262:, and usually involved going around the room for each woman to talk about a predetermined subject—for example, "When you think about having a child, would you rather have a boy or a girl?"—speaking from her own experience, with no formal leader for the discussion and few rules for directing or limiting discussion. (Some c.r. groups did implement rules designed to give every woman a chance to speak, to prevent interruptions, etc.) Speaking from personal experience was used as a basis for further discussion and analysis based on the first-hand knowledge that was shared.
258:'methods' of consciousness raising are essentially principles. They are the basic radical political principles of going to the original sources, both historic and personal, going to people—women themselves, and going to experience for theory and strategy". However, most consciousness raising groups did follow a similar pattern for meeting and discussion. Meetings would usually be held about once a week, with a small group of women, often in the living room of one of the members. Meetings were
410:
396:
190:, they used to say that the workers don't know they're oppressed, so we have to raise their consciousness. One night at a meeting I said, 'Would everybody please give me an example from their own life on how they experienced oppression as a woman? I need to hear it to raise my own consciousness.' Kathie was sitting behind me and the words rang in her mind. From then on she sort of made it an institution and called it consciousness-raising.
2060:
382:
274:, conflicts between husbands and wives over housework, etc.) actually reflected common conditions faced by all women. As Sarachild wrote in 1969, "We assume that our feelings are telling us something from which we can learn... that our feelings mean something worth analyzing... that our feelings are saying something
210:, at the First National Women's Liberation Conference near Chicago, Illinois, in which she explained the principles behind consciousness-raising and outlined a program for the process that the New York groups had developed over the past year. Groups founded by former members of New York Radical Women—in particular
278:, something reflecting fear that something bad will happen to us or hope, desire, knowledge that something good will happen to us. ... In our groups, let's share our feelings and pool them. Let's let ourselves go and see where our feelings lead us. Our feelings will lead us to ideas and then to actions".
304:
was noted to have been one of many scholars who wrote of poetry as a means of communication for women of color activist and resistance groups. This focus has also been studied by other feminist scholars as a new approach to women's literary writing experience, and the usage of critical consciousness
222:
sheets of suggesting topics for consciousness raising group meetings. New York
Radical Feminists organized neighborhood-based c.r. groups in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens, involving as many as four hundred women in c.r. groups at its peak. Over the next few years, small-group consciousness raising
284:
wrote in 1984 that consciousness raising has often been "misunderstood and disparaged as a form of therapy", but that it was, in fact, in its time and context, "the primary method of understanding women's condition" and constituted "the movement's most successful organizing tool." At the same time,
364:
uses the term "consciousness raising" for several other things, explicitly describing these as analogous to the feminist case. These include replacing references to children as
Catholic, Muslim, etc. with references to children of the adults who are members of these religions (which he compares to
257:
While explaining the theory behind consciousness raising in a 1973 talk, Kathie
Sarachild remarked that "From the beginning of consciousness-raising ... there has been no one method of raising consciousness. What really counts in consciousness-raising are not methods, but results. The only
249:
argued that women were isolated from each other, and as a result many problems in women's lives were misunderstood as "personal," or as the results of conflicts between the personalities of individual men and women, rather than systematic forms of oppression. Raising consciousness meant helping
369:
as "raising our consciousness" in biology to the possibility of explaining complexity naturalistically and, in principle, raising our consciousness to the possibility of doing such things elsewhere (especially in physics). Earlier in the book, he uses the term (without explicitly referring to
181:
began meeting in Koedt's apartment. Meetings often involved "going around the room and talking" about issues in their own lives. The phrase "consciousness raising" was coined to describe the process when Kathie
Sarachild took up the phrase from Anne Forer:
265:
Some feminist advocates of consciousness raising argued that the process allowed women to analyze the conditions of their own lives, and to discover ways in which what had seemed like isolated, individual problems (such as needing an
333:
among welcoming, tolerant individuals and share personal stories about coming out. The idea of coming out as a tool of consciousness-raising had been preceded by even earlier opinions from German theorists such as
1037:
We said we could 'best explore our sexual attitudes most truthfully in an all-male group', and in many ways we did indeed operate as an awareness or conscious raising group as well as an editorial collective.
77:
or politicians. Since informing the populace of a public concern is often regarded as the first step to changing how the institutions handle it, raising awareness is often the first activity in which any
254:. Consciousness raising groups aimed to get a better understanding of women's oppression by bringing women together to discuss and analyze their lives, without interference from the presence of men.
783:)), p. 188 & n. 3 (author, with doctorate in religion from Univ. of Southern Calif., taught at Yale Divinity School & Fairleigh Dickinson Univ.) (p. 188 n. 3 citing Shreve, Anita,
346:, all of whom saw self-disclosure as a means of self-emancipation, the raising of consciousness among fellow un-closeted individuals and a means of raising awareness in the wider society.
305:
through the creation of art as a liberatory praxis. Art as a liberatory praxis has also been explored through a radical queer lens through a number of publications and journals such as
45:
in the late 1960s. It often takes the form of a group of people attempting to focus the attention of a wider group on some cause or condition. Common issues include diseases (e.g.
140:
Until the early-17th century, English speakers used the word "consciousness" in the sense of "moral knowledge of right or wrong"—a concept today referred to as "
1938:
517:
117:
1083:
227:, which had already organized several consciousness raising groups in Chicago, described small consciousness raising groups as "the backbone of the
830:
228:
570:(to know). Until the early 17th century, consciousness was used in the sense of moral knowledge of right or wrong, what is today referred to as
2095:
1225:
1175:
235:, a member of the West Village would later write that small-group consciousness raising "was the movement's most successful form of
1132:
615:
1999:
1868:
1539:
285:
she saw the lack of theory and emphasis on personal experience as concealing "prior political and philosophical assumptions".
1908:
1074:
988:
17:
1155:
1652:
300:
Historically, poetry has been used as a consciousness-raising tactic by consciousness-raising groups. Activist and writer
1534:
224:
921:
2088:
1918:
1554:
806:
1838:
1197:
1165:
1125:
941:
853:
780:
544:
239:, and the source of most of its creative thinking. Some of the small groups stayed together for more than a decade".
1141:
1549:
877:
Castelao-GĂłmez, Isabel (February 2016). "Looking back at
Feminism and Poetry: An interview with Jan Montefiore".
1788:
1699:
1218:
1090:
1018:
2198:
2183:
2178:
2081:
1728:
1682:
165:
group in New York City, and quickly spread throughout the United States. In
November 1967, a group including
97:
of new supporters which may be at its highest just after they have learned and digested the new information.
42:
439:
429:
2168:
1848:
1604:
1559:
2173:
1564:
799:
The art of protest : culture and activism from the civil rights movement to the streets of
Seattle
459:
215:
2193:
2131:
1599:
1211:
2188:
46:
288:
However, some in the feminist movement criticised consciousness raising groups as "trivial" and
242:"In 1973, probably the height of CR, 100,000 women in the United States belonged to CR groups."
1778:
1733:
1569:
1413:
1283:
434:
158:
2141:
2116:
1958:
1948:
1858:
1589:
1544:
343:
251:
162:
105:
2104:
2033:
1878:
1757:
1672:
1640:
1493:
1313:
370:
feminism) to refer to making people aware that leaving their parents' faith is an option.
8:
1898:
1721:
1706:
1647:
1625:
1403:
1343:
1066:
444:
166:
85:
However, in practice, raising awareness is often combined with other activities, such as
74:
2041:
1888:
1620:
1468:
947:
902:
824:
716:
683:
623:
2147:
1928:
1798:
1579:
1293:
1268:
1258:
1193:
1161:
1121:
1113:
1070:
951:
937:
906:
894:
859:
849:
812:
802:
776:
721:
703:
593:
540:
464:
449:
335:
232:
684:"The women's liberation movement, activism and therapy at the grassroots, 1968–1985"
2124:
1828:
1635:
1503:
1483:
1463:
1323:
1234:
1171:
929:
886:
711:
695:
424:
356:
259:
174:
113:
996:
699:
2064:
2046:
1768:
1594:
1488:
1473:
1418:
1398:
1378:
1298:
1288:
1253:
1054:
534:
454:
415:
387:
361:
54:
1059:
223:
spread rapidly in cities and suburbs throughout the United States. By 1971, the
1989:
1808:
1662:
1508:
1478:
1443:
1438:
1358:
1348:
1338:
1333:
1263:
1248:
773:
Living in the Lap of the
Goddess: The Feminist Spirituality Movement in America
322:
236:
109:
79:
58:
325:
activists, who formed the first "coming-out groups" which helped participants
2162:
1979:
1689:
1584:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1433:
1383:
1368:
1363:
898:
890:
863:
785:
Women
Together, Women Alone: The Legacy of the Consciousness-Raising Movement
707:
530:
178:
933:
816:
1818:
1694:
1574:
1498:
1428:
1423:
1388:
1353:
1303:
1278:
1273:
1185:
1151:
725:
401:
281:
211:
203:
489:
A consciousness raising group organized by the New York
Radical Feminists.
1677:
1657:
1408:
1308:
301:
86:
1022:
2073:
1667:
1393:
1373:
1328:
1137:
339:
326:
289:
219:
195:
170:
141:
129:
121:
94:
70:
62:
1318:
366:
125:
2028:
1716:
1630:
1203:
469:
409:
330:
267:
246:
187:
90:
38:
622:. The Chicago Women's Liberation Institution. 1971. Archived from
1529:
1513:
1188:, "Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism", 1984, collected in
1157:
Feminist Revolution: an abridged edition with additional writings
964:
1711:
313:, online publications with an emphasis on lesbian writing.
271:
66:
50:
539:. Englewood, Colorado: Roberts and Company. p. 1.
536:
The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach
1758:
The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution
214:, founded out of the breakup of the NYRW in 1969, and
664:, p. 43 & n. 8 (p. 43 n. 8 citing Shreve, Anita,
518:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
118:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
377:
1939:
Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation
616:"How to start your own consciousness-raising group"
321:In the 1960s, consciousness-raising caught on with
1058:
1133:How to start your own consciousness-raising group
2160:
218:—promoted consciousness raising and distributed
876:
801:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
558:The word consciousness derives from the Latin
2089:
1219:
922:"Consciousness-raising and critical practice"
585:
829:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
787:(N.Y.: Fawcett Columbine, 1989), pp. 10–11).
208:A Program for Feminist Consciousness Raising
157:Consciousness raising groups were formed by
508:The Yogyakarta Principles, Article 2, 9, 15
2096:
2082:
1226:
1212:
1190:No More Nice Girls: Countercultural Essays
1049:
1047:
1045:
846:Sister outsider : essays and speeches
1131:Chicago Women's Liberation Union (1971),
1016:
715:
93:, in order to harness and/or sustain the
2103:
1019:"Gay Left: An Overview by Jeffrey Weeks"
1176:Consciousness-Raising: A Radical Weapon
1053:
1042:
796:
440:Diffusion of innovations § Process
14:
2161:
1869:Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center
1540:Coalition Against Trafficking in Women
843:
365:our using non-sexist terminology) and
27:Activism which use awareness campaigns
2077:
1909:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State
1829:Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape
1207:
797:Vernon), Reed, T. V. (Thomas (2005).
681:
250:oneself and helping others to become
147:
1653:Feminist views on transgender topics
1233:
1065:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p.
775:(Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1995 (
529:
1192:, Wesleyan University Press, 1992,
1118:In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution
879:European Journal of Women's Studies
588:In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution
24:
1919:The Straight Mind and Other Essays
919:
316:
177:(originally Kathie Amatniek), and
25:
2210:
1839:Pornography: Men Possessing Women
295:
206:1968, Kathie Sarachild presented
2058:
2000:She's Beautiful When She's Angry
1535:Chicago Women's Liberation Union
1142:The Tyranny of Structurelessness
658:Living in the Lap of the Goddess
408:
394:
380:
225:Chicago Women's Liberation Union
1605:Women's Liberation Front (WoLF)
1555:Michigan Womyn's Music Festival
1550:Lesbian Organization of Toronto
1107:
1010:
981:
957:
913:
870:
837:
790:
765:
756:
744:
732:
675:
520:, Article 8 "Awareness raising"
1789:The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm
650:
641:
608:
599:
579:
523:
511:
502:
483:
152:
135:
13:
1:
1729:Social construction of gender
1683:Feminist views on pornography
1146:Berkeley Journal of Sociology
700:10.1080/09612025.2018.1450611
496:
349:
128:and harmful practices toward
928:, Routledge, pp. 1–13,
430:Black Consciousness Movement
7:
1560:Mountain Moving Coffeehouse
965:"Journal | Sinister Wisdom"
682:Crook, Sarah (2018-03-16).
666:Women Together, Women Alone
373:
229:Women's Liberation Movement
10:
2215:
1565:New York Radical Feminists
1021:. Gay Left. Archived from
460:Situationist International
216:New York Radical Feminists
2132:The personal is political
2111:
2055:
2016:
1971:
1749:
1742:
1613:
1600:Women Against Pornography
1522:
1241:
1182:, pp. 144–150.
360:, anti-religion activist
891:10.1177/1350506815607838
476:
130:people with disabilities
934:10.4324/9781315107851-1
566:(with or together) and
89:, membership drives or
53:), conflicts (e.g. the
43:United States feminists
1779:Sisterhood Is Powerful
1734:Violence against women
1570:New York Radical Women
1414:Catharine A. MacKinnon
969:www.sinisterwisdom.org
844:Audre., Lorde (2007).
688:Women's History Review
672:, pp. 5–6 & 9–14).
435:Critical Consciousness
200:
159:New York Radical Women
2142:Sex-positive feminism
2137:Consciousness raising
2117:The Feminine Mystique
2024:Consciousness raising
1959:The Industrial Vagina
1949:Sisterhood Is Forever
1859:Against Sadomasochism
1590:The Furies Collective
1545:Deep Green Resistance
926:Consciousness-Raising
344:Karl Heinrich Ulrichs
252:politically conscious
184:
106:Yogyakarta Principles
31:Consciousness raising
18:Consciousness-raising
2199:Second-wave feminism
2184:Feminist terminology
2179:Feminism and history
2105:Second-wave feminism
2034:Miss America protest
1879:Sisterhood Is Global
1673:Political lesbianism
1494:Marilyn Salzman Webb
1178:. Also reprinted in
2065:Feminism portal
1899:Feminism Unmodified
1722:Internalized sexism
1707:Reproductive rights
1648:Feminist separatism
1626:False consciousness
1404:Holly Lawford-Smith
1344:Shulamith Firestone
1180:Feminist Revolution
753:, Appendix, p. 202.
751:Feminist Revolution
739:Feminist Revolution
629:on 12 February 2004
586:Susan Brownmiller.
445:False consciousness
167:Shulamith Firestone
61:), movements (e.g.
2169:Awareness activism
2042:Radical lesbianism
1621:Child sexual abuse
1469:Alix Kates Shulman
1200:, p. 117–150.
1114:Brownmiller, Susan
989:"Conditions: Five"
920:Yu, Nilan (2018),
848:. Crossing Press.
647:Brownmiller, p. 79
605:Brownmiller, p. 78
245:Early mid-century
163:Women's Liberation
148:Issues and methods
2174:Critical pedagogy
2156:
2155:
2148:Feminist sex wars
2071:
2070:
2012:
2011:
1799:The Female Eunuch
1580:Stop Porn Culture
1314:Kimberlé Crenshaw
1294:Susan Brownmiller
1269:Rosalyn Baxandall
1259:Ti-Grace Atkinson
1172:Sarachild, Kathie
1076:978-0-618-68000-9
594:Susan Brownmiller
465:Suicide awareness
450:Internet activism
336:Magnus Hirschfeld
233:Susan Brownmiller
102:awareness raising
75:political parties
35:awareness raising
16:(Redirected from
2206:
2194:Radical feminism
2125:God Giving Birth
2098:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2038:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1964:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1849:Ain't I a Woman?
1844:
1834:
1824:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1784:
1774:
1764:
1747:
1746:
1504:Harriet Wistrich
1484:John Stoltenberg
1464:Kathie Sarachild
1324:Christine Delphy
1235:Radical feminism
1228:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1089:. Archived from
1088:
1080:
1064:
1061:The God Delusion
1055:Dawkins, Richard
1051:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
995:. Archived from
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
961:
955:
954:
917:
911:
910:
874:
868:
867:
841:
835:
834:
828:
820:
794:
788:
771:Eller, Cynthia,
769:
763:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
729:
719:
694:(7): 1152–1168.
679:
673:
656:Eller, Cynthia,
654:
648:
645:
639:
638:
636:
634:
628:
620:Cwluherstory.com
612:
606:
603:
597:
591:
583:
577:
576:
555:
553:
527:
521:
515:
509:
506:
490:
487:
425:Awareness ribbon
418:
413:
412:
404:
399:
398:
397:
390:
385:
384:
383:
357:The God Delusion
198:
175:Kathie Sarachild
114:LGBT stereotypes
21:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2189:Feminist theory
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2107:
2102:
2072:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2036:
2008:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1967:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1912:
1902:
1892:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1852:
1842:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1802:
1792:
1782:
1772:
1769:Sexual Politics
1762:
1738:
1609:
1518:
1489:Michele Wallace
1474:Valerie Solanas
1419:Sheila Michaels
1399:Marjorie Kramer
1379:Sheila Jeffreys
1299:Phyllis Chesler
1254:Chude Pam Allen
1237:
1232:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1052:
1043:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1017:Jeffrey Weeks.
1015:
1011:
1002:
1000:
987:
986:
982:
973:
971:
963:
962:
958:
944:
918:
914:
875:
871:
856:
842:
838:
822:
821:
809:
795:
791:
770:
766:
762:Willis, p. 121.
761:
757:
749:
745:
737:
733:
680:
676:
655:
651:
646:
642:
632:
630:
626:
614:
613:
609:
604:
600:
584:
580:
551:
549:
547:
528:
524:
516:
512:
507:
503:
499:
494:
493:
488:
484:
479:
474:
455:Legal awareness
416:Religion portal
414:
407:
400:
395:
393:
388:Feminism portal
386:
381:
379:
376:
362:Richard Dawkins
352:
319:
317:For LGBT rights
307:Sinister Wisdom
298:
199:
194:
155:
150:
138:
116:as well as the
104:is used in the
55:Darfur genocide
41:popularized by
37:) is a form of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2212:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1990:SCUM Manifesto
1986:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1809:Lesbian Nation
1805:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1753:
1751:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1700:Feminist views
1692:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1663:Male privilege
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1509:Monique Wittig
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1479:Gloria Steinem
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1444:Janice Raymond
1441:
1439:Irene Peslikis
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:Germaine Greer
1356:
1351:
1349:Marilyn French
1346:
1341:
1339:Melissa Farley
1336:
1334:Andrea Dworkin
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1264:Kathleen Barry
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:Wim Hora Adema
1245:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1183:
1169:
1149:
1148:, 17, 151–165.
1135:
1129:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1096:on 2008-02-28.
1075:
1041:
1009:
980:
956:
942:
912:
869:
854:
836:
808:978-0816637706
807:
789:
764:
755:
743:
731:
674:
649:
640:
607:
598:
578:
562:, composed of
545:
531:Koch, Christof
522:
510:
500:
498:
495:
492:
491:
481:
480:
478:
475:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
421:
420:
419:
405:
391:
375:
372:
351:
348:
323:gay liberation
318:
315:
297:
296:Through poetry
294:
237:female bonding
192:
154:
151:
149:
146:
137:
134:
112:attitudes and
110:discriminatory
80:advocacy group
59:global warming
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2211:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2066:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1980:Off Our Backs
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:Postgenderism
1688:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:The Feminists
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Florence Rush
1457:
1455:
1454:Adrienne Rich
1452:
1450:
1449:Rosetta Reitz
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1434:Meghan Murphy
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1384:Robert Jensen
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:Merle Hoffman
1367:
1365:
1364:Carol Hanisch
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1199:
1198:0-8195-5250-X
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:Willis, Ellen
1184:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:0-394-73240-5
1163:
1159:
1158:
1154:(1975/1978).
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:0-385-31486-8
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1100:(101 KB)
1092:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1028:on 2015-02-16
1024:
1020:
1013:
999:on 2021-05-06
998:
994:
990:
984:
970:
966:
960:
953:
949:
945:
943:9781315107851
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
885:(1): 93–105.
884:
880:
873:
865:
861:
857:
855:9780307809049
851:
847:
840:
832:
826:
818:
814:
810:
804:
800:
793:
786:
782:
781:0-8070-6507-2
778:
774:
768:
759:
752:
747:
740:
735:
727:
723:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
671:
667:
663:
659:
653:
644:
625:
621:
617:
611:
602:
595:
590:. p. 21.
589:
582:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
548:
546:9780974707709
542:
538:
537:
532:
526:
519:
514:
505:
501:
486:
482:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
417:
411:
406:
403:
392:
389:
378:
371:
368:
363:
359:
358:
347:
345:
341:
337:
332:
328:
324:
314:
312:
308:
303:
293:
291:
286:
283:
279:
277:
273:
269:
263:
261:
255:
253:
248:
243:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
197:
191:
189:
183:
180:
179:Carol Hanisch
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
145:
143:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:breast cancer
44:
40:
36:
33:(also called
32:
19:
2136:
2123:
2115:
2047:Womyn's land
2023:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1957:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1847:
1837:
1827:
1819:Woman Hating
1817:
1807:
1797:
1777:
1767:
1756:
1695:Prostitution
1575:Redstockings
1499:Ellen Willis
1429:Robin Morgan
1424:Kate Millett
1389:Lierre Keith
1354:Marilyn Frye
1304:D. A. Clarke
1289:Judith Brown
1279:Julie Bindel
1274:Linda Bellos
1189:
1179:
1156:
1152:Redstockings
1145:
1117:
1108:Bibliography
1091:the original
1060:
1036:
1030:. Retrieved
1023:the original
1012:
1001:. Retrieved
997:the original
992:
983:
972:. Retrieved
968:
959:
925:
915:
882:
878:
872:
845:
839:
798:
792:
784:
772:
767:
758:
750:
746:
741:, p. 147–148
738:
734:
691:
687:
677:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
643:
631:. Retrieved
624:the original
619:
610:
601:
587:
581:
571:
567:
563:
559:
557:
550:. Retrieved
535:
525:
513:
504:
485:
402:LGBTQ portal
355:
353:
320:
310:
306:
299:
287:
282:Ellen Willis
280:
275:
270:, surviving
264:
256:
244:
241:
220:mimeographed
212:Redstockings
207:
204:Thanksgiving
201:
185:
156:
139:
101:
99:
84:
34:
30:
29:
1984:(1970–2008)
1889:Intercourse
1678:Pornography
1658:Gender role
1641:Second wave
1409:Audre Lorde
1309:Nikki Craft
1284:Jenny Brown
1138:Freeman, Jo
993:Bitch Media
633:18 February
592:(quoted by
560:conscientia
302:Audre Lorde
161:, an early
153:In feminism
136:Terminology
122:stereotypes
87:fundraising
2163:Categories
1929:Only Words
1668:Patriarchy
1394:Anne Koedt
1374:bell hooks
1329:Gail Dines
1032:2015-02-25
1003:2018-11-29
974:2018-11-29
572:conscience
497:References
350:In atheism
340:Iwan Bloch
311:Conditions
290:apolitical
260:women-only
196:Anne Forer
171:Anne Koedt
142:conscience
126:prejudices
120:to combat
95:motivation
71:Earth Hour
63:Greenpeace
1319:Mary Daly
1140:(1972). "
1084:"on-line"
1026:(Journal)
952:150786628
907:148814316
899:1350-5068
864:773898749
825:cite book
708:0961-2025
627:(Leaflet)
276:political
247:feminists
100:The term
82:engages.
2029:Herstory
1717:Misogyny
1631:Feminism
1174:(1973):
1116:(1999).
1057:(2006).
817:59138260
726:30381789
670:op. cit.
662:op. cit.
533:(2004).
470:Wokeness
374:See also
327:come out
268:abortion
193:—
188:Old Left
108:against
91:advocacy
39:activism
1636:Lesbian
1530:Cell 16
1514:Laura X
717:6195332
329:of the
186:In the
2144:(1979)
2128:(1968)
2120:(1963)
2037:(1968)
2004:(2014)
1994:(1967)
1963:(2008)
1953:(2003)
1943:(2000)
1933:(1993)
1923:(1992)
1913:(1989)
1903:(1987)
1893:(1987)
1883:(1984)
1873:(1984)
1863:(1982)
1853:(1981)
1843:(1981)
1833:(1974)
1823:(1974)
1813:(1973)
1803:(1970)
1793:(1970)
1783:(1970)
1773:(1970)
1712:Sexism
1614:Issues
1523:Groups
1242:People
1196:
1164:
1124:
1098:
1073:
950:
940:
905:
897:
862:
852:
815:
805:
779:
724:
714:
706:
543:
367:Darwin
331:closet
73:) and
2017:Other
1972:Other
1763:1970)
1750:Books
1743:Media
1595:WOMAD
1094:(PDF)
1087:(PDF)
948:S2CID
903:S2CID
568:scire
552:3 Mar
477:Notes
1194:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1071:ISBN
938:ISBN
895:ISSN
860:OCLC
850:ISBN
831:link
813:OCLC
803:ISBN
777:ISBN
722:PMID
704:ISSN
635:2015
554:2019
541:ISBN
342:and
309:and
272:rape
67:PETA
51:AIDS
1144:".
1067:406
930:doi
887:doi
712:PMC
696:doi
564:cum
354:In
231:".
202:On
144:".
2165::
1791:"
1168:).
1128:).
1081:;
1069:.
1044:^
1035:.
991:.
967:.
946:,
936:,
924:,
901:.
893:.
883:23
881:.
858:.
827:}}
823:{{
811:.
720:.
710:.
702:.
692:27
690:.
686:.
668:,
660:,
618:.
556:.
338:,
292:.
173:,
169:,
132:.
124:,
69:,
65:,
57:,
49:,
2097:e
2090:t
2083:v
1787:"
1761:(
1227:e
1220:t
1213:v
1160:(
1120:(
1079:.
1006:.
977:.
932::
909:.
889::
866:.
833:)
819:.
728:.
698::
637:.
596:)
574:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.