3600:
3594:
3262:
5244:'s music" or "music of the devil", even of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. The close association with the devil was actually a well known characteristic of blues lyrics and culture between the 1920s and 1960s. The devil's connection to the blues has faded from popular memory since then for a number of reasons, other than in the narrow sense of Robert Johnson selling his soul to the devil at the crossroads. A study of the devil's role in the blues was published in 2017 called
2286:, then aged 25, in her diary on December 14, 1862. She was a free-born black woman from Pennsylvania who was working as a schoolteacher in South Carolina, instructing both slaves and freedmen, and wrote that she "came home with the blues" because she felt lonesome and pitied herself. She overcame her depression and later noted a number of songs, such as "Poor Rosy", that were popular among the slaves. Although she admitted being unable to describe the manner of singing she heard, Forten wrote that the songs "can't be sung without a full heart and a troubled spirit", conditions that have inspired countless blues songs.
3485:
5035:
2727:
3524:, more a vaudeville performer than a blues artist, was the first African American to record a blues song, in 1920; her second record, "Crazy Blues", sold 75,000 copies in its first month. Ma Rainey, the "Mother of Blues", and Bessie Smith each " around center tones, perhaps in order to project her voice more easily to the back of a room". Smith would "sing a song in an unusual key, and her artistry in bending and stretching notes with her beautiful, powerful contralto to accommodate her own interpretation was unsurpassed".
2930:
49:
4384:
3539:" to distinguish them from records sold to white audiences. Nonetheless, the recordings of some of the classic female blues singers were purchased by white buyers as well. These blueswomen's contributions to the genre included "increased improvisation on melodic lines, unusual phrasing which altered the emphasis and impact of the lyrics, and vocal dramatics using shouts, groans, moans, and wails. The blues women thus effected changes in other types of popular singing that had spin-offs in jazz,
2717:
2000:
4190:
9216:
9204:
3822:
4583:
2251:(1798). The phrase 'blue devils' may also have been derived from a British usage of the 1600s referring to the "intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal". As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils and came to mean a state of agitation or depression. By the 1800s in the United States, the term "blues" was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase '
4666:
9192:
5462:
2306:
2694:, marking the transition to the beginning of the next progression. The lyrics generally end on the last beat of the tenth bar or the first beat of the 11th bar, and the final two bars are given to the instrumentalist as a break; the harmony of this two-bar break, the turnaround, can be extremely complex, sometimes consisting of single notes that defy analysis in terms of chords.
3218:
black music began to be recorded in the 1920s, both categories of musicians used similar techniques: call-and-response patterns, blue notes, and slide guitars. Gospel music was nevertheless using musical forms that were compatible with
Christian hymns and therefore less marked by the blues form than its secular counterpart.
2701:(7th) form. The use of the harmonic seventh interval is characteristic of blues and is popularly called the "blues seven". Blues seven chords add to the harmonic chord a note with a frequency in a 7:4 ratio to the fundamental note. At a 7:4 ratio, it is not close to any interval on the conventional Western
5023:, mixed with African rhythms and call-and-response forms. Spirituals or religious chants in the African-American community are much better documented than the "low-down" blues. Spiritual singing developed because African-American communities could gather for mass or worship gatherings, which were called
3020:
There are few characteristics common to all blues music, because the genre took its shape from the idiosyncrasies of individual performers. However, there are some characteristics that were present long before the creation of the modern blues. Call-and-response shouts were an early form of blues-like
4118:, had influences not directly related to the Chicago style. John Lee Hooker's blues is more "personal", based on Hooker's deep rough voice accompanied by a single electric guitar. Though not directly influenced by boogie-woogie, his "groovy" style is sometimes called "guitar boogie". His first hit, "
2426:. The lyrical content became slightly simpler in postwar blues, which tended to focus on relationship woes or sexual worries. Lyrical themes that frequently appeared in prewar blues, such as economic depression, farming, devils, gambling, magic, floods and drought, were less common in postwar blues.
2359:
has argued that "The parallels between
African savanna-belt string-playing and the techniques of many blues guitarists are remarkable. The big kora of Senegal and Guinea are played in a rhythmic-melodic style that uses constantly changing rhythms, often providing a ground bass overlaid with complex
2350:
had throughout plantations in the
Americas for their melancholic music and outlook on life when they were enslaved. Other historians have argued that there is little evidence of Sub-Sahelian influence in the blues as "elaborate polyrhythm, percussion on African drums (as opposed to European drums),
2321:
often consisted of a single line repeated four times. However, the most common structure of blues lyrics today was established in the first few decades of the 20th century, known as the "AAB" pattern. This structure consists of a line sung over the first four bars, its repetition over the next four,
2194:
occurring later. It is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century. The first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of
3016:
According to
Lawrence Levine, "there was a direct relationship between the national ideological emphasis upon the individual, the popularity of Booker T. Washington's teachings, and the rise of the blues." Levine stated that "psychologically, socially, and economically, African-Americans were being
6806:
intentionally separated artists along racial lines and conveyed the impression that their music came from mutually exclusive sources. Nothing could have been further from the truth... In cultural terms, blues and country were more equal than they were separate." Garofalo claimed that "artists were
3217:
Depending on the religious community a musician belonged to, it was more or less considered a sin to play this low-down music: blues was the devil's music. Musicians were therefore segregated into two categories: gospel singers and blues singers, guitar preachers and songsters. However, when rural
5030:
Edward P. Comentale has noted how the blues was often used as a medium for art or self-expression, stating: "As heard from Delta shacks to
Chicago tenements to Harlem cabarets, the blues proved—despite its pained origins—a remarkably flexible medium and a new arena for the shaping of identity and
3285:
In the 1920s, the blues became a major element of
African American and American popular music, also reaching white audiences via Handy's arrangements and the classic female blues performers. These female performers became perhaps the first African American "superstars", and their recording sales
3032:
Blues has evolved from the unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves imported from West Africa and rural blacks into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, with regional variations across the United States. Although blues (as it is now known) can be seen as a musical style based on
3115:
are
African-derived instruments that may have helped in the transfer of African performance techniques into the early blues instrumental vocabulary. The banjo seems to be directly imported from West African music. It is similar to the musical instrument that griots and other Africans such as the
3273:
Handy was a formally trained musician, composer and arranger who helped to popularize the blues by transcribing and orchestrating blues in an almost symphonic style, with bands and singers. He became a popular and prolific composer, and billed himself as the "Father of the Blues"; however, his
3364:
Country blues performers often improvised, either without accompaniment or with only a banjo or guitar. Regional styles of country blues varied widely in the early 20th century. The (Mississippi) Delta blues was a rootsy sparse style with passionate vocals accompanied by slide guitar. The
3012:
as places where
African-Americans went to listen to music, dance, or gamble after a hard day's work. This period corresponds to the transition from slavery to sharecropping, small-scale agricultural production, and the expansion of railroads in the southern United States. Several scholars
2863:". But the origins of the blues were some decades earlier, probably around 1890. This music is poorly documented, partly because of racial discrimination in U.S. society, including academic circles, and partly because of the low rate of literacy among rural African Americans at the time.
2341:
Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative. African-American singers voiced their "personal woes in a world of harsh reality: a lost love, the cruelty of police officers, oppression at the hands of white folk, hard times". This melancholy has led to the suggestion of an
3615:
was another important style of 1930s and early 1940s urban blues. While the style is often associated with solo piano, boogie-woogie was also used to accompany singers and, as a solo part, in bands and small combos. Boogie-woogie style was characterized by a regular bass figure, an
3182:
Though musicologists can now attempt to define the blues narrowly in terms of certain chord structures and lyric forms thought to have originated in West Africa, audiences originally heard the music in a far more general way: it was simply the music of the rural south, notably the
3601:
2355:, "the roots of the blues were not to be found in the coastal and forest regions of Africa. Rather... the blues was rooted in ... the savanna hinterland, from Senegambia through Mali, Burkina Faso, Northern Ghana, Niger, and northern Nigeria". Additionally, ethnomusicologist
5112:'s style of rock and roll was heavily influenced by the blues and its derivative boogie-woogie. His style of music was not exactly rockabilly but it has been often called real rock and roll (this is a label he shares with several African American rock and roll performers).
3179:" to sell music by blacks for blacks and by whites for whites, respectively. At the time, there was no clear musical division between "blues" and "country", except for the ethnicity of the performer, and even that was sometimes documented incorrectly by record companies.
6865:
Garofalo, p. 27. Garofalo cited Barlow in "Handy's sudden success demonstrated commercial potential of , which in turn made the genre attractive to the Tin Pan Alley hacks, who wasted little time in turning out a deluge of imitations." (Parentheticals in
5076:
Bebop marked a major shift in the role of jazz, from a popular style of music for dancing to a "high-art", less-accessible, cerebral "musician's music". The audience for both blues and jazz split, and the border between blues and jazz became more defined.
3013:
characterize the development of blues music in the early 1900s as a move from group performance to individualized performance. They argue that the development of the blues is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the enslaved people.
2485:
scheme commonly found in
African and African-American music. During the first decades of the 20th century blues music was not clearly defined in terms of a particular chord progression. With the popularity of early performers, such as
4901:" and "Concerto in F". Gershwin's second "Prelude" for solo piano is an interesting example of a classical blues, maintaining the form with academic strictness. The blues scale is ubiquitous in modern popular music and informs many
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were all born in
Mississippi and moved to Chicago during the Great Migration. Their style is characterized by the use of electric guitar, sometimes slide guitar, harmonica, and a rhythm section of bass and drums. The saxophonist
1935:
1822:
4943:"Blues singing is about emotion. Its influence on popular singing has been so widespread that, at least among males, singing and emoting have become almost identical—it is a matter of projection rather than hitting the notes."
3480:
began his career in Memphis, but his distinct style was smoother and had some swing elements. Many blues musicians based in Memphis moved to Chicago in the late 1930s or early 1940s and became part of the urban blues movement.
4052:, an acoustic, softer brand of blues, turned up his amp and started to play his Chicago brand of electric blues. Although the audience was largely jolted by the performance, the performance influenced local musicians such as
4237:
and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s.
2167:, consisting of a line sung over the four first bars, its repetition over the next four, and then a longer concluding line over the last bars. Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often relating the
5108:", with its unmodified 12-bar structure (in both harmony and lyrics) and a melody centered on flatted third of the tonic (and flatted seventh of the subdominant), is a blues song transformed into a rock and roll song.
4864:
Blues musical styles, forms (12-bar blues), melodies, and the blues scale have influenced many other genres of music, such as rock and roll, jazz, and popular music. Prominent jazz, folk or rock performers, such as
3759:
The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms that led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the
4161:, swamp blues has a slower pace and a simpler use of the harmonica than the Chicago blues style performers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include "Scratch my Back", "She's Tough" and "
2817:, da": it consists of uneven, or "swung", eighth notes. On a guitar this may be played as a simple steady bass or it may add to that stepwise quarter note motion from the fifth to the sixth of the chord and back.
3214:, which were very popular. Before the blues gained its formal definition in terms of chord progressions, it was defined as the secular counterpart of spirituals. It was the low-down music played by rural blacks.
3170:
arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when the record industry created the marketing categories
4549:
emerged, which used guitars in both solo and rhythm roles. In contrast with the West Side blues, the Texas style is strongly influenced by the British rock-blues movement. Major artists of the Texas style are
6783:
Garofalo, p. 44. "Gradually, instrumental and harmonic accompaniment were added, reflecting increasing cross-cultural contact." Garofalo cited other authors who also mention the "Ethiopian airs" and "Negro
4279:
that influenced many later electric blues guitarists. In contrast to the Chicago style, King's band used strong brass support from a saxophone, trumpet, and trombone, instead of using slide guitar or harp.
7532:
3286:
demonstrated "a huge appetite for records made by and for black people." The blues evolved from informal performances in bars to entertainment in theaters. Blues performances were organized by the
3021:
music; they were a "functional expression ... style without accompaniment or harmony and unbounded by the formality of any particular musical structure". A form of this pre-blues was heard in slave
4225:
had brought African-American music to new audiences, within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as
3500:
City or urban blues styles were more codified and elaborate, as a performer was no longer within their local, immediate community, and had to adapt to a larger, more varied audience's aesthetic.
2728:
1807:
3206:. The origins of spirituals go back much further than the blues, usually dating back to the middle of the 18th century, when the slaves were Christianized and began to sing and play Christian
3951:
were also influential. Muddy Waters and Elmore James were known for their innovative use of slide electric guitar. Howlin' Wolf and Muddy Waters were known for their deep, "gravelly" voices.
6164:
1739:
3037:
and the African call-and-response tradition that transformed into an interplay of voice and guitar, the blues form itself bears no resemblance to the melodic styles of the West African
1817:
1802:
3652:, who "linked the propulsive left-hand rhythms of the ragtime pianists with melodic figures similar to those of Armstrong's trumpet in the right hand". The smooth Louisiana style of
7248:
2334:, the "AAB" pattern was adopted to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times. The lyrics are often sung in a rhythmic talk style rather than a melody, resembling a form of
8470:
8051:
6557:
4029:, both recording for Chess, were influenced by the Chicago blues, their enthusiastic playing styles departed from the melancholy aspects of blues. Chicago blues also influenced
3017:
acculturated in a way that would have been impossible during slavery, and it is hardly surprising that their secular music reflected this as much as their religious music did."
455:
1101:
5223:
4735:
production increased costs, challenging the spontaneity and improvisation that are an important component of blues music. In the 1980s and 1990s, blues publications such as
2279:, he mentions "the blues" in the chapter reflecting on his time in solitude. He wrote his account of his personal quest in 1845, although it was not published until 1854.
514:
466:
5065:, whereas blues had blues forms such as the 12-bar blues. However, the jump blues of the 1940s mixed both styles. After WWII, blues had a substantial influence on jazz.
1812:
1764:
5198:
have all described themselves as blues singers and their music has a blues feel that is different, at first glance at least, from the later country-pop of artists like
1774:
1769:
7529:
6496:, beginning his discussion with a quote from Roberts: "There does not seem to be the same African quality in blues forms as there clearly is in much Caribbean music."
3772:, which was accompanied by a significant increase of the real income of the urban blacks. The new migrants constituted a new market for the music industry. The term
2040:
1784:
5202:. Yet, if one looks back further, Arnold also started out singing bluesy songs like 'I'll Hold You in My Heart'. A lot of the 1970s-era "outlaw" country music by
2163:
consisted of a single line repeated four times. It was only in the first decades of the 20th century that the most common current structure became standard: the
1754:
7621:
7784:
657:
6032:
3072:
No specific African musical form can be identified as the single direct ancestor of the blues. However the call-and-response format can be traced back to the
3535:, sometimes called Queen Victoria or Za Zu Girl, had a recording career that began in 1926 and spanned forty years. These recordings were typically labeled "
3140:). However, in the 1920s, when country blues began to be recorded, the use of the banjo in blues music was quite marginal and limited to individuals such as
3045:
drumming. Some scholars identify strong influences on the blues from the melodic structures of certain West African musical styles of the savanna and sahel.
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1679:
498:
1759:
436:
2351:
collective participation" which are characteristic of West-Central African music below the savannah, are conspicuously absent. According to the historian
6067:
1749:
1744:
8093:
6168:
5553:
Kunzler's dictionary of jazz provides two separate entries: "blues", and the "blues form", a widespread musical form (p. 131). Kunzler, Martin (1988).
7907:
5214:
returned to country music after the decline of 1950s style rock and roll, he sang with a blues feel and often included blues standards on his albums.
4048:
In England, electric blues took root there during a much acclaimed Muddy Waters tour in 1958. Waters, unsuspecting of his audience's tendency towards
3041:. Additionally, there are theories that the four-beats-per-measure structure of the blues might have its origins in the Native American tradition of
5139:". The early African American rock musicians retained the sexual themes and innuendos of blues music: "Got a gal named Sue, knows just what to do" ("
1779:
1659:
5648:
4800:. The Billboard Blues Album chart provides an overview of current blues hits. Contemporary blues music is nurtured by several blues labels such as:
3000:. The social and economic reasons for the appearance of the blues are not fully known. The first appearance of the blues is usually dated after the
6506:
5567:
4594:
Since the 1980s there has been a resurgence of interest in the blues among a certain part of the African-American population, particularly around
4257:
blended his blues style with rock elements and playing with younger white musicians, creating a musical style that can be heard on the 1971 album
3810:, which became ubiquitous in rhythm and blues (R&B). This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with
975:
2878:, and Gate Thomas reported similar songs in southern Texas around 1901–1902. These observations coincide more or less with the recollections of
5273:
nomination. Almost 30 years later, Mahal wrote blues for, and performed a banjo composition, claw-hammer style, in the 2001 movie release
4793:
3066:
2014:
1915:
662:
534:
388:
5395:. He also participated in the rendition of compilations of major blues artists in a series of high-quality CDs. Blues guitarist and vocalist
4797:
3069:
finds similarities to the melodic styles of both the west African savanna and central Africa, both of which were sources of enslaved people.
3046:
2033:
6136:
2449:
in charge of the crossroads". However, the Christian influence was far more obvious. The repertoires of many seminal blues artists, such as
9254:
8016:
3361:. The first blues recordings from the 1920s are categorized as a traditional, rural country blues and a more polished city or urban blues.
3357:
style, in which a guitar is fretted with a knife blade or the sawed-off neck of a bottle. The slide guitar became an important part of the
1969:
1949:
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1201:
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673:
4610:", the music at the heart of this movement was given new life by the unexpected success of two particular recordings on the Jackson-based
3369:
combined elements of urban and rural blues. In addition to Robert Johnson, influential performers of this style included his predecessors
2227:
and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called
1714:
1694:
3628:
in the left hand, elaborating each chord and trills and decorations in the right hand. Boogie-woogie was pioneered by the Chicago-based
9474:
6702:
3076:. That blue notes predate their use in blues and have an African origin is attested to by "A Negro Love Song", by the English composer
980:
441:
6889:
4267:'s singing and virtuoso guitar technique earned him the eponymous title "king of the blues". King introduced a sophisticated style of
2243:
The term 'Blues' may have originated from "blue devils", meaning melancholy and sadness. An early use of the term in this sense is in
8044:"Muslim roots of the blues / The music of famous American blues singers reaches back through the South to the culture of West Africa"
3769:
1644:
1521:
555:
8043:
6561:
4788:. Blues performers explored a range of musical genres, as can be seen, for example, from the broad array of nominees of the yearly
4574:. These artists all began their musical careers in the 1970s but they did not achieve international success until the next decade.
3765:
2026:
1964:
1729:
1684:
7814:
2465:
are examples of artists often categorized as blues musicians for their music, although their lyrics clearly belong to spirituals.
1930:
1674:
1669:
1654:
5602:
4590:
is credited as the "Father of Italian Blues", and is among the few European blues artists who still enjoy international success.
2322:
and a longer concluding line over the last bars. This pattern can be heard in some of the first published blues songs, such as "
1649:
1634:
1541:
6018:
3578:. Before World War II, Tampa Red was sometimes referred to as "the Guitar Wizard". Carr accompanied himself on the piano with
3163:, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved "the original melodic patterns of African music".
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brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as
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treble patterns, while vocal supplies a third rhythmic layer. Similar techniques can be found in hundreds of blues records".
1601:
678:
667:
529:
483:
478:
451:
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The basic 12-bar lyric framework of many blues compositions is reflected by a standard harmonic progression of 12 bars in a
2422:" with someone, coupled with a more salacious physical familiarity. Blues songs with sexually explicit lyrics were known as
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8480:
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that, while not holding as great a critical and financial success, featured a much larger number of blues artists, such as
4178:
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1664:
1606:
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continued to perform to enthusiastic audiences, inspiring new artists steeped in traditional blues, such as New York–born
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A blues idiom is hinted at in "A Negro Love-Song", a pentatonic melody with blue third and seventh in Coleridge-Taylor's
4095:. The "West Side sound" had strong rhythmic support from a rhythm guitar, bass guitar and drums and as perfected by Guy,
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on the acoustic bass or drums. His songs, originally distributed only in Europe, commented on political issues such as
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style developed. Jump blues grew up from the boogie-woogie wave and was strongly influenced by big band music. It uses
3287:
3192:
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made a large number of non-commercial blues recordings that testify to the huge variety of proto-blues styles, such as
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Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, when
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and the guitar in the rhythm section to create a jazzy, up-tempo sound with declamatory vocals. Jump blues tunes by
2385:
Although the blues gained an association with misery and oppression, the lyrics could also be humorous and raunchy:
2297:" became the first copyrighted blues composition. In lyrics, the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood.
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6036:
2009:
1945:
1556:
1206:
619:
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5001:
music of the 1970s was influenced by soul; funk can be seen as an antecedent of hip-hop and contemporary R&B.
4351:
from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s recorded several LPs using acoustic guitar, sometimes accompanied by
2182:. The origins of the blues are also closely related to the religious music of the African-American community, the
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were launched, major cities began forming blues societies, outdoor blues festivals became more common, and more
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music. By 1912, the sheet music industry had published three popular blues-like compositions, precipitating the
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7696:
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compositions can be described as a fusion of blues with ragtime and jazz, a merger facilitated using the Cuban
1920:
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made significant efforts to promote the blues to a larger audience. He asked several famous directors such as
9324:
8101:
3802:. This marketing strategy reinforced trends in urban blues music such as the use of electric instruments and
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from the countryside to urban areas in the 1920s and the simultaneous development of the recording industry.
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and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s.
2980:. A record of blues music as it existed before 1920 can also be found in the recordings of artists such as
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Perhaps the most visible example of the blues style of music in the late 20th century came in 1980, when
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were written at the dawn of the 20th century. Charles Peabody mentioned the appearance of blues music at
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like "Since I Fell for You" and "Please Send Me Someone to Love", and even in orchestral works such as
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played country and urban blues and had influences from spiritual singing. Dorsey helped to popularize
4836:(Artemis Records). Some labels are famous for rediscovering and remastering blues rarities, including
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4559:
4170:
4150:
3748:
3739:, influenced the development of later styles such as rock and roll and rhythm and blues. Dallas-born
3366:
3338:
3001:
2777:. Characteristic of the blues since its Afro-American origins, the shuffles played a central role in
2482:
2244:
2175:
2109:
1832:
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825:
291:
54:
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The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of Afro-American community, the
8865:
5895:
5160:
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4010:
in 1954, the Sun label turned to the rapidly expanding white audience and started recording mostly
3799:
3583:
3279:
3266:
2926:, were made by Odum for research purposes at the beginning of the 20th century. They are now lost.
2773:
reinforce the trance-like rhythm and call-and-response, and they form a repetitive effect called a
2499:
2327:
2093:
1411:
1191:
1038:
922:
696:
577:
405:
8146:
5865:
9175:
9170:
9160:
8906:
8773:
8382:
7430:
6442:
6147:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5132:
4478:, then known as LeRoi Jones, was the first to write a book on the social history of the blues in
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3077:
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2875:
2415:
2318:
2160:
2156:
1925:
1867:
1330:
1290:
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912:
790:
604:
364:
354:
316:
8127:
Barlow, William (1993). "Cashing In: 1900-1939". In Dates, Jannette L.; Barlow, William (eds.).
8020:
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9464:
9334:
8521:
5400:
5148:
4206:
3914:
3704:
3587:
2915:
2774:
2710:
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are typically a set of three different chords played over a 12-bar scheme. They are labeled by
2503:
2494:
spread across the music industry during the 1920s and 1930s. Other chord progressions, such as
2141:
624:
614:
594:
374:
31:
6729:
5815:
4993:
used gospel and blues music elements. In the 1960s and 1970s, gospel and blues were merged in
2789:
on the bass strings of the guitar. When this riff was played over the bass and the drums, the
8855:
8163:
6655:
6649:
6411:
6405:
5916:
5532:
5168:
5164:
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4630:(1984). Contemporary African-American performers who work in this style of the blues include
4332:
4324:
4312:
4305:
3736:
3684:
3612:
3334:
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2899:
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807:
488:
7338:
6706:
5034:
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8983:
8891:
6990:
6379:
Bohlman, Philip V. (1999). "Immigrant, Folk, and Regional Music in the Twentieth Century".
5606:
5256:
5252:
5227:
4750:
4696:
was released in 1983, and the Texas-based guitarist exploded onto the international stage.
4676:
During the 1980s blues also continued in both traditional and new forms. In 1986 the album
4595:
4507:
4395:
White audiences' interest in the blues during the 1960s increased due to the Chicago-based
4316:
4250:
3978:" for Howlin' Wolf. Most artists of the Chicago blues style recorded for the Chicago-based
3947:" by blues musicians) players of the early Chicago blues scene. Other harp players such as
3803:
3794:
3501:
3159:, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to
3141:
2942:
2831:
2462:
2363:
The lyrics often relate troubles experienced within African American society. For instance
2196:
2004:
1456:
701:
493:
426:
369:
349:
160:
68:
6703:"African-American Music from the Mississippi Hill Country: "They Say Drums Was a-Calling""
5600:
and cites Colman's farce as the first appearance of the term in the English language; see
4526:
in his music. Through these artists and others, blues music influenced the development of
3484:
2530:". Idiosyncratic numbers of bars are occasionally used, such as the 9-bar progression in "
8:
9263:
9061:
8911:
8800:
6439:
Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom
5355:
5330:
5140:
4974:
4825:
4587:
4340:
3963:
3688:
3531:
became the second black woman to record blues when she recorded "The Jazz Me Blues", and
3378:
3239:
2961:
2458:
2270:
1872:
1350:
1312:
729:
560:
8534:
The Original Blues: The Emergence of the Blues in African-American Vaudeville, 1889–1926
6337:
5940:
3191:" rather than blues musicians. The notion of blues as a separate genre arose during the
1355:
9386:
9044:
8956:
8353:
8269:
8077:
7824:
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6831:
6612:
6489:
5325:
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4915:
4829:
4773:
4702:
4687:
4555:
4452:
4432:
4388:
4218:
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3876:
3840:
3687:
were also concentrating on the blues, with 12-bar blues instrumentals such as Basie's "
3653:
3579:
3417:
2691:
2511:
2356:
2259:
1243:
1028:
795:
772:
461:
286:
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was used as a backing instrument for rhythmic support more than as a lead instrument.
9381:
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8901:
8712:
8694:
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8650:
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8600:
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8550:
8539:
8455:
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8426:
8411:
8387:
8363:
8338:
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8300:
8290:
8275:
8254:
8235:
8228:
8212:
8206:
8191:
8185:
8167:
8157:
8132:
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7600:
7393:
7222:
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6659:
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6604:
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6415:
6388:
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5920:
5909:
5846:
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5723:
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5654:
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5008:
4853:
4801:
4789:
4728:
4651:
4639:
4499:
4162:
4134:
3948:
3844:
3449:
3437:
3315:
3251:
3203:
3187:. Black and white musicians shared the same repertoire and thought of themselves as "
3184:
2879:
2848:
2680:
2478:
2183:
2117:
2069:
1048:
889:
396:
306:
5259:
wrote and performed music that figured prominently in the critically acclaimed film
5147:) or "See the girl with the red dress on, She can do the Birdland all night long" ("
4288:, like B. B. King, also straddled the blues and R&B genres. During this period,
2918:, between 1905 and 1908. The first non-commercial recordings of blues music, termed
1428:
9309:
9097:
9008:
8870:
7810:
7015:
6994:
6970:
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6008:
5605:(in French). Centre Nationale de Ressources Textuelles et Lixicales. Archived from
5391:
5301:
5124:
5105:
5085:
5073:'s "Now's the Time", used the blues form with the pentatonic scale and blue notes.
4949:
4906:
4898:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4785:
4777:
4678:
4515:
4482:. The British and blues musicians of the early 1960s inspired a number of American
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4198:
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3971:
3879:
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3783:
3744:
3724:
3575:
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3552:
3540:
3445:
3425:
3382:
3275:
2949:
2851:" followed in the same year. The first recording by an African American singer was
2782:
2721:
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2660:
2507:
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2438:
2430:
2411:
2216:
2121:
2101:
1423:
1280:
1108:
1043:
1023:
932:
331:
129:
2988:. All these sources show the existence of many different structures distinct from
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8998:
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8850:
8749:
8684:
8644:
8619:
8593:
8571:
8555:
7594:
7536:
6754:
6600:
6531:
6118:
5374:
5321:
5317:
5211:
5207:
5136:
5120:
5109:
5101:
4894:
4866:
4821:
4766:
4697:
4655:
4404:
4400:
4254:
4242:
4154:
4115:
4038:
3987:
3983:
3901:
3852:
3825:
3641:
3532:
3528:
3176:
3166:
The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern
3156:
3137:
3073:
3062:
2993:
2179:
1451:
1258:
1008:
927:
296:
104:
48:
6631:"Afropop Worldwide | Africa and the Blues: An Interview with Gerhard Kubik"
5693:
9454:
9314:
9279:
9208:
9056:
8988:
8941:
8793:
8405:
7253:
6097:
5891:
5435:
5423:
5396:
5378:
5363:
5359:
5261:
5232:
5144:
5070:
5038:
4962:
4870:
4809:
4781:
4758:
4643:
4635:
4611:
4523:
4460:
4444:
4383:
4321:
resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music
4272:
4259:
4119:
4104:
4065:
4006:
and Howlin' Wolf before he moved to Chicago in 1960. After Phillips discovered
3991:
3959:
3872:
3832:
3779:
3732:
3668:
3625:
3453:
3441:
3386:
3370:
3243:
3100:
3054:
3050:
2903:
2867:
2856:
2790:
2702:
2687:
2668:
2652:
2523:
2450:
2434:
2224:
2208:
2089:
1910:
1335:
1305:
1063:
1053:
884:
311:
266:
180:
7052:
5155:). The 12-bar blues structure can be found even in novelty pop songs, such as
4881:
have performed significant blues recordings. The blues scale is often used in
2929:
9448:
9433:
9398:
9144:
9122:
9034:
9024:
9003:
8978:
8946:
8929:
8359:
8181:
7021:
7000:
6976:
6608:
6014:
5405:
5351:
5203:
5195:
5183:
5175:
5097:
5081:
4935:
4927:
4849:
4813:
4754:
4659:
4623:
4607:
4551:
4495:
4468:
4448:
4440:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4344:
4234:
4210:
4092:
4053:
4018:
4011:
4007:
3979:
3975:
3932:
3887:
3807:
3740:
3700:
3696:
3645:
3633:
3556:
3517:
3413:
3406:
3394:
3390:
3322:
3278:
rhythm that had long been a part of ragtime; Handy's signature work was the "
3235:
3167:
3152:
3089:
2755:
2706:
2656:
2535:
2347:
2335:
2212:
2200:
2129:
2105:
1979:
1974:
301:
281:
271:
261:
165:
155:
134:
109:
8288:
8208:
Blues Singers: Biographies of 50 Legendary Artists of the Early 20th Century
7674:
6807:
sometimes listed in the wrong racial category in record company catalogues."
6314:
3582:
on guitar, a format that continued well into the 1950s with artists such as
9359:
9319:
9196:
9129:
9071:
8934:
8896:
8875:
8860:
8835:
5596:
The "Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé" provides this etymology of
5467:
5443:
5347:
5313:
5291:
5266:
5089:
5054:
5024:
4970:
4923:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4737:
4715:
4707:
4669:
4647:
4535:
4531:
4511:
4491:
4475:
4456:
4416:
4352:
4348:
4301:
4289:
4246:
4230:
4146:
4096:
4057:
3995:
3994:. During the early 1950s, the dominating Chicago labels were challenged by
3958:
played a major role on the Chicago blues scene. He composed and wrote many
3955:
3922:
3918:
3905:
3883:
3815:
3728:
3708:
3676:
3629:
3562:
Urban male performers included popular black musicians of the era, such as
3548:
3536:
3513:
3488:
3477:
3402:
3354:
3311:
3303:
3129:
3058:
3026:
2997:
2989:
2973:
2840:
2770:
2766:
2744:
2716:
2664:
2515:
2487:
2323:
2294:
2220:
2140:
reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the
2137:
2133:
2077:
2061:
1463:
1275:
1003:
866:
228:
223:
8730:
Center for the Study of Southern Culture and the University of Mississippi
8516:
7964:
6802:
Garofalo, pp. 44–47: "As marketing categories, designations like race and
4518:. Hendrix was a skilled guitarist, and a pioneer in the innovative use of
3768:
induced another massive migration of the African-American population, the
9286:
9112:
9107:
9051:
9039:
8993:
8971:
8951:
8840:
8640:
8614:
8377:
7760:
7730:
7596:
More Blues Singers: Biographies of 50 Artists from the Later 20th Century
6089:
5630:
5382:
5367:
5343:
5309:
5305:
5287:
5275:
5199:
5191:
5152:
5080:
The blues' 12-bar structure and the blues scale was a major influence on
5016:
5012:
4990:
4986:
4902:
4874:
4805:
4692:
4683:
4546:
4539:
4534:
started her recording career. In the US, from the 1970s, female singers
4487:
4464:
4436:
4360:
4293:
4285:
4268:
4222:
4130:
4126:
4108:
4026:
3999:
3940:
3895:
3891:
3860:
3856:
3774:
3747:
style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues Ă la
3712:
3680:
3521:
3358:
3346:
3295:
3227:
3211:
3133:
3117:
3096:
3085:
2923:
2883:
2860:
2852:
2778:
2759:
2747:
2676:
2672:
2519:
2495:
2474:
2423:
2352:
2204:
2113:
2057:
1629:
1285:
1138:
1018:
802:
326:
321:
276:
213:
175:
170:
8779:
5698:. Internet Archive. Boston, Mass. : Northeastern University Press.
4731:
and other technological advances and new marketing strategies including
4189:
9428:
9423:
9411:
9139:
9134:
9117:
9102:
5339:
5251:
During the blues revival of the 1960s and 1970s, acoustic blues artist
5093:
5062:
4994:
4978:
4958:
4757:
released blues rock albums. Female blues singers such as Bonnie Raitt,
4732:
4615:
4603:
4599:
4567:
4527:
4519:
4483:
4336:
4297:
4264:
4214:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4138:
4100:
4022:
4003:
3909:
3716:
3649:
3571:
3544:
3505:
3429:
3299:
3255:
3172:
3145:
3022:
3009:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2934:
2895:
2871:
2844:
2454:
2343:
2331:
2232:
2228:
2191:
2081:
2065:
734:
473:
238:
233:
218:
190:
91:
78:
73:
9232:
7994:
5269:
nomination for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture and a
2902:, in 1903. The first extensive research in the field was performed by
2128:(or "worried notes"), usually thirds, fifths or sevenths flattened in
9352:
9291:
8830:
8741:
The Blue Shoe Project – Nationwide (U.S.) Blues Education Programming
7670:
6803:
5439:
5431:
5427:
5335:
5187:
5156:
5061:
were less clear. Usually, jazz had harmonic structures stemming from
4982:
4920:
4878:
4762:
4746:
4724:, in which he played some standard blues numbers on acoustic guitar.
4563:
4503:
4328:
4281:
4194:
4142:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4069:
4030:
3926:
3868:
3848:
3720:
3563:
3509:
3398:
3374:
3349:
became more popular in the African American community. Kentucky-born
3342:
3326:
3291:
3247:
3199:
became a code word for a record designed to sell to black listeners.
3188:
2907:
2887:
2836:
2407:
2310:
2290:
2125:
2073:
1959:
1300:
1033:
812:
639:
7704:
6584:
5100:
beat". Rockabillies were also said to be 12-bar blues played with a
4343:. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the
4041:
using blues accents. Zydeco musicians used electric solo guitar and
3821:
3508:
blues singers were popular in the 1920s, among them "the big three"—
9371:
9076:
8736:
The American Folklife Center's Online Collections and Presentations
7516:
6433:
6431:
5042:
4582:
3864:
3664:
3657:
3617:
3473:
3469:
3421:
3125:
2891:
2403:
2252:
2164:
2152:
1345:
1270:
1263:
119:
8740:
3393:
guitar technique. Georgia also had an early slide tradition, with
3029:, expanded into "simple solo songs laden with emotional content".
2781:. The simplest shuffles, which were the clearest signature of the
2394:
It may be sending you baby, but it's worrying the hell out of me.
9376:
9081:
7819:
6165:"A Jazz Improvisation Almanac, Outside Shore Music Online School"
5403:" in 2006 to close out the final season of the television series
4665:
4276:
4173:
would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and
4049:
3836:
3231:
3160:
3042:
3034:
2751:
2442:
1433:
739:
124:
8745:
7847:
6428:
5760:
Afro-Blue: Improvisations in African American Poetry and Culture
5222:
4514:, was a rarity in his field at the time: a Black man who played
4217:
were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as
4017:
In the 1950s, blues had a huge influence on mainstream American
3882:. Chicago became a center for electric blues from 1948 on, when
2705:. For convenience or by necessity it is often approximated by a
2697:
Much of the time, some or all of these chords are played in the
2402:
blues celebrated both comedic lyrical content and a boisterous,
2186:. The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the
9364:
8475:
8073:
7876:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. p. 31.
5447:
5419:
5004:
4571:
4356:
4034:
2948:
Other recordings that are still available were made in 1924 by
2740:
2446:
2275:
2148:
2068:
of the United States around the 1860s. Blues has incorporated
1340:
5300:. The film drew many of the biggest living influencers of the
4374:
I never will go back to Alabama, that is not the place for me.
4372:
I never will go back to Alabama, that is not the place for me,
9066:
5270:
5241:
5066:
5046:
4042:
3465:
3151:
Blues music also adopted elements from the "Ethiopian airs",
3121:
3112:
3038:
3004:, between 1860s and 1890s, a period that coincides with post-
2890:, who remembered first hearing the blues in the same year in
2419:
2418:" (1928) is a sly wordplay with the double meaning of being "
2399:
2378:
I said, backwater rising, Southern peoples can't make no time
2085:
1113:
185:
8732:, the foremost institution for blues scholarship in the U.S.
7937:
Roots of the Classical: The Popular Origins of Western Music
6647:
5817:
They All Played Ragtime: The True Story of an American Music
5535:. African American Intellectual History Society. May 9, 2018
4107:
was dominated by amplified electric lead guitar. Expressive
2178:
format and the use of blue notes, can be traced back to the
9347:
8709:
Bluesland: Portraits of Twelve Major American Blues Masters
8376:
5631:
Devi, Debra (2013). "Why Is the Blues Called the 'Blues'?"
5058:
5020:
4998:
3811:
3621:
3207:
2786:
2305:
2097:
1143:
114:
30:
This article is about the music genre. For other uses, see
6499:
5246:
Beyond the Crossroads: The Devil & The Blues Tradition
4075:
In the late 1950s, a new blues style emerged on Chicago's
3099:(a homemade one-stringed instrument found in parts of the
2793:"feel" was created. Shuffle rhythm is often vocalized as "
2380:
And I can't get no hearing from that Memphis girl of mine
2195:
slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres. Blues
8289:
Herzhaft, GĂ©rard; Harris, Paul; Debord, Brigitte (1997).
8094:"In Performance at the White House: Red, White and Blues"
6890:"The forgotten story of America's first black superstars"
6558:"MUSIC: Exploring Native American influence on the blues"
5324:. The band formed also began a successful tour under the
2258:
In 1827, it was in the sense of a sad state of mind that
8785:
8758:
8079:
Beyond the Crossroads: The Devil and the Blues Tradition
5279:, which focused on the story of the preservation of the
4378:
and the whole world let them peoples go down there free
7095:
Steinberg, Jesse R.; Fairweather, Abrol (eds.) (2011).
5412:
The blues was highlighted in season 2012, episode 1 of
4913:"). Blues forms are used in the theme to the televised
3574:. An important label of this era was the Chicago-based
2171:
and other challenges experienced by African-Americans.
8190:. Abbeville Publishing Group (Abbeville Press, Inc.).
7622:"Malaco Records to be honored with blues trail marker"
6681:
From the Erotic to the Demonic: On Critical Musicology
5795:. Ed. Arna Bontemps. New York: Macmillan, 1941. p. 143
5011:
and blues. Musically, spirituals were a descendant of
4308:) and had a major influence on those styles of music.
2785:
wave that started in the mid-1940s, were a three-note
8686:
Early Downhome Blues: A Musical and Cultural Analysis
8131:(2nd ed.). Howard University Press. p. 31.
8019:. Columbia College Chicago. 2007–2008. Archived from
7014:
Calt, Stephen; Perls, Nick; Stewart, Michael (1970).
6407:
Blues Off the Record:Thirty Years of Blues Commentary
4363:
issues, which was unusual for this period. His album
3491:, an early blues singer, known for her powerful voice
3385:
performed in the southeastern "delicate and lyrical"
2671:
of the progression. For instance, for a blues in the
2498:
forms, are still considered blues; examples include "
2376:
Backwater rising, Southern peoples can't make no time
8538:
Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2019.
7126:(vinyl back cover). Copenhagen: Storyville. SLP 184.
5457:
5385:
to participate in a series of documentary films for
5115:
Many early rock and roll songs are based on blues: "
4205:
By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by
3886:
recorded his first success, "I Can't Be Satisfied".
3871:(or "blues harp") played through a microphone and a
3238:
adoption of blues elements: "Baby Seals' Blues", by
7931:
7627:. Mississippi Development Authority. Archived from
7476:
7474:
7201:
7199:
6244:
6242:
5845:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 166.
5843:
The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Ethnicity
5240:
Like many other genres, blues has been called the "
5084:music. Rock and roll has been called "blues with a
4177:circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing
4122:", reached number 1 on the R&B charts in 1949.
3660:blends classic rhythm and blues with blues styles.
3416:style, which developed in the 1920s and 1930s near
1936:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
8782:: Archive of artist and record label discographies
8618:
8592:
8227:
8187:Nothing but the Blues: The Music and the Musicians
7362:
6488:Morales, p. 276. Morales attributed this claim to
5908:
5049:genres. Ellington extensively used the blues form.
3986:labels. Smaller blues labels of this era included
3306:in Memphis. Several record companies, such as the
2255:', which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday.
8424:
8313:
7425:
7423:
5911:The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music
3954:The bassist and prolific songwriter and composer
3389:tradition, which used an elaborate ragtime-based
2367:'s "Rising High Water Blues" (1927) tells of the
2132:, are also an essential part of the sound. Blues
2064:that originated amongst African-Americans in the
9446:
8445:
8267:
8129:Split Image: African Americans in the Mass Media
7471:
7196:
7013:
6734:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 180.
6239:
5866:Sylviane A. Diouf, "What Islam Gave the Blues",
5740:A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English
4973:. Gospel music developed in the 1930s, with the
4780:music circles with northern Mississippi artists
4658:, Dr. "Feelgood" Potts, O.B. Buchana, Ms. Jody,
3894:, because many performers had migrated from the
2346:origin for blues, because of the reputation the
8625:(new ed.). Northeastern University Press.
8566:. London: Studio Vista. 85 pp. SBN 289–79829–9.
8332:
8126:
7782:
7619:
7112:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p. 8
6731:Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia
6678:
6397:
6094:"The Evolution of the 12-Bar Blues Progression"
5906:
5236:marked a revival of interest in acoustic blues.
4792:, previously named W.C. Handy Awards or of the
3792:. This rapidly evolving market was mirrored by
8204:
8155:
7420:
6969:Calt, Stephen; Perls, Nick; Stewart, Michael.
6007:Calt, Stephen; Perls, Nick; Stewart, Michael.
4718:, made a comeback in the 1990s with his album
4480:Blues People: The Negro Music in White America
3806:and the generalization of the blues beat, the
3456:used a variety of unusual instruments such as
2392:Rebecca, Rebecca, get your big legs off of me,
2390:Rebecca, Rebecca, get your big legs off of me,
663:Education of freed people during the Civil War
9248:
8801:
8428:Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development
8383:Blues Fell This Morning: Meaning in the Blues
8180:
6689:of 1898, before the first blues publications.
6585:"POYI! Bamana jeli music, Mali and the blues"
6057:
6010:Ten Years of Black Country Religion 1926–1936
5989:
5987:
5985:
5814:Blesh, Rudi; Janis, Harriet Grossman (1958).
5650:John James Audubon: The Making of an American
5418:, entitled "Red, White and Blues". Hosted by
4672:performing at Hyde Park, London, in June 2008
4415:developed in the UK, when musicians such as
4376:You know they killed my sister and my brother
3644:). Chicago boogie-woogie performers included
3230:publishing industry produced a great deal of
2034:
8248:
6968:
6700:
6088:
6006:
4060:to emulate this louder style, inspiring the
3049:finds similarities with the melodies of the
674:Historically black colleges and universities
8351:
8225:
5675:"Image 5 of Walden, or, Life in the woods,"
5568:"Honoring Jazz: An Early American Art Form"
5506:"BBC – GCSE Bitesize: Origins of the blues"
4776:gained minor recognition in both blues and
4367:contained a song with the following lyric:
4233:started looking for new markets in Europe.
2743:, blues is distinguished by the use of the
2231:developed, which blended blues styles with
658:Education during the slave period in the US
9255:
9241:
8808:
8794:
8707:Welding, Peter; Brown, Toby, eds. (1991).
8562:Dixon, Robert M.W.; Godrich, John (1970).
7046:
6509:. How to Play Blues Guitar. Archived from
6335:
6134:
5982:
5813:
3318:, began to record African-American music.
2457:, included religious songs or spirituals.
2041:
2027:
981:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
47:
8573:The Devil's Music: A History of the Blues
8337:(in German). Rohwolt Taschenbuch Verlag.
8147:"Blues in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley"
8082:. The University of North Carolina Press.
7871:
7809:
7033:
7031:
6937:
6935:
6874:
6872:
6651:The Curious Listener's Guide to the Blues
5975:
5973:
4700:'s popularity was revived with the album
3703:on songs such as "Going to Chicago" and "
2952:. Later, several recordings were made by
2882:, who said he first heard blues music in
437:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
8599:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7961:"The Blues Influence On Rock & Roll"
7939:. Oxford University Press. p. 461.
7895:
7893:
7392:. University of Michigan Press. p. 175.
6727:
6683:. Oxford University Press. p. 182.
5498:
5221:
5033:
5015:choral traditions, and in particular of
4664:
4581:
4382:
4188:
3820:
3592:
3483:
3260:
3111:in the early twentieth century) and the
2964:. Gordon's successor at the library was
2928:
2715:
2304:
2211:, as well as urban blues styles such as
9262:
7845:
7592:
7214:
7084:Ma Rainey and the Classic Blues Singers
6887:
6648:Vierwo, Barbara; Trudeau, Andy (2005).
6381:The Cambridge History of American Music
5820:. Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 186.
4577:
4463:performed classic blues songs from the
3970:" (both penned for Muddy Waters) and, "
3707:". A well-known big band blues tune is
3663:Another development in this period was
2223:marked the transition from acoustic to
14:
9447:
8776:lesson plan on the blues, for teachers
8711:. New York: Penguin Group. 253 + pp.
8639:
8613:
8569:
8468:
8400:
8072:
8054:from the original on September 5, 2005
8041:
7363:Bailey, C. Michael (October 4, 2003).
7110:Black Pearls: Blues Queens of the '20s
7097:Blues: Thinking Deep About Feeling Low
7028:
6932:
6869:
6403:
5970:
5915:. Cambridge University Press. p.
5840:
5691:
5646:
5626:
5624:
4530:. Later in the 1960s, British singer
2313:(1886–1939), the "Mother of the Blues"
2282:The phrase "the blues" was written by
9236:
8789:
8682:
8646:Conversation with the Blues, Volume 1
8271:Rockin' Out: Popular Music in the USA
7906:. Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz.
7890:
7563:"Phoebe Snow San Francisco Bay Blues"
6888:Lynskey, Dorian (February 16, 2021).
6582:
6146:. Issue 37, Fall 1987. Archived from
6070:from the original on October 30, 2005
6021:from the original on October 2, 2008.
5793:Father of the Blues: An Autobiography
5557:. Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag
5533:"The Historical Roots of Blues Music"
5217:
4909:used in rock music (for example, in "
2433:played a part in early blues, citing
1179:Athletic associations and conferences
668:History of African-American education
8663:
8590:
8469:Curiel, Jonathan (August 15, 2004).
8042:Curiel, Jonathan (August 15, 2004).
7913:from the original on October 9, 2022
7901:"The Influence of the Blues on Jazz"
7785:"The Blues: The Revolution of Music"
6989:
6560:. September 17, 2009. Archived from
6410:. New York: Da Capo Press. pp.
5941:"Photographic image of record label"
5527:
5525:
5523:
5426:, the show featured performances by
4179:North Mississippi hill country blues
3472:. Memphis Minnie was famous for her
3353:was in 1923 the first to record the
2544:Chords played over a 12-bar scheme:
2522:'s instrumental "Sweet 16 Bars" and
2147:Blues music is characterized by its
1102:Association for the Study of African
7783:Jennifer Nicole (August 15, 2005).
7530:Stan Webb's Chickenshack Beginnings
7242:
6829:
6589:Journal of African Cultural Studies
5621:
5210:also borrowed from the blues. When
5057:, the boundaries between blues and
4794:Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary
4686:as a major blues artist. The first
4429:John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers
4002:company in Memphis, which recorded
3890:is influenced to a large extent by
3743:, who is often associated with the
2937:(left) shaking hands with musician
2441:" as a "thinly veiled reference to
2429:The writer Ed Morales claimed that
1916:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1417:African-American Vernacular English
986:National Conference of Black Mayors
24:
8691:University of North Carolina Press
8496:
8230:Panorama of American Popular Music
8159:The Rise and Fall of Popular Music
7221:(LP back cover notes). St. Louis:
7121:
7086:. New York: Stein & Day. p. 16
7051:. Blues Foundation. Archived from
6793:Schuller, cited in Garofalo, p. 27
6060:"The Soul of Blind Willie Johnson"
5399:performed his blues rendition of "
4772:In the 1990s, the largely ignored
4710:, known for his performances with
4184:
4111:were a key feature of this music.
3943:are well known harmonica (called "
3937:Sonny Boy Williamson (Rice Miller)
3831:After World War II, new styles of
3597:A typical boogie-woogie bass line
3409:as representatives of this style.
3288:Theater Owners Booking Association
3084:, written in 1898, which contains
2968:. In the 1930s, Lomax and his son
2096:. The blues form is ubiquitous in
1119:National Black Chamber of Commerce
25:
9511:
9475:African-American cultural history
8723:
7620:Martin, Stephen (April 3, 2008).
7218:Detroit Ghetto Blues 1948 to 1954
6975:(LP back cover notes). New York:
6013:(LP back cover notes). New York:
5520:
5415:In Performance at the White House
4859:
4727:However, beginning in the 1990s,
4045:arrangements of blues standards.
3835:became popular in cities such as
3818:, became a component of R&B.
1823:Places by plurality of population
489:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
479:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
432:Abolitionism in the United States
9215:
9214:
9203:
9202:
9190:
8086:
8066:
8035:
8009:
7979:
7953:
7925:
7865:
7839:
7803:
7776:
7745:
7727:"Blues Music Awards information"
7719:
7689:
7659:
7646:
7613:
7586:
7577:
7555:
7546:
7523:
7505:
7492:
7483:
7458:
7445:
7411:
7402:
7382:
7356:
7331:
7322:
7313:
7304:
7295:
7286:
7273:
7082:Stewart-Baxter, Derrick (1970).
5460:
5328:marquee. 1998 brought a sequel,
5265:(1972). The film earned Mahal a
4934:' music, and guitarist/vocalist
4323:. As well festivals such as the
3786:music, was replaced by the term
3321:As the recording industry grew,
3221:
3008:and later, the establishment of
1998:
520:Black Belt in the American South
8120:
7599:. McFarland. pp. 232–248.
7260:
7229:
7208:
7183:
7174:
7161:
7148:
7139:
7130:
7115:
7108:Harrison, Daphne Duval (1988).
7102:
7089:
7076:
7067:
7040:
7007:
6983:
6962:
6953:
6944:
6907:
6881:
6859:
6846:
6832:"The Rise of the Country Blues"
6823:
6810:
6796:
6787:
6777:
6764:
6748:
6721:
6694:
6672:
6641:
6623:
6576:
6550:
6541:
6525:
6482:
6473:
6464:
6455:
6373:
6364:
6355:
6329:
6303:
6290:
6277:
6264:
6251:
6226:
6206:
6193:
6184:
6175:
6157:
6128:
6112:
6082:
6051:
6025:
6000:
5961:
5933:
5900:
5894:'s "Rebecca", a compilation of
5884:
5875:
5859:
5834:
5807:
5798:
5785:
5776:
5752:
5732:
5712:
4957:Early country bluesmen such as
4842:Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
4021:. While popular musicians like
3968:I Just Want to Make Love to You
3527:In 1920, the vaudeville singer
3128:by African peoples such as the
2898:, who first heard the blues in
2369:Great Mississippi Flood of 1927
1124:National Council of Negro Women
8386:. Cambridge University Press.
7099:. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. p. 159
7020:(vinyl back cover). New York:
6999:(vinyl back cover). New York:
6705:. APF Reporter. Archived from
5685:
5667:
5640:
5590:
5560:
5547:
4749:and venues for blues emerged.
4157:label. Strongly influenced by
3962:songs of the period, such as "
3495:
3053:, and to a lesser degree, the
2958:Archive of American Folk Songs
2108:, and is characterized by the
2088:, and rhymed simple narrative
1921:Racism against Black Americans
13:
1:
7249:Howlin' Wolf & Jimmy Reed
6996:10 Years In Memphis 1927–1937
6728:Chambers, Douglas B. (2009).
5841:Thomas, James G. Jr. (2007).
5653:. Random House. p. 302.
5637:. Retrieved November 15, 2015
5491:
4938:'s hit "Give Me One Reason".
4566:player and singer-songwriter
4114:Other blues artists, such as
2912:Lafayette County, Mississippi
1129:National Pan-Hellenic Council
8576:. London: BBC. p. 287.
8522:Resources in other libraries
8448:The Music of Black Americans
8297:University of Arkansas Press
6601:10.1080/13696815.2013.792725
6507:"Call and Response in Blues"
6437:Levine, Lawrence W. (1977).
6342:The Handbook of Texas Online
6214:Acoustic Guitar Slide Basics
6137:"The Long String Instrument"
5764:University of Illinois Press
5572:National Civil Rights Museum
5178:was infused with the blues.
5007:music can be traced back to
4729:digital multitrack recording
4510:. One blues rock performer,
3632:and the Boogie-Woogie Trio (
2599:
2551:
2238:
1931:School segregation in the US
1469:Black American Sign Language
1443:Languages and other dialects
27:Musical form and music genre
7:
8649:. New York: Horizon Press.
8531:Abbott, Lynn; Doug Seroff.
8471:"Muslim Roots of the Blues"
8431:. Oxford University Press.
8251:America's Musical Landscape
7543:. Retrieved 4 November 2022
7520:, Retrieved 9 November 2022
7049:"Blues Foundation homepage"
6972:The Georgia Blues 1927–1933
6915:"Kentuckiana Blues Society"
5872:. Retrieved August 17, 2023
5453:
5129:Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On
4397:Paul Butterfield Blues Band
4296:often played with rock and
3766:boom following World War II
3308:American Record Corporation
3103:sometimes referred to as a
2532:Sitting on Top of the World
2174:Many elements, such as the
758:African-American businesses
360:lists of musicians by genre
10:
9516:
8425:Schuller, Gunther (1968).
8380:; Wright, Richard (1990).
8314:Komara, Edward M. (2006).
7987:"History of Rock and Roll"
7872:Comentale, Edward (2013).
7652:Aldin, Mary Katherine. In
7512:Aynsley Dunbar Retaliation
7464:Komara, Edward M. (2006).
7319:Palmer (1981), pp. 257–259
7017:Memphis Jamboree 1927–1936
6385:Cambridge University Press
4133:, with performers such as
2866:Reports of blues music in
2829:
2825:
2820:
2190:, with the development of
1296:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
971:Congressional Black Caucus
938:African Diaspora Religions
725:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
29:
9490:20th-century music genres
9485:19th-century music genres
9397:
9333:
9270:
9184:
9153:
9090:
9017:
8920:
8884:
8823:
8815:
8683:Titon, Jeff Todd (1994).
8517:Resources in your library
8446:Southern, Eileen (1997).
8316:Encyclopedia of the Blues
8292:Encyclopedia of the Blues
8268:Garofalo, Reebee (1997).
8253:. Brown & Benchmark.
8145:Bransford, Steve (2004).
7848:"History of gospel music"
7466:Encyclopedia of the Blues
7365:"West Side Chicago Blues"
6494:Black Music of Two Worlds
6212:Hamburger, David (2001).
6064:Austin American-Statesman
5281:roots music of Appalachia
4926:'s hit, "Turn Me Loose",
4889:'s "Blues in the Night",
4241:Blues performers such as
4171:Mississippi Fred McDowell
3646:Clarence "Pine Top" Smith
3430:Gus Cannon's Jug Stompers
3210:, in particular those of
3061:, but not as much of the
2956:, who became head of the
2843:" was published in 1912;
2547:Chords for a blues in C:
2300:
2266:that he "had the blues".
1803:US states and territories
1104:American Life and History
826:Lift Every Voice and Sing
535:Treatment of the enslaved
346:
341:
253:
248:
205:
200:
147:
142:
98:
86:
62:
55:Mississippi Fred McDowell
46:
41:
9480:American styles of music
9166:Blues musicians by genre
8866:Traditional blues verses
8748:, documentary series by
8333:Kunzler, Martin (1988).
5907:Moore, Allan F. (2002).
5896:traditional blues lyrics
5738:Partridge, Eric (2002).
5720:The History of the Blues
5647:Rhodes, Richard (2006).
5304:genre together, such as
5161:Obviously Five Believers
4662:, and dozens of others.
4545:In the early 1970s, the
3800:Rhythm & Blues chart
3778:, initially used by the
3754:
3547:of the 1930s and 1940s,
3002:Emancipation Act of 1863
2319:traditional blues verses
2161:traditional blues verses
2094:African-American culture
2005:United States portal
1412:African-American English
923:African-American Muslims
484:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
53:American blues musician
8774:Smithsonian Institution
8766:(archived 12 June 1998)
8591:Keil, Charles (1991) .
8205:Dicaire, David (1999).
8156:Clarke, Donald (1995).
7593:Dicaire, David (2001).
7343:Encyclopedia of Chicago
7215:Pierson, Leroy (1976).
6654:. Stone Press. p.
6443:Oxford University Press
6311:"Lead Belly Foundation"
5718:Davis, Francis (1995).
5486:List of blues standards
5481:List of blues musicians
5476:List of blues festivals
5133:Shake, Rattle, and Roll
4798:Traditional Blues Album
4602:regions. Often termed "
4459:and the Irish musician
4423:'s Blues Incorporated,
4411:movement. The style of
4319:in the U.S. prompted a
4125:By the late 1950s, the
3917:played in bands led by
3859:(gradually replaced by
3693:Jumpin' at the Woodside
3302:such as the bars along
3082:African Suite for Piano
3078:Samuel Coleridge-Taylor
2876:Clarksdale, Mississippi
2468:
2330:" (1914). According to
1926:Reparations for slavery
1014:Back-to-Africa movement
913:Black Hebrew Israelites
791:African-American beauty
9460:African-American music
9335:African-American music
8764:The Delta Blues Museum
8621:The Story of the Blues
8570:Oakley, Giles (1976).
8551:"Inside Poor Monkey's"
7535:July 19, 2011, at the
7189:Humphrey, Mark. A. In
6383:. David Nicholls, ed.
6171:on September 11, 2012.
6035:. 2009. Archived from
5722:. New York: Hyperion,
5695:The story of the blues
5401:America, the Beautiful
5237:
5050:
4945:
4769:also recorded albums.
4673:
4591:
4547:Texas rock-blues style
4486:performers, including
4403:and singer/songwriter
4392:
4387:Texas blues guitarist
4381:
4306:Booker T & the MGs
4207:African American music
4202:
3851:. Electric blues used
3828:
3770:Second Great Migration
3705:Sent for You Yesterday
3609:
3492:
3476:guitar style. Pianist
3270:
3246:); "Dallas Blues", by
2945:
2916:Newton County, Georgia
2736:
2711:dominant seventh chord
2686:The last chord is the
2397:
2383:
2314:
2309:American blues singer
1396:Dialects and languages
556:Second Great Migration
375:African-American music
32:Blues (disambiguation)
9495:Musical improvisation
8856:Musical improvisation
8274:. Allyn & Bacon.
8249:Ferris, Jean (1993).
7753:"Blues Record Labels"
7667:"Blues – By Category"
7654:Nothing but the Blues
7634:on September 10, 2008
7552:Garofalo, pp. 224–225
7500:Nothing but the Blues
7453:Nothing but the Blues
7281:Nothing but the Blues
7268:Nothing but the Blues
7266:Humphrey, Mark A. In
7237:Nothing but the Blues
7235:Humphrey, Mark A. In
7191:Nothing but the Blues
7169:Nothing but the Blues
7156:Nothing but the Blues
7154:Humphrey, Mark A. In
6854:Nothing but the Blues
6852:Humphrey, Mark A. In
6818:Nothing but the Blues
6772:Nothing but the Blues
6770:Charters, Samuel. In
6759:Nothing but the Blues
6701:Steper, Bill (1999).
6536:Nothing but the Blues
6404:Oliver, Paul (1984).
6298:Nothing but the Blues
6285:Nothing but the Blues
6272:Nothing but the Blues
6259:Nothing but the Blues
6234:Nothing but the Blues
6201:Nothing but the Blues
6123:Nothing but the Blues
6033:"Reverend Gary Davis"
5995:Nothing but the Blues
5993:Humphrey, Mark A. In
5758:Bolden, Tony (2004).
5692:Oliver, Paul (1998).
5225:
5169:Cinderella Rockefella
5165:Esther and Abi Ofarim
5117:That's All Right Mama
5037:
4941:
4668:
4585:
4560:Fabulous Thunderbirds
4386:
4369:
4333:Mississippi John Hurt
4325:Newport Folk Festival
4313:civil rights movement
4192:
4129:genre developed near
3824:
3737:Kansas City, Missouri
3715:". In the 1940s, the
3685:Count Basie Orchestra
3596:
3487:
3432:. Performers such as
3407:James "Kokomo" Arnold
3335:Blind Lemon Jefferson
3264:
2932:
2900:Tutwiler, Mississippi
2855:'s 1920 rendition of
2719:
2479:progression of chords
2477:in which a repeating
2387:
2373:
2365:Blind Lemon Jefferson
2308:
2169:racial discrimination
1808:US metropolitan areas
1635:List of neighborhoods
1249:Alabama Creole people
1239:African-American Jews
1171:Negro league baseball
1134:National Urban League
1086:Civic/economic groups
918:African-American Jews
808:African-American hair
670:, after the Civil War
499:Post–civil rights era
8759:The Blues Foundation
8483:on September 5, 2005
8352:Morales, Ed (2003).
8226:Ewen, David (1957).
7991:Zip-Country Homepage
7791:on September 6, 2008
7707:on December 21, 2007
7431:"Hill Country Blues"
7388:Bjorn, Lars (2001).
7055:on December 10, 2008
6709:on September 6, 2008
6583:Durán, Lucy (2013).
6564:on December 24, 2017
6039:on February 12, 2009
4751:Tedeschi Trucks Band
4628:The Blues is Alright
4596:Jackson, Mississippi
4578:1980s to the present
4508:Allman Brothers Band
4399:featuring guitarist
4317:Free Speech Movement
4149:around the producer
3656:and, more recently,
3510:Gertrude "Ma" Rainey
3502:Classic female urban
3420:, was influenced by
3403:"Barbecue Bob" Hicks
3142:Papa Charlie Jackson
2943:Sumterville, Alabama
2832:Origins of the blues
2473:The blues form is a
2463:Blind Willie Johnson
2416:It's Tight Like That
2124:is the most common.
1965:Criminal stereotypes
1740:District of Columbia
1457:Afro-Seminole Creole
899:Non-Christian groups
494:Black power movement
458:during the Civil War
427:Atlantic slave trade
161:classic female blues
9264:American folk music
8912:American folk music
8770:The Music in Poetry
8664:Rowe, Mike (1973).
8564:Recording the Blues
7933:Peter van der Merwe
7677:on October 13, 2006
7468:. Routledge. p. 385
7279:Pearson, Barry. In
7251:interviewed on the
7167:Pearson, Barry. In
6816:Wolfe, Charles. In
6513:on October 10, 2008
6361:Garofalo, pp. 46–47
6317:on January 23, 2010
6296:Cowley, John H. In
6283:Cowley, John H. In
6199:Pearson, Barry. In
6058:Corcoran, Michael.
5578:on February 5, 2023
5356:Charlie Musselwhite
5331:Blues Brothers 2000
5255:and Texas bluesman
5230:for the 1972 movie
4975:Golden Gate Quartet
4826:NorthernBlues Music
4341:Reverend Gary Davis
3964:Hoochie Coochie Man
3671:" operating out of
3379:Blind Willie McTell
3240:Baby Franklin Seals
2962:Library of Congress
2910:of folk songs from
2906:, who published an
2475:cyclic musical form
2459:Reverend Gary Davis
2406:performance style.
2271:Henry David Thoreau
1361:Sierra Leone Creole
1322:Specific ancestries
1207:Southwestern (SWAC)
730:Black History Month
561:New Great Migration
515:Agriculture history
8164:St. Martin's Press
7997:on August 28, 2008
7433:. Msbluestrail.org
7124:Boogie Woogie Trio
6830:Golding, Barrett.
6490:John Storm Roberts
6257:Bastin, Bruce. In
5297:The Blues Brothers
5294:released the film
5238:
5218:In popular culture
5069:classics, such as
5051:
4967:Georgia Tom Dorsey
4911:A Hard Day's Night
4830:Fat Possum Records
4790:Blues Music Awards
4774:hill country blues
4712:the Blues Breakers
4688:Stevie Ray Vaughan
4674:
4592:
4556:Stevie Ray Vaughan
4401:Michael Bloomfield
4393:
4389:Stevie Ray Vaughan
4286:Bobby "Blue" Bland
4219:the Rolling Stones
4203:
4197:with his guitar, "
4151:J. D. "Jay" Miller
3829:
3695:" and boisterous "
3654:Professor Longhair
3610:
3580:Scrapper Blackwell
3493:
3418:Memphis, Tennessee
3377:. Singers such as
3271:
3265:Sheet music from "
3035:harmonic structure
2946:
2939:"Uncle" Rich Brown
2758:of the associated
2737:
2653:4/4 time signature
2514:". There are also
2512:Key to the Highway
2357:John Storm Roberts
2315:
2260:John James Audubon
2118:chord progressions
1370:Sexual orientation
1244:Afro-Puerto Ricans
1197:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
832:Self-determination
796:Black is beautiful
462:Reconstruction era
287:Hill country blues
18:Contemporary blues
9442:
9441:
9230:
9229:
8846:Call and response
8700:978-0-8078-4482-3
8675:978-0-85649-015-6
8668:. Eddison Press.
8666:Chicago Breakdown
8656:978-0-8180-1223-5
8632:978-1-55553-355-7
8606:978-0-226-42960-1
8583:978-0-563-16012-0
8544:978-1-496-81002-1
8503:Library resources
8461:978-0-393-03843-9
8438:978-0-19-504043-2
8417:978-0-670-49511-5
8393:978-0-521-37793-5
8369:978-0-306-81018-3
8344:978-3-499-16316-6
8325:978-0-415-92699-7
8306:978-1-55728-452-5
8281:978-0-205-13703-9
8260:978-0-697-12516-3
8241:978-0-13-648360-1
8234:. Prentice Hall.
8218:978-0-7864-0606-7
8197:978-1-55859-271-1
8173:978-0-312-11573-9
8138:978-0-88258-178-1
7946:978-0-19-816647-4
7883:978-0-252-07892-7
7827:on April 26, 2019
7813:(June 15, 1972).
7811:Christgau, Robert
7733:on April 29, 2006
7398:978-0-472-06765-7
7223:Nighthawk Records
6741:978-1-60473-246-7
6665:978-0-399-53072-2
6451:978-0-19-502374-9
6421:978-0-306-80321-5
6393:978-0-521-45429-2
6270:Evans, David. In
6232:Evans, David. In
6222:978-1-890490-38-6
6153:on June 25, 2008.
5926:978-0-521-00107-6
5852:978-0-8078-5823-3
5827:978-1-4437-3152-2
5804:Ewen, pp. 142–143
5772:978-0-252-02874-8
5748:978-0-415-29189-7
5705:978-1-55553-355-7
5257:Lightnin' Hopkins
4905:, especially the
4854:Shanachie Records
4802:Alligator Records
4652:Peggy Scott-Adams
4640:Sir Charles Jones
4542:performed blues.
4500:the J. Geils Band
4311:The music of the
4169:'s recordings of
3949:Big Walter Horton
3725:brass instruments
3555:, and eventually
3541:Broadway musicals
3450:Casey Bill Weldon
3438:Sleepy John Estes
3316:Paramount Records
3280:Saint Louis Blues
3267:Saint Louis Blues
3252:The Memphis Blues
3185:Mississippi Delta
2880:Jelly Roll Morton
2849:The Memphis Blues
2679:(I) and F is the
2667:referring to the
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2597:
2596:
2483:call and response
2328:Saint Louis Blues
2247:'s one-act farce
2188:ending of slavery
2176:call-and-response
2110:call-and-response
2051:
2050:
1988:
1987:
1886:
1885:
1660:Dallas-Fort Worth
1477:
1476:
1387:
1386:
1331:Americo-Liberians
1214:
1213:
1152:
1151:
1077:
1076:
946:
945:
890:Womanist theology
840:
839:
782:Symbols and ideas
568:
567:
447:Antebellum period
442:Revolutionary War
397:African Americans
382:
381:
365:list of standards
355:list of musicians
307:New Orleans blues
292:Kansas City blues
63:Stylistic origins
16:(Redirected from
9507:
9470:Jazz terminology
9257:
9250:
9243:
9234:
9233:
9218:
9217:
9206:
9205:
9197:Blues portal
9195:
9194:
9193:
9098:Rhythm and blues
8871:Twelve-bar blues
8810:
8803:
8796:
8787:
8786:
8704:
8689:(2nd ed.).
8679:
8660:
8636:
8624:
8610:
8598:
8587:
8559:, June 22, 2006.
8492:
8490:
8488:
8479:. Archived from
8465:
8442:
8421:
8397:
8373:
8348:
8329:
8310:
8285:
8264:
8245:
8233:
8222:
8201:
8177:
8142:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8109:
8104:on July 24, 2018
8100:. Archived from
8090:
8084:
8083:
8070:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8059:
8039:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8028:
8013:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8002:
7993:. Archived from
7983:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7972:
7967:on April 4, 2007
7963:. Archived from
7957:
7951:
7950:
7929:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7912:
7905:
7897:
7888:
7887:
7869:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7858:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7832:
7823:. Archived from
7807:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7796:
7787:. Archived from
7780:
7774:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7759:. Archived from
7749:
7743:
7742:
7740:
7738:
7729:. Archived from
7723:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7703:. Archived from
7693:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7673:. Archived from
7663:
7657:
7650:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7639:
7633:
7626:
7617:
7611:
7610:
7590:
7584:
7581:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7570:
7559:
7553:
7550:
7544:
7527:
7521:
7509:
7503:
7498:O'Neal, Jim. In
7496:
7490:
7487:
7481:
7478:
7469:
7462:
7456:
7451:O'Neal, Jim. In
7449:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7427:
7418:
7417:Herzhaft, p. 188
7415:
7409:
7408:Herzhaft, p. 116
7406:
7400:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7335:
7329:
7326:
7320:
7317:
7311:
7308:
7302:
7301:Herzhaft, p. 236
7299:
7293:
7290:
7284:
7277:
7271:
7264:
7258:
7246:
7240:
7233:
7227:
7226:
7212:
7206:
7203:
7194:
7187:
7181:
7178:
7172:
7165:
7159:
7152:
7146:
7143:
7137:
7134:
7128:
7127:
7119:
7113:
7106:
7100:
7093:
7087:
7080:
7074:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7047:Hawkeye Herman.
7044:
7038:
7035:
7026:
7025:
7011:
7005:
7004:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6966:
6960:
6957:
6951:
6948:
6942:
6939:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6925:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6885:
6879:
6876:
6867:
6863:
6857:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6827:
6821:
6814:
6808:
6800:
6794:
6791:
6785:
6781:
6775:
6768:
6762:
6755:Charters, Samuel
6752:
6746:
6745:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6645:
6639:
6638:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6554:
6548:
6545:
6539:
6532:Charters, Samuel
6529:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6518:
6503:
6497:
6486:
6480:
6477:
6471:
6468:
6462:
6461:Southern, p. 333
6459:
6453:
6435:
6426:
6425:
6401:
6395:
6377:
6371:
6368:
6362:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6336:Oliphant, Dave.
6333:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6313:. Archived from
6307:
6301:
6294:
6288:
6281:
6275:
6268:
6262:
6255:
6249:
6246:
6237:
6230:
6224:
6210:
6204:
6197:
6191:
6190:Kunzler, p. 1065
6188:
6182:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6167:. Archived from
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6141:
6135:Fullman, Ellen.
6132:
6126:
6119:Charters, Samuel
6116:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6096:. Archived from
6086:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6004:
5998:
5991:
5980:
5977:
5968:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5945:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5914:
5904:
5898:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5873:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5811:
5805:
5802:
5796:
5789:
5783:
5780:
5774:
5756:
5750:
5736:
5730:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5644:
5638:
5635:, 4 January 2013
5628:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5609:on June 28, 2012
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5574:. Archived from
5564:
5558:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5529:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5502:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5302:rhythm and blues
5125:Blue Suede Shoes
4977:. In the 1950s,
4953:
4950:Robert Christgau
4907:ladder of thirds
4899:Rhapsody in Blue
4846:Folkways Records
4838:Arhoolie Records
4834:Vanguard Records
4786:Junior Kimbrough
4778:alternative rock
4679:Strong Persuader
4516:psychedelic rock
4227:Big Bill Broonzy
4062:British Invasion
3972:Wang Dang Doodle
3904:, Muddy Waters,
3880:guitar amplifier
3853:electric guitars
3789:rhythm and blues
3784:African-American
3745:California blues
3689:One O'Clock Jump
3608:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3576:Bluebird Records
3568:Big Bill Broonzy
3553:rhythm and blues
3446:Kansas Joe McCoy
3426:Memphis Jug Band
3383:Blind Boy Fuller
3365:little-recorded
3351:Sylvester Weaver
3325:performers like
3157:Negro spirituals
2954:Robert W. Gordon
2950:Lawrence Gellert
2735:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2722:pentatonic scale
2699:harmonic seventh
2661:twelve-bar blues
2659:associated to a
2601:
2600:
2553:
2552:
2541:
2540:
2508:Big Bill Broonzy
2492:twelve-bar blues
2439:Cross Road Blues
2431:Yoruba mythology
2284:Charlotte Forten
2217:West Coast blues
2122:twelve-bar blues
2102:rhythm and blues
2043:
2036:
2029:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1950:media depictions
1899:
1898:
1794:Population count
1490:
1489:
1424:Liberian English
1403:English dialects
1400:
1399:
1356:Samaná Americans
1281:Creoles of color
1227:
1226:
1165:
1164:
1109:Black conductors
1090:
1089:
959:
958:
933:Louisiana Voodoo
855:
854:
600:Family structure
583:
582:
530:Military history
525:Business history
456:military history
411:
410:
384:
383:
332:West Coast blues
130:rhythm and blues
99:Derivative forms
87:Cultural origins
51:
39:
38:
21:
9515:
9514:
9510:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9505:
9504:
9445:
9444:
9443:
9438:
9393:
9329:
9305:Native American
9266:
9261:
9231:
9226:
9191:
9189:
9180:
9176:Blues festivals
9171:Blues standards
9161:Blues musicians
9149:
9086:
9013:
8922:
8916:
8880:
8851:Eight-bar blues
8819:
8814:
8750:Martin Scorsese
8726:
8701:
8676:
8657:
8633:
8607:
8584:
8556:Southern Spaces
8549:Brown, Luther.
8528:
8527:
8526:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8499:
8497:Further reading
8486:
8484:
8462:
8439:
8418:
8394:
8370:
8345:
8326:
8307:
8282:
8261:
8242:
8219:
8198:
8174:
8150:Southern Spaces
8139:
8123:
8118:
8117:
8107:
8105:
8092:
8091:
8087:
8071:
8067:
8057:
8055:
8040:
8036:
8026:
8024:
8023:on June 2, 2008
8017:"Country music"
8015:
8014:
8010:
8000:
7998:
7985:
7984:
7980:
7970:
7968:
7959:
7958:
7954:
7947:
7930:
7926:
7916:
7914:
7910:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7891:
7884:
7870:
7866:
7856:
7854:
7844:
7840:
7830:
7828:
7815:"A Power Plant"
7808:
7804:
7794:
7792:
7781:
7777:
7766:
7764:
7763:on May 16, 2008
7751:
7750:
7746:
7736:
7734:
7725:
7724:
7720:
7710:
7708:
7695:
7694:
7690:
7680:
7678:
7665:
7664:
7660:
7651:
7647:
7637:
7635:
7631:
7624:
7618:
7614:
7607:
7591:
7587:
7582:
7578:
7568:
7566:
7561:
7560:
7556:
7551:
7547:
7537:Wayback Machine
7528:
7524:
7510:
7506:
7497:
7493:
7488:
7484:
7479:
7472:
7463:
7459:
7450:
7446:
7436:
7434:
7429:
7428:
7421:
7416:
7412:
7407:
7403:
7387:
7383:
7373:
7371:
7361:
7357:
7347:
7345:
7337:
7336:
7332:
7327:
7323:
7318:
7314:
7310:Herzhaft, p. 35
7309:
7305:
7300:
7296:
7292:Herzhaft, p. 11
7291:
7287:
7278:
7274:
7265:
7261:
7247:
7243:
7234:
7230:
7213:
7209:
7205:Herzhaft, p. 53
7204:
7197:
7188:
7184:
7179:
7175:
7166:
7162:
7153:
7149:
7144:
7140:
7136:Garofalo, p. 76
7135:
7131:
7120:
7116:
7107:
7103:
7094:
7090:
7081:
7077:
7072:
7068:
7058:
7056:
7045:
7041:
7037:Garofalo, p. 47
7036:
7029:
7012:
7008:
6988:
6984:
6967:
6963:
6958:
6954:
6949:
6945:
6940:
6933:
6923:
6921:
6919:Members.aye.net
6913:
6912:
6908:
6898:
6896:
6886:
6882:
6878:Garofalo, p. 27
6877:
6870:
6864:
6860:
6851:
6847:
6837:
6835:
6828:
6824:
6815:
6811:
6801:
6797:
6792:
6788:
6782:
6778:
6769:
6765:
6753:
6749:
6742:
6726:
6722:
6712:
6710:
6699:
6695:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6646:
6642:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6581:
6577:
6567:
6565:
6556:
6555:
6551:
6546:
6542:
6530:
6526:
6516:
6514:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6487:
6483:
6478:
6474:
6470:Garofalo, p. 44
6469:
6465:
6460:
6456:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6402:
6398:
6378:
6374:
6369:
6365:
6360:
6356:
6346:
6344:
6334:
6330:
6320:
6318:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6295:
6291:
6282:
6278:
6269:
6265:
6256:
6252:
6248:Kunzler, p. 130
6247:
6240:
6231:
6227:
6211:
6207:
6198:
6194:
6189:
6185:
6180:
6176:
6163:
6162:
6158:
6150:
6139:
6133:
6129:
6117:
6113:
6103:
6101:
6100:on May 25, 2010
6087:
6083:
6073:
6071:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6040:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6005:
6001:
5992:
5983:
5979:Morales, p. 277
5978:
5971:
5966:
5962:
5952:
5950:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5927:
5905:
5901:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5876:
5870:, June 17, 2019
5864:
5860:
5853:
5839:
5835:
5828:
5812:
5808:
5803:
5799:
5790:
5786:
5781:
5777:
5757:
5753:
5737:
5733:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5690:
5686:
5673:
5672:
5668:
5661:
5645:
5641:
5633:Huffington Post
5629:
5622:
5612:
5610:
5601:
5595:
5591:
5581:
5579:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5552:
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5538:
5536:
5531:
5530:
5521:
5511:
5509:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5466:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5375:Martin Scorsese
5322:John Lee Hooker
5318:Aretha Franklin
5220:
5212:Jerry Lee Lewis
5208:Waylon Jennings
5137:Long Tall Sally
5121:Johnny B. Goode
5110:Jerry Lee Lewis
4955:
4947:
4895:George Gershwin
4867:Louis Armstrong
4862:
4822:Delmark Records
4767:Shannon Curfman
4698:John Lee Hooker
4656:Clarence Carter
4654:, Mel Waiters,
4620:Down Home Blues
4586:Italian singer
4580:
4405:Nick Gravenites
4380:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4275:and shimmering
4271:based on fluid
4255:John Lee Hooker
4243:John Lee Hooker
4187:
4185:1960s and 1970s
4116:John Lee Hooker
4039:Clifton Chenier
3988:Vee-Jay Records
3984:Checker Records
3826:John Lee Hooker
3762:Great Migration
3757:
3669:territory bands
3642:Meade Lux Lewis
3626:shifts of level
3602:
3599:
3598:
3588:Nat "King" Cole
3533:Victoria Spivey
3529:Lucille Hegamin
3498:
3224:
3193:black migration
3177:hillbilly music
3120:played (called
3074:music of Africa
3063:Mandinka people
2834:
2828:
2823:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2675:of C, C is the
2504:Trouble in Mind
2471:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2303:
2241:
2180:music of Africa
2157:instrumentation
2120:, of which the
2116:, and specific
2047:
1999:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1940:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1827:
1789:
1765:Omaha, Nebraska
1730:Historic places
1724:
1616:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1438:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1365:
1317:
1259:Black Seminoles
1224:
1223:Sub-communities
1216:
1215:
1202:Southern (SIAC)
1162:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1103:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1073:
990:
956:
948:
947:
942:
928:Nation of Islam
894:
871:
852:
842:
841:
836:
777:
744:
711:
683:
644:
620:Musical theater
580:
570:
569:
551:Great Migration
408:
337:
336:
317:St. Louis blues
297:Louisiana blues
257:
256:Regional scenes
249:Regional scenes
244:
243:
209:
196:
195:
151:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
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9047:
9042:
9032:
9030:Classic female
9027:
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9015:
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9012:
9011:
9006:
9004:United Kingdom
9001:
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8805:
8798:
8790:
8784:
8783:
8780:American Music
8777:
8767:
8761:
8756:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8725:
8724:External links
8722:
8721:
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8674:
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8605:
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8501:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8494:
8493:
8466:
8460:
8443:
8437:
8422:
8416:
8402:Palmer, Robert
8398:
8392:
8374:
8368:
8355:The Latin Beat
8349:
8343:
8330:
8324:
8311:
8305:
8286:
8280:
8265:
8259:
8246:
8240:
8223:
8217:
8202:
8196:
8184:, ed. (1993).
8178:
8172:
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8137:
8122:
8119:
8116:
8115:
8085:
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8034:
8008:
7978:
7952:
7945:
7924:
7889:
7882:
7864:
7838:
7802:
7775:
7744:
7718:
7697:"Blues Venues"
7688:
7658:
7645:
7612:
7605:
7585:
7576:
7554:
7545:
7541:Stanwebb.co.uk
7522:
7504:
7491:
7489:Komara, p. 388
7482:
7480:Komara, p. 122
7470:
7457:
7444:
7419:
7410:
7401:
7381:
7369:All About Jazz
7355:
7330:
7321:
7312:
7303:
7294:
7285:
7272:
7259:
7254:Pop Chronicles
7241:
7228:
7207:
7195:
7182:
7180:Komara, p. 118
7173:
7160:
7147:
7145:Komara, p. 120
7138:
7129:
7122:Oliver, Paul.
7114:
7101:
7088:
7075:
7073:Clarke, p. 137
7066:
7039:
7027:
7006:
6982:
6961:
6959:Clarke, p. 139
6952:
6950:Clarke, p. 141
6943:
6941:Clarke, p. 138
6931:
6906:
6880:
6868:
6858:
6845:
6822:
6809:
6795:
6786:
6776:
6763:
6747:
6740:
6720:
6693:
6679:Scott (2003).
6671:
6664:
6640:
6622:
6595:(2): 211–246.
6575:
6549:
6540:
6524:
6498:
6481:
6479:Ferris, p. 229
6472:
6463:
6454:
6427:
6420:
6396:
6372:
6363:
6354:
6338:"Henry Thomas"
6328:
6302:
6289:
6276:
6263:
6250:
6238:
6225:
6205:
6192:
6183:
6174:
6156:
6127:
6111:
6081:
6050:
6024:
5999:
5981:
5969:
5967:Oliver, p. 281
5960:
5932:
5925:
5899:
5892:Big Joe Turner
5883:
5881:Komara, p. 476
5874:
5858:
5851:
5833:
5826:
5806:
5797:
5784:
5782:Ferris, p. 230
5775:
5751:
5731:
5728:978-0786860524
5711:
5704:
5684:
5666:
5659:
5639:
5620:
5589:
5559:
5546:
5519:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5455:
5452:
5450:, and others.
5436:Gary Clark Jr.
5424:Michelle Obama
5379:Clint Eastwood
5364:Jimmie Vaughan
5360:Blues Traveler
5326:Blues Brothers
5219:
5216:
5180:Jimmie Rodgers
5145:Little Richard
5096:"blues with a
5071:Charlie Parker
5041:straddled the
5039:Duke Ellington
4963:Charley Patton
4940:
4932:Jimmie Rodgers
4871:Duke Ellington
4861:
4860:Musical impact
4858:
4810:Severn Records
4782:R. L. Burnside
4759:Susan Tedeschi
4644:Bettye LaVette
4636:Denise LaSalle
4579:
4576:
4524:audio feedback
4461:Rory Gallagher
4445:Aynsley Dunbar
4433:Rolling Stones
4370:
4273:string bending
4269:guitar soloing
4260:Endless Boogie
4186:
4183:
4163:I'm a King Bee
4135:Lightnin' Slim
4120:Boogie Chillen
4105:Luther Allison
4066:Rolling Stones
3992:J.O.B. Records
3960:standard blues
3833:electric blues
3780:music industry
3756:
3753:
3749:Lonnie Johnson
3733:Big Joe Turner
3697:blues shouting
3497:
3494:
3454:Memphis Minnie
3442:Robert Wilkins
3387:Piedmont blues
3371:Charley Patton
3367:Robert Johnson
3339:Lonnie Johnson
3331:Jimmie Rodgers
3244:Artie Matthews
3223:
3220:
3153:minstrel shows
3101:American South
3055:Soninke people
3051:Bambara people
3033:both European
2904:Howard W. Odum
2868:southern Texas
2857:Perry Bradford
2830:Main article:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2709:interval or a
2703:diatonic scale
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2528:Watermelon Man
2524:Herbie Hancock
2500:How Long Blues
2470:
2467:
2451:Charley Patton
2435:Robert Johnson
2388:
2374:
2326:" (1912) and "
2302:
2299:
2240:
2237:
2225:electric blues
2209:Piedmont blues
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1992:
1991:
1986:
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1983:
1982:
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1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1911:Black genocide
1907:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
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1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1818:US communities
1815:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1775:South Carolina
1772:
1770:North Carolina
1767:
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1592:South Carolina
1589:
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1572:North Carolina
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1461:
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1459:
1448:
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1444:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1429:Samaná English
1426:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1379:LGBT community
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1336:Creek Freedmen
1333:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1306:Carmel Indians
1298:
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1199:
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1189:
1187:Central (CIAA)
1181:
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1072:
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1066:
1061:
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1054:Pan-Africanism
1051:
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1021:
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935:
930:
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920:
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910:
904:
901:
900:
896:
895:
893:
892:
887:
885:Black theology
881:
878:
877:
873:
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869:
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860:
859:
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749:Economic class
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732:
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721:
718:
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713:
712:
710:
709:
704:
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693:
690:
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688:Academic study
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558:
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459:
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409:
404:
403:
400:
399:
393:
392:
380:
379:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
350:List of genres
344:
343:
339:
338:
335:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
312:Piedmont blues
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
267:Canadian blues
264:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
246:
245:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
198:
197:
194:
193:
188:
183:
181:electric blues
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
152:
149:
148:
145:
144:
140:
139:
138:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
100:
96:
95:
88:
84:
83:
82:
81:
76:
71:
64:
60:
59:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9512:
9501:
9500:Popular music
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9465:Radio formats
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9452:
9450:
9435:
9434:Western swing
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9413:
9410:
9409:
9408:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9400:
9399:Country music
9396:
9388:
9385:
9384:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9366:
9363:
9362:
9361:
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9354:
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9349:
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9273:
9272:
9269:
9265:
9258:
9253:
9251:
9246:
9244:
9239:
9238:
9235:
9223:
9222:
9213:
9211:
9210:
9201:
9199:
9198:
9187:
9186:
9183:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9158:
9156:
9152:
9146:
9145:Southern rock
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9124:
9123:Southern rock
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9105:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9091:Fusion genres
9089:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9062:Fife and drum
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9025:Boogie-woogie
9023:
9022:
9020:
9016:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8964:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8936:
8933:
8932:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8919:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8897:Field hollers
8895:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8887:
8883:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8811:
8806:
8804:
8799:
8797:
8792:
8791:
8788:
8781:
8778:
8775:
8771:
8768:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8718:
8717:0-525-93375-1
8714:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8687:
8681:
8677:
8671:
8667:
8662:
8658:
8652:
8648:
8647:
8642:
8638:
8634:
8628:
8623:
8622:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8602:
8597:
8596:
8589:
8585:
8579:
8575:
8574:
8568:
8565:
8561:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8548:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8535:
8530:
8529:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8482:
8478:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8463:
8457:
8453:
8449:
8444:
8440:
8434:
8430:
8429:
8423:
8419:
8413:
8409:
8408:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8389:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8365:
8361:
8360:Da Capo Press
8357:
8356:
8350:
8346:
8340:
8336:
8331:
8327:
8321:
8318:. Routledge.
8317:
8312:
8308:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8293:
8287:
8283:
8277:
8273:
8272:
8266:
8262:
8256:
8252:
8247:
8243:
8237:
8232:
8231:
8224:
8220:
8214:
8211:. McFarland.
8210:
8209:
8203:
8199:
8193:
8189:
8188:
8183:
8182:Lawrence Cohn
8179:
8175:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8160:
8154:
8151:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8134:
8130:
8125:
8124:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8089:
8081:
8080:
8075:
8069:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8038:
8022:
8018:
8012:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7982:
7966:
7962:
7956:
7948:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7928:
7909:
7902:
7896:
7894:
7885:
7879:
7875:
7868:
7853:
7849:
7846:Phil Petrie.
7842:
7831:September 10,
7826:
7822:
7821:
7816:
7812:
7806:
7790:
7786:
7779:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7748:
7732:
7728:
7722:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7692:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7662:
7655:
7649:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7608:
7606:9780786410354
7602:
7598:
7597:
7589:
7583:Komara, p. 50
7580:
7564:
7558:
7549:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7531:
7526:
7519:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7501:
7495:
7486:
7477:
7475:
7467:
7461:
7455:. pp. 347–387
7454:
7448:
7437:September 13,
7432:
7426:
7424:
7414:
7405:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7390:Before Motown
7385:
7370:
7366:
7359:
7344:
7340:
7334:
7328:Komara, p. 49
7325:
7316:
7307:
7298:
7289:
7282:
7276:
7269:
7263:
7256:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7238:
7232:
7224:
7220:
7219:
7211:
7202:
7200:
7192:
7186:
7177:
7171:. pp. 313–314
7170:
7164:
7158:. pp. 175–177
7157:
7151:
7142:
7133:
7125:
7118:
7111:
7105:
7098:
7092:
7085:
7079:
7070:
7054:
7050:
7043:
7034:
7032:
7023:
7022:Yazoo Records
7019:
7018:
7010:
7002:
7001:Yazoo Records
6998:
6997:
6992:
6986:
6978:
6977:Yazoo Records
6974:
6973:
6965:
6956:
6947:
6938:
6936:
6924:September 26,
6920:
6916:
6910:
6895:
6891:
6884:
6875:
6873:
6862:
6855:
6849:
6833:
6826:
6820:. pp. 233–263
6819:
6813:
6805:
6799:
6790:
6780:
6773:
6767:
6760:
6756:
6751:
6743:
6737:
6733:
6732:
6724:
6708:
6704:
6697:
6690:
6688:
6687:African Suite
6682:
6675:
6667:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6644:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6579:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6544:
6537:
6533:
6528:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6495:
6491:
6485:
6476:
6467:
6458:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6434:
6432:
6423:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6408:
6400:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6367:
6358:
6347:September 26,
6343:
6339:
6332:
6321:September 26,
6316:
6312:
6306:
6300:. pp. 268–269
6299:
6293:
6286:
6280:
6273:
6267:
6260:
6254:
6245:
6243:
6235:
6229:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6202:
6196:
6187:
6178:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6149:
6145:
6138:
6131:
6124:
6120:
6115:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6020:
6016:
6015:Yazoo Records
6012:
6011:
6003:
5997:. pp. 107–149
5996:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5976:
5974:
5964:
5949:
5942:
5936:
5928:
5922:
5918:
5913:
5912:
5903:
5897:
5893:
5887:
5878:
5871:
5869:
5862:
5854:
5848:
5844:
5837:
5829:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5810:
5801:
5794:
5788:
5779:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5745:
5742:. Routledge.
5741:
5735:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5715:
5707:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5688:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5662:
5660:9780375713934
5656:
5652:
5651:
5643:
5636:
5634:
5627:
5625:
5608:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5556:
5550:
5539:September 29,
5534:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5512:September 15,
5507:
5501:
5497:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5458:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5406:The West Wing
5402:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5352:Steve Winwood
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5226:The music of
5224:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5204:Willie Nelson
5201:
5197:
5196:Hank Williams
5193:
5189:
5185:
5184:Moon Mullican
5181:
5177:
5176:country music
5172:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5082:rock and roll
5078:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5025:camp meetings
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4944:
4939:
4937:
4936:Tracy Chapman
4933:
4929:
4928:country music
4925:
4922:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4891:blues ballads
4888:
4884:
4883:popular songs
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4850:Yazoo Records
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4814:Chess Records
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4660:Shirley Brown
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4624:Little Milton
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4608:Southern soul
4605:
4601:
4597:
4589:
4584:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4552:Johnny Winter
4548:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4496:Johnny Winter
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4470:
4469:Chicago blues
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4449:Chicken Shack
4447:Retaliation,
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4425:Fleetwood Mac
4422:
4421:Alexis Korner
4418:
4414:
4413:British blues
4410:
4409:British blues
4406:
4402:
4398:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4368:
4366:
4365:Alabama Blues
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4345:Yazoo Records
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4235:Dick Waterman
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4211:rock and roll
4208:
4200:
4196:
4193:Blues legend
4191:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4093:Cobra Records
4090:
4086:
4082:
4079:pioneered by
4078:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4054:Alexis Korner
4051:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4019:popular music
4015:
4013:
4012:rock 'n' roll
4009:
4008:Elvis Presley
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3980:Chess Records
3977:
3976:Back Door Man
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3933:Little Walter
3930:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3888:Chicago blues
3885:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3808:blues shuffle
3805:
3804:amplification
3801:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3741:T-Bone Walker
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3701:Jimmy Rushing
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3634:Albert Ammons
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3613:Boogie-woogie
3605:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3584:Charles Brown
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3557:rock and roll
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3518:Lucille Bogan
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3414:Memphis blues
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3395:Curley Weaver
3392:
3391:fingerpicking
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3323:country blues
3319:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:(arranged by
3241:
3237:
3236:Tin Pan Alley
3233:
3229:
3226:The American
3222:Pre-war blues
3219:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3168:country music
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3090:seventh notes
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3027:field hollers
3024:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2974:field hollers
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2933:Musicologist
2931:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:minor seventh
2704:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2665:Roman numbers
2662:
2658:
2654:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:Walter Vinson
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2490:, use of the
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2386:
2381:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2336:talking blues
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2261:
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2245:George Colman
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2213:Chicago blues
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2201:country blues
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1980:Minstrel show
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1093:Organizations
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965:
962:Organizations
961:
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653:
652:
648:
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638:
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633:
631:
630:Neighborhoods
628:
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623:
621:
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333:
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323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
302:Memphis blues
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
282:Detroit blues
280:
278:
275:
273:
272:Chicago blues
270:
268:
265:
263:
262:British blues
260:
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247:
240:
237:
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232:
230:
227:
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222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
208:Fusion genres
204:
201:Fusion genres
199:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
166:country blues
164:
162:
159:
157:
156:Boogie-woogie
154:
153:
146:
141:
136:
135:rock and roll
133:
131:
128:
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118:
116:
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65:
61:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
9342:
9299:Folk revival
9219:
9207:
9188:
9045:Hill country
8957:Hill country
8935:Desert blues
8876:Walking bass
8836:Blues ballad
8824:Musical form
8816:
8708:
8685:
8665:
8645:
8641:Oliver, Paul
8620:
8615:Oliver, Paul
8594:
8572:
8563:
8554:
8532:
8507:
8485:. Retrieved
8481:the original
8474:
8452:W. W. Norton
8447:
8427:
8406:
8381:
8378:Oliver, Paul
8354:
8335:Jazz Lexikon
8334:
8315:
8291:
8270:
8250:
8229:
8207:
8186:
8158:
8149:
8128:
8121:Bibliography
8106:. Retrieved
8102:the original
8097:
8088:
8078:
8074:Gussow, Adam
8068:
8056:. Retrieved
8047:
8037:
8027:September 2,
8025:. Retrieved
8021:the original
8011:
8001:September 2,
7999:. Retrieved
7995:the original
7990:
7981:
7969:. Retrieved
7965:the original
7955:
7936:
7927:
7915:. Retrieved
7873:
7867:
7857:September 8,
7855:. Retrieved
7851:
7841:
7829:. Retrieved
7825:the original
7818:
7805:
7793:. Retrieved
7789:the original
7778:
7765:. Retrieved
7761:the original
7756:
7747:
7737:November 25,
7735:. Retrieved
7731:the original
7721:
7709:. Retrieved
7705:the original
7700:
7691:
7679:. Retrieved
7675:the original
7661:
7653:
7648:
7636:. Retrieved
7629:the original
7615:
7595:
7588:
7579:
7567:. Retrieved
7557:
7548:
7540:
7525:
7515:
7507:
7499:
7494:
7485:
7465:
7460:
7452:
7447:
7435:. Retrieved
7413:
7404:
7389:
7384:
7372:. Retrieved
7368:
7358:
7346:. Retrieved
7342:
7333:
7324:
7315:
7306:
7297:
7288:
7280:
7275:
7267:
7262:
7252:
7244:
7236:
7231:
7217:
7210:
7190:
7185:
7176:
7168:
7163:
7155:
7150:
7141:
7132:
7123:
7117:
7109:
7104:
7096:
7091:
7083:
7078:
7069:
7057:. Retrieved
7053:the original
7042:
7016:
7009:
6995:
6985:
6971:
6964:
6955:
6946:
6922:. Retrieved
6918:
6909:
6899:February 22,
6897:. Retrieved
6893:
6883:
6861:
6853:
6848:
6838:December 27,
6836:. Retrieved
6825:
6817:
6812:
6798:
6789:
6784:spirituals".
6779:
6771:
6766:
6758:
6750:
6730:
6723:
6711:. Retrieved
6707:the original
6696:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6674:
6650:
6643:
6634:
6625:
6592:
6588:
6578:
6566:. Retrieved
6562:the original
6552:
6547:Oliver, p. 4
6543:
6535:
6527:
6515:. Retrieved
6511:the original
6501:
6493:
6484:
6475:
6466:
6457:
6438:
6406:
6399:
6380:
6375:
6370:Oliver, p. 3
6366:
6357:
6345:. Retrieved
6341:
6331:
6319:. Retrieved
6315:the original
6305:
6297:
6292:
6284:
6279:
6271:
6266:
6258:
6253:
6233:
6228:
6213:
6208:
6200:
6195:
6186:
6181:Ewen, p. 143
6177:
6169:the original
6159:
6148:the original
6143:
6130:
6122:
6114:
6102:. Retrieved
6098:the original
6090:Brozman, Bob
6084:
6072:. Retrieved
6063:
6053:
6041:. Retrieved
6037:the original
6027:
6009:
6002:
5994:
5963:
5953:February 24,
5951:. Retrieved
5947:
5935:
5910:
5902:
5886:
5877:
5867:
5861:
5842:
5836:
5816:
5809:
5800:
5792:
5791:Handy, W.C.
5787:
5778:
5759:
5754:
5739:
5734:
5719:
5714:
5694:
5687:
5678:
5669:
5649:
5642:
5632:
5611:. Retrieved
5607:the original
5597:
5592:
5580:. Retrieved
5576:the original
5571:
5562:
5555:Jazz-Lexicon
5554:
5549:
5537:. Retrieved
5510:. Retrieved
5500:
5468:Blues portal
5444:Derek Trucks
5413:
5411:
5404:
5390:
5372:
5348:Eric Clapton
5329:
5314:Cab Calloway
5295:
5292:John Belushi
5285:
5274:
5260:
5250:
5245:
5239:
5231:
5173:
5149:What'd I Say
5141:Tutti Frutti
5114:
5090:Carl Perkins
5079:
5075:
5055:World War II
5052:
5031:community."
5029:
5003:
4971:Gospel music
4956:
4946:
4942:
4924:Fabian Forte
4914:
4903:modal frames
4887:Harold Arlen
4863:
4771:
4742:
4738:Living Blues
4736:
4726:
4719:
4708:Eric Clapton
4701:
4691:
4677:
4675:
4670:Eric Clapton
4648:Marvin Sease
4627:
4619:
4593:
4544:
4536:Bonnie Raitt
4532:Jo Ann Kelly
4512:Jimi Hendrix
4492:Janis Joplin
4479:
4476:Amiri Baraka
4473:
4471:traditions.
4417:Cyril Davies
4394:
4371:
4364:
4353:Willie Dixon
4349:J. B. Lenoir
4310:
4302:Eric Clapton
4290:Freddie King
4258:
4247:Muddy Waters
4240:
4231:Willie Dixon
4204:
4147:Jerry McCain
4124:
4113:
4109:guitar solos
4097:Freddie King
4074:
4058:Cyril Davies
4047:
4037:music, with
4016:
3996:Sam Phillips
3956:Willie Dixon
3953:
3931:
3923:J. B. Lenoir
3919:Elmore James
3906:Willie Dixon
3902:Howlin' Wolf
3900:
3884:Muddy Waters
3830:
3816:gospel music
3793:
3787:
3773:
3758:
3729:Louis Jordan
3709:Glenn Miller
3677:Bennie Moten
3667:blues. The "
3662:
3638:Pete Johnson
3630:Jimmy Yancey
3611:
3561:
3537:race records
3526:
3514:Bessie Smith
3499:
3489:Bessie Smith
3478:Memphis Slim
3434:Frank Stokes
3424:such as the
3411:
3363:
3355:slide guitar
3320:
3312:Okeh Records
3304:Beale Street
3294:such as the
3284:
3272:
3225:
3216:
3201:
3196:
3181:
3165:
3150:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3081:
3071:
3067:Gerard Kubik
3059:Wolof people
3031:
3019:
3015:
3006:emancipation
2986:Henry Thomas
2947:
2919:
2865:
2841:Dallas Blues
2835:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2771:walking bass
2764:
2738:
2696:
2685:
2655:. The blues
2650:
2516:16-bar blues
2488:Bessie Smith
2481:mirrors the
2472:
2428:
2398:
2389:
2384:
2375:
2362:
2340:
2324:Dallas Blues
2316:
2295:Dallas Blues
2288:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2257:
2248:
2242:
2221:World War II
2173:
2146:
2138:walking bass
2062:musical form
2053:
2052:
1878:Sierra Leone
1710:Philadelphia
1680:Jacksonville
1276:Brass Ankles
1029:Conservatism
1004:Afrocentrism
976:Joint Center
867:Black church
858:Institutions
773:Billionaires
763:Middle class
716:Celebrations
679:Fraternities
342:Other topics
229:gospel blues
224:desert blues
36:
9301:(1950s–60s)
9275:Appalachian
9221:Blues songs
9113:Boogie rock
9108:Biker metal
8984:New Zealand
8967:New Orleans
8841:Blues scale
8752:, aired on
8746:"The Blues"
8595:Urban Blues
8058:October 26,
7767:October 15,
7711:October 15,
7681:October 15,
7569:November 4,
7059:October 15,
6761:. pp. 14–15
6713:October 27,
6635:Afropop.org
6568:October 15,
6274:. pp. 33–35
6074:February 3,
6043:February 3,
5613:October 15,
5582:November 7,
5383:Wim Wenders
5368:Jeff Baxter
5344:Erykah Badu
5310:James Brown
5306:Ray Charles
5288:Dan Aykroyd
5276:Songcatcher
5200:Eddy Arnold
5192:Bill Monroe
5153:Ray Charles
5063:brass bands
5017:Isaac Watts
5013:New England
4991:James Brown
4987:Ray Charles
4875:Miles Davis
4806:Ruf Records
4743:Blues Revue
4693:Texas Flood
4684:Robert Cray
4622:(1982) and
4540:Phoebe Snow
4488:Canned Heat
4453:Jethro Tull
4361:Vietnam War
4300:musicians (
4294:Albert King
4223:the Beatles
4181:musicians.
4131:Baton Rouge
4127:swamp blues
4027:Chuck Berry
4000:Sun Records
3941:Sonny Terry
3915:J. T. Brown
3896:Mississippi
3892:Delta blues
3861:bass guitar
3857:double bass
3798:magazine's
3775:race record
3764:. The long
3735:, based in
3713:In the Mood
3681:Jay McShann
3679:orchestra,
3673:Kansas City
3545:torch songs
3522:Mamie Smith
3496:Urban blues
3412:The lively
3359:Delta blues
3347:Blind Blake
3300:juke joints
3296:Cotton Club
3228:sheet music
3212:Isaac Watts
3097:Diddley bow
3080:, from his
3047:Lucy Durran
3023:ring shouts
3010:juke joints
2998:sixteen-bar
2978:ring shouts
2924:Paul Oliver
2920:proto-blues
2884:New Orleans
2861:Crazy Blues
2853:Mamie Smith
2779:swing music
2760:major scale
2681:subdominant
2677:tonic chord
2520:Ray Charles
2424:dirty blues
2412:Georgia Tom
2353:Paul Oliver
2249:Blue Devils
2205:Delta blues
2192:juke joints
2165:AAB pattern
2114:blues scale
2058:music genre
1946:Stereotypes
1873:Nova Scotia
1755:Mississippi
1715:San Antonio
1695:Los Angeles
1630:Black mecca
1557:Mississippi
1464:Negro Dutch
1286:Dominickers
1230:Multiethnic
1139:TransAfrica
1049:Nationalism
1019:Black power
803:Black pride
768:Upper class
467:Politicians
327:Texas blues
322:Swamp blues
277:Delta blues
214:Biker metal
186:hokum blues
176:dirty blues
171:Delta blues
9449:Categories
9429:Rockabilly
9424:Honky-tonk
9412:Roots rock
9382:Spirituals
9310:New Mexico
9103:Blues rock
9009:West Coast
8907:Work songs
8902:Spirituals
8487:August 24,
8410:. Viking.
8407:Deep Blues
7971:August 17,
7917:August 17,
7795:August 17,
7638:August 28,
7565:. AllMusic
7374:August 13,
7348:August 13,
6866:Garofalo.)
6517:August 11,
6445:. p. 223.
6387:. p. 285.
6144:MusicWorks
6017:. L-1022.
5492:References
5340:Bo Diddley
5094:rockabilly
5009:spirituals
4995:soul blues
4979:soul music
4959:Skip James
4755:Gov't Mule
4747:nightclubs
4733:video clip
4703:The Healer
4690:recording
4682:announced
4632:Bobby Rush
4616:Z. Z. Hill
4604:soul blues
4600:deep South
4598:and other
4568:Kim Wilson
4528:rock music
4520:distortion
4506:, and the
4484:blues rock
4407:, and the
4337:Skip James
4265:B. B. King
4167:Alan Lomax
4159:Jimmy Reed
4139:Slim Harpo
4101:Magic Slim
4023:Bo Diddley
4004:B. B. King
3925:, but the
3910:Jimmy Reed
3877:overdriven
3717:jump blues
3683:, and the
3650:Earl Hines
3572:Leroy Carr
3506:vaudeville
3292:nightclubs
3256:W.C. Handy
3204:spirituals
3173:race music
3146:Gus Cannon
3144:and later
3109:one-string
3086:blue third
2982:Lead Belly
2966:John Lomax
2935:John Lomax
2896:W.C. Handy
2872:Deep South
2845:W.C. Handy
2805:, da" or "
2692:turnaround
2518:, such as
2455:Skip James
2332:W.C. Handy
2233:rock music
2229:blues rock
2184:spirituals
2153:bass lines
2126:Blue notes
2074:work songs
2070:spirituals
2066:Deep South
1512:California
1486:Population
1059:Patriotism
1044:Liberalism
1024:Capitalism
995:Ideologies
876:Theologies
735:Juneteenth
707:Literature
635:Newspapers
543:Migrations
474:Juneteenth
239:soul blues
234:punk blues
219:blues rock
191:jump blues
92:Deep South
79:folk music
74:Spirituals
69:Work songs
9419:Bluegrass
9407:Americana
9353:Dixieland
9292:Swamp pop
9018:Subgenres
8962:Louisiana
8831:Blue note
7874:Sweet Air
7852:Afgen.com
7757:About.com
7701:About.com
7671:About.com
7024:. L-1021.
7003:. L-1002.
6991:Kent, Don
6979:. L-1012.
6894:Bbc.co.uk
6804:hillbilly
6617:191563534
6609:1369-6815
5868:Renovatio
5440:Jeff Beck
5432:Buddy Guy
5428:B.B. King
5392:The Blues
5373:In 2003,
5336:B.B. King
5253:Taj Mahal
5228:Taj Mahal
5188:Bob Wills
5157:Bob Dylan
5106:Hound Dog
5102:bluegrass
4983:Sam Cooke
4921:teen idol
4879:Bob Dylan
4844:(heir of
4763:Sue Foley
4721:Unplugged
4706:in 1989.
4564:harmonica
4504:Ry Cooder
4474:In 1963,
4441:Yardbirds
4329:Son House
4282:Tennessee
4251:Taj Mahal
4195:B.B. King
4143:Sam Myers
4089:Otis Rush
4085:Buddy Guy
4081:Magic Sam
4077:West Side
4070:Yardbirds
4031:Louisiana
3927:saxophone
3873:PA system
3869:harmonica
3849:St. Louis
3795:Billboard
3723:or other
3721:saxophone
3586:and even
3564:Tampa Red
3458:washboard
3422:jug bands
3399:Tampa Red
3375:Son House
3343:Tampa Red
3327:Bo Carter
3248:Hart Wand
3189:songsters
3105:jitterbug
2908:anthology
2888:Ma Rainey
2886:in 1902;
2837:Hart Wand
2745:flattened
2408:Tampa Red
2311:Ma Rainey
2291:Hart Wand
2262:wrote to
2239:Etymology
2197:subgenres
2092:from the
1970:Hollywood
1960:Blackface
1895:Prejudice
1813:US cities
1690:Lexington
1665:Davenport
1645:Baltimore
1621:US cities
1597:Tennessee
1547:Louisiana
1493:US states
1301:Melungeon
1271:Blaxicans
1069:Socialism
1034:Garveyism
1009:Anarchism
813:Good hair
640:Soul food
610:Folktales
150:Subgenres
143:Subgenres
105:Bluegrass
9315:Red dirt
9280:Old-time
9209:Category
9077:Jug band
9057:Electric
8989:Piedmont
8921:Regional
8861:Shuffles
8772: –
8643:(1965).
8617:(1998).
8404:(1981).
8108:July 23,
8076:(2017).
8052:Archived
7935:(2004).
7908:Archived
7656:. p. 130
7533:Archived
7517:AllMusic
7502:. p. 380
7283:. p. 342
7270:. p. 187
7239:. p. 180
7193:. p. 179
6993:(1968).
6856:. p. 110
6287:. p. 265
6261:. p. 206
6203:. p. 316
6092:(2002).
6068:Archived
6019:Archived
5454:See also
5397:Keb' Mo'
5135:", and "
5086:backbeat
5043:big band
4588:Zucchero
4562:(led by
4451:, early
4209:such as
4153:and the
4068:and the
3898:region.
3665:big band
3658:Dr. John
3618:ostinato
3474:virtuoso
3470:mandolin
3276:habanera
3269:" (1914)
3138:Mandinka
3126:akonting
2892:Missouri
2870:and the
2767:shuffles
2720:A minor
2688:dominant
2587:V or IV
2559:I or IV
2404:farcical
2273:'s book
2264:his wife
2253:blue law
2199:include
2159:. Early
2134:shuffles
2010:Category
1833:Diaspora
1760:Missouri
1685:Kentucky
1612:Virginia
1582:Oklahoma
1567:New York
1562:Nebraska
1552:Maryland
1527:Illinois
1507:Arkansas
1346:Merikins
1291:Freedmen
1264:Mascogos
1064:Populism
955:Politics
850:Religion
820:Stepping
586:Lifeways
422:Timeline
389:a series
387:Part of
120:jug band
9377:Ragtime
9325:Western
9082:Skiffle
9035:Country
8979:Memphis
8947:Chicago
8892:Origins
8885:Origins
7820:Newsday
7339:"Blues"
6774:. p. 16
6538:. p. 25
6236:. p. 33
6125:. p. 20
5948:Wirz.de
5679:Loc.gov
5603:"Blues"
5389:called
5262:Sounder
5233:Sounder
5104:beat. "
5098:country
5092:called
5053:Before
5005:R&B
4997:music.
4848:), and
4614:label:
4570:), and
4437:Animals
4277:vibrato
4199:Lucille
4155:Excello
4064:of the
4050:skiffle
3974:" and "
3921:and by
3845:Detroit
3841:Memphis
3837:Chicago
3691:" and "
3428:or the
3250:; and "
3232:ragtime
3175:" and "
3161:ragtime
3043:pow wow
2990:twelve-
2960:of the
2826:Origins
2821:History
2783:R&B
2756:seventh
2669:degrees
2593:I or V
2506:", and
2443:Eleggua
2090:ballads
1868:Liberia
1750:Georgia
1745:Florida
1675:Houston
1670:Detroit
1655:Chicago
1640:Atlanta
1532:Indiana
1522:Georgia
1517:Florida
1502:Alabama
1434:Tutnese
1313:Redbone
1039:Leftism
740:Kwanzaa
697:Studies
649:Schools
578:Culture
507:Aspects
452:Slavery
414:Periods
406:History
370:origins
125:ragtime
110:country
90:1860s,
57:in 1960
9387:Gospel
9365:Zydeco
9360:Creole
9320:Tejano
9130:Gospel
9072:Holler
8999:Turkey
8942:Canada
8930:Africa
8923:styles
8715:
8697:
8672:
8653:
8629:
8603:
8580:
8542:
8505:about
8476:SFGate
8458:
8435:
8414:
8390:
8366:
8341:
8322:
8303:
8278:
8257:
8238:
8215:
8194:
8170:
8135:
8048:SFGATE
7943:
7880:
7603:
7396:
7257:(1969)
7225:. 104.
6738:
6662:
6615:
6607:
6449:
6418:
6391:
6220:
6104:May 2,
5923:
5849:
5824:
5770:
5746:
5726:
5702:
5657:
5448:Keb Mo
5420:Barack
5366:, and
5320:, and
5267:Grammy
5174:Early
5163:" and
4952:, 1972
4916:Batman
4877:, and
4612:Malaco
4606:" or "
4572:ZZ Top
4558:, the
4439:, the
4431:, the
4391:, 1983
4357:racism
4339:, and
4284:-born
4035:zydeco
3875:or an
3867:, and
3675:, the
3549:gospel
3516:, and
3462:fiddle
3314:, and
3254:", by
3039:griots
2994:eight-
2914:, and
2894:; and
2791:groove
2775:groove
2765:Blues
2741:melody
2683:(IV).
2657:chords
2534:", by
2447:orisha
2445:, the
2317:Early
2301:Lyrics
2276:Walden
2155:, and
2149:lyrics
2142:groove
2104:, and
2086:chants
2082:shouts
1902:Racism
1863:Israel
1853:France
1848:Canada
1843:Africa
1650:Boston
1587:Oregon
1542:Kansas
1452:Gullah
1341:Gullah
1161:Sports
908:Hoodoo
94:, U.S.
9455:Blues
9343:Blues
9287:Cajun
9154:Lists
9067:Hokum
9052:Dirty
9040:Delta
8994:Texas
8972:Swamp
8952:Delta
8817:Blues
8508:Blues
7911:(PDF)
7904:(PDF)
7632:(PDF)
7625:(PDF)
6834:. NPR
6757:. In
6613:S2CID
6534:. In
6412:45–47
6151:(PDF)
6140:(PDF)
6121:. In
5944:(JPG)
5890:From
5598:blues
5508:. BBC
5271:BAFTA
5242:devil
5067:Bebop
5047:bebop
5021:hymns
4930:star
4885:like
4716:Cream
4465:Delta
4457:Cream
4043:cajun
3865:drums
3755:1950s
3699:" by
3466:kazoo
3208:hymns
3197:Blues
3130:Wolof
3122:halam
3113:banjo
3107:or a
2996:, or
2813:, da
2809:, da
2801:, da
2797:, da
2752:fifth
2748:third
2496:8-bar
2420:tight
2400:Hokum
2130:pitch
2056:is a
2054:Blues
2015:Index
1858:Ghana
1780:Texas
1705:Omaha
1602:Texas
1114:NAACP
625:Names
615:Music
595:Dance
42:Blues
9348:Jazz
9140:Soul
9135:Jump
9118:Punk
8713:ISBN
8695:ISBN
8670:ISBN
8651:ISBN
8627:ISBN
8601:ISBN
8578:ISBN
8540:ISBN
8489:2005
8456:ISBN
8433:ISBN
8412:ISBN
8388:ISBN
8364:ISBN
8339:ISBN
8320:ISBN
8301:ISBN
8276:ISBN
8255:ISBN
8236:ISBN
8213:ISBN
8192:ISBN
8168:ISBN
8133:ISBN
8110:2018
8060:2021
8029:2008
8003:2008
7973:2008
7941:ISBN
7919:2008
7878:ISBN
7859:2008
7833:2018
7797:2008
7769:2010
7739:2005
7713:2010
7683:2010
7640:2008
7601:ISBN
7571:2022
7439:2011
7394:ISBN
7376:2008
7350:2008
7061:2010
6926:2008
6901:2022
6840:2008
6736:ISBN
6715:2008
6660:ISBN
6605:ISSN
6570:2014
6519:2008
6447:ISBN
6416:ISBN
6389:ISBN
6349:2008
6323:2008
6218:ISBN
6106:2009
6076:2009
6045:2009
5955:2022
5921:ISBN
5847:ISBN
5822:ISBN
5768:ISBN
5744:ISBN
5724:ISBN
5700:ISBN
5655:ISBN
5615:2010
5584:2022
5541:2020
5514:2015
5422:and
5381:and
5290:and
5206:and
5194:and
5167:'s "
5159:'s "
5131:", "
5127:", "
5123:", "
5119:", "
5059:jazz
5045:and
4999:Funk
4989:and
4897:'s "
4832:and
4796:and
4784:and
4765:and
4753:and
4741:and
4714:and
4538:and
4522:and
4315:and
4304:and
4298:soul
4292:and
4245:and
4229:and
4221:and
4215:soul
4213:and
4175:folk
4145:and
4103:and
4087:and
4056:and
4025:and
3990:and
3982:and
3966:", "
3945:harp
3939:and
3908:and
3847:and
3814:and
3812:jazz
3782:for
3731:and
3711:'s "
3648:and
3640:and
3624:and
3622:riff
3603:Play
3570:and
3504:and
3452:and
3405:and
3381:and
3373:and
3345:and
3298:and
3155:and
3136:and
3134:Fula
3118:Igbo
3095:The
3088:and
3057:and
3025:and
2984:and
2976:and
2970:Alan
2859:'s "
2847:'s "
2839:'s "
2815:dump
2811:dump
2807:dump
2787:riff
2754:and
2730:play
2690:(V)
2526:'s "
2510:'s "
2502:", "
2469:Form
2461:and
2453:and
2437:'s "
2414:'s "
2410:and
2348:Igbo
2344:Igbo
2293:'s "
2215:and
2207:and
2098:jazz
2060:and
1948:and
1607:Utah
1577:Ohio
1537:Iowa
1144:UNCF
605:Film
454:and
115:jazz
9372:Jug
8754:PBS
8098:PBS
6597:doi
6492:in
5387:PBS
5171:".
5151:",
5143:",
5088:";
5019:'s
4981:by
4856:).
4820:),
4818:MCA
4626:'s
4618:'s
4467:or
4359:or
4165:".
4091:on
4033:'s
3863:),
3620:or
3559:."
3468:or
3290:in
3282:".
3124:or
2941:in
2922:by
2803:dow
2799:dow
2795:dow
2769:or
2739:In
2673:key
2627:C7
2613:C7
2579:I7
2573:IV
2570:IV
2565:I7
2269:In
2136:or
702:Art
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