4031:
unorthodox in conviction. He maintained that theology was of little importance and it was practice that must be preserved. He aspired to solicit unity in
American Judaism, denouncing sectarianism and not perceiving himself as leading a new denomination: "not to create a new party, but to consolidate an old one". The need to raise funds convinced him that a congregational arm for the Rabbinical Assembly and the JTS was required. On 23 February 1913, he founded the United Synagogue of America (since 1991: United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism), which then consisted of 22 communities. He and Mendes first came to major disagreement; Schechter insisted that any alumnus could be appointed to the USoA's managerial board, and not just to serve as communal rabbi, including several the latter did not consider sufficiently devout, or who tolerated mixed seating in their synagogues (though some of those he still regarded as Orthodox). Mendes, president of the Orthodox Union, therefore refused to join. He began to distinguish between the "Modern Orthodoxy" of himself and his peers in the OU, and "Conservatives" who tolerated what was beyond the pale for him. However, this first sign of institutionalization and separation was far from conclusive. Mendes himself could not clearly differentiate between the two groups, and many he viewed as Orthodox were members of the USoA. The epithets "Conservative" and "Orthodox" remained interchangeable for decades to come. JTS graduates served in OU congregations; many students of the Orthodox
4211:
4336:, a staunch opponent, allowed the CJLS to endorse a motion which still banned anal intercourse but not any other physical contact, and allowed the ordination of openly LGBT rabbis, in 2006. Roth and three other supporters resigned from the panel in protest, claiming the responsum was not valid; Masorti affiliates in South America, Israel and Hungary objected severely. The Seminario is yet to accept the resolution, while several Canadian congregations seceded from the United Synagogue in 2008 to form an independent union in protest of the slide to the left. Since the 2013 Pew survey, which assessed that only 18 per cent of American Jews identify with it, Conservative leadership is engaged in attempting to solve Conservative Judaism's demographic crisis.
2914:
2701:
3403:
3549:
4184:
electricity. The driving responsum was later severely criticized by
Conservative rabbis, and was charged with imparting that the movement was overly keen to condone the laxity of congregants. It also signified the final break with the Orthodox, who were themselves being bolstered by more strictly observant immigrants from Europe. In 1954, the RCA reversed its 1948 ruling that allowed the use of microphones on Sabbath and festivals and declared that praying without a partition between sexes was banned. Though enforced slowly—in 1997, there were still seven OU congregations with no physical barrier, and so-called "
2764:
to the great alienation of many from received forms, that had to be countered by innovative measures to draw them back. The
Conservative rabbinate often vacillated on to which degree may the non-practicing, religiously apathetic strata be included as a factor within Catholic Israel, providing impulse for them in determining religious questions; even avant-garde leaders acquiesced that the majority could not serve that function. Right-wing critics often charged that the movement allowed its uncommitted laity an exaggerated role, conceding to its demands and successively stretching
2760:, which he translated as "Catholic Israel", into a comprehensive worldview. For him, the details of divine Revelation were of secondary significance, as historical change dictated its interpretation through the ages notwithstanding: "The centre of authority is actually removed from the Bible", he surmised, "and placed in some living body... in touch with the ideal aspirations and the religious needs of the age, best able to determine... This living body, however, is not represented by... Priesthood, or Rabbihood, but by the collective conscience of Catholic Israel."
4227:. They were Americanized but still retained traditional sentiments, and Reform Judaism was too radical for most. The United Synagogue of America offered Jewish education for children and a familiar religious environment which was also comfortable and not strict. It expanded from 350 communities by 1945 to 832 by 1971, becoming the largest denomination, with some 350,000 dues-paying member households (1.5 million people) at synagogues and over 40 per cent of American Jewry identifying with it in polls, adding an estimated million more non-registered supporters.
4051:
56:
2717:
between the original meaning implied in traditional sources and the manner they were grasped by successive generations, rejecting belief in an unbroken chain of interpretation from God's original
Revelation, immune to any major extraneous effects. This evolutionary perception of religion, while relatively moderate in comparison with more radical modernizers—the scholarship of the Positive-Historical school, for example, sought to demonstrate the continuity and cohesiveness of Judaism over the years—still challenged Conservative leaders.
4043:
had to work until after the
Sabbath began, and often mixed-gender seating. Men and women sat separately with no partition, and some houses of prayer already introduced family pews. Motivated by popular pressure and frowned upon by both RA and seminary faculty—in its own synagogue, the institute maintained a partition until 1983—this was becoming common among the OU as well. As both social conditions and apathy turned American Jews away from tradition (barely 20 per cent were attending prayers weekly), a young professor named
3357:, renamed the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism in 1991, was founded as a congregational arm of the RA. The movement established the World Council of Conservative Synagogues in 1957. Offshoots outside North America mostly adopted the Hebrew name "Masorti", traditional', as did the Israeli Masorti Movement, founded in 1979, and the British Assembly of Masorti Synagogues, formed in 1985. The World Council eventually changed its name to "Masorti Olami", Masorti International. Besides the RA, the international
3878:
especially after the
Orthodox gained the right to secede in 1876—imposed a rather uniform and mild character on what was known in Germany as "Liberal Judaism". In 1909, 63 rabbis associated with the Breslau approach founded the Freie Jüdische Vereinigung, another brief attempt at institutionalization, but it too failed soon. Only in 1925 did the Religiöse Mittelpartei für Frieden und Einheit succeed in driving the same agenda. It won several seats in communal elections, but was small and of little influence.
3374:
cent of member households had one at the time): 40 per cent of members intermarry. Conservatives are also the most aged group: among those aged under 30 only 11 per cent identified as such, and there are three people over 55 for every single one aged between 35 and 44. As of
November 2015, the USCJ had 580 member congregations (a sharp decline from 630 two years prior), 19 in Canada and the remainder in the United States. In 2011 the USCJ initiated a plan to reinvigorate the movement.
7390:
3683:
segments. A small majority adopted a resolution stating there were subjective, but no objective, imperatives to keep it as the language of service. Frankel then astounded his peers by vehemently protesting, stating it was a breach with the past and that Hebrew was of dire importance and great sentimental value. The others immediately began quoting all passages in rabbinic literature allowing prayer in the vernacular. Frankel could not contend with the
3211:, and therefore was not a forbidden labour and could be done on the Sabbath. On that basis, while performing banned labours is of course forbidden—for example, video recording is still constituted as writing—switching lights and other functions are allowed, though the RA strongly urges adherents to keep the sanctity of the Sabbath (refraining from doing anything that may imitate the atmosphere of weekdays, like loud noise reminiscent of work).
4130:, a RIETS graduate who joined the body only in 1945, clamored that "we need a law making body, not a law interpreting committee." Agus argued that the breach between the Jewish public and tradition was too wide to be bridged conventionally, and that the RA would always remain inferior to the Orthodox as long as it retained its policy of merely adopting lenient precedents in rabbinic literature. He offered to extensively apply the tool of
4021:
7404:
3887:
4140:
3187:
3678:) to debate and enact thoroughgoing revisions. Frankel was willing to agree only to a meeting without any practical results, and refused the invitation. When the protocols, which contained many radical statements, were published, he denounced the assembly for "applying the scalpel of criticism" and favouring the spirit of the age over tradition. However, he later agreed to attend the second conference, held in
4113:, himself a historicist who argued that the Law evolved much through time, rebuked pulpit clergy who requested lenient or radical rulings, stating he and his peers were content to "progress in inches... Free setting up of new premises and the introduction of novel categories of ritual upon the basis of pure reason and thinking would be perilous, if not fatal, to the principles and continuity of Jewish Law."
3090:
of supreme importance, but not sufficient to uproot the express
Biblical prohibition on not to lie with mankind as with womankind (traditionally understood as banning full anal intercourse). All other limitations, including on other forms of sexual relations, were lifted. A similar approach is manifest in the great weight ascribed to sociological changes in deciding religious policy. The CJLS and the
3157:), grounded on the need the avoid a total rift of many nonobservant Jews. Later on, these ordinances became accepted and permanent on the practical level. The Conservative movement issued a wide range of new, thoroughgoing statues, from the famous 1950 responsum that allowed driving to the synagogue on the Sabbath and up to the 2000 decision to ban rabbis from inquiring about whether someone was a
3107:
historicist underpinning stresses that all religious literature has an original meaning relevant in the context of its formulation. This meaning may be analyzed and discerned, and is distinct from the later interpretations ascribed by traditional commentators. Decisors are also far more prone to include references to external scientific sources in relevant fields, like veterinarian publications in
2663:, which has become dominant in the 1970s. This was in sync with the wider trend of lowering rates of Americans who accepted the Bible as the Word of God. Dorff categorized the proponents of this into two schools. One maintains that God projected some form of message which inspired the human authors of the Pentateuch to record what they perceived. The other is often strongly influenced by
3795:
3172:
3692:
3615:. But Frankel was always cautious and deeply reverent towards tradition, privately writing in 1836 that "The means must be applied with such care and discretion... that forward progress will be reached unnoticed, and seem inconsequential to the average spectator." He soon found himself embroiled in the great disputes of the 1840s. In 1842, during the second
3293:'s principally egalitarian argument, according to which equal prayer obligations for women were never banned explicitly and it was only their inferior status that hindered participation. In 2006, openly gay rabbinic candidates were also to be admitted into the JTS. In 2012, a commitment ceremony for same-sex couples was devised, though not defined as
3073:, should supersede the legalistic forms when the two came into conflict and there was a pivotal ethical concern. Rabbi Elliot Dorff concluded that in contrast to the Orthodox, Conservative Judaism maintains that the juridical details and processes mainly serve higher moral purposes and could be modified if they no longer do so: "In other words, the
3739:, the first modern rabbinical seminary in Germany. His opponents on both flanks were incensed. Geiger and the Reform camp long accused him of theological ambiguity, hypocrisy and attachment to stagnant remnants, and now protested the "medieval" atmosphere in the seminary, which was mainly concerned with teaching Jewish Law. The hardline Orthodox
3285:, and was also enacted to allow women rabbinic ordination. Roth noted that some decisors of old acknowledged that women may bless when performing positive time-bound commandments (from which they are exempted, and therefore unable to fulfill the obligation for others), especially citing the manner in which they assumed upon themselves the
4122:
while its fully committed partisans were few, had much influence. The majority among recent alumni eschewed the epithet "Orthodox" and tended to employ "Conservative" exclusively. Succeeding
Schechter's direct disciples who headed the RA, JTS and United Synagogue in the interwar period, a new strata of activist leaders was rising. Rabbi
3993:
had arrived, increasing
American Jewry tenfold. They came from regions where civil equality or emancipation were never granted, while acculturation and modernization made little headway. Whether devout or irreligious, they mostly retained strong traditional sentiments in matters of faith, accustomed to old-style rabbinate; the hardline
2896:(Lord of the Locality, in traditional terms), enfranchised to adopt either minority or majority opinions from the CJLS or maintain local practice. Thus, on the issue of admitting openly homosexual rabbinic candidates, the Committee approved two resolutions, one in favour and one against; the JTS took the lenient position, while the
2810:, while subject to criticism as disingenuous both from within and without, were and remain a cornerstone doctrine of Conservative Judaism. The movement views the legalistic system as normative and binding, and believes Jews must practically observe its precepts, like Sabbath, dietary ordinances, ritual purity, daily prayer with
4255:, dismissed in 1964 from the British Orthodox rabbinate on the charge of heresy after espousing a non-literal understanding of the Torah, joined with the Conservatives and founded his country's first Masorti community. The new branches were all united within the World Council of Synagogues, later to be named Masorti Olami.
3619:, he opposed the new Reform prayerbook, arguing the elimination of petitions for a future Return to Zion led by the Messiah was a violation of an ancient tenet. But he also opposed the ban placed on the tome by Rabbi Bernays, stating this was a primitive behaviour. In the same year, he and the moderate conservative
2692:, also emphasized the encounter of God with the Jews as a collective and the role of religious authorities through the generations in determining what it implied. The stress on the supremacy of community and tradition, rather than individual consciousness, defines the entire spectrum of Conservative thought.
4039:, or RCA, attended it. In 1926, RIETS and the JTS even negotiated a possible merger, though it was never materialized. Upon Schechter's death in 1915, the first generation of his disciples kept his non-sectarian legacy of striving for a united, traditional American Judaism. He was replaced by Cyrus Adler.
4042:
The USoA grew rapidly as the Eastern European immigrant population slowly integrated. In 1923 it already had 150 affiliated communities, and 229 before 1930. Synagogues offered a more modernized ritual: English sermons, choir singing, late Friday evening services which tacitly acknowledging that most
3992:
The JTS was a small, fledgling institution with financial difficulties, and was ordaining merely a rabbi per year. But soon after Chancellor Morais' death in 1897, its fortunes turned. Since 1881, a wave of Jewish immigration from Eastern Europe was inundating the country—by 1920, 2.5 million of them
3790:
and others published more complaisant tracts, but also requested an explanation. Rapoport marshaled to Frankel's aid, assuring that his words were merely reiterating ben Jehiel's and that he would soon release a statement that will belie Hirsch's accusations. But then the Chancellor of Breslau issued
3373:
calculated that as of 2013, 962,000 U.S. Jewish adults considered themselves Conservative: 570,000 were registered congregants and further 392,000 were not members in a synagogue but identified. In addition, Cohen assumed in 2006 that 57,000 unconverted non-Jewish spouses were also registered (12 per
3106:
are employed; rabbis use comparative compendiums of religious manuscripts, sometimes discerning that sentences were only added later or include spelling, grammar and transcription errors, changing the entire understanding of certain passages. This critical approach is central to the movement, for its
2963:
frequently resort to less canonical sources, isolated responsa or minority opinions. They demonstrate more fluidity in regards to established precedent and continuum in rabbinic literature, mainly those by the later authorities, and lay little stress on the perceived hierarchy between major and minor
2675:
who consider human reason paramount. The second school states that God conferred merely his presence on those he influenced, without any communication, and the experience drove them to spiritual creativity. While they differ in the theoretical level surrounding revelation, both practically regard all
4272:
movement, consisting of nonaligned prayer quorums of young (and frequently, Conservative-raised) worshipers who sought a more intense religious experience, also weakened congregations. In 1972, the liberal wing gained an influential position with the appointment of Gerson D. Cohen as JTS Chancellor.
4159:, the first clearly Conservative liturgy: references to the sacrificial cult were in the past tense instead of a petition for restoration, and it rephrased blessings such as "who hast made me according to thy will" for women to "who hast made me a woman". During the movement's national conference in
3319:
decisor. Rabbis trained in the reading practices of Conservative Jewish approaches, historical evaluation of Jewish law and interpretation of Biblical and Rabbinic texts may align directly with the CJLS decisions or themselves opine on matters based on precedents or readings of text that shine light
3302:
Conservative Judaism in the United States held a relatively strict policy regarding intermarriage. Propositions for acknowledging Jews by patrilineal descent, as in the Reform movement, were overwhelmingly dismissed. Unconverted spouses were largely barred from community membership and participation
3214:
The need to encourage arrival at synagogue also motivated the CJLS, during the same year, to issue a temporal statue allowing driving on that day, for that purpose alone; it was supported by decreeing that the combustion of fuel did not serve any of the acts prohibited during the construction of the
3089:
and allowing moral priorities an overriding authority at all occasions. This idea became very popular among the young generation, but it was not fully embraced either. In the 2006 resolution on homosexuals, the CJLS chose a middle path: they agreed that the ethical consideration of human dignity was
2834:
The tension between "tradition and change"—which were also the motto adopted by the movement since the 1950s—and the need to balance them were always a topic of intense debate within Conservative Judaism. In its early stages, the leadership opposed pronounced innovation, mostly adopting a relatively
2763:
The scope, limits and role of this corpus were a matter for contention in Conservative ranks. Schechter himself used it to oppose any major break with either traditionalist or progressive elements within American Jewry of his day, while some of his successors argued that the idea became obsolete due
2751:
pioneered this approach; as Michael A. Meyer commented, "the extraordinary status which he ascribed to the ingrained beliefs and practices of the community is probably the most original element of his thought." He turned it into a source of legitimacy for both change and preservation, but mostly the
4323:
under observer status. The double defection narrowed the movement's spectrum of opinions, at a time when large swaths of congregants were abandoning in favour of Reform, which was more tolerant of intermarriage. RA leaders were engaged in introspection through the later 1980s, resulting in the 1988
4121:
The boundaries between Orthodox and Conservative Judaism in America were institutionalized only in the aftermath of World War II. The 1940s saw the younger generation of JTS graduates less patient with the prudence of the CJL and Talmud faculty in face of popular demand. Kaplan's Reconstructionism,
3984:
in New York City. Kohut, professor of Talmud who held to the Positive-Historical ideal, was the main educational influence in the early years, prominent among the founders who encompassed the entire spectrum from progressive Orthodox to the brink of Reform; to describe what the seminary intended to
3364:
The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, covering the United States, Canada and Mexico, is by far the largest constituent of Masorti Olami. While most congregations defining themselves as "Conservative" are affiliated with the USCJ, some are independent. While accurate information of Canada is
3101:
The most distinctive feature of Conservative legalistic discourse, in which it is conspicuously and sharply different from Orthodoxy, is the incorporation of critical-scientific methods into the process. Deliberations almost always delineate the historical development of the specific issue at hand,
2716:
The Conservative mainstay was the adoption of the historical-critical method in understanding Judaism and setting its future course. In accepting an evolutionary approach to the religion, as something that developed over time and absorbed considerable external influences, the movement distinguished
4030:
Schechter arrived in 1902, and at once reorganized the faculty, dismissing both Pereira Mendes and Drachman for lack of academic merit. Under his aegis, the institute began to draw famous scholars, becoming a center of learning on par with HUC. Schechter was both traditional in sentiment and quite
3817:
and other issues). Hildesheimer was concerned that Jewish public opinion perceived no practical difference between them; though he cared to distinguish the observant acolytes of Frankel from the Reform camp, he noted in his diary: "How meager is the principal difference between the Breslau School,
3812:
as derived and revealed, applied differently to different circumstances and subject to human judgement and possibly error, yet unchanging and divine in principle—as opposed to an evolutionary, historicist and non-dogmatic approach in which past authorities were not just elaborating but consciously
3324:
may rely on the reasoning found in the majority or minority opinions of the CJLS or have other textual and halakhic grounds, i.e., prioritizing Jewish values or legal concepts, to rule one way or another on matters of ritual, family life or sacred pursuits. This balance between a centralization of
3144:
should be avoided. Another proposal, to ratify them only with a two-thirds majority in the RA, was rejected. New statues require a simple majority, 13 supporters among the 25 members of the CJLS. In the 1950s and 1960s, such drastic measures—as Rabbi Arnold M. Goodman cited in a 1996 writ allowing
2784:
calculated that barely 3 to 4 per cent held to one quite thoroughly. This gap between principle and the public, more pronounced than in any other Jewish movement, is often credited at explaining the decline of the Conservative movement. While some 41 per cent of American Jews identified with it in
2641:
on Mount Sinai. Yet he also vehemently rejected utilizing these disciplines on the Pentateuch, maintaining it was beyond human reach and wholly celestial in origin. Frankel never elucidated his beliefs, and the exact correlation between human and divine in his thought is still subject to scholarly
3877:
maintained very different approaches; but on the communal level, the former's alumni failure to organize or articulate a coherent agenda, coupled with the declining prestige of Breslau and the conservatism of the Hochschule's alumni—a necessity in heterogeneous communities which remained unified,
2658:
A small but influential segment within the JTS and the movement adhered, from the 1930s, to Mordecai Kaplan's philosophy that denied any form of revelation but viewed all scripture as a purely human product. Along with other Reconstructionist tenets, it dwindled as the latter consolidated into a
4167:
by a majority. Membership was conditioned on having experience as a congregational rabbi, and unseasoned JTS faculty were thus denied entrance. While the RA was asserting a Conservative distinctive identity, the seminary remained more cautious. Finkelstein opposed sectarianism and preferred the
3530:
in 17 American states and 2 Canadian provinces serving Jewish children. Many other "community day schools" that are not affiliated with Schechter take a generally Conservative approach, but unlike these, generally have "no barriers to enrollment based on the faith of the parents or on religious
2752:
latter. The basic moderation and traditionalism of the majority among the people were to guarantee a sense of continuity and unity, restraining the guiding rabbis and scholars who at his age were intent on reform but also allowing them manoeuvrability in adopting or discarding certain elements.
3687:
validity of their decision, but he perceived it as a sign of profound differences between them. On the 17th he formally withdrew, publishing a lambasting critique of the procedures. "Opponents of the conference, who feared he went to the other side," noted historian Michael A. Meyer, "now felt
4104:
licitness and indifferent to the pressures exerted on the pulpit rabbis, who had to contend with an Americanized public which cared little for such considerations or for tradition in general. In 1935, the RA almost adopted a groundbreaking motion: Rabbi Louis Epstein offered a solution to the
3394:
and further 11 in the other countries. The British Assembly of Masorti Synagogues has 13 communities and estimates its membership at over 4,000. More than 20 communities are spread across Europe, and there are 3 in Australia and 2 in Africa. The Masorti Movement in Israel incorporates some 70
3682:
on 15 July 1845—in spite of warnings from Rapoport, who cautioned that compromise with Geiger was impossible and he would only damage his reputation among the traditionalists. On the 16th, the issue of Hebrew in the liturgy arose. Most present were inclined to retain it, but with more German
2738:
as the professor at university would, yet observe the smallest detail known to strict Orthodoxy... The sanctity of the Sabbath reposes not upon the fact that it was proclaimed on Sinai, but on the fact that it found for thousands of years its expression in Jewish souls. It is the task of the
4183:
The CJLS now proceeded to demonstrate its independence. Sabbath was widely desecrated by a large majority of Jews, and the board believed attendance at synagogues should be encouraged. They therefore enacted an ordinance that allowed driving on the Sabbath (for worship alone) and the use of
2771:
The Conservative leadership had limited success in imparting their worldview to the general public. While the rabbinate perceived itself as bearing a unique, original conception of Judaism, the masses lacked much interest, regarding it mainly as a compromise offering a channel for religious
2654:
and the early generation of American Conservative Judaism. When JTS faculty began to embrace Biblical criticism in the 1920s, they adapted a theological view consistent with it: an original, verbal revelation did occur at Sinai, but the text itself was composed by later authors. The latter,
3565:
that followed quickly transformed the values and norms of the public. Estrangement and apathy toward Judaism were rampant. The process of communal, educational and civil reform could not be restricted from affecting the core tenets of the faith. The new academic, critical study of Judaism
3194:
The RA and CJLS reached many decisions through the years, shaping a distinctive profile for Conservative practice and worship. In the 1940s, when the public demanded mixed seating of both sexes in synagogue, some rabbis argued there was no precedent but obliged on the ground of dire need
4234:
defined Conservative Judaism as the quintessential American Jewish movement, but stressed the gap between laity and clergy, noting "rabbis now recognize that they are not making decisions or writing responsa, but merely taking a poll of their membership." Most congregants, commented
4079:. Kaplan himself, who rose to become an influential and popular figure within the JTS, concluded that his fellow rabbis' ambiguity in matters of belief and the contradiction between full observance and critical study were untenable and hypocritical. He formulated his own approach of
2830:
in its developing form is an indispensable element of a traditional Judaism which is vital and modern." Conservative Judaism regards itself as the authentic inheritor of a flexible legalistic tradition, charging the Orthodox with petrifying the process and Reform with abandoning it.
3102:
from the earliest known mentions until modern times. This approach enables a thorough analysis of the manner in which it was practiced, accepted, rejected or modified in various periods, not necessarily in sync with the received rabbinic understanding. Archaeology, philology and
4331:
After the issue of egalitarianism for women subsided, LGBT acceptance replaced it as the main source of contention between the declining right wing and the liberal majority. A first attempt was rebuffed in 1992 by a harsh responsum written by Roth. The retirement of Chancellor
2565:
stated that "we affirm our faith in God as the Creator and Governor of the universe. His power called the world into being; His wisdom and goodness guide its destiny." Concurrently, the platform also noted that His nature was "elusive" and subject to many options of belief. A
3861:
was modeled after it, though the assimilationist congregants cared little for rabbinic opinion. In Germany itself, Breslau alumni founded in 1868 a short-lived society, the Jüdisch-Theologische Verein. It was dissolved within a year, boycotted by both Reform and Orthodox.
4298:
devised a solution that entailed women voluntarily accepting the obligation to pray regularly. The leadership passed it not by scholarly consensus but via a popular vote of all JTS faculty, including non-specialists. Two years later, the first JTS-ordained female rabbi,
3365:
scant, it is estimated that some third of religiously affiliated Canadian Jews are Conservative. In 2008, the more traditional Canadian Council of Conservative Synagogues seceded from the parent organization. It numbered seven communities as of 2014. According to the
4172:, who maintained ties with the Orthodox while also viewing them as obstructionist and ossified, dominated the JTS, providing a counterweight to the liberals in the Assembly. Kaplan, meanwhile, spent more time on consolidating his Society for Advancement of Judaism.
2676:
scripture and religious tradition as a human product with certain divine inspiration—providing an understanding that recognizes Biblical Criticism and also justifies major innovation in religious conduct. The first doctrine, advocated by such leaders as rabbis
3649:. In the preamble, he attempted to present his approach to the present plight: "The further development of Judaism cannot be done through Reform that would lead to total dissipation... But must be involved in its study... pursued via scientific research, on a
3231:
were allowed to marry divorcees, conditioned on forfeiture of their privileges, as termination of marriage became widespread and women who underwent it could not be suspected of unsavory acts. In 1967, the ban on priests marrying converts was also lifted.
4188:" remain extant—these two attributes became a demarcation line between Orthodox and Conservative synagogues. RA converts were denied ablution in Orthodox ritual baths, and rabbis from one movement would gradually cease serving in the other's communities.
2855:
espoused a very conservative line. Since the 1970s, with the strengthening of the liberal wing within the movement, the majority in the Rabbinic Assembly opted for quite radical reformulations in religious conduct, but rejected the Reconstructionist
2950:. Another tendency prevalent among the movement's rabbis, yet again not particular to it, is the adoption of the more lenient positions on the matters at question—though this is not universal, and responsa also took stringent ones not infrequently.
2462:
research, rather than only traditional methods and sources, and lends great weight to its constituency, when determining its stance on matters of practice. The movement considers its approach as the authentic and most appropriate continuation of
4315:
in 1985, a right-wing lobby which numbered some 10,000 supporters from the Conservative observant elite. The UTJC withdrew from the movement and erased the word "Conservative" in 1990, attempting to merge with moderate Orthodox organizations.
3310:
Despite the centralization of legal deliberation on matters of Jewish law in the CJLS individual synagogues and communities must, in the end, depend on their local decision-makers. The rabbi in his or her or their community is regarded as the
4001:. The Eastern Europeans were alienated by the local Jews, who were all assimilated in comparison, and especially aghast by the mores of Reform. The need to find a religious framework that would both accommodate and Americanize them motivated
3813:
innovating, as taught by Frankel. Hildesheimer often repeated that this issue utterly overshadowed any specific technical argument with the Breslau School (the students of which were often more lenient on matters of headcovering for women,
4210:
2868:
which seceded in protest of the 1983 resolution to ordain women rabbis—adopted at an open vote, where all JTS faculty regardless of qualification were counted—contested the validity of this description, as well as progressives like Rabbi
2684:, largely imparted that some elements within Judaism are fully divine but determining which would be impractical, and therefore received forms of interpretation should be basically upheld. Exponents of the latter view, among them rabbis
4267:
in 1968 and were slowly coalescing, as well as the growing appeal of Reform, which turned more traditional and threatened to sway congregants. While the rightists opposed further modifications, their left-wing peers demanded them. The
3063:, maintained that such elements are naturally a factor in formulating conclusions, but may not alone serve as a justification for adopting a position. The majority, however, basically subscribed to the opinion evinced already by Rabbi
2478:'s 19th-century positive-historical school in Europe, Conservative Judaism fully institutionalized only in the United States during the mid-20th century. Its largest center is in North America, where its main congregational arm is the
2746:
A key doctrine which was to fulfil this capacity was the collective will of the Jewish people. Conservatives lent great weight in determining religious practice, both in historical precedent and as a means to shape present conduct.
4262:
matters and often adhering to a verbal understanding of revelation, was dismayed by the failure to bolster observance among the laity and the resurgence of Orthodoxy. The left was influenced by the Reconstructionists, who formed
4307:, professor of the Talmud faculty, claimed that Roth's method must have required waiting until a considerable number of women did prove sufficient commitment. He and his sympathizers regarded the vote as belying any claim to
3531:
practices in the home". During the first decade of the 21st century, a number of schools that were part of the Schechter network transformed themselves into non-affiliated community day schools. The USCJ also maintains the
3307:(Kin of Israel) and be more open toward them. The Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism stated in 1995: "we want to encourage the Jewish partner to maintain his/her Jewish identity, and raise their children as Jews."
3303:
in rituals; clergy are banned from any involvement in interfaith marriage on pain of dismissal. However, as the rate of such unions rose dramatically, Conservative congregations began describing gentile family members as
3949:, an adherent of Frankel. He publicly excoriated Reform for disdaining ritual and received forms, triggering a heated polemic with Kohler. The debate was one of the main factors which motivated the latter to compose the
3199:), others noted that archaeological research showed no partitions in ancient synagogues. Mixed seating became commonplace in almost all congregations. In 1950, it was ruled that using electricity (that is, closure of an
4163:, held 13–17 May 1948, the pulpit rabbis in the RA gained the upper hand. Spurred by Gordis, Agus and fellow leaders, they voted to reorganize the CJL into a Committee of Jewish Law and Standards, enfranchised to issue
3896:
Jewish immigration to the United States bred an amalgam of loose communities, lacking strong tradition or stable structures. In this free-spirited environment, a multitude of forces was at work. As early as 1866, Rabbi
2490:. Conservative Judaism is the third-largest Jewish religious movement worldwide, estimated to represent close to 1.1 million people, including over 600,000 registered adult congregants and many non-member identifiers.
3518:
is the Masorti movement's organization for students and young adults, providing activities based on religious pluralism and Jewish content. The Women's League for Conservative Judaism is also active in North America.
3377:
Beyond North America, the movement has little presence—in 2011, Rela Mintz Geffen appraised there were only 100,000 members outside the U.S. (and the former figure including Canada). "Masorti AmLat", the MO branch in
4099:
Tensions within the JTS and RA grew. The Committee of Jewish Law consisted mainly of scholars who had little field experience, almost solely from the seminary's Talmudic department. They were greatly concerned with
4239:, were "Conservative Jews because their rabbi kept kosher and the Sabbath... Not because of their religious behavior." The movement established its presence outside the U.S. and Canada: In 1962, the young Rabbi
4087:
and any supernatural belief in favour of a cultural-ethnic perception. While valuing received mores, he eventually suggested giving the past "a vote, not a veto". Though popular among students, Kaplan's nascent
2888:(Law Committee) of Israel's Masorti Movement. Every responsa must receive a minimum of six voters to be considered an official position of the CJLS. Conservative Judaism explicitly acknowledges the principle of
3940:
at home and attempted to assuage traditionalists. On 11 July 1883, apparently due to negligence by the Jewish caterer, non-kosher dishes were served to UAHC rabbis in Wise's presence. Known to posterity as the
3399:, with a few thousands of adherents and forty partially active synagogues, is not officially affiliated with Masorti Olami, Conservative Judaism regards it as a fraternal, "non-Orthodox but halakhic" movement.
3556:
The rise of modern, centralized states in Europe by the early 19th century heralded the end of Jewish judicial autonomy and social seclusion. Their communal corporate rights were abolished, and the process of
3276:
The 1970s and 1980s saw the emergence of women's rights on the main agenda. Growing pressure led the CJLS to adopt a motion that females may be counted as part of a quorum, based on the argument that only the
4222:
The postwar decades were a time of immense growth for the Conservative movement. Most of the 500,000 decommissioned Jewish GIs left the densely populated immigrant neighbourhoods of the East Coast, moving to
3699:
The rabbi of Saxony had many sympathizers, who supported a similarly moderate approach and change only on the basis of the authority of the Talmud. When Geiger began preparing a third conference in Breslau,
3289:. He suggested that women voluntarily commit to pray thrice a day et cetera, and his responsa was adopted. Since then, female rabbis were ordained at JTS and other seminaries. In 1994, the movement accepted
2531:, but also acknowledged that a variety of positions and convictions existed within its ranks, eschewing strict delineation of principles and often expressing conflicting views. In a 1999 special edition of
4585:
2936:, who attempted to classify its parameters, stressed that quite often rulings merely reiterate conclusions reached in older sources or even Orthodox ones. For example, in the details of preparing Sabbath
2900:
still adheres to the latter. Likewise, while most Conservative synagogues approved of egalitarianism for women in religious life, some still maintain traditional gender roles and do not count females for
3870:, another of the Frankelist party, succeeded Geiger in Breslau. He maintained his predecessor's truncated German translation of the liturgy for the sake of compromise, but restored the full Hebrew text.
2739:
historian to examine the beginnings and developments of customs and observances; practical Judaism, on the other hand, is not concerned with origins but regards the institutions as they have come to be.
2527:. The introduction stated that "lack of definition was useful" in the past but a need to articulate one now arose. The platform provided many statements citing key concepts such as God, revelation and
3985:
espouse, he used the term "Conservative Judaism", which had no independent meaning at the time and was only in relation to Reform. In 1898, Pereira Mendes, Schneeberger and Drachman also founded the
2655:
classified by Dorff as a relatively moderate metamorphosis of the old one, is still espoused by few traditionalist right-wing Conservative rabbis, though it is marginalized among senior leadership.
3094:
members frequently state that circumstances were profoundly transformed in modern times, fulfilling the criteria mandating new rulings in various fields (based on general talmudic principles like
3901:
of New York wrote that a Judaism of the "golden middleway, which was termed Orthodox by the left and heterodox or reformer by the right" developed in the new country. The rapid ascendancy of
2743:
This discrepancy between scientific criticism and insistence on heritage had to be compensated by a conviction that would forestall either deviation from accepted norms or laxity and apathy.
3945:", it purportedly made some guests abandon the hall in disgust, but little is factually known about the incident. In 1885, the traditionalist forces were bolstered upon the arrival of Rabbi
4109:
predicament, a clause that would have had husbands appoint wives as their proxies to issue divorce. It was repealed under pressure from the Orthodox Union. As late as 1947, CJL Chair Rabbi
3611:
in 1836, gradually rose to become the leader of those who stood at the middle. Besides working for the civic betterment of local Jews and educational reform, he displayed keen interest in
4273:
During the same year, after Reform began to ordain female rabbis, a strong lobby rose to advocate the same. The CJLS rapidly enacted an ordinance which allowed women to be tallied for a
3953:, which unambiguously declared the principles of Reform Judaism: "to-day we accept as binding only the moral laws, and maintain only such ceremonies as elevate and sanctify our lives."
2507:, considered its intellectual progenitor, believed the very notion of theology was alien to traditional Judaism. He was often accused of obscurity on the subject by his opponents, both
4279:, and by 1976 the percentage of synagogues allowing them to bless during the reading of the Torah grew from 7 per cent to 50 per cent. In 1979, ignoring the denominational leadership,
4857:
4771:
3320:
on congregants' questions. So, for instance, a rabbi may or may not choose to permit video streaming on Shabbat despite a majority ruling that allows for use of electronics. A local
4291:. Pressures to allow women to assume rabbinical positions was mounting from the congregational level, though the RA agreed to delay any action until the JTS scholars would concur.
3281:
explicitly stated that it consist of men. While accepted, this was very controversial in the Committee and heavily disputed. A more complete solution was offered in 1983 by Rabbi
4195:, as well as other features, were emphasized by leaders eager to demonstrate their uniqueness. In their efforts to solidify a coherent identity, Conservative thinkers like
2515:. The American movement largely espoused a similar approach, and its leaders mostly avoided the field. Only in 1985 did a course about Conservative theology open in the
1072:
4168:
neutral epithet "traditional", later commenting that "Conservative Judaism is a gimmick to get Jews back to real Judaism". He and the very right-wing Talmud professor
3153:
structure... thus imposed severe limitations on the conditions and situations where it would be appropriate"—were carefully drafted as temporal, emergency ordinances (
3098:, "Change of Times"). This, along with the ethical aspect, was a main argument for revolutionizing the role of women in religious life and embracing egalitarianism.
3782:
given at Sinai". Hirsch branded Frankel a heretic, demanding he announce whether he believed that both the Oral and Written Torah were of celestial origin. Rabbis
4258:
The movement peaked in numbers in the 1970s. During that decade, the tensions between the various elements within it intensified. The right wing, conservative in
4582:
3253:
and demanded to be allowed ascents to the Torah, the CJLS agreed that the ordinance under which women were banned from this due to respect for the congregation (
3149:
were reluctant to assume such unilateral authority... fear that invoking this principle would create the proverbial slippery slope, thereby weakening the entire
2892:
pluralism, enabling the panel to adopt more than one resolution in any given subject. The final authority in each Conservative community is the local rabbi, the
3751:
system in the Theophany at Sinai, was deeply suspicious of Frankel's beliefs, use of science and constant assertions that Jewish Law was flexible and evolving.
1650:
3596:, and his supporters. They opposed any limit on critical research or its practical application, laying more weight on the need for change than on continuity.
4872:
3829:
The Positive-Historical School was influential, but never institutionalized itself as thoroughly as its opponents. Apart from the many graduates of Breslau,
3467:, in office since 2020. She is the first woman elected to this position in the History of JTS. The current dean of the Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies is
3369:
survey in 2013, 18 per cent of Jews in the United States and in 2020 13 per cent identified with the movement, making it the second largest in the country.
1305:
1000:
2637:
as innovators who added their own, original contribution to the canon, not merely as expounders and interpreters of a legal system given in its entirety to
3492:
3425:
2444:
that regards the authority of Jewish law and tradition as emanating primarily from the assent of the people through the generations, more than from divine
3572:) soon became a source of controversy. Rabbis and scholars argued to what degree, if at all, its findings could be used to determine present conduct. The
1192:
2974:
or to wholly disregard it. This is especially expressed in less hesitancy to rule against or notwithstanding the major codifications of Jewish Law, like
2877:
in 2005, stating that after repeated concessions, "Our original claim has died a death by a thousand qualifications... It has lost all factual meaning."
2609:. The 1988 platform announced that "some" believe in classic eschatology, but dogmatism in this matter was "philosophically unjustified". The notions of
3791:
an ambiguous defence, writing that his book was not concerned with theology and avoiding giving any clear answer. Now even Rapoport joined his critics.
2659:
separate group. Kaplan's views and the permeation of Higher Criticism gradually swayed most Conservative thinkers towards a non-verbal understanding of
4887:
3936:, a pragmatist intent on compromise, hoped to forge a broad consensus that would turn a moderate version of Reform to dominant in America. He kept the
2918:
2570:
conception of divinity, regarding it as inseparable from the mundane world, once had an important place within the movement, especially represented by
2400:
5292:
3826:, Hildesheimer immediately seized upon the occasion to prove once more the dogmatic, rather than practical, divide. He denounced Graetz as a heretic.
3496:
164:
6894:
2726:), opposing indiscriminate modification, and emphasized they should be changed only with care and caution and remain observed by the people. Rabbi
1187:
4251:, which would serve as the basis for Conservative expansion in South America. In 1979, four communities formed the Israel Masorti Movement. Rabbi
3874:
7284:
3857:
in Hungary, which formally separated from the Orthodox, was also permeated with the "Breslau spirit". Many of its members studied there, and its
2822:
through the lens of academic criticism, it maintained that these laws were always subject to considerable evolution, and must continue to do so.
2625:
encompasses an extensive spectrum. Zecharias Frankel himself applied critical-scientific methods to analyze the stages in the development of the
2545:
stated that "the great diversity" within the movement "makes the creation of a theological vision shared by all neither possible nor desirable".
1435:
4047:
promoted the idea of transforming the synagogue into a community center, a "Shul with a Pool", a policy which indeed stymied the tide somewhat.
5572:
3245:
under which men had to pay alimony as long as they did not concede. In 1968, this mechanism was replaced by a retroactive expropriation of the
4005:
and other rich philanthropists, all Reform and of German descent, to donate $ 500,000 to the JTS. The contribution was solicited by Professor
5967:
4191:
Rather than a force within American Judaism, the JTS-centered movement emerged as a third movement. The historicist and critical approach to
3085:, along with Gillman and other progressives, supported a far-reaching implementation of this approach, making Conservative Judaism much more
1689:
3778:
that stated several of those were only apocryphally dubbed as such; he applied the latter's conclusion to all, noting they were "so evident
2776:
yet less strict than Orthodoxy. Only a low percentage of Conservative congregants actively pursue an observant lifestyle: in the mid-1980s,
3808:, Hirsch launched a protracted public campaign through the 1860s. They ceaselessly stressed the chasm between an Orthodox understanding of
4904:
3976:. They joined Kohut, Morais and the others in seeking to establish a traditional rabbinic seminary that would serve as a counterweight to
2843:
considerations, but senior rabbis opposed him vigorously. Even in the 1940s and 1950s, when Kaplan's influence grew, his superiors rabbis
7244:
3708:, which was to be held on 21 October 1846. He announced that one measure he was willing to countenance was the possible abolition of the
674:
637:
3695:
Frankel's speech in the protocol of the Frankfurt conference, mentioning "Positive-Historical Judaism" (second row, 2–4 words from left)
5762:
5684:
5611:
4280:
2524:
3712:, though only if a broad consensus will be reached and not before thorough deliberation. Attendants were to include Rapoport, Fassel,
3627:
community's enquiry on whether the deeply unorthodox Geiger could serve there. In 1843, Frankel clashed with the radical Reform rabbi
2864:
commitment of Conservative Judaism has been subject to much criticism, from within and without. Right-wing discontents, including the
4203:, ventured beyond Schechter's conceptions to Rabbi Zecharias Frankel and Breslau, presenting themselves as its direct inheritors via
4032:
3035:
1613:
4069:, who already distinguished himself in 1922, drafting a responsa that allowed the use of grape juice rather than fermented wine for
5791:
5689:
5669:
3523:
3488:
3204:
2479:
1636:
3353:, of which all ordained Conservative clergy in the world are members. As of 2010, there were 1,648 rabbis in the RA. In 1913, the
7290:
4753:
3858:
2720:
They regarded tradition and received mores with reverence, especially the continued adherence to the mechanism of Religious Law (
986:
6390:
5844:
5644:
5631:
5442:
Tabory, Ephraim (2004). "The Israel Reform and Conservative Movements and the Marker for the Liberal Judaism". In Rebhum, Uzi;
3981:
3906:
3798:
3736:
3342:
2705:
2516:
2483:
2393:
1563:
1498:
1380:
5153:
Gays, Lesbians, and the Conservative Movement: The JTS Survey of Conservative Clergy, Students, Professionals, and Lay Leaders
6385:
5664:
5616:
5519:
5180:
5099:
5068:
4796:
3472:
3457:
3437:
2881:
684:
5354:
Profiles in American Judaism: the Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist traditions in historical perspective
4946:
4284:
4264:
3329:
authority and maintaining the authority of local rabbis reflects the commitment to pluralism at the heart of the Movement.
1122:
6294:
2503:
Conservative Judaism, from its earliest stages, was marked by ambivalence and ambiguity in all matters theological. Rabbi
7435:
6405:
6400:
5824:
4320:
3866:
led the Berlin congregation in a very conservative style, eventually resigning when an organ was introduced in services.
1390:
1207:
1197:
437:
17:
2486:
operates as its largest rabbinic seminary. Globally, affiliated communities are united within the umbrella organization
7217:
6094:
5649:
5565:
4244:
3417:
3406:
2897:
1786:
1736:
1701:
1395:
1260:
1127:
6245:
6099:
5715:
5495:
5432:
5386:
5274:
5250:
5211:
5030:
4429:
4374:
3584:, were content to cautiously study it while stringently adhering to the sanctity of holy texts and refusing to grant
3444:. A Conservative institution that does not grant rabbinic ordination but which runs along the lines of a traditional
2467:
discourse, maintaining both fealty to received forms and flexibility in their interpretation. It also eschews strict
2386:
1478:
1440:
1415:
1335:
1320:
1167:
1107:
1062:
3510:
The global youth movement is known as NOAM, an acronym for No'ar Masorti; its North American organization is called
3055:
issues, mainly to what degree may modern sensibilities shape the outcome, are subject to much discourse. Right-wing
6154:
6062:
5363:
5335:. Understanding American Judaism: Toward the Description of a Modern Religion, vol. 2. New York: KTAV Publ. House.
4578:
The Birth of Conservative Judaism: Solomon Schechter's Disciples and the Creation of an American Religious Movement
4076:
1771:
1753:
1659:
1553:
1405:
1400:
1325:
1290:
1157:
3804:
Hirsch succeeded, severely tarnishing Frankel's reputation among most concerned. Along with fellow Orthodox Rabbi
2734:
We may now understand the apparent contradiction between theory and practice... One may conceive of the origin of
2519:(JTS). The hitherto sole major attempt to define a clear credo was made in 1988, with the Statement of Principles
7319:
6513:
3997:, founded by emigrant clergy, opposed secular education or vernacular sermons, and its members spoke almost only
3196:
2289:
2188:
1743:
1726:
1679:
1578:
1488:
1425:
1375:
1355:
1350:
1270:
1244:
1219:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1057:
1052:
6195:
5755:
5471:
5405:
5340:
4594:
3818:
who don silk gloves at their work, and Geiger who wields a sledgehammer." In 1863, when Breslau faculty member
3657:
was, along the convictions of its publisher, neither dogmatically orthodox nor overly polemic, wholly opposing
2533:
1762:
1748:
1716:
1696:
1664:
1608:
1583:
1558:
1538:
1528:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1483:
1473:
1468:
1445:
1360:
1345:
1265:
1224:
1177:
1172:
1092:
1037:
43:
7430:
7296:
6617:
5728:
5558:
4312:
4036:
3067:
in the 1960s, that the cultural and ethical norms of the community, the contemporary equivalents of Talmudic
2865:
2183:
1721:
1706:
1669:
1631:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1573:
1568:
1548:
1533:
1518:
1493:
1459:
1430:
1330:
1315:
1239:
1229:
1147:
1117:
1042:
1028:
4884:
7359:
7227:
7222:
6410:
6395:
6159:
6114:
5859:
3905:
by the 1880s left few who opposed it, merely a handful of congregations and ministers remained outside the
3483:
is headed by President Rabbi Debra Newman Kamin, as of 2019, and managed by Chief Executive Officer, Rabbi
2966:
2913:
1791:
1711:
1674:
1598:
1543:
1410:
1385:
1310:
1285:
1275:
1214:
1137:
1132:
1112:
1102:
1082:
1067:
960:
664:
428:
423:
60:
3341:
was used, still generically and not yet as a specific label, already in the 1887 dedication speech of the
3140:
argued that since there was no consensus on leadership within Catholic Israel, formulation of significant
2884:(CJLS), a panel with 25 voting legalistic specialists and further 11 observers. There is also the smaller
2839:'s Reconstructionism raised the demand for thoroughgoing modification without much regard for the past or
7324:
7309:
6190:
6050:
3771:
3354:
3000:
themselves, criticize the Orthodox for relatively rarely venturing beyond it and overly canonizing Rabbi
1781:
1776:
1731:
1684:
1370:
1340:
1300:
1295:
1152:
458:
5375:
5019:
7278:
7172:
6823:
6717:
6425:
6358:
5919:
5809:
5636:
5152:
4144:
4054:
3616:
3568:
3421:
3416:
In New York, the JTS serves as the movement's original seminary and legacy institution, along with the
3410:
2953:
A more distinctive characterization is a greater proclivity to base rulings on earlier sources, in the
2700:
2441:
2255:
2100:
1808:
1202:
398:
388:
124:
4611:
3728:
and others. However, the Dresden assembly soon drew heated Orthodox resistance, especially from Rabbi
3704:
convinced Frankel to organize one of his own in protest. Frankel invited colleagues to an assembly in
7394:
7334:
7232:
7212:
7082:
7007:
6867:
6734:
6420:
6380:
5748:
4089:
4080:
3645:) matter and could be subject to the Law of the Land. In December 1843 Frankel launched the magazine
3227:) and be permitted. The validity of this argument was heavily disputed within the movement. In 1952,
2785:
the 1970s, it had shrunk to an estimated 18 per cent (and 11 per cent among those under 30) in 2013.
2581:
A similarly inconclusive position is expressed toward other precepts. Most theologians adhere to the
2575:
2528:
2369:
2062:
1913:
1854:
745:
4858:"Denominational switching among U.S. Jews: Reform Judaism has gained, Conservative Judaism has lost"
3548:
3014:. An important example is the ruling of Rabbi Golinkin—contrary to the majority consensus among the
7314:
7145:
6444:
6319:
3961:
3783:
2672:
2586:
2072:
2052:
1162:
642:
183:
5535:
5132:
4548:
4126:, RA president in 1944–1946, represented the junior members in advocating more flexibility; Rabbi
3402:
3261:, even if derived from unclean animals, was so transformed that it constituted a wholly new item (
7267:
7256:
6850:
6771:
6476:
6375:
6314:
6200:
6173:
3709:
3208:
3031:
2582:
2567:
2213:
2203:
2168:
2047:
2037:
1820:
991:
933:
767:
446:
403:
118:
7303:
7273:
6336:
5694:
5415:
Tabory, Ephraim (2004) . "Reform and Conservative Judaism in Israel". In Goldscheider, Calvin;
4797:"LEADERSHIP COUNCIL OF CONSERVATIVE JUDAISM, Statement on Intermarriage, Adopted March 7, 1995"
4615:
4399:
Modernists vs. Traditionalists: Competition for Legitimacy within American Conservative Judaism
4173:
3511:
3395:
communities and prayer groups with several thousand full members. In addition, while Hungarian
2430:
2332:
2067:
1981:
1047:
599:
218:
188:
5509:
5232:
5050:
4356:
2593:, it was stated that death is not tantamount to the end of one's personality. Relating to the
7329:
7250:
7032:
6739:
6622:
6363:
6353:
6346:
6331:
6217:
4328:
platform, while Reform slowly bypassed them and became the largest American Jewish movement.
4061:
In 1927, the RA also established its own Committee of Jewish Law, entrusted with determining
3863:
3830:
3754:
The final schism between Frankel and the Orthodox occurred after the 1859 publication of his
3740:
3721:
3573:
3468:
2932:
discourse cannot be sharply distinguished from either the Traditional or Orthodox one. Rabbi
2668:
2223:
2218:
2163:
1951:
866:
594:
581:
476:
193:
5447:
5420:
5168:
7364:
7354:
5829:
5720:
5699:
5659:
5595:
4148:
3977:
3914:
3499:
as president of Masorti AmLat. In Britain, the Masorti Assembly is chaired by Senior Rabbi
3464:
3449:
3286:
2794:
2459:
2294:
2246:
1986:
657:
522:
511:
469:
3701:
8:
7012:
6980:
6906:
6815:
6761:
6368:
6168:
5902:
5867:
5621:
4304:
4014:
3950:
3805:
3632:
3581:
3558:
3500:
3480:
3366:
3350:
3091:
2819:
2602:
2347:
2042:
720:
587:
490:
483:
413:
301:
176:
36:
4050:
3853:
followed Frankel's moderate approach to critical research. The rabbinate of the liberal
3653:
basis." The term Positive-Historical became associated with him and his middle way. The
3241:(women refused divorce by their husbands) was largely settled by adding a clause to the
2826:
titled its chapter on the subject with "The Indispensability of Halakha", stating that "
7344:
7339:
7150:
6872:
6749:
6744:
6729:
6699:
6652:
6575:
6481:
6341:
5914:
5819:
5786:
5332:
The Sectors of American Judaism: Reform, Orthodoxy, Conservatism, and Reconstructionism
4288:
3850:
3823:
3658:
3200:
3176:
2947:
2610:
2594:
2198:
2148:
2095:
2090:
2004:
1874:
1142:
971:
730:
650:
504:
70:
55:
6627:
6503:
4750:
3925:(ordained at Breslau, though he regarded himself as Orthodox) and Henry Schneeberger.
3838:
7128:
7059:
6941:
6926:
6709:
6580:
6545:
5834:
5679:
5515:
5491:
5467:
5428:
5401:
5382:
5359:
5352:
5336:
5270:
5246:
5207:
5176:
5095:
5064:
5026:
4476:
4425:
4370:
4236:
4215:
4093:
4024:
4010:
3994:
3679:
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3604:
2848:
2753:
2748:
2651:
2504:
2475:
2342:
2284:
2264:
2081:
1641:
1280:
740:
611:
541:
418:
331:
198:
4772:"The rabbis of Conservative Judaism pass a resolution supporting transgender rights"
7194:
7162:
7123:
7094:
7077:
7027:
6828:
6637:
6570:
6523:
6471:
6439:
6430:
6415:
6289:
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6240:
6124:
6055:
5972:
5839:
5654:
5626:
5260:
4916:
4415:
4394:
4177:
3957:
3933:
3922:
3775:
3484:
3358:
2982:
2781:
2664:
2643:
2512:
2471:
definitions, lacking a consensus in matters of faith and allowing great pluralism.
2312:
2193:
2153:
2117:
1815:
1365:
876:
632:
536:
451:
341:
133:
5167:, eds. (2017) . "Americans in the Israeli Reform and Conservative Denominations".
4800:
3535:
system, where children and adolescents spend summers in an observant environment.
7104:
7099:
6911:
6838:
6671:
6642:
6565:
6555:
6518:
6493:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6284:
6279:
6269:
6254:
6045:
5962:
5929:
5887:
5877:
5505:
5485:
5481:
5459:
5448:
5443:
5421:
5330:
5264:
5240:
5201:
5175:. Studies of Israeli Society, 7 (Reprint ed.). London; New York: Routledge.
5169:
5160:
5148:
5127:
5089:
5058:
4950:
4891:
4757:
4589:
4468:
4419:
4364:
4231:
4204:
4196:
4057:, a United Synagogue affiliate built in 1926, during the early years of the union
4044:
3946:
3929:
3890:
3819:
3729:
3628:
3476:
3370:
3346:
3290:
2836:
2777:
2677:
2647:
2571:
2538:
2421:
2274:
2233:
2228:
2208:
2130:
2124:
2057:
2009:
1849:
1830:
981:
710:
622:
605:
149:
4065:
issues. Consisting of seven members, it was chaired by the traditionalist Rabbi
3766:, presenting them as bold innovators, but not once affirmed the divinity of the
2601:
into past tense, rejecting a renewal of animal offerings, though not opposing a
7408:
7383:
7204:
7111:
7069:
7049:
7037:
7017:
6931:
6921:
6889:
6882:
6862:
6833:
6805:
6800:
6766:
6676:
6600:
6590:
6528:
6326:
6274:
6185:
6180:
5942:
5937:
5872:
5801:
5308:
4540:
4333:
4240:
4207:
and others. The CJLS continued to issue groundbreaking ordinances and rulings.
4169:
4066:
3986:
3973:
3969:
3902:
3854:
3846:
3834:
3814:
3713:
3593:
3589:
3396:
3103:
3064:
2993:
2988:
2942:
2933:
2852:
2844:
2815:
2773:
2727:
2508:
2374:
2173:
2028:
1908:
1887:
1864:
1859:
1837:
1825:
1420:
901:
835:
800:
778:
715:
553:
531:
393:
372:
348:
114:
96:
4695:, ההלכה הלכה לאיבוד / הכרות עם התנועה הקונסרבטיבית מתוך עיון בכתבי ועד ההלכה,
3867:
3717:
3219:, and could therefore be classified, according to their interpretation of the
2880:
The main body entrusted with formulating rulings, responsa and statues is the
7424:
7177:
7022:
6949:
6756:
6690:
6663:
6612:
6560:
6533:
6508:
6498:
6259:
6205:
6139:
6119:
6109:
6104:
6077:
6023:
5952:
5897:
5416:
5326:
5236:
5228:
5164:
4360:
4352:
4319:
In the very same year, the Reconstructionist also seceded fully, joining the
4123:
3942:
3910:
3787:
3620:
3577:
3562:
3379:
3082:
2996:
and later commentaries. Conservative authorities, while often relying on the
2976:
2709:
2681:
2578:
fully coalesced into an independent movement, these views were marginalized.
2542:
2487:
2322:
2317:
1523:
1450:
976:
825:
820:
815:
805:
783:
735:
497:
336:
241:
203:
154:
7157:
6954:
6916:
6877:
6466:
6210:
6149:
6129:
6089:
6072:
6040:
6028:
5989:
5907:
5882:
5377:
Modern Jewish Religious Movements: A History of Emancipation and Abjustment
5300:
5197:
5085:
5054:
5021:
Modern Jewish Religious Movements: A History of Emancipation and Abjustment
4692:
4560:
4252:
4248:
4002:
3725:
3669:
3665:
3515:
3433:
3180:
2870:
2689:
2685:
2646:, while accepting an evolutionary understanding of Oral Law, defined Rabbi
2606:
2558:
2352:
2178:
2019:
2014:
1972:
1925:
1019:
886:
871:
830:
795:
408:
250:
3118:, often cite the manner in which the sages of old used rabbinic statutes (
3008:
ruled without firm precedent, sometimes deriving his conclusions from the
2589:
are maintained, English translations of the prayers obscure the issue. In
2454:, as both binding and subject to historical development. The conservative
7167:
6682:
6607:
6585:
6488:
6082:
6011:
6006:
5994:
5984:
5320:
Conservative Judaism in America: A Biographical Dictionary and Sourcebook
5304:
4975:
4300:
4185:
4006:
3956:
The explicit wording alienated a handful of conservative UAHC ministers:
3898:
3504:
3299:. In 2016, the rabbis passed a resolution supporting transgender rights.
3266:
3250:
3246:
3137:
3124:) that enabled the bypassing of prohibitions in the Pentateuch, like the
3001:
2468:
2337:
2279:
1944:
850:
845:
840:
810:
5094:(2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 533.
5063:(2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 350.
4294:
Female ordination was a matter of great friction until 1983, when Rabbi
7261:
6968:
6550:
6144:
5892:
5814:
5674:
5550:
5514:. Princeton, NJ; Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 121–142.
5427:(Reprint ed.). Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock Publ. pp. 240–258.
4127:
4110:
4084:
3965:
3767:
3623:
were the only ones of nineteen respondents who negatively answered the
3532:
3527:
3491:. The current USCJ President is Ned Gladstein. In South America, Rabbi
3216:
3132:
2626:
2622:
2445:
1995:
1009:
938:
896:
725:
705:
264:
171:
91:
3004:'s work. In several occasions, Conservative rabbis discerned that the
7182:
6647:
6538:
6449:
6067:
6001:
4637:
Is the “Halakhic Authenticity” of Conservative Judaism a Broken Myth?
4295:
3674:
3453:
3441:
3383:
3282:
3220:
3146:
3114:
Conservative authorities, as part of their promulgation of a dynamic
3060:
3016:
2660:
2158:
2143:
1233:
1181:
943:
891:
881:
562:
558:
548:
463:
223:
6018:
5245:(Reprint ed.). Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publ. pp. 334–353.
5233:"Conservative Judaism: The Struggle between Ideology and Popularity"
4885:
Members and Motives: Who Joins American Jewish Congregations and Why
4710:
4580:, Columbia University Press, 2012. pp. 13-14, 18; Daniel H. Gordis,
4369:(Reprint ed.). Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publ. pp. 334–353.
4357:"Conservative Judaism: The Struggle between Ideology and Popularity"
4020:
3249:, rendering the marriage void. In 1955, more girls were celebrating
911:
6901:
6843:
6788:
6783:
6454:
5740:
4878:
4873:
Conservative Jewry’s numbers plummeting, but core engagement steady
4636:
4269:
4224:
4132:
3918:
3120:
3022:
3010:
2955:
2811:
2756:
espoused a similar position. He turned the old rabbinic concept of
2597:, the movement rephrased most petitions for the restoration of the
2554:
2327:
1937:
1869:
700:
208:
159:
32:
5287:
Survey of Conservative Jewish youth from middle school to college.
4905:
Conservative Judaism’s Rebranding Effort Could Signal a Sea Change
4501:
Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism
4151:. The synagogue was built in 1962, after the migration to suburbia
3932:, the UAHC was also home to more conservative elements. President
3886:
2860:
approach, insisting that the legalistic method be maintained. The
7116:
7000:
6995:
6985:
6973:
6793:
6778:
6722:
6657:
6632:
6595:
6459:
6134:
6033:
5957:
5849:
5775:
4160:
4071:
3998:
3928:
While spearheaded by radical and principled Reformers like Rabbi
3794:
3705:
3624:
3445:
3242:
3126:
3069:
3051:
Ethical considerations and the weight due to them in determining
3045:
2806:
2735:
2722:
2630:
2450:
2303:
2269:
2138:
1932:
921:
916:
788:
679:
574:
570:
566:
315:
310:
287:
269:
144:
139:
129:
107:
82:
5511:
The New American Judaism: How Jews Practice Their Religion Today
5381:(3rd rev. ed.). New York: Behrman House. pp. 317–346.
5266:
The Conservative Movement in Judaism: Dilemmas and Opportunities
5025:(3rd rev. ed.). New York: Behrman House. pp. 186–217.
4421:
The Conservative Movement in Judaism: Dilemmas and Opportunities
4139:
3664:
In 1844, Geiger and like-minded allies arranged a conference in
3186:
3171:
7187:
7054:
6990:
4822:
4547:, United Synagogue, 1991. pp. 13–17. See also: S. H. Schwartz,
4275:
4106:
3937:
3842:
3763:
3759:
3600:
3387:
3295:
3270:
3258:
3237:
3159:
2971:
2928:
is defined by several features, though the entire range of its
2902:
2634:
2598:
1963:
1958:
1918:
1903:
1014:
906:
326:
292:
278:
213:
4629:
Doing Jewish Theology: God, Torah and Israel in Modern Judaism
3588:
any say in religious matters. On the other extreme were Rabbi
2964:
legalists of the past. They are far more inclined to contend (
7138:
7133:
7087:
7042:
6963:
6958:
6222:
5977:
5947:
5487:
Jews in the Center: Conservative Synagogues and Their Members
5464:
Tradition and Change: The Development of Conservative Judaism
4610:, pp. 345-248; Geffen, Elazar, pp. 4-5, 73, 105-106; Gordis,
4096:, appointed in 1940, and a large majority among the faculty.
3391:
3228:
3056:
3030:
which is derived from a minority view in the Talmud—that the
2960:
2638:
2455:
926:
355:
259:
228:
4987:
Michael Greenbaum, "Ramah: Paradigm for Conservative Jews",
2613:
and God's covenant with it were basically retained as well.
7237:
5771:
5222:
Halakha For Our Time: A Conservative Approach To Jewish Law
4882:, Jewish Daily Forward, 20 November 2015; Steven M. Cohen,
4545:
Halakha For Our Time: A Conservative Approach To Jewish Law
3691:
2937:
78:
5545:
4635:, Columbia University Press, 2013. p. 123; Leonard Levin,
3503:. In Israel, the Masorti movement's executive director is
3487:. Rabbi Blumenthal holds the joint position as CEO of the
2873:, who exhorted the movement to cease describing itself as
5546:
The Masorti Foundation for Conservative Judaism in Israel
5450:
Jews in Israel: Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns
4879:
Conservative Judaism Seeks To Rebrand Itself—But as What?
4633:
Contemporary American Judaism: Transformation and Renewal
3136:. In 1948, when employing those was first debated, Rabbi
5358:. San Francisco, Ca: Harper & Row. pp. 79–124.
3647:
Zeitschrift für die Religiösen Interessen des Judenthums
2959:
or before them, as far back as the Talmud. Conservative
5540:
4445:”If you are My witnesses...”: Special Issue on Theology
5466:. New York: United Synagogue of America Book Service.
5191:
Conservative Judaism: Our Ancestors To Our Descendants
4921:
The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture
4473:
Conservative Judaism: Our Ancestors To Our Descendants
4447:. Conservative Judaism 51, no. 2 (Winter 1999). p. 13.
3661:
and arguing for the antiquity of custom and practice.
3460:
also maintains connections with Conservative Judaism.
3257:) was no longer relevant. In 1972 it was decreed that
2712:, the main rabbinical seminary of Conservative Judaism
4847:, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012. p. 75.
4218:(left), the dominant leader of JTS from 1940 to 1972.
4180:, also became an important figure among the faculty.
3735:
In 1854, Frankel was appointed chancellor in the new
3668:
that was to have enough authority (since 1826, Rabbi
3361:
supplies prayer leaders for congregations worldwide.
5398:
Conservative Judaism: An American Religious Movement
5171:
Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel
5158:
4475:, United Synagogue New York, 1996. pp. 49 ,201-202;
3845:
along a similar path. In Jellinek's local seminary,
3822:
published an article where he appeared to doubt the
3430:
Seminario Rabínico Latinoamericano Marshall T. Meyer
3426:
Marshall T. Meyer Latin American Rabbinical Seminary
3175:
A mixed-gender, egalitarian Conservative service at
2435:
1942:
1923:
346:
3145:
members of the priestly caste to marry divorcees, "
3034:is not obligatory in present times at all (neither
5374:
5351:
5018:
5012:
5010:
4641:Personal Theology: Essays in Honor of Neil Gillman
4631:, Jewish Lights, 2008. p. 188.; Dana Evan Kaplan,
4155:In 1946, a committee chaired by Gordis issued the
4716:The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Ethics and Morality
4092:was opposed by the new traditionalist Chancellor
4017:was established as the fraternity of JTS alumni.
3989:, which maintained close ties with the seminary.
2523:(Truth and Belief), formulated and issued by the
7422:
3332:
5490:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
5007:
3747:and emphasized the divine origin of the entire
3495:serves as chancellor in the Seminary and Rabbi
2919:B'nai Israel Congregation (Rockville, Maryland)
5454:. Brandeis University Press. pp. 285–314.
4970:
4968:
3881:
2772:identification that was more traditional than
2730:, summarizing his movement's position, wrote:
5756:
5566:
4815:
4714:, in: Elliot N. Dorff, Jonathan K. Crane ed.
4711:Ethical Theories in the Conservative Movement
3875:Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums
3592:, who would emerge as the founding father of
3543:
2394:
5541:The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
5259:
5091:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
5060:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
4485:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
4414:
3640:
2474:While regarding itself as the heir of Rabbi
7245:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
4965:
4923:, Cambridge University Press, 2011. p. 355.
4549:"Conservative Judaism's 'Ideology' Problem"
4408:
4405:, Oxford University Press, 2001. pp. 40-43.
4009:. It was conditioned on the appointment of
3163:, de facto abolishing this legal category.
3026:, but based on many opinions of the lesser
2970:) with old rulings, to be flexible towards
2940:, it draws directly on the opinions of the
2642:debate. A similar negative approach toward
638:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
59:Morning service in synagogue Adath Israel,
5763:
5749:
5685:Nativ College Leadership Program in Israel
5612:Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism
5573:
5559:
5504:
5480:
4825:. United Synagogue Conservative of Judaism
4403:Studies in Contemporary Jewry, Volume XVII
4313:Union for Traditional Conservative Judaism
4281:Beth Israel Congregation of Chester County
4178:mysticist understanding of Jewish religion
2525:Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism
2401:
2387:
4033:Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary
2553:Conservative Judaism largely upholds the
5792:Index of Jewish history-related articles
5690:United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
5670:Solomon Schechter Day School Association
5580:
5372:
5044:
5042:
5016:
4876:, JTA, 10 November 2015; Uriel Heilman,
4751:תהליכים בפסיקת ההלכה הקונסרבטיבית בימינו
4608:Struggle between Ideology and Popularity
4209:
4138:
4049:
4019:
3885:
3793:
3690:
3547:
3489:United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
3401:
3382:, is the largest with 35 communities in
3185:
3170:
2912:
2699:
2537:dedicated to the matter, leading rabbis
2480:United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
54:
7291:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
5928:
5349:
5325:
5196:
5193:(Rev. ed.). New York: United Synagogue.
4991:, National Ramah Commission, pp. 53–55.
4487:, Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 624
3859:Jewish Theological Seminary of Budapest
3166:
14:
7423:
5645:Miller Introduction to Judaism Program
5632:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
5458:
5441:
5414:
5395:
5227:
5084:Silvan, Gabriel (2011). "Neology". In
5083:
4976:Will Conservative Day Schools Survive?
4351:
3982:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
3907:Union of American Hebrew Congregations
3799:Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau
3737:Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau
3343:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
2814:and the like. Concurrently, examining
2706:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
2548:
2517:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
2484:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
5744:
5665:Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies
5617:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards
5554:
5203:Conservative Judaism: The New Century
5048:
5039:
4583:Positive-Historical Judaism Exhausted
4565:Conservative Judaism: The New Century
4345:
3507:and chair Sophie Fellman Rafalovitz.
3473:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards
3463:The current chancellor of the JTS is
3458:Budapest University of Jewish Studies
3438:Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies
3349:. By 1901, the JTS alumni formed the
2882:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards
5770:
5293:A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice
5004:, National Ramah Commission, p. 174.
4934:The Conservative Movement in Judaism
4739:, pp. 30-41; Dorff, pp. 101-107 etc.
4576:Dorff, pp. 24-25; Michael R. Cohen,
4503:, Wayne State, 1995. pp. 84-89, 414.
4495:
4493:
4390:
4388:
4386:
3873:The Breslau Seminary and the Reform
3672:called for the convocation of a new
2448:. It therefore views Jewish law, or
5315:The Jewish Publication Society, NY.
5136:, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
4321:World Union for Progressive Judaism
4116:
2425:
24:
7238:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
7218:American Jewish Historical Society
5650:Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies
5242:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism
5142:
5000:Nancy Scheff, "Romance at Ramah",
4366:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism
4245:Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano
3770:. On the ordinances classified as
3732:, and was postponed indefinitely.
3418:Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies
3407:Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies
3223:' opinion, as "redundant labour" (
2908:
2898:Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano
25:
7447:
5716:Criticism of Conservative Judaism
5529:
5116:The Birth of Conservative Judaism
4567:, Behrman House, 1993. pp. 54–56.
4490:
4383:
3921:congregations, along with rabbis
2629:, pioneering modern study of the
429:Historical population comparisons
7402:
7389:
7388:
5639:(formerly University of Judaism)
4907:The Algemeiner, January 15, 2016
3841:led the central congregation in
1073:Democratic Republic of the Congo
987:Historical population by country
5536:The Jewish Theological Seminary
5400:. Glencoe, Il: The Free Press.
5283:Keysar, Ariela; Kosmin, Barry.
5121:
5108:
5077:
4994:
4981:
4939:
4926:
4910:
4898:
4864:
4850:
4845:American Jewish Year, Book 2012
4843:Arnold Dashefsky, Ira Sheskin,
4837:
4789:
4764:
4742:
4729:
4702:
4681:
4668:
4655:
4652:Elazer, Minz-Geffen, pp. 63-65.
4646:
4621:
4612:Conservative Judaism: A Requiem
4600:
4570:
4554:
4533:
4524:
4459:, pp. 41, 59.; Gordis, 353-354.
4157:Sabbath and Festival Prayerbook
3607:, appointed chief rabbi of the
42:For the scholarly journal, see
7310:Relations with other religions
5239:; Avery-Peck, Alan J. (eds.).
4724:Modernists vs. Traditionalists
4515:
4506:
4462:
4450:
4438:
4363:; Avery-Peck, Alan J. (eds.).
3111:matters concerning livestock.
2924:The Conservative treatment of
2585:, but while references to the
27:Movement of Rabbinical Judaism
13:
1:
7297:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
5423:Social Foundations of Judaism
5313:Etz Hayim: A Torah Commentary
5263:; Geffen, Rela Mintz (2012).
5049:Dorff, Elliot Nelson (2011).
4418:; Geffen, Rela Mintz (2012).
4339:
4037:Rabbinical Council of America
3631:, who argued that the act of
3524:Solomon Schechter Day Schools
3333:Organization and demographics
3229:members of the priestly caste
2866:Union for Traditional Judaism
2788:
2768:boundaries beyond any limit.
2616:
644:Christianity and Judaism
7228:Leo Baeck Institute New York
7223:American Sephardi Federation
5285:Eight Up: The College Years,
4722:, pp. 187-190; Silverstein,
4457:”If you are My witnesses...”
4303:, was admitted into the RA.
4013:as Chancellor. In 1901, the
3980:. In 1886, they founded the
61:Merion Station, Pennsylvania
7:
6051:Constantinopolitan Karaites
5637:American Jewish University
5206:. New York: Behrman House.
4311:integrity. They formed the
4083:, rejecting the concept of
3882:Jewish Theological Seminary
3772:Law given to Moses at Sinai
3762:). He heaved praise on the
3688:reassured of his loyalty".
3641:
3355:United Synagogue of America
3263:Panim Chadashot ba'u l'Khan
2804:Fidelity and commitment to
2695:
2621:Conservative conception of
2498:
2493:
2436:
1943:
1924:
1651:Latin America and Caribbean
347:
10:
7452:
7436:Jewish religious movements
7279:National Library of Israel
5920:Zionism, race and genetics
5350:Raphael, Marc Lee (1984).
5269:. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
5133:The Conservative Synagogue
4890:December 22, 2015, at the
4483:, in: Adele Berlin (ed.),
4424:. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
4145:Congregation Shaarey Zedek
4055:East Midwood Jewish Center
3639:) rather than sanctified (
3617:Hamburg Temple controversy
3569:Wissenschaft des Judentums
3544:Positive-Historical School
3538:
3479:, serving since 2007. The
3422:American Jewish University
3411:American Jewish University
2792:
2671:, but also attracted many
2256:Jewish political movements
1953:Conversion to Judaism
29:
7377:
7233:Yeshiva University Museum
7213:Center for Jewish History
7203:
7068:
6940:
6814:
6708:
6239:
5858:
5800:
5782:
5708:
5604:
5588:
5396:Sklare, Marshall (1955).
5373:Rudavsky, David (1979) .
5318:Nadell Pamela S. (1988).
5189:Dorff, Elliot N. (1996).
5017:Rudavsky, David (1979) .
4643:, Academic Studies Press.
4230:Already in a 1955 study,
4081:Judaism as a Civilization
3207:unto itself, not even in
2482:, and the New York–based
2442:Jewish religious movement
659:Hinduism and Judaism
5825:Ancient Israel and Judah
5220:Golinkin, David (1991).
4756:August 10, 2014, at the
4035:and members of the OU's
3962:Frederick de Sola Mendes
3784:Benjamin Hirsch Auerbach
3576:in Germany, like rabbis
2587:Resurrection of the Dead
485:Temple in Jerusalem
178:Bar and bat mitzvah
31:Not to be confused with
6201:North African Sephardim
6174:Jewish tribes of Arabia
4895:, S3K Report, Fall 2006
4726:, p. 42; Dorff, p. 161.
4639:in: Daniel Plevan ed.,
4588:April 10, 2015, at the
3743:, who fiercely opposed
3710:second day of festivals
3552:Rabbi Zecharias Frankel
3522:The USCJ maintains the
3020:and the more prominent
2799:
2583:Immortality of the Soul
447:Twelve Tribes of Israel
7304:Holocaust Encyclopedia
7274:Jewish Virtual Library
5695:United Synagogue Youth
5675:Ramah Camping Movement
5322:, Greenwood Press, NY.
5296:, JTS Press, New York.
4691:, pp. 26-31; See also
4616:Jewish Review of Books
4219:
4174:Abraham Joshua Heschel
4152:
4136:, rabbinic ordinance.
4058:
4027:
3893:
3801:
3696:
3553:
3512:United Synagogue Youth
3413:
3235:In 1954, the issue of
3225:Sh’eina Tzricha L’gufa
3191:
3183:
2921:
2741:
2713:
63:
7251:Encyclopaedia Judaica
7033:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
6218:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
5968:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
5290:Klein, Isaac (1992).
5051:"Historical Movement"
4720:Doing Jewish Theology
4718:, OUP 2012; Gillman,
4663:Doing Jewish Theology
4213:
4142:
4075:on the background of
4053:
4023:
3889:
3831:Isaac Noah Mannheimer
3797:
3741:Samson Raphael Hirsch
3694:
3551:
3469:Bradley Shavit Artson
3436:, Argentina; and the
3405:
3203:) did not constitute
3189:
3174:
3081:." The liberal Rabbi
2916:
2732:
2703:
1193:São Tomé and Príncipe
1188:Republic of the Congo
582:Second Temple Judaism
453:Kingdom of Judah
424:Modern historiography
58:
7431:Conservative Judaism
5830:Second Temple period
5721:Gladstein Fellowship
5660:Conservative Yeshiva
5596:Conservative halakha
5582:Conservative Judaism
4953:on February 22, 2015
4737:Halakha For Our Time
4689:Halakha For Our Time
4676:Halakha For Our Time
4595:Conservative Judaism
4201:Tradition and Change
4149:Southfield, Michigan
3978:Hebrew Union College
3915:Henry Pereira Mendes
3651:positive, historical
3475:is chaired by Rabbi
3465:Shuly Rubin Schwartz
3450:Conservative Yeshiva
3424:in Los Angeles; the
3339:Conservative Judaism
3287:Counting of the Omer
3269:could be considered
3265:) and therefore all
3190:Women rabbis, Israel
3167:Rulings and policies
2917:Memorial service of
2795:Conservative Halakha
2534:Conservative Judaism
2414:Conservative Judaism
2295:World Agudath Israel
1436:United Arab Emirates
523:Second Temple period
513:Babylonian captivity
45:Conservative Judaism
7268:Jewish Encyclopedia
7013:Hekhalot literature
6824:Religious movements
6359:Judeo-Tripolitanian
5622:Rabbinical Assembly
5224:, United Synagogue.
5161:Liebman, Charles S.
4947:"About the Network"
4761:, Akdamot 27, 2012.
4530:Dorff, pp. 107-114.
4521:Dorff, pp. 107-108.
4305:David Weiss Halivni
4015:Rabbinical Assembly
3951:Pittsburgh Platform
3806:Azriel Hildesheimer
3633:marriage in Judaism
3582:Azriel Hildesheimer
3574:modernized Orthodox
3501:Jonathan Wittenberg
3481:Rabbinical Assembly
3367:Pew Research Center
3351:Rabbinical Assembly
3243:prenuptial contract
3092:Rabbinical Assembly
3077:should control the
2986:and especially the
2820:rabbinic literature
2549:God and eschatology
2460:historical-critical
588:Hellenistic Judaism
166:Land of Israel
125:Principles of faith
37:Jewish conservatism
18:Conservative Jewish
7409:Judaism portal
7345:Jews and Halloween
7340:Jews and Christmas
6730:Rabbinic authority
6482:Judaeo-Piedmontese
5915:Xueta Christianity
5820:Origins of Judaism
5787:Outline of Judaism
4539:Dorff, pp. 20-23;
4512:Dorff, pp. 103–105
4289:Linda Joy Holtzman
4265:their own seminary
4220:
4153:
4059:
4028:
3894:
3851:Isaac Hirsch Weiss
3802:
3697:
3659:Biblical criticism
3554:
3493:Ariel Stofenmacher
3414:
3209:incandescent bulbs
3201:electrical circuit
3192:
3184:
2948:Hayim David HaLevi
2922:
2714:
2633:. He regarded the
2611:Election of Israel
2149:Jewish Koine Greek
1691:Dominican Republic
972:Judaism by country
651:Jews and Christmas
506:Assyrian captivity
64:
7418:
7417:
7384:extinct languages
7285:YIVO Encyclopedia
7060:Hebrew literature
7028:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
6868:Reconstructionist
6546:Judaeo-Portuguese
6235:
6234:
6191:Eastern Sephardim
5835:Synagogal Judaism
5738:
5737:
5680:Masorti on Campus
5521:978-0-691-18129-5
5261:Elazar, Daniel J.
5182:978-1-56000-178-2
5151:(January 2007). "
5101:978-0-19-975927-9
5070:978-0-19-975927-9
4974:Jennifer Siegel,
4870:Steven M. Cohen,
4477:Martha Himmelfarb
4416:Elazar, Daniel J.
4237:Edward S. Shapiro
4216:Louis Finkelstein
4176:, who espoused a
4143:The Conservative
4094:Louis Finkelstein
4090:Reconstructionism
4025:Solomon Schechter
4011:Solomon Schechter
3995:Agudas HaRabbanim
3909:. These included
3702:Hirsch Bär Fassel
3680:Frankfurt am Main
3609:Kingdom of Saxony
3605:Zecharias Frankel
3147:Later authorities
2938:ritual enclosures
2849:Louis Finkelstein
2754:Solomon Schechter
2749:Zecharias Frankel
2652:Solomon Schechter
2576:Reconstructionism
2574:. After Kaplan's
2505:Zecharias Frankel
2476:Zecharias Frankel
2434:
2411:
2410:
2360:
2359:
2108:
2107:
1855:Reconstructionist
1799:
1798:
951:
950:
758:
757:
595:Jewish–Roman wars
543:Hasmonean dynasty
459:Kingdom of Israel
363:
362:
16:(Redirected from
7443:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7392:
7391:
6524:Judeo-Golpaygani
6125:Palestinian Jews
6100:Alexandrian Jews
6056:Crimean Karaites
5973:Unterlander Jews
5926:
5925:
5840:Rabbinic Judaism
5765:
5758:
5751:
5742:
5741:
5655:Fuchsberg Center
5640:
5627:Cantors Assembly
5575:
5568:
5561:
5552:
5551:
5525:
5506:Wertheimer, Jack
5501:
5482:Wertheimer, Jack
5477:
5460:Waxman, Mordecai
5455:
5453:
5444:Waxman, Chaim I.
5438:
5426:
5411:
5392:
5380:
5369:
5357:
5346:
5280:
5256:
5217:
5186:
5174:
5159:Deshen, Shlomo;
5149:Cohen, Steven M.
5137:
5125:
5119:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5046:
5037:
5036:
5024:
5014:
5005:
4998:
4992:
4985:
4979:
4972:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4949:. Archived from
4943:
4937:
4932:Elazar, Geffen.
4930:
4924:
4917:Judith R. Baskin
4914:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4854:
4848:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4803:on April 6, 2016
4799:. Archived from
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4768:
4762:
4746:
4740:
4733:
4727:
4706:
4700:
4699:, December 1999.
4685:
4679:
4672:
4666:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4644:
4625:
4619:
4604:
4598:
4574:
4568:
4558:
4552:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4504:
4497:
4488:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4412:
4406:
4395:Alan Silverstein
4392:
4381:
4380:
4349:
4287:-ordained Rabbi
4117:A third movement
3958:Henry Hochheimer
3934:Isaac Meyer Wise
3923:Bernard Drachman
3824:Messianic belief
3776:Asher ben Jehiel
3644:
3526:, comprising 76
3485:Jacob Blumenthal
3359:Cantors Assembly
3096:Shinui ha-I'ttim
3044:) but rather an
2886:Va'ad ha-Halakha
2835:rigid position.
2782:Daniel J. Elazar
2665:Franz Rosenzweig
2644:Higher Criticism
2439:
2437:Yahadut Masortit
2429:
2427:
2416:, also known as
2403:
2396:
2389:
2252:
2251:
2133:
1954:
1948:
1929:
1893:
1892:
1840:
1787:New Zealand
1739:
1702:El Salvador
1692:
1624:Northern America
1616:
1210:
966:
965:
877:Crimean Karaites
773:
772:
751:
749:
670:
668:
660:
654:
645:
633:Rabbinic Judaism
614:
608:
602:
590:
578:
544:
537:Maccabean Revolt
514:
507:
501:
493:
486:
480:
472:
454:
378:
377:
352:
247:
246:
179:
167:
66:
65:
50:
40:
21:
7451:
7450:
7446:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7440:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7414:
7403:
7401:
7373:
7199:
7064:
6936:
6810:
6704:
6519:Judeo-Borujerdi
6494:Judeo-Malayalam
6440:Judeo-Aragonese
6411:Lishanid Noshan
6243:
6231:
5963:Oberlander Jews
5924:
5854:
5796:
5778:
5769:
5739:
5734:
5704:
5638:
5600:
5584:
5579:
5532:
5522:
5498:
5474:
5435:
5408:
5389:
5366:
5343:
5311:, eds. (2001).
5299:Lieber. David;
5277:
5253:
5214:
5183:
5145:
5143:Further reading
5140:
5128:Jack Wertheimer
5126:
5122:
5113:
5109:
5102:
5082:
5078:
5071:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5015:
5008:
4999:
4995:
4986:
4982:
4973:
4966:
4956:
4954:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4936:. pp. 133, 174.
4931:
4927:
4915:
4911:
4903:
4899:
4892:Wayback Machine
4869:
4865:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4842:
4838:
4828:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4806:
4804:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4776:Washington Post
4770:
4769:
4765:
4758:Wayback Machine
4747:
4743:
4734:
4730:
4707:
4703:
4686:
4682:
4678:, pp. 5, 9, 13.
4673:
4669:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4626:
4622:
4605:
4601:
4590:Wayback Machine
4575:
4571:
4559:
4555:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4499:Michael Meyer,
4498:
4491:
4469:Elliot N. Dorff
4467:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4413:
4409:
4393:
4384:
4377:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4232:Marshall Sklare
4205:Alexander Kohut
4197:Mordecai Waxman
4119:
4045:Mordecai Kaplan
3947:Alexander Kohut
3930:Kaufmann Kohler
3917:of the elitist
3891:Alexander Kohut
3884:
3839:Moritz Güdemann
3820:Heinrich Graetz
3764:Beatified Sages
3756:Darke ha-Mishna
3730:Jacob Ettlinger
3629:Samuel Holdheim
3546:
3541:
3497:Marcelo Rittner
3477:Elliot N. Dorff
3371:Steven M. Cohen
3347:Alexander Kohut
3335:
3315:, or the local
3291:Judith Hauptman
3205:kindling a fire
3177:Robinson's Arch
3169:
3032:Sabbatical Year
2911:
2909:Characteristics
2837:Mordecai Kaplan
2802:
2797:
2791:
2778:Charles Liebman
2698:
2678:Ben-Zion Bokser
2669:existentialists
2648:Alexander Kohut
2635:Beatified Sages
2619:
2595:Messianic ideal
2572:Mordecai Kaplan
2551:
2539:Elliot N. Dorff
2501:
2496:
2458:employs modern
2418:Masorti Judaism
2407:
2362:
2361:
2249:
2239:
2238:
2229:Judeo-Malayalam
2209:Judaeo-Georgian
2129:
2120:
2110:
2109:
2010:Yiddish theatre
1952:
1890:
1880:
1879:
1838:
1811:
1801:
1800:
1737:
1690:
1614:
1208:
992:Genetic studies
963:
953:
952:
770:
760:
759:
747:
746:
666:
665:
658:
648:
643:
625:and Middle Ages
623:Rabbinic period
610:
604:
597:
585:
556:
542:
512:
505:
496:
488:
484:
475:
470:in Judaism
467:
452:
375:
365:
364:
244:
234:
233:
177:
165:
110:
51:
41:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7449:
7439:
7438:
7433:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7398:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7351:non-Christian
7349:
7348:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7307:
7300:
7293:
7288:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7247:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7209:
7207:
7201:
7200:
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7155:
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7143:
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7141:
7136:
7126:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7097:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7074:
7072:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7050:Shulchan Aruch
7047:
7046:
7045:
7040:
7038:Sefer Yetzirah
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7018:Pardes Rimonim
7015:
7008:Kabbalah texts
7005:
7004:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6952:
6946:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6820:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6801:Land of Israel
6798:
6797:
6796:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6714:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6679:
6677:Judeo-Alsatian
6669:
6668:
6667:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6529:Judeo-Hamedani
6526:
6521:
6516:
6506:
6504:Judaeo-Occitan
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6445:Jewish English
6442:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6376:Judaeo-Aramaic
6373:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6364:Judeo-Tunisian
6361:
6356:
6354:Judeo-Moroccan
6351:
6350:
6349:
6347:Judeo-Baghdadi
6334:
6329:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6251:
6249:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6203:
6198:
6196:Livornese Jews
6193:
6183:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6043:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6009:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5943:Afrikaner-Jode
5934:
5932:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5864:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5768:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5745:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5712:
5710:
5709:Related topics
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5578:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5531:
5530:External links
5528:
5527:
5526:
5520:
5502:
5496:
5484:, ed. (2002).
5478:
5472:
5462:, ed. (1958).
5456:
5439:
5433:
5417:Neusner, Jacob
5412:
5406:
5393:
5387:
5370:
5364:
5347:
5341:
5329:, ed. (1975).
5327:Neusner, Jacob
5323:
5316:
5309:Harold Kushner
5297:
5288:
5281:
5275:
5257:
5251:
5237:Neusner, Jacob
5229:Gordis, Daniel
5225:
5218:
5212:
5194:
5187:
5181:
5165:Shokeid, Moshe
5156:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5120:
5107:
5100:
5076:
5069:
5038:
5031:
5006:
4993:
4980:
4978:, June 5, 2008
4964:
4938:
4925:
4909:
4897:
4863:
4849:
4836:
4814:
4788:
4763:
4741:
4728:
4701:
4680:
4667:
4654:
4645:
4627:Neil Gillman,
4620:
4618:, Winter 2014.
4599:
4569:
4553:
4541:David Golinkin
4532:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4489:
4461:
4449:
4437:
4430:
4407:
4382:
4375:
4361:Neusner, Jacob
4353:Gordis, Daniel
4343:
4341:
4338:
4334:Ismar Schorsch
4326:Emet ve-Emunah
4241:Marshall Meyer
4170:Saul Lieberman
4118:
4115:
4067:Louis Ginzberg
3987:Orthodox Union
3974:Benjamin Szold
3970:Marcus Jastrow
3903:Reform Judaism
3883:
3880:
3847:Meir Friedmann
3835:Adolf Jellinek
3815:Chalav Yisrael
3714:Adolf Jellinek
3594:Reform Judaism
3590:Abraham Geiger
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3397:Neolog Judaism
3334:
3331:
3279:Shulchan Aruch
3255:Kvod ha'Tzibur
3168:
3165:
3104:Judaic Studies
3065:Seymour Siegel
3006:Shulchan Aruch
2998:Shulchan Aruch
2994:Isserles Gloss
2989:Shulchan Aruch
2943:Shulchan Aruch
2934:David Golinkin
2910:
2907:
2903:prayer quorums
2853:Saul Lieberman
2845:Louis Ginzberg
2824:Emet ve-Emunah
2816:Jewish history
2801:
2798:
2793:Main article:
2790:
2787:
2774:Reform Judaism
2728:Louis Ginzberg
2697:
2694:
2618:
2615:
2603:Return to Zion
2563:Emet ve-Emunah
2550:
2547:
2521:Emet ve-Emunah
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2409:
2408:
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2300:
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2290:Territorialism
2287:
2282:
2277:
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2267:
2259:
2258:
2250:
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2240:
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2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2174:Judaeo-Spanish
2171:
2169:Judaeo-Iranian
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2105:
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2103:
2098:
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2060:
2055:
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2032:
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2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1999:
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1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1975:
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1615:United Kingdom
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1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1048:Bilad-el-Sudan
1045:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1004:
1003:
1001:Land of Israel
997:
996:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
964:
959:
958:
955:
954:
949:
948:
947:
946:
941:
936:
931:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
861:
860:
859:Related groups
856:
855:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
792:
791:
786:
771:
766:
765:
762:
761:
756:
755:
754:
753:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
716:Jewish atheism
713:
708:
703:
695:
694:
690:
689:
688:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:Islamic–Jewish
662:
655:
640:
635:
627:
626:
619:
618:
617:
616:
592:
579:
551:
546:
539:
534:
532:Yehud Medinata
526:
525:
519:
518:
517:
516:
509:
502:
494:
481:
473:
461:
456:
449:
441:
440:
438:Ancient Israel
434:
433:
432:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
394:Land of Israel
391:
383:
382:
376:
371:
370:
367:
366:
361:
360:
359:
358:
353:
349:Shulchan Aruch
344:
339:
334:
329:
321:
320:
319:
318:
313:
305:
304:
298:
297:
296:
295:
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267:
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254:
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226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
174:
169:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
127:
122:
115:God in Judaism
111:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
99:
94:
86:
85:
75:
74:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7448:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7411:
7410:
7399:
7397:
7396:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7381:
7376:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7335:Protestantism
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7282:
7280:
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7260:
7258:
7255:
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7147:
7144:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7023:Sefer HaBahir
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7009:
7006:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6979:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6950:Sifrei Kodesh
6948:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6813:
6807:
6806:Who is a Jew?
6804:
6802:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6735:Chosen people
6733:
6731:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6701:
6698:
6692:
6691:Scots-Yiddish
6689:
6685:
6684:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6670:
6666:
6665:
6664:Klezmer-loshn
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6534:Judeo-Shirazi
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6509:Judeo-Persian
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6499:Judeo-Marathi
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6477:Judeo-Italian
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6332:Judeo-Amazigh
6330:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6242:
6238:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6155:Hadhrami Jews
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6120:Mountain Jews
6118:
6116:
6115:Egyptian Jews
6113:
6111:
6110:Bukharan Jews
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5898:Lists of Jews
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5766:
5761:
5759:
5754:
5752:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:Organizations
5603:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5589:Core articles
5587:
5583:
5576:
5571:
5569:
5564:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5523:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5497:0-8135-2821-6
5493:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5452:
5451:
5445:
5440:
5436:
5434:1-59244-943-3
5430:
5425:
5424:
5418:
5413:
5409:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5390:
5388:0-87441-286-2
5384:
5379:
5378:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5348:
5344:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5276:9780791492024
5272:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5252:1-57718-058-5
5248:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5213:0-87441-547-0
5209:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5198:Gillman, Neil
5195:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5166:
5162:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5117:
5111:
5103:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5086:Berlin, Adele
5080:
5072:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5055:Berlin, Adele
5052:
5045:
5043:
5034:
5032:0-87441-286-2
5028:
5023:
5022:
5013:
5011:
5003:
4997:
4990:
4984:
4977:
4971:
4969:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4935:
4929:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4906:
4901:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4867:
4859:
4853:
4846:
4840:
4824:
4818:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4748:Diana Villa,
4745:
4738:
4732:
4725:
4721:
4717:
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4708:Shai Cherry,
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4431:9780791492024
4427:
4423:
4422:
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4389:
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4376:1-57718-058-5
4372:
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4329:
4327:
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4317:
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4283:accepted the
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4124:Robert Gordis
4114:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
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4000:
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3990:
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3959:
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3948:
3944:
3943:trefa banquet
3939:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3911:Sabato Morais
3908:
3904:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3864:Michael Sachs
3860:
3856:
3855:Neolog public
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3788:Solomon Klein
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3758:(Ways of the
3757:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3722:Michael Sachs
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3635:was a civic (
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3621:S.L. Rapoport
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3578:Isaac Bernays
3575:
3571:
3570:
3564:
3563:acculturation
3560:
3550:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3456:. The Neolog
3455:
3452:, located in
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3380:Latin America
3375:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3305:K'rov Yisrael
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
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3226:
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3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3155:Horaat Sha'ah
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3083:Gordon Tucker
3080:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3059:, like Rabbi
3058:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:Arba'ah Turim
2979:
2978:
2977:Mishneh Torah
2973:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2935:
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2899:
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2887:
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2878:
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2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2796:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2758:K'lal Yisrael
2755:
2750:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2711:
2710:New York City
2707:
2702:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2682:Robert Gordis
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2543:Gordon Tucker
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2491:
2489:
2488:Masorti Olami
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2426:יהדות מסורתית
2423:
2419:
2415:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
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2371:
2368:
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2354:
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2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
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2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
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2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
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2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:Judeo-Aramaic
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Judeo-Italian
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Ghardaïa Sign
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1899:
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1889:
1884:
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1876:
1873:
1871:
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1866:
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1858:
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1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:Denominations
1805:
1804:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1750:
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1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:United States
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
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1600:
1597:
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1577:
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1557:
1555:
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1537:
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1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1452:
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1447:
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1442:
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1437:
1434:
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1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
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1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
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1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:Guinea-Bissau
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
977:Lists of Jews
975:
973:
970:
969:
968:
967:
962:
957:
956:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
862:
858:
857:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
780:
777:
776:
775:
774:
769:
764:
763:
752:
744:
742:
739:
737:
736:The Holocaust
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
697:
696:
692:
691:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
663:
661:
656:
652:
646:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
629:
628:
624:
621:
620:
613:
607:
601:
596:
593:
589:
583:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
528:
527:
524:
521:
520:
515:
510:
508:
503:
499:
495:
492:
487:
482:
478:
474:
471:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
450:
448:
445:
444:
443:
442:
439:
436:
435:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
385:
384:
380:
379:
374:
369:
368:
357:
354:
351:
350:
345:
343:
340:
338:
337:Mishneh Torah
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
323:
322:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
307:
306:
303:
300:
299:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
284:
283:
280:
277:
276:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
256:
255:
252:
249:
248:
243:
238:
237:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
175:
173:
170:
168:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
135:
131:
128:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
104:
103:
98:
97:Who is a Jew?
95:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:
84:
80:
77:
76:
72:
68:
67:
62:
57:
53:
48:
46:
38:
34:
19:
7400:
7393:
7379:
7302:
7295:
7283:
7266:
7249:
7083:perspectives
6917:Samaritanism
6878:Neo-Hasidism
6858:Conservative
6857:
6772:Names of God
6681:
6662:
6472:Judaeo-Greek
6467:Judeo-Gascon
6406:Lishán Didán
6401:Lishana Deni
6369:Judeo-Yemeni
6337:Judeo-Arabic
6211:Meshuchrarim
6130:Persian Jews
6063:Kurdish Jews
6041:Kaifeng Jews
5990:Beta Abraham
5953:Galitzianers
5908:Antisemitism
5883:Israeli Jews
5868:Assimilation
5727:
5581:
5510:
5486:
5463:
5449:
5422:
5397:
5376:
5365:0-06066801-6
5353:
5331:
5319:
5312:
5301:Jules Harlow
5291:
5284:
5265:
5241:
5221:
5202:
5190:
5170:
5131:
5123:
5118:, pp. 80–82.
5115:
5110:
5090:
5079:
5059:
5020:
5001:
4996:
4988:
4983:
4955:. Retrieved
4951:the original
4941:
4933:
4928:
4920:
4912:
4900:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4866:
4852:
4844:
4839:
4827:. Retrieved
4823:"About USCJ"
4817:
4805:. Retrieved
4801:the original
4791:
4779:. Retrieved
4775:
4766:
4749:
4744:
4736:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4704:
4696:
4693:Binyamin Lau
4688:
4683:
4675:
4670:
4662:
4657:
4648:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4607:
4602:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4564:
4561:Neil Gillman
4556:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4517:
4508:
4500:
4484:
4481:Resurrection
4480:
4472:
4464:
4456:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4420:
4410:
4402:
4398:
4365:
4347:
4330:
4325:
4318:
4308:
4293:
4274:
4259:
4257:
4253:Louis Jacobs
4249:Buenos Aires
4243:founded the
4229:
4221:
4200:
4199:in his 1957
4192:
4190:
4182:
4164:
4156:
4154:
4131:
4120:
4101:
4098:
4070:
4062:
4060:
4041:
4029:
4003:Jacob Schiff
3991:
3955:
3938:dietary laws
3927:
3895:
3872:
3828:
3809:
3803:
3779:
3774:, he quoted
3755:
3753:
3748:
3745:Wissenschaft
3744:
3734:
3726:Abraham Kohn
3698:
3684:
3673:
3670:Aaron Chorin
3666:Braunschweig
3663:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3613:Wissenschaft
3612:
3603:-born Rabbi
3598:
3586:Wissenschaft
3585:
3567:
3559:emancipation
3555:
3521:
3516:Marom Israel
3509:
3462:
3434:Buenos Aires
3429:
3415:
3376:
3363:
3338:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3301:
3294:
3278:
3275:
3262:
3254:
3236:
3234:
3224:
3213:
3193:
3181:Western Wall
3158:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3095:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3052:
3050:
3046:act of piety
3040:
3036:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2965:
2954:
2952:
2941:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2874:
2871:Neil Gillman
2861:
2858:Non-Halakhic
2857:
2840:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2812:phylacteries
2805:
2803:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2745:
2742:
2733:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2690:Neil Gillman
2686:Louis Jacobs
2673:Objectivists
2657:
2620:
2590:
2580:
2568:naturalistic
2562:
2559:personal God
2557:notion of a
2552:
2532:
2520:
2502:
2473:
2464:
2449:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2353:Post-Zionism
2224:Judeo-Berber
2219:Judeo-Arabic
2179:Judeo-Gascon
1926:Pidyon haben
1845:Conservative
1844:
1391:Saudi Arabia
1209:South Africa
1198:Sierra Leone
1020:Israeli Jews
934:Mosaic Arabs
887:Kaifeng Jews
748:Arab–Israeli
721:Emancipation
600:Great Revolt
409:Anti-Judaism
404:Antisemitism
399:Name "Judea"
194:Baal teshuva
52:
44:
7325:Catholicism
6907:Hellenistic
6745:Eschatology
6683:Lachoudisch
6608:Lotegorisch
6586:Lachoudisch
6576:Koiné Greek
6489:Judeo-Latin
6426:Palestinian
6320:Palestinian
6169:Mustaʿravim
6095:Afghan Jews
6083:Berber Jews
6007:Bene Israel
5995:Falash Mura
5985:Beta Israel
5903:Persecution
5845:Middle Ages
5305:Chaim Potok
5002:Ramah at 60
4989:Ramah at 60
4301:Amy Eilberg
4214:Chancellor
4186:Conservadox
4077:Prohibition
4007:Cyrus Adler
3899:Jonas Bondi
3868:Manuel Joël
3718:Leopold Löw
3655:Zeitschrift
3528:day schools
3505:Yizhar Hess
3322:Mara D'Atra
3313:Mara D'Atra
3267:hard cheese
3251:Bat Mitzvah
3247:bride price
3197:Eth la'asot
3138:Isaac Klein
3133:Heter I'ska
3002:Joseph Karo
2894:Mara D'Atra
2605:and even a
2469:theological
2348:Revisionist
2338:Neo-Zionism
1945:Zeved habat
1738:Puerto Rico
1564:Netherlands
1396:South Korea
1381:Philippines
1261:Afghanistan
1128:Ivory Coast
902:Crypto-Jews
867:Bnei Anusim
846:Bene Israel
811:Beta Israel
768:Communities
675:Middle Ages
414:Persecution
189:Bereavement
7425:Categories
7320:Anabaptism
7262:Jew (word)
7129:Leadership
6942:Literature
6927:Secularism
6873:Humanistic
6740:Conversion
6710:Philosophy
6551:Judeo-Urdu
6315:Babylonian
6160:Saada Jews
6145:Adeni Jews
5938:Ashkenazim
5893:Samaritans
5860:Population
5815:Israelites
5473:0838131042
5407:0819144800
5342:0870682792
4735:Golinkin,
4687:Golinkin,
4674:Golinkin,
4340:References
4128:Jacob Agus
4111:Boaz Cohen
4085:Revelation
3966:Aaron Wise
3913:and Rabbi
3837:and Rabbi
3768:Oral Torah
3533:Camp Ramah
3428:(Spanish:
3217:Tabernacle
3041:de'Rabanan
2946:and Rabbi
2789:Jewish law
2667:and other
2627:Oral Torah
2623:Revelation
2617:Revelation
2607:New Temple
2599:Sacrifices
2446:revelation
2333:Maximalism
2285:Secularism
2265:Autonomism
2082:Literature
1875:Humanistic
1479:Azerbaijan
1441:Uzbekistan
1416:Tajikistan
1336:Kyrgyzstan
1321:Kazakhstan
1168:Mozambique
1143:Madagascar
1063:Cape Verde
1015:New Yishuv
1010:Old Yishuv
961:Population
939:Subbotniks
897:Samaritans
836:Romanyotim
779:Ashkenazim
726:Old Yishuv
706:Sabbateans
693:Modern era
685:Golden Age
612:Bar Kokhba
332:Beit Yosef
199:Philosophy
7382:indicate
7330:Mormonism
7315:Christian
7195:Symbolism
7183:Synagogue
7163:Mythology
7124:Education
7095:Astronomy
7078:Astrology
6895:relations
6700:Zarphatic
6648:Galitzish
6450:Yeshivish
6327:Catalanic
6290:Samaritan
6265:Ashkenazi
6246:Diasporic
6241:Languages
6186:Sephardim
6181:Romaniote
6068:Krymchaks
6002:Desi Jews
5878:Buddhists
5231:(2003) .
4829:April 30,
4665:, p. 190.
4661:Gillman,
4355:(2003) .
4296:Joel Roth
3675:Sanhedrin
3454:Jerusalem
3442:Jerusalem
3384:Argentina
3345:by Rabbi
3337:The term
3296:kiddushin
3283:Joel Roth
3221:Tosafists
3061:Joel Roth
3037:de'Oraita
3017:Acharonim
2992:with its
2967:machloket
2661:theophany
2456:rabbinate
2431:romanized
2343:Religious
2199:Zarphatic
2189:Bukharian
2159:Judeo-Tat
2144:Yeshivish
2118:Languages
2073:Sephardic
2063:Israelite
2053:Ethiopian
2043:Ashkenazi
1982:Religious
1772:Australia
1754:Venezuela
1660:Argentina
1642:Greenland
1554:Lithuania
1406:Sri Lanka
1401:Singapore
1326:Kurdistan
1291:Indonesia
1281:Hong Kong
1234:Abayudaya
1158:Mauritius
892:Igbo Jews
882:Krymchaks
801:Sephardim
669:relations
563:Sadducees
559:Pharisees
549:Sanhedrin
464:Jerusalem
224:Synagogue
92:Etymology
47:(journal)
7395:Category
7365:Hinduism
7355:Buddhism
7257:Genetics
7173:Politics
7146:Marriage
7105:Holidays
7100:Calendar
6981:Rabbinic
6957:/Hebrew
6902:Haymanot
6829:Orthodox
6816:Branches
6789:Kabbalah
6784:Haskalah
6762:Holiness
6638:dialects
6618:Shassagh
6581:Krymchak
6561:Kayliñña
6455:Yinglish
6431:Galilean
6421:Talmudic
6416:Biblical
6391:Betanure
6310:Biblical
6305:Mishnaic
6300:Medieval
6285:Tiberian
6280:Yemenite
6270:Sephardi
6206:Paradesi
6150:Ḥabbanim
6140:Teimanim
6105:Baghdadi
6078:Maghrebi
6046:Karaites
6024:Gruzínim
6012:Kochinim
5930:Diaspora
5888:Karaites
5873:Atheists
5810:Timeline
5508:(2018).
5446:(eds.).
5419:(eds.).
5200:(1993).
5155:" (PDF).
4957:March 5,
4888:Archived
4754:Archived
4606:Gordis,
4597:, XLVII.
4586:Archived
4309:halakhic
4270:Chavurah
4260:halakhic
4225:suburbia
4165:takkanot
4133:takkanah
4102:halakhic
4063:halakhic
3919:Sephardi
3749:halakhic
3685:halakhic
3327:Halakhic
3317:Halakhic
3151:halakhic
3142:takkanot
3121:Takkanah
3109:Halakhic
3057:decisors
3053:halakhic
3028:Rishonim
3023:Rishonim
3011:Kabbalah
2961:decisors
2956:Rishonim
2930:Halakhic
2890:halakhic
2875:Halakhic
2862:Halakhic
2841:Halakhic
2766:halakhic
2696:Ideology
2555:theistic
2529:Election
2513:Orthodox
2499:Attitude
2494:Theology
2465:Halakhic
2440:), is a
2370:Category
2328:Kahanism
2275:Feminism
2247:Politics
2131:Biblical
2101:American
2048:Bukharan
2038:American
1938:Shidduch
1914:Clothing
1870:Haymanot
1816:Orthodox
1744:Suriname
1727:Paraguay
1680:Colombia
1579:Portugal
1489:Bulgaria
1426:Thailand
1376:Pakistan
1356:Mongolia
1351:Malaysia
1271:Cambodia
1245:Zimbabwe
1220:Tanzania
1098:Eswatini
1088:Ethiopia
1078:Djibouti
1058:Cameroon
1053:Botswana
982:Diaspora
944:Noahides
917:Marranos
841:Cochinim
826:Bukharim
816:Gruzinim
806:Teimanim
796:Mizrahim
784:Galician
750:conflict
711:Hasidism
701:Haskalah
606:Diaspora
477:timeline
389:Timeline
302:Rabbinic
209:Kabbalah
184:Marriage
160:Tzedakah
150:Holidays
108:Religion
71:a series
69:Part of
33:Masortim
7380:Italics
7205:Studies
7151:Divorce
7117:Kashrut
7112:Cuisine
7070:Culture
7001:Midrash
6996:Tosefta
6986:Mishnah
6974:Ketuvim
6969:Nevi'im
6932:Schisms
6922:Science
6912:Karaite
6883:Renewal
6844:Litvaks
6839:Hasidic
6794:Sefirot
6779:Halakha
6750:Messiah
6723:Mitzvah
6718:Beliefs
6672:Western
6658:Poylish
6653:Litvish
6643:Eastern
6633:Yiddish
6628:Shuadit
6613:Qwareña
6601:Tetuani
6596:Haketia
6571:Knaanic
6566:Kivruli
6514:Bukhori
6460:Heblish
6396:Hulaulá
6386:Barzani
6342:Yahudic
6275:Mizrahi
6135:Urfalim
6090:Mizrahi
6034:Neofiti
6029:Italkim
5958:Lita'im
5850:Zionism
5802:History
5776:Judaism
5729:more...
5114:Cohen,
5088:(ed.).
5057:(ed.).
4781:June 2,
4193:halakha
4161:Chicago
4072:Kiddush
3999:Yiddish
3810:Halakha
3706:Dresden
3642:issurim
3637:memonot
3625:Breslau
3539:History
3448:is the
3446:yeshiva
3420:at the
3390:, 6 in
3386:, 7 in
3127:Prozbul
3116:Halakha
3087:Aggadic
3079:Halakha
3075:Aggadah
3070:Aggadah
2926:Halakha
2828:Halakha
2807:Halakha
2736:Sabbath
2723:Halakha
2631:Mishnah
2451:Halakha
2433::
2313:General
2304:Zionism
2280:Leftism
2270:Bundism
2194:Knaanic
2154:Yevanic
2139:Yiddish
2096:Yiddish
2091:Israeli
2068:Mizrahi
2058:Israeli
2029:Cuisine
2005:Ancient
1987:Secular
1933:Kashrut
1909:Wedding
1896:Customs
1888:Culture
1865:Science
1860:Renewal
1850:Karaite
1831:Hasidic
1763:Oceania
1749:Uruguay
1717:Jamaica
1697:Ecuador
1665:Bolivia
1609:Ukraine
1584:Romania
1559:Moldova
1539:Hungary
1529:Germany
1524:Georgia
1514:Finland
1509:Estonia
1504:Denmark
1499:Czechia
1484:Belarus
1474:Austria
1469:Armenia
1446:Vietnam
1361:Myanmar
1346:Lebanon
1266:Bahrain
1225:Tunisia
1203:Somalia
1178:Nigeria
1173:Namibia
1163:Morocco
1093:Eritrea
1038:Algeria
922:Neofiti
831:Italkim
821:Juhurim
731:Zionism
680:Khazars
575:Sicarii
571:Zealots
567:Essenes
554:Schisms
419:Leaders
381:General
373:History
316:Tosefta
311:Midrash
288:Mishnah
270:Ketuvim
265:Nevi'im
214:Customs
145:Shabbat
140:Halakha
132: (
130:Mitzvot
117: (
83:Judaism
7188:Hazzan
7178:Prayer
7055:Siddur
6991:Talmud
6955:Tanakh
6890:Neolog
6863:Reform
6851:Modern
6834:Haredi
6757:Ethics
6623:Shassi
6591:Ladino
6556:Karaim
6539:Juhuri
6381:Targum
6295:Signed
6260:Modern
6255:Hebrew
6223:Xuetes
6019:Dönmeh
5978:Yekkes
5700:Kadima
5518:
5494:
5470:
5431:
5404:
5385:
5362:
5339:
5273:
5249:
5210:
5179:
5098:
5067:
5029:
4807:May 5,
4593:. in:
4428:
4401:, in:
4373:
4276:minyan
4107:agunah
3972:, and
3843:Vienna
3760:Mishna
3601:Prague
3471:. The
3432:), in
3388:Brazil
3271:kosher
3259:rennet
3238:agunot
3160:mamzer
2972:custom
2509:Reform
2422:Hebrew
2375:Portal
2234:Domari
2164:Shassi
2125:Hebrew
2020:Humour
1964:Hiloni
1959:Aliyah
1919:Niddah
1904:Minyan
1839:Reform
1826:Haredi
1821:Modern
1722:Mexico
1707:Guyana
1670:Brazil
1632:Canada
1604:Sweden
1594:Serbia
1589:Russia
1574:Poland
1569:Norway
1549:Latvia
1534:Greece
1519:France
1494:Cyprus
1460:Europe
1431:Turkey
1421:Taiwan
1331:Kuwait
1316:Jordan
1306:Israel
1240:Zambia
1230:Uganda
1148:Malawi
1118:Guinea
1108:Gambia
1043:Angola
1029:Africa
912:Dönmeh
907:Anusim
851:Berber
789:Litvak
741:Israel
647:
584:
498:Second
466:
327:Targum
293:Gemara
279:Talmud
251:Tanakh
204:Ethics
155:Prayer
7360:Islam
7168:Names
7158:Music
7139:Rebbe
7134:Rabbi
7088:Monen
7043:Zohar
6964:Torah
6959:Bible
6073:Lemba
5948:Chuts
5235:. In
5053:. In
4919:ed.,
4697:De'ot
4359:. In
3780:as if
3392:Chile
2639:Moses
2323:Labor
2318:Green
2015:Dance
1973:Music
1792:Palau
1712:Haiti
1675:Chile
1599:Spain
1544:Italy
1451:Yemen
1411:Syria
1386:Qatar
1366:Nepal
1311:Japan
1286:India
1276:China
1215:Sudan
1138:Libya
1133:Kenya
1113:Ghana
1103:Gabon
1083:Egypt
1068:Benin
927:Xueta
872:Lemba
491:First
356:Zohar
260:Torah
242:Texts
229:Rabbi
219:Rites
119:names
5774:and
5772:Jews
5516:ISBN
5492:ISBN
5468:ISBN
5429:ISBN
5402:ISBN
5383:ISBN
5360:ISBN
5337:ISBN
5271:ISBN
5247:ISBN
5208:ISBN
5177:ISBN
5096:ISBN
5065:ISBN
5027:ISBN
4959:2015
4831:2019
4809:2010
4783:2016
4426:ISBN
4371:ISBN
3849:and
3599:The
3580:and
3561:and
3039:nor
2851:and
2818:and
2800:Role
2780:and
2704:The
2688:and
2680:and
2591:Emet
2541:and
2511:and
1782:Guam
1777:Fiji
1732:Peru
1685:Cuba
1371:Oman
1341:Laos
1301:Iraq
1296:Iran
1253:Asia
1182:Igbo
1153:Mali
172:Brit
81:and
79:Jews
6767:God
4285:RRC
4247:in
3440:in
3409:at
3130:or
2708:in
1996:Art
342:Tur
134:613
35:or
7427::
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5303:;
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5130:,
5041:^
5009:^
4967:^
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4614:,
4563:,
4543:,
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2428:,
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