Construction - Knowledge

438: 2484: 79: 1461: 611: 588: 1336: 1488: 1704: 2001: 2028: 1000: 1650: 462: 1596: 1947: 2734: 273: 2495:. In the US in 2019, 1,061, or about 20%, of worker fatalities in private industry occurred in construction. In 2017, more than a third of US construction fatalities (366 out of 971 total fatalities) were the result of falls; in the UK, half of the average 36 fatalities per annum over a five-year period to 2021 were attributed to falls from height. Proper safety equipment such as harnesses, hard hats and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting 1920: 782: 1758: 1024: 5752: 2147: 555: 1731: 5744: 2082: 933: 385: 1893: 1222: 1812: 2109: 1569: 1154:, architectural consultants, and archaeological consultants. A 'lead designer' will normally be identified to help coordinate different disciplinary inputs to the overall design. This may be aided by integration of previously separate disciplines (often undertaken by separate firms) into multi-disciplinary firms with experts from all related fields, or by firms establishing relationships to support design-build processes. 2055: 2724: 1974: 1785: 1677: 1623: 1866: 1839: 1542: 1515: 1352:, construction comprises 6–9% of GDP), and employs around 7% of the total employed workforce around the globe (accounting for over 273 million full- and part-time jobs in 2014). Since 2010, China has been the world's largest single construction market. The United States is the second largest construction market with a 2018 output of $ 1.581 trillion. 569:, non-residential building construction can be procured by a wide range of private and public organisations, including local authorities, educational and religious bodies, transport undertakings, retailers, hoteliers, property developers, financial institutions and other private companies. Most construction in these sectors is undertaken by general 1375:, the construction sector experienced growth during the latter part of 2000s. Based on National Statistical Service, Armenia's construction sector generated approximately 20% of Armenia's GDP during the first and second quarters of 2007. In 2009, according to the World Bank, 30% of Armenia's economy was from construction sector. 602:, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, tunnels, airports, water and sewerage systems, pipelines, and railways. Some general contractors have expertise in civil engineering; civil engineering contractors are firms dedicated to work in this sector, and may specialise in particular types of infrastructure. 1404:

were privately held businesses. In March 2016, 60.4% of construction workers were employed by businesses with fewer than 50 staff. Women are substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment), comprising 10.3% of the US construction workforce, and 25.9% of professional services workers, in 2019.

2290:. Later UK guidance noted that social and employment clauses, where used, must be compatible with relevant EU regulation. Employment of local labour was identified as one of several social issues which could potentially be incorporated in a sustainable procurement approach, although the interdepartmental 891:

problems exist when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials; such problems may arise even when the overall budget is adequate, presenting a temporary issue. Cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor identified change orders

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considerations, or factors that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses from a business district or residences from a residential district. An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that

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reported in 2000 on 25 projects which had aimed to offer training and employment opportunities for locally based school leavers and unemployed people. The Foundation published "a good practice resource book" in this regard at the same time. Use of local labour and local materials were specified for

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In the US, construction employed around 11.4m people in 2020, with a further 1.8m employed in architectural, engineering, and related professional services – equivalent to just over 8% of the total US workforce. The construction workers were employed in over 843,000 organisations, of which 838,000

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The increasing complexity of construction projects creates the need for design professionals trained in all phases of a project's life-cycle and develop an appreciation of the asset as an advanced technological system requiring close integration of many sub-systems and their individual components,

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Financial planning ensures adequate safeguards and contingency plans are in place before the project is started, and ensures that the plan is properly executed over the life of the project. Construction projects can suffer from preventable financial problems. Underbids happen when builders ask for

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During the construction of a building, a municipal building inspector usually inspects the ongoing work periodically to ensure that construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code. Once construction is complete, any later changes made to a building or other asset that affect

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Design, finance, and legal aspects overlap and interrelate. The design must be not only structurally sound and appropriate for the use and location, but must also be financially possible to build, and legal to use. The financial structure must be adequate to build the design provided and must pay

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as unskilled or semi-skilled workers; they may be skilled tradespeople; or they may be supervisory or managerial personnel. Under safety legislation in the United Kingdom, for example, construction workers are defined as people "who work for or under the control of a contractor on a construction

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contributed £117 billion (6%) to UK GDP in 2018, and in 2019 employed 2.4m workers (6.6% of all jobs). These worked either for 343,000 'registered' construction businesses, or for 'unregistered' businesses, typically self-employed contractors; just over one million small/medium-sized businesses,

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or repair jobs, like repainting or fixing leaks, where the owner may act as designer, paymaster and laborer for the entire project. However, more complex or ambitious projects usually require additional multi-disciplinary expertise and manpower, so the owner may commission one or more specialist

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On some projects, work on-site will not start until design work is largely complete; on others, some design work may be undertaken concurrently with the early stages of on-site activity (for example, work on a building's foundations may commence while designers are still working on the detailed

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At the start of a project, legal advisors seek to identify ambiguities and other potential sources of trouble in the contract structures, and to present options for preventing problems. During projects, they work to avoid and resolve conflicts that arise. In each case, the lawyer facilitates an

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the works, and manage the works from inception to completion. In parallel, there are direct contractual links between the client and the main contractor, who, in turn, has direct contractual relationships with subcontractors. The arrangement continues until the project is ready for handover.

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Design-build became more common from the late 20th century, and involves the client contracting a single entity to provide design and construction. In some cases, the design-build package can also include finding the site, arranging funding and applying for all necessary statutory consents.

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Once contractors and other relevant professionals have been appointed and designs are sufficiently advanced, work may commence on the project site. Typically, a construction site will include a secure perimeter to restrict unauthorised access, site access control points, office and welfare

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may participate in creating an overall plan for the financial management of a construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even in relatively small projects since the owner's equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project.

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In the industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. Most commonly (i.e.: in a design-bid-build project), the design team is employed by (i.e. in contract with) the property owner. Depending upon the type of project, a design team may include

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and other legal obligations, each of which all parties must carefully consider. A contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties, and provides structures to manage issues. For example, construction delays can be costly, so construction contracts set out clear

2511:, chemical exposure, and high levels of stress. Besides that, the high turnover of workers in construction industry imposes a huge challenge of accomplishing the restructuring of work practices in individual workplaces or with individual workers. Construction has been identified by the 1390:

region in recent years. The market was valued at nearly $ 60 billion in 2021. In the first half of 2022, Vietnam's construction industry growth rate reached 5.59%. In 2022, Vietnam's construction industry accounted for more than 6% of the country's GDP, equivalent to over 589.7 billion

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where the project will be located) for its potential impacts on neighbouring properties, and upon existing infrastructure (transportation, social infrastructure, and utilities including water supply, sewerage, electricity, telecommunications, etc.). Data may be gathered through

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processes, to allow the client greater flexibility in design variation throughout the contract, to enable the appointment of individual work contractors, to separate contractual responsibility on each individual throughout the contract, and to provide greater client control.

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has been granted, and may require preparatory work to ensure relevant infrastructure has been upgraded before building work can commence. Preparatory works will also include surveys of existing utility lines to avoid damage-causing outages and other hazardous situations.

1112:. The client takes on the contractual role, while the construction or project manager provides the active role of managing the separate trade contracts, and ensuring that they complete all work smoothly and effectively together. This approach is often used to speed up 1347:

The output of the global construction industry was worth an estimated $ 10.8 trillion in 2017, and in 2018 was forecast to rise to $ 12.9 trillion by 2022, and to around $ 14.8 trillion in 2030. As a sector, construction accounts for more than 10% of global GDP (in

2519:(NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues. A study conducted in 2022 found “significant effect of air pollution exposure on construction-related injuries and fatalities”, especially with the exposure of 907:. As portions of a project are completed, they may be sold, supplanting one lender or owner for another, while the logistical requirements of having the right trades and materials available for each stage of the building construction project carry forward. 2541:(EPA) as "the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction." 189:

The construction industry promotes economic development and brings many non-monetary benefits to many countries, but it is one of the most hazardous industries. For example, about 20% (1,061) of US industry fatalities in 2019 happened in construction.

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All actions which have the objective of retaining or restoring an item in or to a state in which it can perform its required function. These include the combination of all technical and corresponding administrative, managerial, and supervision

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classify companies that perform or engage in construction into three subsectors: building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors. There are also categories for professional services firms (e.g.,

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comprise a large grouping in most national construction industries. In the United States, for example, in May 2021 the construction sector employed just over 7.5 million people, of whom just over 820,000 were laborers, while 573,000 were

2399:, and are trained to design and manage construction processes. These roles require more training as they demand greater technical knowledge, and involve more legal responsibility. Example roles (and qualification routes) include: 1256:

Commissioning is the process of verifying that all subsystems of a new building (or other assets) work as intended to achieve the owner's project requirements and as designed by the project's architects and engineers.

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A period after handover (or practical completion) during which the owner may identify any shortcomings in relation to the building specification ('defects'), with a view to the contractor correcting the defect.

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can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry. Other major causes of fatalities in the construction industry include electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins.

1395:. The industry of industry and construction accounts for 38.26% of Vietnam's GDP. At the same time, the industry is one of the most attractive industries for foreign direct investment (FDI) in recent years. 182:). Global expenditure on construction activities was about $ 4 trillion in 2012. In 2022, expenditure on the construction industry exceeded $ 11 trillion a year, equivalent to about 13 percent of global 3993: 2591:, the construction industry and decision makers, plus outlined six-overarching ‘system levers’ where action taken now will result in rapid decarbonisation of the construction sector. These levels are: 327:), a US-based construction trade magazine, has compiled and reported data about the size of design and construction contractors. In 2014, it split the data into nine market segments: transportation, 2410:

to degree level, and then undertaken further study and gained professional experience. In many countries, the title of "architect" is protected by law, strictly limiting its use to qualified people.

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Construction or refurbishment work in a "live" environment (where residents or businesses remain living in or operating on the site) requires particular care, planning and communication.

756:, alliancing) between the client, the contractor, and other stakeholders within a construction project, seeking to ameliorate often highly competitive and adversarial industry practices. 5940: 1082:

Typically, the client invites several Design & Build (D&B) contractors to submit proposals to meet the project brief and then selects a preferred supplier. Often this will be a

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that continues until the asset is built and ready for use. Construction also covers repairs and maintenance work, any works to expand, extend and improve the asset, and its eventual

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or builder acts for the client as the project coordinator. They design the works, prepare specifications and design deliverables (models, drawings, etc.), administer the contract,

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and the Danish Partnership for Green Public Procurement. There are also now demonstrations of applying the principles of circular economy practices in practice such as Circl,

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are agreed for the delivery of services by all businesses, alongside other detailed plans aimed at ensuring legal, timely, on-budget and safe delivery of the specified works.

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accommodation for personnel from the main contractor and other firms involved in the project team, and storage areas for materials, machinery and equipment. According to the

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or project changes that increased costs, which are not subject to competition from other firms as they have already been eliminated from consideration after the initial bid.

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has stated the buildings and infrastructure around the world can reach 40% less embodied carbon emissions but that this can only be achieved through urgent transformation.

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Accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process. Professionals including cost engineers,

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a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed (acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community).

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businesses to undertake detailed planning, design, construction and handover of the work. Often the owner will appoint one business to oversee the project (this may be a

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Progress is being made internationally to decarbonise the sector including improvements to sustainable procurement practice such as the CO2 performance ladder in the

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Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the United States and in the

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Construction is a major source of employment in most countries; high reliance on small businesses, and under-representation of women are common traits. For example:

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mainly self-employed individuals, worked in the sector in 2019, comprising about 18% of all UK businesses. Women comprised 12.5% of the UK construction workforce.

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site"; in Canada, this can include people whose work includes ensuring conformance with building codes and regulations, and those who supervise other workers.

6411: 2512: 6613: 5224: 6057: 3408: 760:(design for manufacture and assembly) approaches also emphasize early collaboration with manufacturers and suppliers regarding products and components. 449:

sites. Typically, a project is instigated by or with the owner of the property (who may be an individual or an organisation); occasionally, land may be

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Unskilled and semi-skilled workers provide general site labor, often have few or no construction qualifications, and may receive basic site training.

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usually use design-build contracts as a way of progressing projects where states lack the skills or resources, particularly for very large projects.

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The construction industry may require transformation at pace and at scale if it is to successfully contribute to achieving the target set out in

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amounts that are legally owed. Legal structures integrate design with other activities and enforce financial and other construction processes.

2587:. This report set out around 20 different recommendations to transform and decarbonise the construction sector, including recommendations for 2416: – Typically holds a degree in a related subject and may only be eligible for membership of a professional institution (such as the UK's 6969: 6798: 6783: 6601: 6537: 6311: 5365: 5281: 4170: 839:

considerations, or the desire to prevent indisputably bad phenomena, e.g. explosions or bridge collapses. Other legal requirements come from

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has been increasingly popular in the 21st century. Some estimates suggest that 40% of construction projects are now fast-track construction.

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recognised that "there is far less scope to incorporate social issues in public procurement than is the case with environmental issues".

6623: 6487: 6477: 6467: 5945: 5895: 5837: 5370: 4474: 3602: 1408: 3945:"Vietnam attracts over 39,100 FDI projects with registered capital of nearly 469 billion USD so far | Business | Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus)" 3302: 1193:(BIM) processes has involved the use of computer-generated models that can be used in their own right or to generate drawings and other 6873: 6838: 5997: 5992: 5982: 5842: 5375: 4421: 2564:

transformation is likely to be challenging for the construction industry, but it does present an opportunity. Action is demanded from

6858: 6788: 6462: 6457: 6361: 6341: 6336: 5861: 5772: 5236: 5202: 3844: 3544: 3517: 2933: 4381: 3492: 3137: 3036: 2339:) or received technical training; this group also includes on-site managers who possess extensive knowledge and experience in their 1242:

when the first feature of the permanent structure has been put in place, such as pile driving, or the pouring of slabs or footings.

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Some models and policy-making organisations promote the engagement of local labour in construction projects as a means of tackling

6949: 6848: 6748: 6658: 6201: 6047: 6042: 2199:, 258,000 were equipment operators and 230,000 were construction managers. Like most business sectors, there is also substantial 1251: 1104:

In a construction management arrangement, the client enters into separate contracts with the designer (architect or engineer), a

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and in European countries. In the United States, construction productivity per worker has declined by half since the 1960s.

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to design the project, after which a competitive process is undertaken to appoint a lead contractor to construct the asset (

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qualification, but are often also qualified in another field such as architecture, civil engineering or quantity surveying.

2439: 2420:) following completion of additional training and experience. In some jurisdictions, a new university graduate must hold a 17: 4324: 3994:"Đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài vào lĩnh vực xây dựng và bất động sản - thực trạng và những vấn đề đặt ra - Tạp chí Cộng sản" 1356:

In the United States in February 2020, around $ 1.4 trillion worth of construction work was in progress, according to the

1284:, building infrastructure, and supporting utilities in industrial, business, governmental, and residential installations. 6843: 6768: 6763: 6743: 6688: 6401: 6386: 6376: 6331: 6316: 6291: 6251: 6246: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6196: 6186: 6141: 6111: 6077: 6062: 5952: 5930: 5329: 5190: 4912: 4837: 4208:"Are you a construction worker? Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) – What you need to know" 3041: 515:

may comprise both residential and non-residential construction (e.g.: retail, leisure, offices, public buildings, etc.).

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growth per worker in construction has lagged behind many other industries across different countries including in the

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Design-bid-build is the most common and well-established method of construction procurement. In this arrangement, the

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expectations and clear paths to manage delays. Poorly drafted contracts can lead to confusion and costly disputes.

42: 3409:"Global construction set to rise to US$ 12.9 trillion by 2022, driven by Asia Pacific, Africa and the Middle East" 3208: 246:. In the 19th century, steam-powered machinery appeared, and later, diesel- and electric-powered vehicles such as 5441: 4870: 2538: 2235: 2769:, and is often achieved through membership of the relevant professional institution (ICE, CIBSE, IStructE, etc). 2234:

supervises it. Those involved with the design and execution must consider zoning requirements and legal issues,

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Adopting a joined up, systems approach to decarbonisation across the construction sector and with other sectors

2532: 2417: 2154: 1340: 958: 908: 406: 298:, includes large public works, dams, bridges, highways, railways, water or wastewater and utility distribution. 919:

in 2019, the "vast majority of large construction projects go over budget and take 20% longer than expected".

155:, industrial facilities, and associated activities through to the end of their life. It typically starts with 7006: 6557: 5817: 5484: 5350: 5071: 4564: 4311: 3645:"Xây dựng là lĩnh vực quan trọng, mang tính chiến lược, có vai trò rất lớn trong phát triển kinh tế - xã hội" 2956: 2483: 2435: 1190: 954: 808:

requirements. A project will normally be assessed (by the 'authority having jurisdiction, AHJ, typically the

402: 70: 63: 4769: 713:, liaise with relevant public authorities, and procure materials and the services of other specialists (the 6562: 5600: 5583: 5537: 5429: 5323: 5219: 4750: 4729: 4233: 4183: 2653: 2576: 2554: 1280:

Maintenance involves functional checks, servicing, repairing or replacing of necessary devices, equipment,

1087: 4539: 2913: 2464: – Typically holds a bachelor's degree in quantity surveying. UK chartered status is gained from the 1314:, which involves taking a building apart while carefully preserving valuable elements for reuse purposes ( 6954: 6939: 5084: 5031: 3820: 3123: 2322: 1357: 1147: 4889: 4449:"Construction Fall Fatalities Still Highest Among All Industries: What more can we do? (April 10, 2019)" 546:(custom-designed homes are often more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled tradespeople. 6576: 5578: 2681: 2270: 912: 822: 4448: 2822: 7011: 6552: 6512: 5915: 5516: 5479: 3919: 2968: 2279: 1311: 1201:

designs of the building's internal spaces). Some projects may include elements that are designed for

1159: 776: 38: 3341: 3328: 6991: 6924: 5628: 5521: 5499: 5401: 5264: 4990: 4952: 4706:"Decarbonisation And The Green Transition In Construction: Logical, Cost-Effective, And Inevitable" 4286:"Tables – Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics: National industry-specific and by ownership" 3694: 2478: 2429: 2364: 2287: 2251: 1226: 1194: 1049: 943: 741: 530:. Materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used (e.g.: 343:

used data on transportation, sewage, hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors.

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The Policy Press/Joseph Rowntree Foundation, published 17 November 2000, accessed 17 February 2024

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involving a design firm and a contractor (sometimes more than one of each). In the United States,

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Civil engineering covers the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally

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The construction industry contributes significantly to many countries' gross domestic products (

6964: 6517: 5552: 5511: 5504: 5458: 4362: 2508: 1139: 1135: 566: 183: 179: 78: 4686: 4485: 3620:"Tầm quan trọng của ngành xây dựng đối với sự phát triển của Vùng kinh tế trọng điểm phía Nam" 1392: 7077: 7051: 6944: 5755: 5697: 5542: 5453: 4947: 4169:

Source: National Accounts Estimates of Main Aggregates | United Nations Statistics Division.

2708: 2227: 1417: 1202: 1189:(CAD) technologies then improved design productivity, while the 21st-century introduction of 1186: 1170: 1012: 916: 559: 512: 302: 4662: 2656: – Process to ensure that all building systems perform according to the "Design Intent" 899:

Large projects can involve highly complex financial plans and often start with a conceptual

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Broadly, there are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industrial:

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Vietnam Business Forum – Liên đoàn Thương mại và Công nghiệp Việt Nam-Kinh tế - Thị trường

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Building construction is the process of adding structures to areas of land, also known as

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In its most widely used context, construction covers the processes involved in delivering

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Swanson, Naomi; Tisdale-Pardi, Julie; MacDonald, Leslie; Tiesman, Hope M. (13 May 2013).

3467: 3046: 2766: 2728: 2550: 2455: 2380: 2302: 2200: 1174: 1143: 1004: 826: 633: 587: 508: 500: 4586: 4207: 3586: 2806: 5613: 5595: 5026: 5021: 4611: 3190: 3016: 2762: 2738: 2664: 2635: 2421: 2259: 1383: 1335: 1063: 904: 772: 690: 543: 492: 466: 368: 328: 748:); or they may directly appoint a designer, contractor and specialist subcontractors ( 291:

Building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential.

7021: 5675: 5573: 5489: 5113: 5056: 5016: 4942: 3441: 3308: 3257: 3194: 3182: 3143: 3100: 3002: 2647: 2641: 2584: 2461: 2442:(MEP) engineer" and typically holds a degree in mechanical or electrical engineering. 2372: 2275: 2255: 1349: 880: 797: 733: 697:, or other advisors); such specialists are normally appointed for their expertise in 599: 582: 484: 474: 332: 295: 3301:

Dynybyl, Vojtěch; Berka, Ondrej; Petr, Karel; Lopot, František; Dub, Martin (2015).

999: 172: 5853: 5764: 5623: 5396: 4884: 3172: 2675: 2520: 2449: 2396: 2392: 2266: 1387: 1319: 1213:) and are then delivered to the site ready for erection, installation or assembly. 1210: 1166: 994: 871: 841: 277: 2667: – Artificial structures such as pavements covered with water-tight materials 2458: – Typically holds a bachelor's or master's degree in structural engineering. 2286:

condition requiring use of local labour and local materials was incompatible with

2278:, but there were legal issues which were challenged in court and addressed by the 1386:. The Vietnamese construction industry has been one of the fastest growing in the 542:

can vary dramatically based on site conditions, access routes, local regulations,

5643: 5638: 5051: 5041: 3435: 2445: 2223: 2215: 1364:(split roughly 55:45% between residential and nonresidential); the remainder was 883:

apply expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation.

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Future of Consultancy: Global Export Strategy for UK Consultancy and Engineering

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Construction Industry: Treasury written question – answered at on 19 April 2004

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as well as capturing non-geometric data about building components and systems.

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Tabei, Sayed Mohammad Amin; Bagherpour, Morteza; Mahmoudi, Amin (2019-03-19).

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which outlined key areas to decarbonise the construction sector and the wider

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Sustainability is an aspect of "green building", defined by the United States

538:). Costs of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis for 461: 69:"Construction site" redirects here. For the British children's TV series, see 7071: 7031: 5680: 5665: 5391: 4382:

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE SUSTAINABLE PROCUREMENT GROUP, January 2003

4345: 4171:

Gross Value Added by Kind of Economic Activity at current prices – US dollars

3280: 3261: 3186: 2211: 2180: 1493: 1425: 1365: 900: 863: 814: 805: 718: 657: 527: 446: 281: 110: 3493:"Construction Sector Employment in Low-Income Countries: Size of the Sector" 441:

Military residential unit construction by U.S. Navy personnel in Afghanistan

7046: 5726: 5711: 5557: 5416: 5061: 4857: 4637:"Air pollution increases the likelihood of accidents in construction sites" 4533:"The Construction Chart Book: The US Construction Industry and its Workers" 4312:

Local labour in construction: tackling social exclusion and skill shortages

3165:"Application of Fuzzy Modelling to Predict Construction Projects Cash Flow" 2598:

Embedding quantitative whole-life carbon assessment into public procurement

2504: 2407: 2371:, as well as those involved in project management. In the UK these require 1925: 1421: 1076: 809: 745: 714: 653: 629: 519: 360: 3256:(Paper). New York, New York: Fortune Media (USA) Corporation. p. 36. 1437:

List of countries with the largest construction Gross Value Added in 2018

317:

The industry can also be classified into sectors or markets. For example,

272: 186:. This spending was forecasted to rise to around $ 14.8 trillion in 2030. 7056: 5670: 5660: 5163: 5128: 5098: 4184:"Construction worker definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary" 3893: 2623: 2615: 2569: 2553:

of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5C above industrial levels. The

2496: 2368: 2352: 2336: 2196: 2133:

The twenty-five largest countries in the world by construction GVA (2018)

2006: 1952: 1763: 1113: 1032: 835: 818: 781: 681: 570: 356: 239: 4259: 4046: 3164: 2852: 2733: 2258:, logistics, and inconvenience to the public, including those caused by 1023: 796:

When applicable, a proposed construction project must comply with local

144:

is construction: how something is built or the nature of its structure.

5900: 5687: 5618: 5143: 5138: 5103: 4020: 3177: 2601:

Increasing design efficiency, materials reuse and retrofit of buildings

2565: 2360: 2344: 2150: 2146: 1307: 1293: 1151: 1083: 876: 867: 701:

and construction management and will help the owner define the project

661: 591: 554: 480: 409: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 227: 219: 168: 130: 479:

Residential construction may be undertaken by individual land-owners (

5692: 5148: 5108: 5011: 4285: 3573:

Global Construction Perspectives & Construction Economics (2019)(

3227:"Global construction industry faces growing threat of economic crime" 2403: 2348: 2328: 2305:

based on educational background and training, which vary by country:

2231: 2203:

employment in construction – 681,000 US workers were recorded by the

2192: 1736: 1709: 1339:

Helicopter view of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (

1315: 1303: 1127: 1109: 1055: 915:(PFIs) may also be used to help deliver major projects. According to 888: 790: 744:); they may appoint a business to lead both design and construction ( 722: 665: 619: 523: 364: 255: 251: 231: 160: 4562: 1298:

Demolition is the discipline of safely and efficiently tearing down

1162:

is an emerging discipline that attempts to meet this new challenge.

932: 752:). Some forms of procurement emphasize collaborative relationships ( 384: 331:, buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing, sewage/waste, 5214: 5093: 2619: 2588: 2561: 2376: 2283: 2207:

as in 'office and administrative support occupations' in May 2021.

2187: 2173: 2169: 1299: 1221: 1059: 737: 710: 686: 645: 615: 306: 156: 148: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4510: 2386: 5153: 5133: 4396:"UK Construction Careers, Certifications/Degrees and occupations" 4325:

Using local labour in construction: A good practice resource book

3589:. United States Census Bureau. Accessed: 29 April 2020. Also see 2714: 2650: – Engineering discipline focused on physical infrastructure 2356: 2087: 1574: 1379: 1372: 1281: 1182: 1020:

exchange of obligations that matches the reality of the project.

786: 669: 649: 310: 235: 223: 106: 98: 83: 2705: – Process that creates or renovates new or existing spaces 2595:

Setting and stipulating progressive targets for carbon reduction

2301:

within the construction industry. There are three main tiers of

850:

safety, including its use, expansion, structural integrity, and

628:

includes offshore construction (mainly of energy installations:

5905: 5406: 5168: 5158: 4897: 4757: 4710: 3606: 2298: 2243: 2158: 2060: 1979: 1898: 1817: 1790: 1682: 1655: 1628: 801: 706: 641: 637: 535: 504: 215: 214:

and shelters were constructed by hand or with simple tools. As

164: 3868: 3590: 2793:

Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) Oxford University Press 2009

2723: 896:

is also an issue of growing significance within construction.

82:

Construction site and equipment prepared for start of work in

59:

Process of building or assembling a building or infrastructure

5259: 3771:"Tốc độ tăng trưởng ngành xây dựng tăng 4,47% so với cùng kỳ" 3545:"Global construction growth to outpace GDP this decade – PwC" 2581:

Decarbonising Construction: Building a new net zero industry,

2340: 2164: 2114: 1871: 1844: 1547: 1520: 1466: 1028: 893: 539: 531: 243: 114: 4092:

Briefing Paper: Construction industry: statistics and policy

2957:

NAICS Search 2012 NAICS Definition, Sector 23 – Construction

2391:

Professional, technical and managerial personnel often have

5633: 4587:"CDC – NIOSH Program Portfolio : Construction Program" 4021:"Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey" 3277:"S. Carolina Court to Decide Legality of Design-Build Bids" 2711: – Ability of a structure to withstand physical strain 2379:

subject areas, undertaken either directly after completing

1382:, the construction industry plays an important role in the 757: 141: 137: 5300:

National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association

3252:

Alsever, Jennifer (December 2019). "Bots Start Building".

2560:

Conclusions from industry leaders have suggested that the

1181:. Until the late 20th century, drawings were largely hand- 3518:"Which countries are investing the most in construction?" 3327:

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction,

3096:

Collaborative Construction Procurement and Improved Value

1447: 1236:

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction's

94: 3674:

Cục giám định nhà nước về chất lượng công trình xây dựng

2687:

List of tallest structures built before the 20th century

2644: – Material which is used for construction purposes 305:(mainly of energy installations), mining and quarrying, 5231:

Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering

4567:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 3596: 3380:"European Federation of National Maintenance Societies" 3379: 3162: 2503:

Other safety risks for workers in construction include

4121:"Construction industry just 12.5% women and 5.4% BAME" 2638: – Management system in the construction industry 1269: 785:

Digging the foundation for a building construction in

3354: 3344:, last updated 17 February 2022, accessed 16 May 2022 3300: 2807:

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=construction

2699: – Overview of and topical guide to construction 2568:, standards bodies, the construction sector, and the 2513:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

2308: 1343:) Operations Support Facility (OSF) construction site 1325: 1165:

Traditionally, design has involved the production of

5883: 5794: 5225:

Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors

4314:, published November 2000, accessed 17 February 2024 3747:"The Growth of the Construction Industry in Vietnam" 3440:, New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, p. 4, 2487:

At-risk workers without appropriate safety equipment

2438: – May also be referred to as an "M&E" or " 732:

These processes also affect procurement strategies.

2987:, published 10 June 2018, accessed 26 November 2023 1007:, widening the road from six to twelve travel lanes 4349:, published 8 June 2016, accessed 31 December 2023 4238:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety 4147:"The construction industry's productivity problem" 3845:"Kinh tế Việt Nam năm 2022 và triển vọng năm 2023" 1043: 4814:. Ministry of Environment Denmark. Archived from 3800:Tạp chí Kinh tế và Dự báo - Bộ Kế hoạch và Đầu tư 3624:Tạp chí Kinh tế và Dự báo - Bộ Kế hoạch và Đầu tư 3536: 7069: 4612:"CDC – NIOSH – NORA Construction Sector Council" 4475:"Construction statistics in Great Britain, 2021" 4047:"Industries at a glance: Construction: NAICS 23" 3719:"Kinh tế Việt Nam 2023: Nhiều điểm sáng nổi bật" 3001:(4th ed.). London: EG Books. pp. 1–8. 2996: 1360:, of which just over $ 1.0 trillion was for the 558:Construction of the Federal Reserve building in 267: 7042:List of visionary tall buildings and structures 5209:Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors 4513:. Occupational Safety and Health Administration 4484:. Health & Safety Executive. Archived from 3670:"Ngành Xây dựng - hành trình 60 năm phát triển" 3139:Construction Law: From Beginner to Practitioner 2387:Professional, technical or managerial personnel 2269:and addressing skill shortages. In the UK, the 1368:, predominantly for state and local government. 549: 522:, and resources must conform to local building 5248:Construction Management Association of America 3587:Value of Construction Put in Place at a Glance 3279:. Construction Equipment Guide. Archived from 2572:profession to meet the decarbonising targets. 2218:normally manages the budget on the job, and a 2153:erecting the steel frame of a new building at 1431: 576: 5869: 5780: 5282:National Association of Women in Construction 4913: 4704:Donati, Angelica Krystle (February 6, 2023). 4503: 4057: 3920:"Tăng trưởng GDP: Kết quả 2022, kỳ vọng 2023" 3510: 3468:"Global Construction: insights (26 May 2017)" 3401: 3209:"North County News – San Diego Union Tribune" 2857:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 2853:"Commonly Used Statistics: Worker fatalities" 2544: 2515:(NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the 1245: 1238:definition, construction may be said to have 352:North American Industry Classification System 5197:Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association 4663:"Basic Information | Green Building |US EPA" 4455:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4278: 4098: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2448: – Typically holds a 4-year or greater 242:, the artisan craftsmen were organized into 4083: 3591:Manufacturing & Construction Statistics 3542: 3037:"History and Heritage of Civil Engineering" 1260: 1011:A construction project is a complex net of 961:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 825:. Construction normally cannot start until 456: 339:, and a tenth category for other projects. 23: 5876: 5862: 5787: 5773: 4920: 4906: 4853:"The house that 20,000 toothbrushes built" 4850: 4641:London School of Economics Business Review 4065:"TED: The Economics Daily (March 3, 2017)" 4015: 4013: 2997:Marshall, Duncan; Worthing, Derek (2006). 1093: 887:too little money to complete the project. 605: 24: 5237:Civil Engineering Contractors Association 5203:Associated General Contractors of America 4556: 4252: 4039: 3924:Nhịp sống kinh tế Việt Nam & Thế giới 3821:"Topic: Construction industry in Vietnam" 3304:The Latest Methods of Construction Design 3176: 2840: 2383:or through "on the job" apprenticeships. 1158:including sustainability. For buildings, 981:Learn how and when to remove this message 854:, usually require municipality approval. 675: 425:Learn how and when to remove this message 5654:List of tallest buildings and structures 5318:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors 4414: 3695:"Topic: Construction industry worldwide" 3603:"Armenian Growth Still In Double Digits" 3460: 3433: 3169:Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering 2879:Fast-track construction becomes the norm 2482: 2466:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors 2163: 2145: 1334: 1220: 1027:Apartment complex under construction in 1022: 998: 780: 609: 586: 553: 460: 436: 374: 271: 238:were used for construction work. In the 77: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 5294:National Kitchen & Bath Association 4798:"Strategy for green public procurement" 4629: 4467: 4384:, paragraph 8.4, accessed 29 April 2024 4200: 4010: 3251: 2789:"Construction" def. 1.a. 1.b. and 1.c. 2757: 2755: 2753: 2604:Improving whole-life carbon performance 2316: 2297:There are many routes to the different 1252:New-construction building commissioning 1216: 14: 7070: 4812:"The Forum on Sustainable Procurement" 4703: 4422:"Health and safety at work statistics" 4104: 4089: 3274: 3268: 2424:to become chartered, and persons with 2172:, the largest construction company in 1446:Construction GVA in 2018 (billions in 5857: 5768: 5306:National Tile Contractors Association 5276:National Association of Home Builders 5254:Construction Specifications Institute 4901: 4772:. National Engineering Policy Centre. 4446: 4440: 4226: 3891: 3741: 3739: 3135: 3092: 2817: 2815: 2517:National Occupational Research Agenda 2347:. Skilled manual occupations include 2254:, availability and transportation of 680:Some construction projects are small 614:The National Cement Share Company of 5288:National Fire Protection Association 4835: 4393: 3917: 3485: 2981:What is a Compulsory Purchase Order? 2750: 2440:mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 1330: 959:adding citations to reliable sources 926: 518:Residential construction practices, 407:adding citations to reliable sources 378: 5330:Society of Construction Arbitrators 5191:American Society of Civil Engineers 4292:. United States Department of Labor 4266:. United States Department of Labor 4113: 4109:. London: House of Commons Library. 4107:Briefing Paper: Business statistics 4094:. London: House of Commons Library. 2859:. United States Department of Labor 2765:qualification is controlled by the 2678: – Gradual destruction of land 1270:Maintenance, repair and improvement 296:heavy civil' or 'heavy engineering' 56: 5185:American Institute of Constructors 4851:Wainwright, Oliver (7 July 2014). 4744:"Bringing embodied carbon upfront" 4726:"Bringing embodied carbon upfront" 4655: 4447:Garza, Elizabeth (10 April 2019). 4105:Rhodes, Chris (16 December 2019). 4090:Rhodes, Chris (16 December 2019). 3736: 3543:Roumeliotis, Greg (3 March 2011). 2812: 2783: 2577:National Engineering Policy Centre 2406: – Will usually have studied 2309:Unskilled and semi-skilled workers 2210:Large-scale construction requires 1409:United Kingdom construction sector 1326:Industry scale and characteristics 862:Depending on the type of project, 833:Some legal requirements come from 348:Standard Industrial Classification 57: 7089: 5649:Lists of buildings and structures 4511:"OSHA's Fall Prevention Campaign" 2823:"Global Construction Report 2030" 2526: 2205:United States Department of Labor 309:, chemical processing, mills and 301:Industrial construction includes 5885:Tallest buildings and structures 5751: 5750: 5742: 4927: 4394:Wood, Hannah (17 January 2012). 4053:. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. 3413:Building Design and Construction 2732: 2722: 2660:Environmental impact of concrete 2622:'s sustainable pavilion and the 2107: 2080: 2053: 2026: 1999: 1972: 1945: 1918: 1891: 1864: 1837: 1810: 1783: 1756: 1729: 1702: 1675: 1648: 1621: 1594: 1567: 1540: 1513: 1486: 1459: 931: 383: 6478:Countries with most skyscrapers 5743: 4844: 4836:Chua, Geraldine (May 4, 2018). 4829: 4804: 4790: 4776: 4736: 4718: 4697: 4679: 4604: 4579: 4525: 4387: 4380:Sustainable Procurement Group, 4374: 4352: 4333: 4317: 4304: 4234:"Construction Worker – General" 4176: 4163: 4139: 4071:. US Bureau of Labor Statistics 3986: 3962: 3937: 3911: 3885: 3861: 3837: 3813: 3788: 3763: 3711: 3687: 3662: 3637: 3612: 3580: 3567: 3437:Construction Project Management 3427: 3372: 3347: 3334: 3321: 3294: 3245: 3219: 3201: 3156: 3129: 3113: 3086: 3061: 3029: 2990: 2973: 2967:US Department of Labor (OSHA), 2961: 2949: 2539:Environmental Protection Agency 2282:in 1993. The court held that a 2274:the construction of the Danish 2214:across multiple disciplines. A 2179:Some workers may be engaged in 1070: 1044:Traditional or Design-bid-build 594:under construction in June 1942 453:from the owner for public use. 394:needs additional citations for 140:: the act of building, and the 5717:Sustainability in construction 5548:Modern methods of construction 4341:Evaluation and the audit trail 3073:Institution of Civil Engineers 2926: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2871: 2796: 2692:Modern methods of construction 2671:Index of construction articles 2533:Sustainability in construction 2155:Massachusetts General Hospital 1038: 93:is a general term meaning the 13: 1: 7007:Antenna height considerations 5485:Building services engineering 4786:. The CO2 Performance Ladder. 4398:. TH Services. Archived from 4290:US Bureau of Labor Statistics 4264:US Bureau of Labor Statistics 4069:US Bureau of Labor Statistics 4051:US Bureau of Labor Statistics 4025:US Bureau of Labor Statistics 3021:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 2776: 2607:Improving skills for net zero 2292:Sustainable Procurement Group 2141: 1287: 1191:building information modeling 1088:departments of transportation 656:and other processing plants, 294:Infrastructure, also called ' 268:Construction industry sectors 71:Construction Site (TV series) 64:Construction (disambiguation) 7002:All buildings and structures 6473:Cities with most skyscrapers 5601:Construction equipment theft 5324:Scottish Building Federation 5220:Construction History Society 4890:Resources in other libraries 4840:. Architecture & Design. 4800:. Economy Agency of Denmark. 4770:"Decarbonising construction" 4751:World Green Building Council 4730:World Green Building Council 4538:. CPWR, 2013. Archived from 4310:Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 3342:Defects liability period DLP 3124:Working in live environments 2717: – Bolognese slang term 2654:Commissioning (construction) 2555:World Green Building Council 2507:due to high noise exposure, 736:may, for example, appoint a 550:Non-residential construction 465:Units under construction in 7: 6468:Buildings by height to roof 5032:Chartered Building Surveyor 4996:Water supply and sanitation 4212:Health and Safety Executive 3777:(in Vietnamese). 2023-07-06 3331:, accessed 8 September 2020 3069:"What is Civil Engineering" 2804:Online Etymology Dictionary 2629: 2323:List of construction trades 1432:Construction GVA by country 913:private finance initiatives 909:Public–private partnerships 823:geotechnical investigations 766: 577:Infrastructure construction 276:Industrial assemblage of a 10: 7094: 5579:List of building materials 3918:Ngọc, Dương (2023-02-25). 3892:Hoàng, Hiếu (2022-02-12). 3355:"Defense Logistics Agency" 3340:Designing Buildings Wiki, 2999:The Construction of Houses 2682:List of tallest structures 2545:Decarbonising construction 2530: 2476: 2436:Building services engineer 2320: 2271:Joseph Rowntree Foundation 2130: 1291: 1273: 1249: 1246:Commissioning and handover 1097: 1074: 1047: 992: 857: 770: 721:and materials suppliers). 580: 499:(e.g.: local authorities, 472: 234:, appeared. Occasionally, 222:, a class of professional 203: 197: 193: 68: 61: 7012:Architectural engineering 6982: 6897: 6634: 6586: 6575: 6533:Skyscrapers by floor area 6450: 6008: 5923: 5914: 5891: 5803: 5740: 5566: 5530: 5517:Environmental engineering 5480:Architectural engineering 5472: 5415: 5384: 5338: 5177: 5080: 5004: 4968: 4935: 4885:Resources in your library 4838:"Designing the Dutch way" 4188:www.collinsdictionary.com 4173:. Retrieved 26 June 2020. 3751:www.researchinvietnam.com 3099:. John Wiley & Sons. 2791:Oxford English Dictionary 2472: 2375:qualifications, often in 2365:heavy equipment operators 2280:European Court of Justice 2103: 2076: 2049: 2022: 1995: 1968: 1941: 1914: 1887: 1860: 1833: 1806: 1779: 1752: 1725: 1698: 1671: 1644: 1617: 1590: 1563: 1536: 1509: 1482: 1455: 1444: 1441: 1148:fire protection engineers 1120: 777:Pre-construction services 6992:Additionally guyed tower 5522:Geotechnical engineering 5500:Construction engineering 5265:Home Builders Federation 4991:Timeline of architecture 4953:Underground construction 4565:"Women's Health at Work" 4371:, accessed 29 April 2024 4260:"Construction: NAICS 23" 3434:Chitkara, K. K. (1998), 2969:Division C: Construction 2743: 2479:Construction site safety 2395:qualifications, usually 2252:construction site safety 1261:Defects liability period 922: 497:public or social housing 457:Residential construction 39:latest accepted revision 7037:Height restriction laws 6915:Before the 20th century 5707:Real estate development 5609:Construction management 5464:Vernacular architecture 5449:Indigenous architecture 5437:Industrial architecture 5312:Railway Tie Association 3329:"Start of construction" 2942:Engineering News-Record 2919:Engineering News-Record 2729:Architecture portal 2703:Real estate development 2697:Outline of construction 1276:Maintenance (technical) 1227:foundation construction 1100:Construction management 1094:Construction management 750:construction management 626:Industrial construction 606:Industrial construction 320:Engineering News-Record 262:Fast-track construction 206:History of architecture 200:History of construction 6543:Voluntarily demolished 6058:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5553:Monocrete construction 5512:Earthquake engineering 5505:Structural engineering 5459:Landscape architecture 4986:Structural engineering 3869:"World Bank Open Data" 3699:Expert Market Research 3609:), September 20, 2007. 2739:Engineering portal 2509:musculoskeletal injury 2488: 2430:Incorporated Engineers 2331:have typically served 2176: 2161: 1344: 1230: 1035: 1013:construction contracts 1008: 793: 676:Construction processes 622: 595: 562: 513:mixed-use developments 470: 451:compulsorily purchased 442: 284: 136:. To 'construct' is a 87: 7052:Partially guyed tower 5796:Construction industry 5543:Earthbag construction 5454:Interior architecture 4948:Offshore construction 4687:"The Paris Agreement" 4428:. European Commission 3593:for more information. 3549:Reuters Economic News 3275:Cronin, Jeff (2005). 3126:, accessed 6 May 2023 3093:Mosey, David (2019). 2709:Structural robustness 2579:published its report 2486: 2228:construction engineer 2167: 2149: 1338: 1302:and other artificial 1224: 1203:off-site construction 1187:computer-aided design 1026: 1002: 784: 630:oil and gas platforms 613: 590: 560:Kansas City, Missouri 557: 495:, or by providers of 464: 440: 375:Building construction 303:offshore construction 275: 81: 6997:Air traffic obstacle 6412:United Arab Emirates 5591:Construction bidding 5271:Lighting Association 5243:The Concrete Society 5119:Construction foreman 4784:"What is the Ladder" 3998:tapchicongsan.org.vn 3873:World Bank Open Data 2883:Architectural Record 2624:Brighton Waste House 2381:compulsory education 2317:Skilled tradespeople 2303:construction workers 2288:EU treaty principles 2236:environmental impact 2220:construction manager 2168:A truck operator at 2034:United Arab Emirates 1217:On-site construction 1175:engineering drawings 1160:building engineering 1144:structural engineers 1140:electrical engineers 1136:mechanical engineers 1106:construction manager 955:improve this section 695:construction manager 534:versus stone versus 501:housing associations 403:improve this article 311:manufacturing plants 113:. It comes from the 62:For other uses, see 18:Construction project 6614:former Soviet Union 5941:Indian subcontinent 5722:Unfinished building 5495:Coastal engineering 5124:Construction worker 5067:Structural engineer 4958:Tunnel construction 3894:"Chuyển nhà Hà Nội" 3605:, Armenia Liberty ( 3136:Mason, Jim (2016). 3049:on 16 February 2007 2922:, September 1, 2014 2894:Chitkara, pp. 9–10. 2767:Engineering Council 2551:The Paris Agreement 2456:Structural engineer 2260:construction delays 1438: 1350:developed countries 1005:Ontario Highway 401 1003:Construction along 827:planning permission 800:policies including 565:Depending upon the 493:general contractors 489:property developers 29:Page version status 5614:Construction waste 5596:Construction delay 5027:Building officials 5022:Building estimator 4491:on 26 January 2022 4453:NIOSH Science blog 3555:on 6 November 2020 3178:10.3311/ppci.13402 2903:Halpin, pp. 15–16. 2763:Chartered Engineer 2665:Impervious surface 2636:Agile construction 2489: 2426:bachelor's degrees 2256:building materials 2177: 2162: 1436: 1345: 1231: 1036: 1009: 905:building estimator 881:quantity surveyors 794: 773:Architectural plan 623: 596: 563: 544:economies of scale 471: 467:Brighton, Victoria 443: 369:project management 285: 129:"to pile up") and 88: 35: 7065: 7064: 7022:Early skyscrapers 6978: 6977: 6910:400 to 500 metres 6905:300 to 400 metres 6571: 6570: 6553:Early skyscrapers 6488:Designed by women 5851: 5850: 5762: 5761: 5605:Construction loan 5574:Building material 5490:Civil engineering 5114:Concrete finisher 5057:Quantity surveyor 5017:Building engineer 4943:Home construction 4871:Library resources 4127:. 24 October 2019 3008:978-0-08-097112-4 2955:US Census Bureau, 2809:accessed 3/6/2014 2648:Civil engineering 2642:Building material 2585:built environment 2462:Quantity surveyor 2373:further education 2276:Storebaelt bridge 2139: 2138: 1331:Economic activity 1110:trade contractors 1108:, and individual 991: 990: 983: 798:land-use planning 600:built environment 583:Civil engineering 528:codes of practice 483:), by specialist 475:Home construction 435: 434: 427: 171:, dismantling or 47:20 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 7085: 6584: 6583: 6493:Eastern Orthodox 5921: 5920: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5855: 5854: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5766: 5765: 5754: 5753: 5746: 5745: 5629:Design–bid–build 5397:Construction law 4922: 4915: 4908: 4899: 4898: 4863: 4862: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4766: 4755: 4754: 4748: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4490: 4479: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4391: 4385: 4378: 4372: 4356: 4350: 4337: 4331: 4323:Macfarlane, R., 4321: 4315: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4180: 4174: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4017: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3743: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3730: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3616: 3610: 3600: 3594: 3584: 3578: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3551:. Archived from 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3415:. 8 October 2018 3405: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3351: 3345: 3338: 3332: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3180: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3133: 3127: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3045:. Archived from 3033: 3027: 3026: 3020: 3012: 2994: 2988: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2938: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2849: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2819: 2810: 2802:"Construction". 2800: 2794: 2787: 2770: 2759: 2737: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2676:Land degradation 2521:nitrogen dioxide 2450:higher education 2397:graduate degrees 2393:higher education 2267:social exclusion 2238:of the project, 2134: 2125: 2124: 2113: 2111: 2110: 2098: 2097: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2071: 2070: 2059: 2057: 2056: 2044: 2043: 2032: 2030: 2029: 2017: 2016: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1990: 1989: 1978: 1976: 1975: 1963: 1962: 1951: 1949: 1948: 1936: 1935: 1924: 1922: 1921: 1909: 1908: 1897: 1895: 1894: 1882: 1881: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1855: 1854: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1828: 1827: 1816: 1814: 1813: 1801: 1800: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1774: 1773: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1747: 1746: 1735: 1733: 1732: 1720: 1719: 1708: 1706: 1705: 1693: 1692: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1666: 1665: 1654: 1652: 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5042:Civil estimator 5000: 4964: 4931: 4926: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4866: 4849: 4845: 4834: 4830: 4821: 4819: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4768: 4767: 4758: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4702: 4698: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4671: 4669: 4667:archive.epa.gov 4661: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4621: 4619: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4596: 4594: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4561: 4557: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4402:on 4 March 2012 4392: 4388: 4379: 4375: 4357: 4353: 4338: 4334: 4322: 4318: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4243: 4241: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4192: 4190: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4168: 4164: 4155: 4153: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4103: 4099: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4045: 4044: 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Where local 477: 459: 431: 420: 414: 411: 400: 388: 377: 337:hazardous waste 270: 208: 202: 196: 173:decommissioning 125:"together" and 74: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7091: 7081: 7080: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6988: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6879:United Kingdom 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6694:Czech Republic 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6640: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6596: 6590: 6588: 6581: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6538:Twin buildings 6535: 6530: 6525: 6523:Most expensive 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6417:United Kingdom 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6117:Czech Republic 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5977: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5933: 5927: 5925: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5881: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5858: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5838:United Kingdom 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 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5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5088: 5081:Trades workers 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5072:Superintendent 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5047:Clerk of works 5044: 5039: 5037:Civil engineer 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5008: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4950: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4925: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4902: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4843: 4828: 4803: 4789: 4775: 4756: 4735: 4717: 4696: 4691:United Nations 4678: 4654: 4628: 4603: 4578: 4555: 4524: 4502: 4466: 4439: 4413: 4386: 4373: 4368:TheyWorkForYou 4359:Dawn Primarolo 4351: 4332: 4316: 4303: 4277: 4251: 4225: 4199: 4175: 4162: 4138: 4112: 4097: 4082: 4056: 4038: 4009: 3985: 3961: 3936: 3910: 3884: 3860: 3849:www.mof.gov.vn 3836: 3812: 3787: 3775:baochinhphu.vn 3762: 3735: 3710: 3686: 3661: 3636: 3611: 3595: 3579: 3577:, ACE, London. 3566: 3535: 3509: 3484: 3459: 3446: 3426: 3400: 3371: 3346: 3333: 3320: 3313: 3293: 3267: 3244: 3218: 3200: 3155: 3148: 3128: 3120:Willmott Dixon 3112: 3105: 3085: 3060: 3028: 3007: 2989: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2945:, May 26, 2014 2925: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2870: 2839: 2811: 2795: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2719: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2673: 2668: 2662: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2631: 2628: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2546: 2543: 2531:Main article: 2528: 2527:Sustainability 2525: 2493:European Union 2474: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2459: 2453: 2443: 2433: 2414:Civil engineer 2411: 2388: 2385: 2335:(sometimes in 2318: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2128: 2127: 2120: 2118: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2091: 2074: 2073: 2066: 2064: 2047: 2046: 2039: 2037: 2020: 2019: 2012: 2010: 1993: 1992: 1985: 1983: 1966: 1965: 1958: 1956: 1939: 1938: 1931: 1929: 1912: 1911: 1904: 1902: 1885: 1884: 1877: 1875: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1848: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1821: 1804: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1777: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1750: 1749: 1742: 1740: 1723: 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269: 266: 198:Main article: 195: 192: 153:infrastructure 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7090: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7032:Groundscraper 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6981: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6945:Ferris wheels 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6884:United States 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 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6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5998:Latin America 5996: 5994: 5993:South America 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5983:North America 5981: 5980: 5979:The Americas 5978: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5963:Baltic states 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5874: 5872: 5867: 5865: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5844: 5843:United States 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5828:Hong Kong SAR 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5797: 5790: 5785: 5783: 5778: 5776: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5757: 5749: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5666:Megastructure 5664: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5392:Building code 5390: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5376:United States 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178:Organizations 5176: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4918: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4839: 4832: 4818:on 2023-05-24 4817: 4813: 4807: 4799: 4793: 4785: 4779: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4752: 4745: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4566: 4559: 4545:on 2016-05-08 4541: 4534: 4528: 4512: 4506: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4470: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4377: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4348: 4347: 4346:Bevan Brittan 4342: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4313: 4307: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4172: 4166: 4152: 4151:The Economist 4148: 4142: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4108: 4101: 4093: 4086: 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Routledge. 3141: 3140: 3132: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3108: 3106:9781119151913 3102: 3098: 3097: 3089: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3032: 3024: 3018: 3010: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2982: 2979:Proctor, J., 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2944: 2943: 2935: 2934:"The Top 400" 2929: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2914:"The Top 250" 2909: 2900: 2891: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2816: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2792: 2786: 2782: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2575:In 2021, the 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2485: 2480: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2314: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212:collaboration 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2181:manual labour 2175: 2171: 2166: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2135: 2129: 2119: 2117: 2116: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2062: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2035: 2021: 2011: 2009: 2008: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1981: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1954: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1927: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1900: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1873: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1846: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1819: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1697: 1687: 1685: 1684: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1630: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1562: 1552: 1550: 1549: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1495: 1494:United States 1481: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1454: 1449: 1440: 1429: 1427: 1426:United States 1423: 1419: 1416:According to 1410: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1366:public sector 1363: 1359: 1358:Census Bureau 1355: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1342: 1337: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1285: 1283: 1277: 1267: 1258: 1253: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1228: 1223: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171:architectural 1168: 1163: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1101: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1078: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1006: 1001: 996: 985: 982: 974: 964: 960: 956: 950: 949: 945: 940:This section 938: 934: 929: 928: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 901:cost estimate 897: 895: 890: 884: 882: 878: 873: 869: 865: 855: 853: 847: 844: 843: 838: 837: 831: 828: 824: 820: 816: 815:site analysis 811: 807: 806:building code 803: 799: 792: 788: 783: 778: 774: 764: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 730: 726: 724: 720: 717:, comprising 716: 712: 708: 705:, agree on a 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 683: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 621: 617: 612: 603: 601: 593: 589: 584: 574: 572: 568: 561: 556: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 485:housebuilders 482: 476: 468: 463: 454: 452: 448: 447:real property 439: 429: 426: 418: 408: 404: 398: 397: 392:This section 390: 386: 381: 380: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 349: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 321: 312: 308: 304: 300: 297: 293: 290: 289: 288: 283: 282:United States 279: 274: 265: 263: 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 207: 201: 191: 187: 185: 181: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 145: 143: 139: 135: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 111:organizations 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 85: 80: 76: 72: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 7078:Construction 7047:Oil platform 7017:Construction 7016: 6950:Freestanding 6874:Turkmenistan 6839:South Africa 6819:Saudi Arabia 6362:South Africa 6337:Saudi Arabia 5795: 5727:Urban design 5712:Stonemasonry 5624:Design–build 5567:Other topics 5558:Slip forming 5417:Architecture 5062:Site manager 4981:Construction 4976:Architecture 4929:Construction 4928: 4876:Construction 4875: 4858:The Guardian 4856: 4846: 4831: 4820:. 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Retrieved 2826: 2803: 2798: 2790: 2785: 2720: 2613: 2580: 2574: 2559: 2548: 2536: 2505:hearing loss 2502: 2490: 2408:architecture 2390: 2353:electricians 2337:labor unions 2329:tradespeople 2326: 2312: 2296: 2291: 2264: 2209: 2201:white-collar 2197:electricians 2186: 2178: 2131: 2105: 2078: 2051: 2024: 1997: 1970: 1943: 1926:Saudi Arabia 1916: 1889: 1862: 1835: 1808: 1781: 1754: 1727: 1700: 1673: 1646: 1619: 1592: 1565: 1538: 1511: 1484: 1457: 1422:productivity 1415: 1398: 1388:Asia-Pacific 1346: 1297: 1279: 1264: 1255: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1199: 1164: 1156: 1124: 1103: 1080: 1077:Design-build 1071:Design-build 1053: 1018: 1010: 977: 971:October 2006 968: 953:Please help 941: 898: 885: 861: 848: 840: 834: 832: 819:site surveys 810:municipality 795: 762: 746:design-build 731: 727: 715:supply chain 679: 654:distilleries 624: 597: 564: 520:technologies 517: 478: 444: 421: 412: 401:Please help 396:verification 393: 361:architecture 345: 340: 324: 318: 316: 286: 260: 209: 188: 177: 146: 134:construction 133: 126: 122: 118: 91:Construction 90: 89: 75: 46: 37:This is the 31: 7057:Tower block 6955:Lighthouses 6859:Switzerland 6799:Philippines 6789:New Zealand 6784:Netherlands 6644:Afghanistan 6528:Residential 6503:Educational 6458:100+ floors 6382:Switzerland 6367:South Korea 6312:Philippines 6282:North Korea 6272:Netherlands 5958:Scandinavia 5671:Plasterwork 5661:Megaproject 5473:Engineering 5402:Site safety 5164:Steel fixer 5129:Electrician 5099:Boilermaker 5005:Professions 4616:www.cdc.gov 4591:www.cdc.gov 4339:Heard, E., 3949:VietnamPlus 3898:kienvang.vn 2616:Netherlands 2570:engineering 2566:governments 2497:scaffolding 2428:may become 2361:ironworkers 2151:Ironworkers 2007:Switzerland 1953:Netherlands 1764:South Korea 1318:– see also 1152:consultants 1150:, planning 1114:procurement 1039:Procurement 1033:South Korea 868:accountants 836:malum in se 682:renovations 662:steel mills 571:contractors 524:authority's 469:, Australia 415:August 2017 357:engineering 240:Middle Ages 228:bricklayers 119:constructio 101:of forming 6889:Uzbekistan 6774:Luxembourg 6636:By country 6577:Structures 6463:Architects 6202:Kazakhstan 6048:Bangladesh 6043:Azerbaijan 6010:By country 5901:Skyscraper 5798:by country 5688:Parge coat 5619:Demolition 5385:Regulation 5339:By country 5144:Millwright 5139:Ironworker 5104:Bricklayer 4822:2023-05-24 4672:2018-12-11 4622:2018-04-07 4597:2018-04-07 4571:21 January 4549:2014-04-08 4193:2018-06-09 4156:2017-08-21 4003:2024-02-01 3979:2024-02-01 3974:mof.gov.vn 3955:2024-02-01 3930:2024-02-01 3904:2024-02-01 3878:2024-02-01 3854:2024-02-01 3830:2024-02-01 3806:2024-02-01 3781:2024-02-01 3756:2024-02-01 3729:2024-02-01 3704:2024-02-01 3680:2024-02-01 3655:2024-02-01 3630:2024-02-01 3287:2008-01-04 2877:Knecht B. 2832:28 October 2777:References 2477:See also: 2377:vocational 2349:carpenters 2345:profession 2321:See also: 2240:scheduling 2193:carpenters 2142:Employment 1420:research, 1308:Demolition 1304:structures 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