cultural
294:ideology
245:market.
111:Language
62:Location
3333:in the
3329:on the
3061:1019387
2959:Sources
2349:27 July
2323:27 July
528:Content
504:level."
461:Purpose
443:Tunisia
92:Parties
52: (
3298:
3281:
3250:
3240:
3167:
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3138:
3100:
3092:
3059:
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2946:12 May
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2907:
2868:
2860:
2783:
2775:
2736:
2698:
2569:
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2476:
2236:
2183:15 May
1857:
1753:
1594:
1477:
1365:
1313:
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952:
926:
900:
874:
742:Russia
708:Canada
326:UNESCO
304:. The
174:Israel
126:treaty
105:UNESCO
70:France
44:Signed
3279:S2CID
3248:S2CID
3146:S2CID
3098:S2CID
3055:(2).
2970:(PDF)
2913:S2CID
2866:S2CID
2781:S2CID
2734:S2CID
2696:S2CID
2667:9 May
2547:(PDF)
2091:(PDF)
1972:(PDF)
1915:(PDF)
1820:(PDF)
1790:(PDF)
1747:(PDF)
1703:(PDF)
1685:(PDF)
1660:(PDF)
1548:(PDF)
1422:(PDF)
1359:(PDF)
1311:S2CID
1211:(PDF)
1177:(PDF)
1170:(PDF)
1024:Notes
746:Japan
732:Some
447:India
435:Japan
130:Paris
66:Paris
3296:ISBN
3238:ISBN
3165:OCLC
3136:ISBN
3090:ISSN
3057:SSRN
2983:ISBN
2948:2023
2940:XXIV
2905:ISSN
2858:ISSN
2823:2023
2773:ISSN
2669:2023
2619:2020
2567:ISBN
2511:ISBN
2474:ISSN
2373:2023
2351:2023
2325:2023
2299:2018
2234:ISSN
2185:2023
2151:2023
2129:2023
2073:2023
1855:ISSN
1751:ISBN
1592:ISSN
1475:ISBN
1363:ISBN
1303:ISSN
1185:2011
1095:ISSN
972:ISBN
950:ISBN
924:ISBN
898:ISBN
872:ISBN
804:and
774:The
744:and
595:the
493:and
445:and
392:The
332:and
216:and
172:and
144:and
120:The
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2850:doi
2765:doi
2726:doi
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1467:doi
1295:doi
1087:doi
806:DVD
789:sic
377:WTO
296:of
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