25:
3042:
The following tables show how eclipsis affects the start of words. Eclipsis is represented in the orthography by adding a letter, or occasionally two letters, to the start of the word. If the word is to be capitalised, the original first letter is capitalised, not the letter or letters added for
1288:). The languages vary on the environments for the mutations, but some generalizations can be made. Those languages all have feminine singular nouns mutated after the definite article, with adjectives mutated after feminine singular nouns. In most of the languages, the
791:
Sandhi effects like these (or other phonological processes) are usually the historical origin of morphosyntactically triggered mutation. For example, English fricative mutation (specifically, voicing) in words such as
1275:
have four (if mixed mutations are counted). Cornish and Breton have so-called mixed mutations; a trigger causes one mutation to some sounds and another to other sounds. Welsh also has a mixed mutation (triggered by
812:, where a voiced fricative occurred between vowels (or before voiced consonants), and a voiceless one occurred initially or finally, and also when adjacent to voiceless consonants. Old English infinitives ended in
1181:
A combination of inherited and loaned alternation also occurs: an alternation pattern *t : *sj was brought over in
Latinate loanwords, which in English was then turned into an alternation between
923:
In the past tense of certain verbs, English also retains traces of several ancient sound developments such as *kt > *xt and *ŋx > *x; many of them have been further complicated by the loss of
2434:
mutation is not usually included the classic list of Welsh mutations and is rarely taught in formal classes. Nevertheless, it is a part of the colloquial language and is used by native speakers.
4508:
Consonant gradation involves an alternation in consonants between a strong grade in some forms of a word and a weak grade in others. The consonants subject to graduation are the plosives (
5659:, became combined with the verb's initial consonant. The possible ancestral pattern of mutation and its descendants in some modern Central Vanuatu languages are shown below:
7226:. A Companion in Linguistics, a Festschrift for Anders Ahlqvist, ed. B. Smelik, R. Hofman, C. Hamans, D. Cram. Nijmegen: de Keltische Draak / Münster: Nodus 2004, 127-140.
7102:
1106:
Another unproductive layer results from the Vulgar Latin palatalization of velar stops before front vowels. It is thus imported from the
Romance languages, and
860:. After most endings were lost in English, and the contrast between voiced and voiceless fricatives partly phonemicized (largely due to the influx of
626:
6069:(the form that means 'hill of', 'stick of', etc.) the voicing of the final consonant is switched from the absolute state. (There are also often
656:
Mutation occurs in languages around the world. A prototypical example of consonant mutation is the initial consonant mutation of all modern
7060:
Ternes, Elmar. 1986. A Grammatical hierarchy of joining. In: Andersen, Henning. Sandhi phenomena in the languages of Europe. P.17-18
1617:
6758:, also called Southern Paiute, there are three consonant mutations, which are triggered by different word-stems, The mutations are
89:
1613:
587:
61:
787:
Scottish Gaelic: in some dialects, stops in stressed syllables are voiced after nasals, e.g. cat 'a cat', an cat 'the cat'.
7215:
Grijzenhout, Janet. 2011. 'Consonant
Mutation' in Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth Hume and Keren Rice (eds.)
7084:
Crowley T, 1991. Parallel
Development and Shared Innovation: Some Developments in Central Vanuatu Inflectional Morphology.
1242:
7223:
1251:
are well-known for their initial consonant mutations. The individual languages vary on the number of mutations available:
68:
878:
42:
1677:. The following tables show the range of Welsh mutations with examples. A blank cell indicates that no change occurs.
7045:
7020:
108:
75:
608:
169:
7244:
57:
46:
3779:
3761:
884:
336:
1234:
5611:
1292:
trigger various mutations. Here are some examples from Breton, Cornish, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh:
6939:
6889:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6829:
6821:
6458:
6292:
6284:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6224:
6219:
6153:
6145:
6125:
6117:
6103:
6090:
6077:
5590:
5577:
5567:
5557:
5544:
5534:
5518:
5505:
5495:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5468:
5460:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5420:
5407:
5397:
5387:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5369:
5365:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5194:
5184:
4405:
4397:
4374:
4366:
4339:
4327:
4304:
4296:
4244:
4217:
4190:
4150:
4119:
4092:
4065:
4030:
3999:
3920:
3911:
3902:
3893:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3847:
3838:
3828:
3819:
3810:
3806:
3797:
3742:
3733:
3723:
3714:
3704:
3695:
3639:
3629:
3619:
3615:
3603:
3595:
3586:
3576:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3542:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3508:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3474:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3440:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3406:
3396:
3392:
3379:
3369:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3335:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3301:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3267:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3233:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3199:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3165:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3131:
3121:
3117:
3104:
3094:
3084:
3080:
3026:
3016:
3001:
2991:
2976:
2966:
2951:
2941:
2926:
2916:
2901:
2891:
2876:
2866:
2851:
2841:
2826:
2816:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2359:
2338:
2329:
2309:
2300:
2280:
2271:
2251:
2242:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2015:
2007:
1998:
1990:
1981:
1973:
1964:
1956:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1870:
1864:
1849:
1834:
1822:
1809:
1802:
1787:
1771:
1760:
1754:
1745:
1737:
1731:
1717:
1711:
1604:'and' is from the word once having the form *ak, and the final consonant influenced the following sounds.
1214:
1199:
1186:
1182:
1171:
1156:
1140:
1125:
1111:
1107:
1096:
1081:
1065:
1050:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1006:
991:
978:
963:
952:
937:
924:
913:
898:
622:
618:
4503:
1238:
7162:
7036:
Fife, James; Gareth King (1998). "Celtic (Indo-European)". In Andrew
Spencer; Arnold M. Zwicky (eds.).
6065:) shows alternations between voiced and voiceless states of the final consonant of a noun stem. In the
5607:
4436:, meaning "sequential voicing", is a mutation of the initial consonant of a non-initial component in a
580:
7239:
5623:
3660:
351:
128:
5911:
1593:
1248:
646:
519:
319:
291:
137:
5223:
The gradation of loanwords may include gradation of the plosives that are not native to
Finnish:
3668:
2526:
2445:
489:
401:
251:
226:
216:
144:
35:
2408:
mutation and reflects a change heard in modern words borrowed from
English. Borrowed words like
514:
82:
6991:
6767:
6548:
6185:
5327:
3748:
3683:
1582:
888:
677:
604:
494:
844:, as part of the loss of gender and erosion of endings, developed plural variation, retaining
301:
7098:
6485:
6360:
3672:
2603:
1289:
887:
in certain cases but not others. That resulted in some alternations, many of which have been
673:
573:
809:
484:
284:
8:
7177:(1930). "The Southern Paiute Language (Part I): Southern Paiute, a Shoshonean Language".
6966:
6344:
4483:
4473:
722:
661:
444:
256:
164:
3767:
3754:
2594:) above the letter that has undergone lenition. The effects of lenition are as follows:
7249:
7194:
6976:
1585:
in the sense of the word used by modern phoneticians, and linguists prefer to speak of
1021:
773:
642:
524:
509:
326:
6045:
of the first syllable in which the interconsonantal vowel was deleted, resulting in a
1600:
phenomena between adjacent words. For example, the mutating effect of the conjunction
7114:
7041:
7016:
5326:
The primary type of consonant mutation is that if two syllables are joined to form a
4437:
4049:
2607:
2599:
704:
685:
544:
534:
370:
271:
5606:
Mutation of the initial consonant of verbs is a feature of several languages in the
836:, being a neuter noun of the strong a-stem class. During the Middle English period,
7186:
6465:
5331:
5320:
4491:
4479:
3656:
1268:
1230:
777:
761:
749:
718:
714:
696:
657:
397:
6046:
7254:
6356:
6066:
6058:
4487:
4045:
4014:
3933:
3679:
2587:
1272:
1252:
1013:
861:
765:
753:
742:
669:
189:
6921:
appears in different forms, according to the noun stem to which it is suffixed:
2586:
following the consonant in question or, in some older typefaces and texts, by a
699:
to a small extent. Mutation of initial, medial and final consonants is found in
6759:
6340:
5655:
Those patterns of mutations probably arose when a nasal prefix, indicating the
4556:. The strong grade usually appears in an open syllable or before a long vowel.
3940:
only. The consonants affected may be stem-initial, stem-medial, or stem-final.
3937:
3664:
2564:
2549:
2541:
2531:
1658:
1642:
1630:
1622:
1264:
1256:
781:
665:
331:
231:
184:
179:
7233:
7118:
6169:
6062:
6042:
5915:
5627:
1260:
700:
681:
539:
381:
360:
346:
306:
7174:
416:
341:
296:
174:
124:
6755:
5918:
uses initial consonant mutation in verbs to distinguish between specific/
5656:
852:, which became extended to a general plural, and over time taking on the
559:
554:
474:
411:
7198:
6763:
6177:
5323:
exhibits consonant mutation, involving voicing in many compound words.
4422:
769:
479:
440:
364:
209:
7190:
6961:
6181:
5910:
Initial consonant mutation also serves a grammatical purpose in some
805:
738:
638:
529:
449:
423:
356:
266:
200:
4526:) that are followed by a vowel and preceded by a vowel, a sonorant (
764:. Example: un arco 'a boat', mi arco 'my boat'. This also occurs in
745:
environment. Some examples of word-initial sandhi are listed below.
24:
6981:
6956:
6070:
5919:
2536:
1586:
614:
504:
499:
469:
221:
157:
737:, which can refer to word-initial alternations triggered by their
6986:
6971:
6454:
Applied to verbs starting with a vowel, the nasal is realized as
6173:
4433:
3678:
The most common classes of mutations are the alternation between
709:
430:
261:
244:
1597:
734:
688:
650:
435:
390:
5431:
The second type of consonant mutation occurs when the phoneme
4449:
1618:
Colloquial Welsh morphology § Initial consonant mutation
1032:
were palatalized, leading to an alternation between alveolar
1017:
757:
692:
2451:
is a feature in Welsh in which a vowel-initial word becomes
741:
environment, unlike mutations, which are triggered by their
4460:
4174:
3983:
3773:
1614:
Literary Welsh morphology § Initial consonant mutation
1592:
Historically, the Celtic initial mutations originated from
707:
exhibits word medial consonant mutation involving voicing,
5479:
The third type of consonant mutation occurs when phonemes
4278:
4272:
4266:
4264:
However, in Modern Hebrew, stop and fricative variants of
7179:
Proceedings of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
6339:
The active form of a multisyllabic verb with an initial
3936:
shows a limited set of mutation alternations, involving
5330:, the initial consonant of the second syllable becomes
4421:
For a more in depth discussion of this phenomenon, see
4448:
ushi ("grip (with the hand)" + "sushi" → "hand-shaped
1625:
has three main classes of initial consonant mutation:
1243:
Scottish Gaelic phonology § Lenition and spelling
7107:
Journal of the
Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea
733:
Initial consonant mutation must not be confused with
613:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4478:Word-medial consonant mutation is found in several
1009:has a combination of both this and palatalization.
695:, shows mutation of stem-final consonants, as does
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7224:The Celtic Mutations: some typological comparisons
6499:prefix but tends to replace it with nasalization:
2455:-initial. It occurs after the possessive pronouns
6409:is deleted, leaving only the nasal in its place.
6405:An initial consonant that is an unvoiced stop or
6168:Consonant mutation is a prominent feature of the
1577:Older textbooks on Gaelic sometimes refer to the
1235:Cornish grammar § Initial consonant mutation
891:, but traces occur in some word doublets such as
7231:
4284:
3978:
1239:Manx language § Initial consonant mutations
627:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
7035:
864:loanwords), the alternation was morphologized.
816:and plural nouns (of Class One nouns) ended in
879:Consonant voicing and devoicing § English
660:. Initial consonant mutation is also found in
7010:
6073:that are independent of consonant mutation.)
5601:
5584:
5571:
5551:
5538:
5526:
5512:
5499:
5451:
5414:
5401:
5301:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5264:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5209:
5199:
5189:
5179:
5166:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5129:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5092:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5052:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4982:
4972:
4962:
4952:
4945:
4935:
4929:
4917:
4907:
4897:
4887:
4880:
4871:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4834:
4824:
4814:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4774:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4737:
4727:
4717:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4680:
4670:
4660:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4620:
4610:
4600:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
3923:: свистеть → свищу "to whistle" / "I whistle"
3915:
3906:
3905:: плеск → плещет "splash" / "(he) splashes",
3897:
3888:
3878:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3823:
3814:
3801:
3792:
3777:
3765:
3746:
3737:
3728:
3718:
3709:
3699:
3690:
828:'house (verb)' had ; however, the plural of
581:
856:plural from Old English Class 1 nouns, thus
756:and pause, alternate with , occurring after
6686:Also two consonants can mutate as a group.
6176:, for example, shows mutation triggered by
3634:
3624:
3581:
3571:
3547:
3537:
3513:
3503:
3479:
3469:
3445:
3435:
3411:
3401:
3374:
3364:
3340:
3330:
3306:
3296:
3272:
3262:
3238:
3228:
3204:
3194:
3170:
3160:
3136:
3126:
3099:
3089:
3048:
3021:
3011:
2996:
2986:
2971:
2961:
2946:
2936:
2921:
2911:
2896:
2886:
2871:
2861:
2846:
2836:
2821:
2811:
2577:
2558:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
6347:is formed by prefixing the verb stem with
6041:Those forms likely derive from an earlier
5622:Initial consonant mutation occurs in many
588:
574:
4459:ake ("muddy" + "rice wine" → "unfiltered
4282: are sometimes distinct phonemes:
2517:'twenty-one', literally "one on twenty".
2507:'on' in the traditional counting system:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
7131:
7074:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6468:before prefixing and produce the prefix
6420:andung (= to contain or to be pregnant),
6049:of the formerly reduplicated consonant.
5922:objects and generic/indefinite objects:
4106:("he remembered" → "he will remember"),
3112:A voiceless stop or /fˠ, fʲ/ is voiced.
1581:mutation as "aspiration", but it is not
728:
7069:
6334:
4384:("connected" – "made friends (with)"),
7232:
7149:The Nominal and Verbal Systems of Fula
7146:
7040:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 477–99.
1884:
7173:
7097:
4486:. It is pervasive, especially in the
2563:
2548:
2414:(chips) can often be heard in Wales.
7217:The Blackwell Companion to Phonology
5334:. The shift occurs in these phones:
4415:("got integrated" – "was shocked"),
4314:("applied make up" – "tipped ash"),
3663:are a very common phenomenon during
617:. For the distinction between ,
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
7219:(Oxford: Blackwell) III: 1537-1558.
6917:For example, the absolutive suffix
6307:'person' have the following forms:
4467:
1224:
13:
7209:
7151:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7103:"The Phonological History of Iaai"
6549:available in the Latvian Knowledge
6488:do not add any mutant nasal, only
6480:bor (= to make a hole with drill).
6397:dapat (= to obtain), *jangkau → me
5617:
2358:*Soft mutation causes initial
776:for the consonants this affects),
14:
7266:
6440:atu (= to become one / to unite),
6371:garuk (= to scratch), hitung → me
4258:("a thousand" → "a thousandth"),
2420:'I'm going to get (some) chips';
883:In Old English, velar stops were
6476:bor (= boring tool / drill) → me
5905:
5427:("medicine" + "room" → "clinic")
4482:and has the traditional name of
4079:("he wrote" → "he will write"),
2495:'his age'). It also occurs with
1012:A second palatalization, called
725:, a type of consonant mutation.
23:
7167:
7011:Ball, M. J.; N. Müller (1992).
6484:Verbs starting with a nasal or
6180:class. The mutation grades are
3387:A voiced stop becomes a nasal.
609:International Phonetic Alphabet
170:Consonant voicing and devoicing
34:needs additional citations for
7163:Wikibooks:Indonesian prefix me
7155:
7140:
7125:
7091:
7078:
7063:
7054:
7029:
7004:
6495:The colloquial language drops
6393:cari (= to search), dapat → me
6172:. The Gombe dialect spoken in
5876:Nakanamanga (Efaté-Shepherds)
4631:Long consonants become short.
2437:
1:
7088:, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 179-222
6997:
6386:fitnah (= to accuse falsely),
6382:beri (= to give), fitnah → me
3594:A vowel receives a preceding
3057:, Ireland's national anthem.
2534:has two consonant mutations:
2426:'I have chips'. However, the
7072:The Grammar of Modern Hebrew
5612:Austronesian language family
5483:, after the nasalized final
3982:These alternations occur in
3788:Other common mutations are:
2598:A stop becomes a fricative.
2362:to be deleted. For example,
1673:if possible but otherwise a
1653:, which is sometimes called
7:
6950:
4504:Finnish consonant gradation
4428:
3037:
2571:
1016:, occurs in loanwords from
867:
10:
7271:
7038:The Handbook of Morphology
6542:
6464:Monosyllabic verbs add an
6363:as the initial consonant:
5707:Southern Apma (Pentecost)
5693:Northern Apma (Pentecost)
5602:Southern Oceanic languages
5435:after the nasalized final
5315:
4501:
4497:
4471:
4391:הִשְׁתַּבֵּץ – הִשְׁתַּבֵץ
4204:("evening" → "twilight"),
4168:) judged" → "to judge "),
3650:
2524:
1665:). The fourth category is
1611:
1228:
1020:. One subtype affects the
876:
872:
6052:
5624:Central Vanuatu languages
5585:
5572:
5552:
5539:
5527:
5513:
5500:
5452:
5443:sound in compound words.
5415:
5402:
5062:
4855:
4846:
4784:
4630:
4390:
4359:
4320:
4289:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4237:
4210:
4183:
4172:
4143:
4112:
4085:
4058:
4023:
3992:
3981:
3927:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3889:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3843:
3834:
3824:
3815:
3802:
3793:
3784:"of the tsar" (adjective)
3778:
3766:
3747:
3738:
3729:
3719:
3710:
3700:
3691:
3659:, consonant mutation and
3593:
3386:
3111:
1682:
6035:"carry on the shoulder"
5912:New Caledonian languages
4353:("striped" – "missed"),
4137:) turned" → "to turn"),
2520:
2417:Dw i'n mynd i gael tsips
1882:
1607:
1594:progressive assimilation
1249:Insular Celtic languages
520:Compensatory lengthening
292:Compensatory lengthening
7070:Glinert, Lewis (1989).
6430:utih (= to turn white),
6300:For example, the stems
6163:
6110:'appearance' (abs.), ki
5772:Central/Southern Paama
4444:nigiri + sushi → nigiri
3684:postalveolar consonants
3600:⟨a, o, u⟩
2527:Irish initial mutations
605:phonetic transcriptions
145:Quantitative metathesis
7161:Examples adapted from
7147:Arnott, D. W. (1970).
6992:Historical linguistics
6749:
5665:Proto-Central Vanuatu
5302:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5265:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5210:
5200:
5190:
5180:
5167:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5130:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5093:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5053:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4983:
4973:
4963:
4953:
4946:
4936:
4930:
4918:
4908:
4898:
4888:
4881:
4872:
4862:
4848:
4835:
4825:
4815:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4775:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4738:
4728:
4718:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4681:
4671:
4661:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4621:
4611:
4601:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4455:nigori + sake → nigori
4360:הִתְחַבֵּר – הִתְחַבֵר
4017:) → "you will come"),
3809:(or less frequently щ
3673:comparative adjectives
3635:
3625:
3582:
3572:
3548:
3538:
3514:
3504:
3480:
3470:
3446:
3436:
3412:
3402:
3375:
3365:
3341:
3331:
3307:
3297:
3273:
3263:
3239:
3229:
3205:
3195:
3171:
3161:
3137:
3127:
3100:
3090:
3049:
3022:
3012:
2997:
2987:
2972:
2962:
2947:
2937:
2922:
2912:
2897:
2887:
2872:
2862:
2847:
2837:
2822:
2812:
2578:
2559:
2545:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
1662:
1646:
1634:
1290:possessive determiners
678:West African languages
602:This article contains
7245:Linguistic morphology
7132:Stafford, R. (1967).
7015:. London: Routledge.
6486:approximant consonant
6361:place of articulation
6007:"lift up by the end"
5934:Indeterminate object
2604:place of articulation
2582:) is indicated by an
2525:Further information:
1669:, which calls for an
1612:Further information:
1229:Further information:
729:Similar sound changes
713:, in many compounds.
7136:. Nairobi: Longmans.
6547:More information is
6401:jangkau (= to reach)
6375:hitung (= to count),
6335:Indonesian and Malay
5890:Namakir (Shepherds)
5794:v / w > mp / mpw
5791:t / r > nt / ntr
5459:) can be pronounced
4928:In the combinations
4231:("king" → "queen"),
3608:⟨e, i⟩
848:, the dative plural
824:'a house' had , and
752:: , occurring after
285:Transphonologization
58:"Consonant mutation"
43:improve this article
7086:Oceanic Linguistics
6967:Consonant gradation
6345:fricative consonant
5931:Determinate object
5842:t / c > nd / nj
5732:Lonwolwol (Ambrym)
5727:v / vw > b / bw
5688:v / vw > b / bw
5491:in compound words:
4484:consonant gradation
4474:Consonant gradation
4321:פִּסְפֵּס – פִסְפֵס
3045:⟨bhF⟩
3043:eclipsis, e.g. the
2796:
2602:is retained, as is
2400:corresponds to the
1888:
1686:
1022:sibilant consonants
927:in Middle English.
723:consonant gradation
165:Consonant gradation
6977:Sonority hierarchy
6743:zvaigzne→zvaigžņu
6450:ulis (= to write).
6096:'stick' (abs.), lu
6071:vowel alternations
5885:v / w > p / pw
5845:v / w > p / pw
5819:v / w > p / pw
5714:v / w > b / bw
5702:v / w > b / bw
4389: •
4358: •
4319: •
4288: •
4236: •
4209: •
4182: •
4142: •
4111: •
4084: •
4057: •
4022: •
3991: •
2794:
2592:⟨◌̇⟩
2550:[ˈʃeːvʲuː]
2374:"the garden", and
1886:
1684:
635:Consonant mutation
550:Consonant mutation
525:Monophthongization
407:Consonant mutation
7013:Mutation in Welsh
6915:
6914:
6747:
6746:
6727:atkusnis→atkušņa
6684:
6683:
6664:vācietis→vācieša
6359:sharing the same
6298:
6297:
6138:'book' (abs.), bu
6083:'hill' (abs.), go
6039:
6038:
5903:
5902:
5775:k / ∅ > g / ŋ
5748:x / h / ∅ > g
5745:Southeast Ambrym
5679:Raga (Pentecost)
5313:
5312:
5221:
5220:
4993:When followed by
4419:
4418:
4262:
4261:
3977:
3976:
3648:
3647:
3035:
3034:
2584:⟨h⟩
2390:
2389:
2368:"garden" becomes
2353:
2352:
1880:
1879:
1671:aspirate mutation
1651:aspirate mutation
1575:
1574:
1036:and postalveolar
804:originates in an
762:liquid consonants
645:according to its
598:
597:
545:Shm-reduplication
535:Rhinoglottophilia
371:Consonant harmony
272:Cluster reduction
119:
118:
111:
93:
7262:
7240:Celtic languages
7222:Zimmer, Stefan.
7203:
7202:
7191:10.2307/20026309
7171:
7165:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7134:The Luo language
7129:
7123:
7122:
7095:
7089:
7082:
7076:
7075:
7067:
7061:
7058:
7052:
7051:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7008:
6941:
6891:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6831:
6823:
6785:Prenasalization
6773:
6772:
6689:
6688:
6554:
6553:
6466:epenthetic vowel
6460:
6326:imɗo (class 1),
6294:
6286:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6226:
6221:
6200:Prenasalization
6191:
6190:
6158:
6151:
6130:
6123:
6109:
6095:
6082:
5965:"pull, haul in"
5925:
5924:
5785:Nāti (Malekula)
5719:Ske (Pentecost)
5662:
5661:
5608:Southern Oceanic
5596:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:("to apologize")
5563:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5531:) ("to consult")
5530:
5529:
5524:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5474:
5466:
5455:
5454:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5426:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5309:
5299:
5288:
5281:
5272:
5262:
5251:
5244:
5226:
5225:
5217:
5207:
5196:
5193:
5186:
5183:
5174:
5164:
5153:
5146:
5137:
5127:
5116:
5109:
5100:
5090:
5079:
5072:
5060:
5050:
5039:
5032:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5005:and preceded by
5004:
4998:
4990:
4980:
4970:
4960:
4949:
4939:
4933:
4925:
4915:
4905:
4895:
4884:
4875:
4869:
4858:
4857:
4851:
4842:
4832:
4822:
4812:
4801:
4794:
4782:
4772:
4761:
4754:
4745:
4735:
4725:
4715:
4704:
4697:
4688:
4678:
4668:
4658:
4647:
4640:
4628:
4618:
4608:
4598:
4587:
4580:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4480:Uralic languages
4468:Uralic languages
4412:
4411:
4403:
4392:
4381:
4380:
4372:
4361:
4350:
4349:
4337:
4322:
4311:
4310:
4302:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4270:,
4269:
4255:
4254:
4239:
4228:
4227:
4212:
4201:
4200:
4185:
4161:
4160:
4145:
4130:
4129:
4114:
4103:
4102:
4087:
4076:
4075:
4060:
4041:
4040:
4025:
4010:
4009:
3994:
3979:
3943:
3942:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3782:
3771:
3770:
3760:Gain or loss of
3752:
3751:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3641:
3638:
3631:
3628:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3588:
3585:
3578:
3575:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3517:
3510:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3483:
3476:
3473:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3449:
3442:
3439:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3415:
3408:
3405:
3398:
3394:
3381:
3378:
3371:
3368:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3344:
3337:
3334:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3208:
3201:
3198:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3123:
3119:
3106:
3103:
3096:
3093:
3086:
3082:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3046:
3028:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3003:
3000:
2993:
2990:
2978:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2953:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2928:
2925:
2918:
2915:
2903:
2900:
2893:
2890:
2878:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2853:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2828:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2567:
2565:[ˈʊɾˠuː]
2562:
2552:
2516:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2489:'her age' (c.f.
2488:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2340:
2331:
2311:
2302:
2282:
2273:
2253:
2244:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2017:
2009:
2000:
1992:
1983:
1975:
1966:
1958:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1889:
1885:
1872:
1866:
1851:
1836:
1824:
1811:
1804:
1789:
1773:
1762:
1756:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1719:
1713:
1687:
1685:Mutation scheme
1683:
1680:
1679:
1655:spirant mutation
1647:treiglad trwynol
1295:
1294:
1231:Breton mutations
1225:Celtic languages
1220:
1205:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1162:
1146:
1131:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1087:
1071:
1056:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1008:
997:
980:
969:
954:
943:
926:
919:
904:
715:Uralic languages
686:Nilotic language
658:Celtic languages
624:
620:
590:
583:
576:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
7270:
7269:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7260:
7259:
7230:
7229:
7212:
7210:Further reading
7207:
7206:
7172:
7168:
7160:
7156:
7145:
7141:
7130:
7126:
7096:
7092:
7083:
7079:
7068:
7064:
7059:
7055:
7048:
7034:
7030:
7023:
7009:
7005:
7000:
6953:
6768:prenasalization
6752:
6719:kāpslis→kāpšļa
6648:teteris→tetera
6584:briedis→brieža
6545:
6337:
6330:imkon (class 6)
6315:imo (class 1),
6304:'free man' and
6186:prenasalization
6166:
6152:'book' (abs.),
6124:'bone' (abs.),
6067:construct state
6059:Dholuo language
6055:
6021:"turn, change"
5914:. For example,
5908:
5759:Northern Paama
5620:
5618:Central Vanuatu
5604:
5481:/p,pʰ,b,t,tʰ,d/
5318:
4506:
4500:
4476:
4470:
4440:compound word:
4431:
4396:
4365:
4326:
4295:
4243:
4216:
4189:
4149:
4118:
4091:
4064:
4029:
3998:
3930:
3653:
3607:
3599:
3044:
3040:
2606:except for the
2591:
2583:
2574:
2529:
2523:
2501:'twenty' after
2443:
2380:"work" becomes
2230:
2226:
2211:
2203:
2186:
2178:
2161:
2153:
2023:
2010:
1993:
1976:
1959:
1635:treiglad meddal
1620:
1610:
1310:Scottish Gaelic
1253:Scottish Gaelic
1245:
1227:
1110:alternate with
1014:yod-coalescence
881:
875:
870:
808:alternation of
800:, and the verb
743:morphosyntactic
731:
676:and in several
674:Southern Paiute
637:is change in a
632:
631:
630:
594:
565:
564:
465:
457:
456:
455:
454:
426:
393:
376:
375:
352:Final devoicing
322:
312:
311:
287:
277:
276:
247:
237:
236:
212:
195:
194:
190:Debuccalization
160:
150:
149:
140:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7268:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7228:
7227:
7220:
7211:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7166:
7154:
7139:
7124:
7090:
7077:
7062:
7053:
7046:
7028:
7021:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6937:
6930:
6913:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6869:
6868:
6865:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6824:
6819:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6801:
6800:
6797:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6779:Spirantization
6777:
6760:spirantization
6751:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6697:
6696:
6693:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6674:
6673:
6672:cirvis→cirvja
6670:
6666:
6665:
6662:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6641:
6640:krupis→krupja
6638:
6634:
6633:
6630:
6626:
6625:
6622:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6602:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6590:
6586:
6585:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6570:
6569:
6568:gulbis→gulbja
6566:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6529:
6515:
6482:
6481:
6452:
6451:
6441:
6431:
6421:
6403:
6402:
6387:
6376:
6341:stop consonant
6336:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6320:
6319:imon (class 6)
6296:
6295:
6290:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6271:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6143:
6132:
6115:
6101:
6088:
6054:
6051:
6047:spirantization
6037:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5836:Bierebo (Epi)
5833:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5788:k / ʔ > ŋk
5786:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5653:
5652:
5642:
5619:
5616:
5610:branch of the
5603:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5565:
5532:
5477:
5476:
5429:
5428:
5391:
5390:
5381:
5372:
5363:
5354:
5345:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5289:
5282:
5274:
5273:
5252:
5245:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5219:
5218:
5197:
5187:
5176:
5175:
5154:
5147:
5139:
5138:
5117:
5110:
5102:
5101:
5080:
5073:
5065:
5064:
5063:Assimilation.
5061:
5040:
5033:
5025:
5024:
4991:
4950:
4942:
4941:
4926:
4885:
4877:
4876:
4859:
4852:
4844:
4843:
4802:
4795:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4762:
4755:
4747:
4746:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4689:
4648:
4641:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4588:
4581:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4502:Main article:
4499:
4496:
4472:Main article:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4453:
4430:
4427:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4394:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4363:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4324:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4293:
4290:אִפֵּר – עִפֵר
4260:
4259:
4256:
4241:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4214:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4187:
4179:
4178:
4170:
4169:
4162:
4147:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4116:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4089:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4062:
4054:
4053:
4042:
4027:
4019:
4018:
4011:
3996:
3988:
3987:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3938:spirantization
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3886:
3831:
3786:
3785:
3762:palatalization
3758:
3726:
3707:
3665:word formation
3652:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3632:
3622:
3612:
3611:
3592:
3589:
3579:
3569:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3545:
3535:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3511:
3501:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3477:
3467:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3443:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3409:
3399:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3372:
3362:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3338:
3328:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3304:
3294:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3270:
3260:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3236:
3226:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3202:
3192:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3168:
3158:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3134:
3124:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3019:
3008:
3007:
3004:
2994:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2969:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2944:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2919:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2894:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2869:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2844:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2819:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2780:do not mutate.
2743:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2573:
2570:
2522:
2519:
2442:
2436:
2423:Mae gen i jips
2388:
2387:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2332:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2235:
2234:
2221:
2219:
2194:
2169:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2001:
1984:
1967:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1667:mixed mutation
1663:treiglad llaes
1639:nasal mutation
1609:
1606:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1408:
1397:
1386:
1375:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1179:
1178:
1147:
1104:
1103:
1072:
982:
981:
955:
874:
871:
869:
866:
789:
788:
785:
730:
727:
625:⟩, see
601:
600:
599:
596:
595:
593:
592:
585:
578:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
452:
447:
438:
433:
427:
422:
421:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
394:
389:
388:
385:
384:
378:
377:
374:
373:
368:
354:
349:
344:
339:
337:Palatalization
334:
332:Coarticulation
329:
323:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
283:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
248:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
232:Vowel breaking
229:
224:
219:
213:
208:
207:
204:
203:
197:
196:
193:
192:
187:
185:L-vocalization
182:
180:Spirantization
177:
172:
167:
161:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
141:
136:
135:
132:
131:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7267:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7225:
7221:
7218:
7214:
7213:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7175:Sapir, Edward
7170:
7164:
7158:
7150:
7143:
7135:
7128:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7087:
7081:
7073:
7066:
7057:
7049:
7047:0-631-22694-X
7043:
7039:
7032:
7024:
7022:0-415-03165-6
7018:
7014:
7007:
7003:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6945:
6938:
6935:
6931:
6928:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6910:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6880:
6877:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6834:
6828:
6825:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6812:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6735:zizlis→zižļa
6734:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6711:cilnis→ciļņa
6710:
6707:
6706:
6703:pāksts→pākšu
6702:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6632:zirnis→zirņa
6631:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6592:dadzis→dadža
6591:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6537:
6533:
6530:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6449:
6445:
6442:
6439:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6355:stands for a
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6291:
6288:
6283:
6282:
6272:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6223:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6170:Fula language
6157:
6149:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6121:
6116:
6113:
6107:
6102:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6063:Luo languages
6060:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6043:reduplication
6034:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5906:New Caledonia
5899:v / w > b
5898:
5896:t / r > d
5895:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5863:Bieria (Epi)
5862:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5824:Lamenu (Epi)
5823:
5822:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5780:
5778:t / r > d
5777:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5754:v / h > b
5753:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5650:
5648:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5594:
5580:
5566:
5561:
5547:
5533:
5522:
5508:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5472:
5464:
5458:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5424:
5410:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5382:
5373:
5364:
5355:
5346:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5328:compound word
5324:
5322:
5308:
5306:
5298:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5261:
5259:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5216:
5214:
5206:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5171:
5163:
5161:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5134:
5126:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5089:
5087:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5057:
5049:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4979:
4977:
4969:
4967:
4959:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4932:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4914:
4912:
4904:
4902:
4894:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4860:
4853:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4831:
4829:
4821:
4819:
4811:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4781:
4779:
4771:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4734:
4732:
4724:
4722:
4714:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4677:
4675:
4667:
4665:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4627:
4625:
4617:
4615:
4607:
4605:
4597:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4505:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4426:
4424:
4414:
4409:
4401:
4395:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4370:
4364:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4300:
4294:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4048:) → "broke" (
4047:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3887:
3832:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3750:
3727:
3708:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3643:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3614:
3613:
3590:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3485:/n̠ʲɪn̠ʲeːɾˠ/
3482:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3176:/d̪ˠɾˠaːt̪ˠə/
3173:
3169:
3166:/t̪ˠɾˠaːt̪ˠə/
3163:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3125:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3063:Sound change
3062:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2782:
2744:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2580:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2392:The mutation
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1675:soft mutation
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:soft mutation
1624:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:the big woman
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1003:
995:
990:
989:
977:
975:
967:
962:
961:
956:
951:
949:
941:
936:
935:
930:
929:
928:
921:
917:
912:
910:
902:
897:
896:
890:
886:
880:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
786:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
748:
747:
746:
744:
740:
736:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:
706:
702:
701:Modern Hebrew
698:
694:
690:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
653:environment.
652:
648:
647:morphological
644:
640:
636:
628:
616:
612:
610:
606:
591:
586:
584:
579:
577:
572:
571:
569:
568:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
540:Sulcalization
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
461:
460:
451:
448:
446:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
425:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
399:
396:
395:
392:
387:
386:
383:
382:Dissimilation
380:
379:
372:
369:
366:
362:
361:vowel harmony
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:Labialization
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
321:
316:
315:
308:
307:Floating tone
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
286:
281:
280:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
246:
241:
240:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
211:
206:
205:
202:
199:
198:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
159:
154:
153:
146:
143:
142:
139:
134:
133:
130:
126:
123:
122:
113:
110:
102:
99:November 2020
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
7216:
7185:(1): 1–296.
7182:
7178:
7169:
7157:
7148:
7142:
7133:
7127:
7110:
7106:
7093:
7085:
7080:
7071:
7065:
7056:
7037:
7031:
7012:
7006:
6943:
6933:
6926:
6918:
6916:
6753:
6685:
6608:liekt→liecu
6546:
6535:
6531:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6496:
6494:
6489:
6483:
6477:
6469:
6463:
6455:
6453:
6447:
6443:
6437:
6433:
6427:
6423:
6417:
6413:
6406:
6404:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6383:
6379:
6372:
6368:
6352:
6348:
6338:
6327:
6323:
6316:
6312:
6305:
6301:
6299:
6167:
6155:
6147:
6139:
6135:
6127:
6119:
6111:
6105:
6097:
6092:
6084:
6079:
6061:(one of the
6056:
6040:
5909:
5674:*p > *mp
5671:*r > *nr
5668:*k > *ŋk
5654:
5646:
5644:
5636:
5634:
5621:
5605:
5597:("airplane")
5592:
5578:
5559:
5545:
5520:
5506:
5478:
5470:
5462:
5456:
5445:
5430:
5422:
5408:
5392:
5325:
5319:
5304:
5294:
5267:
5257:
5222:
5212:
5202:
5169:
5159:
5132:
5122:
5095:
5085:
5055:
5045:
4985:
4975:
4965:
4955:
4920:
4910:
4900:
4890:
4864:
4837:
4827:
4817:
4807:
4777:
4767:
4740:
4730:
4720:
4710:
4683:
4673:
4663:
4653:
4623:
4613:
4603:
4593:
4507:
4477:
4456:
4445:
4432:
4420:
4407:
4399:
4376:
4368:
4345:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4306:
4298:
4276: and
4263:
4250:
4246:
4223:
4219:
4196:
4192:
4184:ערב ← ערביים
4165:
4156:
4152:
4144:שפטת ← לשפוט
4134:
4125:
4121:
4113:פנית ← לפנות
4098:
4094:
4071:
4067:
4050:intransitive
4036:
4032:
4005:
4001:
3949:Spirantized
3931:
3787:
3753:"quiet" and
3677:
3661:alternations
3654:
3475:/dʲɪn̠ʲeːɾˠ/
3105:/bˠɾˠaːt̪ˠə/
3095:/pˠɾˠaːt̪ˠə/
3051:
3041:
2790:are deleted.
2575:
2554:
2535:
2530:
2511:
2483:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2427:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2386:"his work".
2347:
2334:
2325:
2318:
2305:
2296:
2289:
2276:
2267:
2260:
2247:
2238:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2139:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2103:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2003:
1994:
1986:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1654:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1621:
1601:
1591:
1578:
1576:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1337:
1333:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1246:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1011:
1001:
999:
993:
987:
985:
983:
973:
971:
965:
959:
957:
947:
945:
939:
933:
931:
922:
915:
908:
906:
900:
894:
892:
882:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
801:
797:
793:
790:
739:phonological
732:
708:
691:, spoken in
655:
634:
633:
621:and ⟨
603:
549:
417:Vowel hiatus
406:
342:Velarization
320:Assimilation
297:Nasalization
175:Assibilation
125:Sound change
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
16:Sound change
7099:Lynch, John
6680:vēzis→vēža
6656:lasis→laša
6624:zeme→zemju
6616:sīlis→sīļa
6600:lūgt→lūdzu
6576:lācis→lāča
6534:repotkan →
6416:andung → me
6322:(class 2),
6311:(class 2),
5979:"brandish"
5850:Baki (Epi)
5812:Lewo (Epi)
5799:Maii (Epi)
5657:realis mood
4238:אלף ← אלפית
4155:atet/→/liʃˈ
4086:זכר ← יזכור
4059:כתב ← יכתוב
3669:conjugation
3451:/n̪ˠɾˠiːmʲ/
3441:/d̪ˠɾˠiːmʲ/
3346:/vʲɾʲaɡɾˠə/
3336:/fʲɾʲaɡɾˠə/
3017:/fʲɾʲaɡɾˠə/
2917:/d̪ˠɾˠiːmʲ/
2467:'our', and
885:palatalized
810:Old English
560:Chain shift
555:Vowel shift
475:Affrication
464:Other types
412:Tone sandhi
302:Tonogenesis
129:alternation
7234:Categories
6998:References
6782:Gemination
6764:gemination
6367:garuk → me
6178:declension
6026:v > hv
6012:w > hw
5984:ɳ > hɳ
5970:n > hn
5956:l > hl
5951:"welcome"
5871:v > mb
5868:t > nd
5858:v > mb
5839:k > ŋk
5740:∅ > bV
5737:r > rV
5696:k > ŋg
5682:x > ŋg
5450:"blouse" (
5446:Examples:
5439:becomes a
5393:Examples:
4785:Lenition.
4494:branches.
4423:Begadkefat
4211:מלך ← מלכה
4124:aˈnit/→/li
4070:aˈtav/→/ji
4046:transitive
4044:("broke" (
4024:שבר ← נשבר
4015:imperative
3993:בוא ← תבוא
3210:/dʲaŋ(ɡ)ə/
3200:/tʲaŋ(ɡ)ə/
3066:Unmutated
3050:Amhrán na
2967:/mˠaːhəɾʲ/
2952:/ɣl̪ˠuːnʲ/
2942:/ɡl̪ˠuːnʲ/
2800:Unmutated
2576:Lenition (
2441:-prothesis
2411:tsips/jips
2301:/r̥ɪʊ̯bɛθ/
2261:big, large
2217:/ŋɔrsa(v)/
2167:/ɡɔrsa(v)/
2054:/ŋ̊ɔi̯dɛn/
1991:/n̥reː(v)/
1583:aspiration
1263:have two,
1024:: earlier
877:See also:
806:allophonic
770:begedkefet
662:Indonesian
480:Gemination
441:Synaeresis
210:Epenthesis
138:Metathesis
69:newspapers
7250:Phonology
7119:0023-1959
6962:Fortition
6446:ulis → me
6426:utih → me
6389:cari → me
6378:beri → me
6351:in which
6197:Fortition
6182:fortition
5998:t > θ
5942:k > x
5928:Mutation
5893:k > ŋ
5882:r > t
5879:k > ŋ
5855:c > s
5831:∅ > p
5807:v > b
5804:t > d
5765:t > r
5762:∅ > k
5751:t > d
5724:z > d
5699:t > d
5685:t > d
5487:, become
4097:aʁ/→/jizˈ
4035:aʁ/→/niʃˈ
4013:("come" (
3757:"quieter"
3640:/n̪ˠiːçə/
3587:/n̠ʲeːnˠ/
3519:/ŋɫ̪uːnʲ/
3509:/ɡɫ̪uːnʲ/
3489:"dinner"
3380:/mˠan̠ʲə/
3370:/bˠan̠ʲə/
3350:"answer"
3342:bhfreagra
3302:/fˠɔkəlˠ/
3214:"tongue"
3180:"tomato"
3109:"potato"
3069:Eclipsis
3031:"answer"
3027:/ɾʲaɡɾˠə/
2981:"mother"
2977:/waːhəɾʲ/
2927:/ɣɾˠiːmʲ/
2827:/fʲaːn̪ˠ/
2817:/pʲaːn̪ˠ/
2803:Lenition
2795:Examples
2492:ei oedran
2473:'their':
2448:prothesis
2319:something
2310:/rɪʊ̯bɛθ/
2192:/ɔrsa(v)/
2063:/χɔi̯dɛn/
2045:/ɡɔi̯dɛn/
2036:/kɔi̯dɛn/
2008:/θreː(v)/
1974:/dreː(v)/
1957:/treː(v)/
1901:Aspirate
1887:Examples
1699:Aspirate
1570:their cat
1255:has one,
984:The pair
796:, plural
651:syntactic
639:consonant
530:Rhotacism
450:Synizesis
445:diaeresis
424:Synalepha
402:linking R
357:Metaphony
267:Haplology
252:Apheresis
227:Unpacking
217:Prothesis
201:Fortition
7199:20026309
7101:(2015).
6982:Apophony
6957:Lenition
6951:See also
6946:'tongue'
6695:Example
6692:Mutation
6560:Example
6557:Mutation
6436:atu → me
6159:(const.)
6142:(const.)
6131:(const.)
6114:(const.)
6100:(const.)
6087:(const.)
5937:Meaning
5920:definite
5641:"I went"
5528:တိုင်ပင်
5348:/tɕʰ,tɕ/
5235:Example
4438:Japanese
4429:Japanese
4393:
4362:
4323:
4292:
4240:
4213:
4186:
4146:
4115:
4088:
4061:
4026:
3995:
3745:, as in
3644:"night"
3606:(before
3598:(before
3553:/ɲat̪ˠə/
3543:/ɟat̪ˠə/
3481:ndinnéar
3421:"woman"
3312:/wɔkəlˠ/
3278:/ɟaːn̪ˠ/
3268:/caːn̪ˠ/
3142:/bʲaːnˠ/
3132:/pʲaːnˠ/
3038:Eclipsis
3023:fhreagra
2992:/sˠuːlʲ/
2973:mháthair
2906:"woman"
2877:/çaːn̪ˠ/
2867:/caːn̪ˠ/
2856:"house"
2762:/sˠm(ʲ)/
2758:/sˠp(ʲ)/
2608:coronals
2572:Lenition
2555:eclipsis
2537:lenition
2383:ei waith
2339:/d͡ʒɪps/
2330:/t͡ʃɪps/
2201:/ŋwai̯θ/
2151:/ɡwai̯θ/
2097:/mraʊ̯d/
2088:/vraʊ̯d/
2079:/braʊ̯d/
1946:children
1932:/m̥lant/
1904:English
1892:Radical
1690:Radical
1587:lenition
1206: :
1163: :
1132: :
1126:/ɪnˈdjuː
1088: :
1057: :
998: :
970: :
944: :
889:levelled
868:Examples
820:. Thus,
802:to house
705:Japanese
703:. Also,
680:such as
619:/ /
615:Help:IPA
505:Iotacism
500:Betacism
490:Fronting
485:Clipping
470:Apophony
222:Paragoge
158:Lenition
6987:Elision
6972:Rendaku
6936:'belly'
6881:
6776:Radical
6543:Latvian
6538:repotin
6524:ikir →
6520:ikir →
6510:anya →
6506:anya →
6194:Radical
6174:Nigeria
5962:hlihli
5589:) >
5556:) >
5517:) >
5453:အင်္ကျီ
5419:) >
5321:Burmese
5316:Burmese
4568:Example
4498:Finnish
4434:Rendaku
4406:/hiʃtaˈ
4398:/hiʃtaˈ
4375:/hitχaˈ
4367:/hitχaˈ
4222:/→/malˈ
4164:("you (
4133:("you (
4004:o/→/taˈ
3946:Radical
3932:Modern
3780:царский
3671:and in
3657:Russian
3651:Russian
3636:n-oíche
3620:/n̪ˠiː/
3591:"bird"
3567:/n̠ʲeː/
3557:"gate"
3523:"knee"
3471:dinnéar
3455:"back"
3417:/mʲanˠ/
3407:/bʲanˠ/
3384:"milk"
3376:mbainne
3332:freagra
3316:"word"
3308:bhfocal
3282:"head"
3244:/gat̪ˠ/
3234:/kat̪ˠ/
3206:dteanga
3013:freagra
3002:/huːlʲ/
2963:máthair
2956:"knee"
2931:"back"
2902:/vʲanˠ/
2892:/bʲanˠ/
2881:"head"
2766:/sˠt̪ˠ/
2752:become
2600:Voicing
2588:overdot
2579:séimhiú
2546:séimhiú
2479:'age',
2461:'her',
2371:yr ardd
2308:ywbeth
2299:ywbeth
2252:/vaʊ̯r/
2243:/maʊ̯r/
2232:station
2176:/wai̯θ/
2104:brother
1941:/flant/
1923:/blant/
1914:/plant/
1649:); and
1528:her cat
1486:his cat
1301:Cornish
1269:Cornish
1066:/kənˈfɛ
1051:/kənˈfɛ
873:English
778:Aramaic
774:acronym
750:Spanish
719:Finnish
710:rendaku
697:English
607:in the
495:Raising
431:Elision
398:Liaison
262:Apocope
257:Syncope
245:Elision
83:scholar
7255:Syntax
7197:
7117:
7044:
7019:
6932:sappI-
6929:'nose'
6905:
6875:
6861:
6766:, and
6700:kst→kš
6470:menge-
6053:Dholuo
6032:hvɛɛʈ
6029:vɛɖen
6018:hwiəə
5993:"tie"
5990:hɳuuk
5651:"I go"
5573:လေယာဉ်
5568:lèjɪ̀ɴ
5540:တောင်း
5457:angkyi
5375:/pʰ,p/
5366:/tʰ,t/
5357:/sʰ,s/
5339:/kʰ,k/
5332:voiced
5229:Strong
4571:Notes
4562:Strong
4550:), or
4492:Finnic
4249:/→/alˈ
4218:/ˈmele
4195:/→/aʁˈ
4173:or in
3934:Hebrew
3928:Hebrew
3776:" and
3630:/iːçə/
3602:), or
3577:/eːnˠ/
3549:ngeata
3515:nglúin
3447:ndroim
3366:bainne
3274:gceann
3248:"cat"
3196:teanga
3172:dtráta
3146:"pen"
3138:bpeann
3101:bpráta
3075:Notes
3072:Gloss
3006:"eye"
2948:ghlúin
2923:dhroim
2873:cheann
2848:theach
2842:/tʲax/
2831:"pen"
2823:pheann
2806:Gloss
2776:, and
2756:, but
2553:) and
2510:un ar
2486:oedran
2476:oedran
2377:gwaith
2290:parish
2215:orsaf
2209:/ŋlas/
2199:waith
2165:orsaf
2159:/ɡlas/
2149:waith
2133:/nuːr/
2124:/ðuːr/
2115:/duːr/
2061:oeden
2052:oeden
2043:oeden
2034:oeden
1999:/n̥iː/
1898:Nasal
1696:Nasal
1616:, and
1598:sandhi
1589:here.
1579:c → ch
1324:gwraig
1313:Gloss
1298:Breton
1273:Breton
1241:, and
1141:/inˈdʌ
1097:/ˈfjuː
1007:/tɔːt/
979:/θɔːt/
953:/sɔːt/
862:French
858:houses
850:housen
826:hūsian
814:-(i)an
798:houses
780:, and
766:Hebrew
758:vowels
754:nasals
735:sandhi
689:Dholuo
684:. The
623:
515:Merger
510:Fusion
436:Crasis
391:Sandhi
365:umlaut
327:Fusion
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
7195:JSTOR
6925:movi-
6740:zn→žņ
6732:zl→žļ
6724:sn→šņ
6716:sl→šļ
6708:ln→ļņ
6589:dz→dž
6536:ng(e)
6357:nasal
6004:θəəʈ
6001:təəʈ
5987:ɳooc
5976:hnəŋ
5959:lele
5626:like
5501:တိုင်
4937:-yky-
4931:-uku-
4488:Samic
4450:sushi
4245:/ˈele
4199:ajim/
4191:/ˈeʁe
4175:nouns
4128:ˈnot/
4074:ˈtov/
3984:verbs
3749:тихий
3680:velar
3626:oíche
3604:/n̠ʲ/
3596:/n̪ˠ/
3583:n-éan
3539:geata
3505:glúin
3465:/n̠ʲ/
3437:droim
3431:/n̪ˠ/
3427:/d̪ˠ/
3413:mbean
3298:focal
3264:ceann
3162:tráta
3156:/d̪ˠ/
3152:/t̪ˠ/
3128:peann
3091:práta
2998:shúil
2938:glúin
2913:droim
2898:bhean
2863:ceann
2852:/hax/
2838:teach
2813:peann
2774:/sˠk/
2770:/ʃtʲ/
2690:/d̪ˠ/
2632:/t̪ˠ/
2542:Irish
2532:Irish
2521:Irish
2514:ugain
2498:ugain
2365:gardd
2348:chips
2281:/lan/
2272:/ɬan/
2190:rsaf
2184:/las/
2174:aith
2140:water
2095:rawd
2086:rawd
2077:rawd
2025:house
2016:/θiː/
1982:/diː/
1965:/tiː/
1939:lant
1930:lant
1921:lant
1912:lant
1895:Soft
1871:/d͡ʒ/
1865:/t͡ʃ/
1693:Soft
1659:Welsh
1643:Welsh
1631:Welsh
1623:Welsh
1608:Welsh
1392:raig
1334:woman
1321:gwreg
1318:gwreg
1307:Irish
1304:Welsh
1265:Welsh
1257:Irish
1112:/sdʒ/
1082:/fjuː
1059:confe
1045:confe
1018:Latin
794:house
782:Tamil
772:, an
721:show
717:like
693:Kenya
672:, in
670:Nivkh
668:, in
666:Malay
641:in a
611:(IPA)
90:JSTOR
76:books
7115:ISSN
7042:ISBN
7017:ISBN
6867:nts
6669:v→vj
6637:p→pj
6621:m→mj
6597:g→dz
6565:b→bj
6528:ikir
6514:anya
6349:meN-
6302:rim-
6184:and
6164:Fula
6154:kɪta
6146:kɪta
6057:The
6015:wia
5973:nəŋ
5948:xəp
5945:kap
5916:Iaai
5645:nam
5635:nan
5628:Raga
5591:lèɪɴ
5576:) +
5558:táʊɴ
5543:) +
5535:táʊɴ
5519:tàɪɴ
5504:) +
5496:tàɪɴ
5469:/èɪɴ
5461:/èɪɴ
5433:/dʑ/
5416:ခန်း
5406:) +
5352:/dʑ/
5232:Weak
5195:/ŋː/
5185:/ŋk/
4934:and
4873:paot
4565:Weak
4490:and
4461:sake
4410:ets/
4402:ets/
4151:/ʃaˈ
4093:/zaˈ
4031:/ʃaˈ
3921:/ɕː/
3912:/st/
3903:/ɕː/
3894:/sk/
3884:/tɕ/
3875:/ts/
3811:/ɕː/
3807:/tɕ/
3774:tsar
3768:царь
3755:тише
3705:/tɕ/
3682:and
3616:/iː/
3563:/eː/
3461:/dʲ/
3403:bean
3397:/mʲ/
3393:/bʲ/
3360:/mˠ/
3356:/bˠ/
3326:/vʲ/
3322:/fʲ/
3288:/fˠ/
3240:gcat
3190:/dʲ/
3186:/tʲ/
3122:/bʲ/
3118:/pʲ/
3085:/bˠ/
3081:/pˠ/
3054:iann
2988:súil
2888:bean
2788:/fʲ/
2786:and
2784:/fˠ/
2778:/ʃc/
2748:and
2746:/sˠ/
2739:/vʲ/
2735:/mʲ/
2726:/mˠ/
2699:/dʲ/
2685:/vʲ/
2681:/bʲ/
2668:/bˠ/
2641:/tʲ/
2627:/fʲ/
2623:/pʲ/
2618:/fˠ/
2614:/pˠ/
2337:ips
2328:ips
2250:awr
2241:awr
2228:blue
2224:work
2207:las
2157:las
2068:tree
2021:town
2006:ref
1989:ref
1972:ref
1955:ref
1850:/r̥/
1755:/ŋ̊/
1753:ngh
1732:/n̥/
1712:/m̥/
1596:and
1541:aga
1434:cath
1431:kath
1428:kazh
1414:ean
1403:ean
1381:reg
1370:reg
1350:mawr
1347:bras
1344:bras
1338:wife
1330:bean
1327:bean
1284:and
1271:and
1261:Manx
1259:and
1247:The
1215:/ˈæk
1185:and
1172:/meɪ
1157:/ˈmæ
1145:ʃən/
1138:tion
1134:indu
1119:indu
1108:/kɡ/
1038:/ʃʒ/
1034:/sz/
1030:/zj/
1028:and
1026:/sj/
992:/tiː
972:thou
938:/siː
914:/daɪ
905:and
846:hous
838:hous
832:was
768:(as
760:and
682:Fula
643:word
443:and
127:and
62:news
7187:doi
6944:mpi
6940:aŋo
6927:ppi
6919:-pi
6911:nn
6897:mm
6890:ŋkʷ
6864:tts
6852:ŋkʷ
6847:kkʷ
6813:nt
6799:mp
6756:Ute
6754:In
6750:Ute
6677:z→ž
6661:t→š
6653:s→š
6645:r→r
6629:n→ņ
6613:l→ļ
6605:k→c
6581:d→ž
6573:c→č
6522:mem
6508:men
6497:me-
6490:me-
6478:nge
6343:or
6274:ɲdʒ
6270:, ɡ
6259:nd
6248:mb
6126:tʃo
6118:tʃo
5649:ano
5639:ano
5595:jàɴ
5586:ပျံ
5581:jàɴ
5553:ပန်
5523:ɪ̀ɴ
5514:ပင်
5509:ɪ̀ɴ
5489:/m/
5485:/ɴ/
5467:or
5441:/j/
5437:/ɴ/
5421:sʰé
5403:ဆေး
5398:sʰé
5388:/ð/
5384:/θ/
5379:/b/
5370:/d/
5361:/z/
5343:/ɡ/
5307:ata
5303:blo
5297:aan
5293:blo
5270:ata
5260:aan
5131:kie
5121:kie
5017:or
4999:or
4984:sul
4974:sul
4964:jäl
4954:jäl
4836:lah
4826:lah
4739:pan
4729:pan
4682:kor
4672:kor
4622:lam
4612:lam
4379:eʁ/
4371:eʁ/
4348:es/
4344:isˈ
4336:es/
4332:isˈ
4309:eʁ/
4305:/iˈ
4301:eʁ/
4297:/iˈ
4253:it/
4159:ot/
4101:oʁ/
4052:),
4039:aʁ/
3866:/ʂ/
3857:/s/
3848:/ʐ/
3839:/z/
3829:/ʐ/
3820:/d/
3813:),
3798:/t/
3743:/ʂ/
3734:/x/
3724:/ʐ/
3715:/ɡ/
3696:/k/
3655:In
3610:).
3573:éan
3533:/ɲ/
3529:/ɟ/
3499:/ŋ/
3495:/ɡ/
3292:/w/
3258:/ɟ/
3254:/c/
3230:cat
3224:/ɡ/
3220:/k/
3052:bhF
3047:in
2754:/h/
2750:/ʃ/
2730:/w/
2721:/j/
2717:/ɟ/
2712:/ɣ/
2708:/ɡ/
2703:/j/
2694:/ɣ/
2676:/v/
2672:/w/
2663:/ç/
2659:/c/
2654:/x/
2650:/k/
2645:/h/
2636:/h/
2568:).
2560:urú
2482:ei
2464:ein
2360:/ɡ/
2279:an
2270:an
2182:as
2131:ŵr
2122:ŵr
2113:ŵr
2050:ngh
1863:ts
1848:rh
1835:/ɬ/
1833:ll
1823:/v/
1810:/ŋ/
1808:ng
1788:/ð/
1786:dd
1772:/v/
1761:/χ/
1759:ch
1746:/k/
1738:/θ/
1736:th
1730:nh
1718:/f/
1716:ph
1710:mh
1637:);
1562:an
1552:ath
1548:eu
1545:ath
1538:azh
1536:c'h
1510:ath
1506:ei
1503:ath
1499:hy
1496:azh
1494:c'h
1492:he
1468:ath
1464:ei
1461:ath
1454:azh
1444:cat
1440:cat
1437:cat
1410:a'
1399:an
1396:awr
1388:yr
1385:ras
1377:an
1374:ras
1366:ar
1360:big
1356:mòr
1353:mór
1286:oni
1219:ən/
1200:/æk
1187:/ʃ/
1183:/t/
1176:əs/
1161:ɪk/
1101:ən/
1070:ən/
1061:ssi
1000:tau
994:t͡ʃ
986:tea
964:/θɪ
958:thi
946:sou
932:see
925:/x/
899:/dɪ
895:tch
842:hus
834:hūs
830:hūs
822:hūs
818:-as
664:or
649:or
45:by
7236::
7193:.
7183:65
7181:.
7113:.
7111:33
7109:.
7105:.
6934:vi
6908:nn
6894:mm
6878:ss
6858:ts
6842:ɣʷ
6837:kʷ
6830:ŋk
6826:kk
6810:tt
6796:pp
6770::
6762:,
6551:.
6532:me
6492:.
6472::
6461:.
6459:()
6456:ng
6438:ny
6418:ng
6373:ng
6369:ng
6328:ŋg
6317:nd
6293:ŋɡ
6278:ŋɡ
6276:,
6268:dʒ
6237:k
6211:p
6188::
6134:bu
6104:kɪ
6091:lʊ
6078:ɡɔ
5630::
5614:.
5562:àɴ
5548:àɴ
5473:í/
5465:í/
5463:dʑ
5425:áɴ
5411:áɴ
5409:kʰ
5386:→
5377:→
5368:→
5359:→
5350:→
5341:→
5300:→
5295:gg
5279:gg
5266:lo
5263:→
5258:bb
5256:lo
5242:bb
5215:ät
5213:ng
5211:ke
5208:→
5203:nk
5201:ke
5191:ng
5181:nk
5172:at
5170:rr
5168:pa
5165:→
5160:rt
5158:pa
5151:rr
5144:rt
5135:ot
5133:ll
5128:→
5123:lt
5114:ll
5107:lt
5098:ot
5096:nn
5094:le
5091:→
5086:nt
5084:le
5077:nn
5070:nt
5058:at
5056:mm
5054:ka
5051:→
5046:mp
5044:ka
5037:mm
5030:mp
5023:.
5011:,
4988:in
4981:→
4978:ea
4971:;
4968:et
4961:→
4940:.
4923:yt
4919:ky
4916:→
4909:ky
4906:;
4903:ut
4899:pu
4896:→
4889:pu
4870:→
4863:pa
4840:et
4833:→
4823:;
4820:ut
4816:ka
4813:→
4806:ka
4780:at
4776:ta
4773:→
4766:ta
4743:it
4736:→
4731:kk
4726:;
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