259:. At first the membership was limited to 80, divided into four committees. Later this was changed to 150, without mention of committees. A list of members seeking admission was prepared each year. Each candidate had to be sponsored by three members, with a declaration prepared by one of the sponsors. Admission was accepted at the meeting of the members. The entrance fee was 10 francs, with a contribution of 24 francs for each session, or 48 francs for the year. After ten years of attendance members became honorary members. The Molé was a place where young men of the élite could mix with notable older men. The board of directors was a permanent body, unlike the presidency which lasted only to six months and was meant to alternate between left and right wing presidents.
236:
220:
204:
35:
154:. Its purpose was to debate legislation, administration, political economy and general politics. The debates were modelled on parliamentary procedures and served to train future politicians. The society also provided a venue where young men of the élite could meet and become known to established political figures. The society became dormant in the 1970s but was revived in the 1990s.
432:
In 1846 there were 221 members. 44 had left the society, so a total of 265 had been or were part of it. Of 230 who gave their professions, 138 were advocates or magistrates, 30 in the
Council of State, 16 in public office and 11 diplomats. Of the 265 members up to 1846, 59 became deputies. 30 served
332:
Of the 320 cabinet members from 1871 to 1914, 26 had belonged to the Molé, 6 to the
Tocqueville, 10 to the Molé-Tocqueville and 2 to the Bruyère. 43 ministers, or 13.4%, had belonged to one of these societies. Of Paris municipal councilors between 1871 and 1914, 12 had been members of the Molé, 4 of
324:
many members of the Molé became parliamentary leaders, so membership was sought after by aspiring politicians. On 28 April 1876 the Conférence Molé merged with the Conférence
Tocqueville, which had been founded in 1863. The Conférence Molé-Tocqueville continued to prosper. By 1886 it had 344 members
283:
The Conférence Molé was an important training group for future political leaders in the July
Monarchy. Around 1845 the Molé absorbed a similar, well-known society, the Conférence d'Orsay. The Conférence d'Orsay had been founded in 1839 by some young, conservative aristocrats and law students who met
307:
was admitted to the Molé in 1861 and wrote to his father, "It is no mere lawyers club, but a veritable political assembly with a left, a right, a center; legislative proposals are the sole subject of discussion. It is there that are formed all the political men of France; it is a veritable training
274:
It was customary for a member to make their maiden speech on the first occasion after being admitted. The members formed factions based on political affinities, like the political groups in parliament. The meeting room contained "desks as in the
Chamber, a committee, a gallery. Franck Chauveau,
337:
had belonged to both the Molé and the
Tocqueville before their merger. A total of 44 people had thus belonged to one of the societies, or 9.7% of the councilors. These men often played a leading role in the municipal council: 20 were presidents, vice-presidents or secretaries of the council.
262:
The society trained young people in debates and in the workings of a legislative chamber. Its purpose was to study and consider legislation, administration, political economy and general politics. Members met weekly for six months of the year. The proceedings were modelled on those of the
433:
under one regime, 18 under two regimes and 9 under 3 regimes. Werner de Merode and
Charles-Pierre-Paul Paulmier were deputies under four regimes: the July Monarchy, French Second Republic, Second French Empire and French Third Republic. Eight became ministers:
477:
The
Tocqueville was founded by Charles Savary, a future minister of the Third Republic, for young men who found it too difficult to join the Molé. In 1870 it absorbed the less political Conférence La Bruyère, and in 1871 absorbed the Conférence Montesquieu.
178:(1781–1855). One of the co-founders was M. Pontmartin, possibly Armand Pontmartin. Another was Huard-Delamarre, an advocate. There were three magistrates: Adrien Gastambide, Gustave Aignan and Édouard Ternaux, nephew of the cashmere manufacturer
271:. A mock bill was tabled by a member, examined in committee and then presented to the general assembly. After discussion, the members voted on the bill. Topics included prostitution, decentralization and freedom of association.
319:
Debating societies flourished in the second half of the 19th century in the absence of political parties. Of these, the Conférence Molé, known simply as "Le Molé", was the most influential and the most politicized. Under the
353:. It became moribund in the 1970s. A 1989 paper dated the last traces of its existence to 1978. The conference was revived in the 1990s to discuss involvement of civil society in the French economic and social fabric.
190:. Charles His and the Count of Cambis were embassy secretaries, and Grille de Beuzelin was a functionary in a ministry. Other founders were Edmond Anthoine, Édouard Goupil, Francisque Lefèvre and Alp. d'Herbelot.
275:
president of the society in 1876, said "We naturally acquire a taste here for free institutions, a spirit of discussion and free scrutiny, the habits of parliamentary life of which the Conférence is the image.
325:
and 376 former members. The society was less active in the 1880s, but experienced a revival in the 1890s when it was stimulated by competition and the introduction of new debating techniques. On 30 April 1897
349:, 105 deputies belonged to the Conférence Molé-Tocqueville before being elected. After World War II the Conférence Molé-Tocqueville resumed its sessions, and had lively debates during the
308:
ground for the tribune." Gambetta, like many other French orators, learned the art of public speaking at the Molé. At that time the Molé met in the
167:
73:
296:. In 1850 the Conférence Molé moved to 40, rue des Saints-Pères, following the Academy of Medicine. It remained there until 7 July 1939.
921:
Martin-Frugier, Anne (April–June 1989), "La formation des élites: les "conférences" sous la
Restauration et la Monarchie de Juillet",
875:
1034:
1029:
1004:
978:
952:
906:
823:
299:
The Molé tended to be moderately conservative under the July
Monarchy, and was critical of the authoritarian regime of the
17:
256:
365:
and Édouard Allou, who became president. Several non-removable Senators belonged to the conferences. Lawyers included
860:
312:
in the Rue de l'Ancienne-Comédie, the oldest coffee house in Paris. Other active members during this period included
454:
394:
438:
386:
329:, President of France, decreed that the Conférence Molé-Tocqueville was an "establishment of public utility".
235:
289:
264:
303:. It was one of the rare places where some degree of free public discussion was allowed under the Empire.
1039:
398:
815:
Henry, Robert et Bertrand de Jouvenel: crise et métamorphoses de l'état démocratique, (1900-1935)
293:
994:
968:
850:
839:
796:
942:
896:
813:
321:
179:
175:
45:
300:
174:. The choice of name has not been explained, but seems to be a reference to the politician
8:
414:
182:. Four founders were members of the council of state: Mortimer Ternaux, Achille Guilhem,
944:
Les immortels du Sénat, 1875-1918: les cent seize inamovibles de la Troisième République
268:
930:
852:
The Pride of Place: Local Memories & Political Culture in Nineteenth-century France
450:
442:
418:
410:
366:
334:
241:
881:
1000:
974:
948:
902:
856:
819:
422:
187:
292:
in 1841 after he left the Conférence Bailly. The Molé played a key role during the
219:
304:
378:
285:
382:
309:
446:
362:
183:
171:
458:
326:
225:
203:
1023:
390:
313:
163:
996:
The Republican Moment: Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth-century France
970:
Les conseillers municipaux de Paris sous la troisième république, 1871-1914
434:
402:
370:
350:
346:
255:
The headquarters of the Conférence Molé were at 8, rue de Poitiers, in the
406:
374:
342:
209:
934:
426:
150:
was a French debating society founded in 1832. In 1876, it became the
707:
625:
506:
504:
748:
726:
724:
722:
683:
501:
646:
644:
642:
640:
719:
540:
538:
525:
523:
521:
519:
491:
489:
34:
941:
Mayeur, Jean Marie; Corbin, Alain; Schweitz, Arlette (1995),
841:
The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art
772:
760:
656:
637:
535:
516:
486:
569:
673:
671:
880:(in French), Conférence Molé-Tocqueville, archived from
615:
613:
611:
140:
Bulletin hebdomadaire de la Conférence Molé-Tocqueville
795:
An "Attaché" (1885), "Reminiscences of an "Attaché"",
794:
668:
631:
598:
596:
594:
592:
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586:
584:
559:
557:
555:
553:
837:
713:
940:
754:
736:
689:
608:
510:
874:
838:Fraser's Magazine (1881), "Léon Michael Gambetta",
730:
695:
581:
550:
929:(2), Societe d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine,
393:(president in 1853). Other noted members included
1021:
333:the Tocqueville and 40 of the Molé-Tocqueville.
812:Béguec, Gilles Le; Manigand, Christine (2004),
461:was elected president of the Republic in 1879.
920:
811:
778:
766:
662:
650:
575:
544:
529:
495:
162:The Conférence Molé was founded during the
973:(in French), Publications de la Sorbonne,
947:(in French), Publications de la Sorbonne,
33:
923:Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine
166:on 19 March 1832. It was founded by the
894:
677:
14:
1022:
848:
619:
966:
742:
602:
563:
992:
901:(in French), Presses Univ. Limoges,
818:(in French), Presses Univ. Limoges,
701:
316:, Clément Laurier and Léon Renault.
381:(president in 1858), Henry Didier,
24:
755:Mayeur, Corbin & Schweitz 1995
690:Mayeur, Corbin & Schweitz 1995
511:Mayeur, Corbin & Schweitz 1995
25:
1051:
455:Pierre Edmond Teisserenc de Bort
356:
234:
218:
202:
471:
445:, Auguste de Talhouët-Royt and
844:, Leavitt, Trow, & Company
798:Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine
13:
1:
1035:Clubs and societies in France
1030:1832 establishments in France
157:
999:, Harvard University Press,
895:Manigand, Christine (2000),
855:, Cornell University Press,
290:Louis Ferdinand Alfred Maury
193:
7:
152:Conférence Molé-Tocqueville
28:Conférence Molé-Tocqueville
10:
1056:
787:
576:Béguec & Manigand 2004
457:under the Third Republic.
278:
849:Gerson, Stéphane (2003),
449:under the Second Empire,
399:James Mayer de Rothschild
387:Édouard René de Laboulaye
134:
124:
111:
103:
95:
87:
79:
69:
51:
41:
32:
993:Nord, Philip G. (1995),
967:Nagai, Nobuhito (2002),
464:
453:, Eugène de Goulard and
877:Histoire: La Conférence
731:Histoire: La Conférence
373:, Marc Antoine Calmon,
361:Early members included
57:; 192 years ago
714:Fraser's Magazine 1881
395:Philippe Paul de Ségur
341:In the period between
294:French Second Republic
170:and sponsored by king
322:French Third Republic
180:William-Louis Ternaux
301:Second French Empire
801:, William Blackwood
779:Martin-Frugier 1989
767:Martin-Frugier 1989
663:Martin-Frugier 1989
651:Martin-Frugier 1989
545:Martin-Frugier 1989
530:Martin-Frugier 1989
496:Martin-Frugier 1989
415:Pierre de Coubertin
288:. It was joined by
265:Chamber of Deputies
257:Academy of Medicine
168:Count of Montalivet
74:Count of Montalivet
29:
1040:Debating societies
443:Lionel de Moustier
411:Georges Clemenceau
242:Georges Clemenceau
176:Louis-Mathieu Molé
126:Official language
55:19 March 1832
46:Louis-Mathieu Molé
27:
1006:978-0-674-76271-8
980:978-2-85944-440-2
954:978-2-85944-273-6
908:978-2-84287-191-8
898:Henry de Jouvenel
825:978-2-84287-304-2
632:An "Attaché" 1885
423:Pierre Taittinger
144:
143:
16:(Redirected from
1047:
1015:
1014:
1013:
989:
988:
987:
963:
962:
961:
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916:
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579:
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561:
548:
542:
533:
527:
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508:
499:
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479:
475:
439:Charles de Morny
425:(1887–1965) and
269:Corps législatif
238:
222:
206:
116:
91:Debating society
65:
63:
58:
37:
30:
26:
21:
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582:
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562:
551:
543:
536:
528:
517:
509:
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494:
487:
483:
482:
476:
472:
467:
379:Jean Clamageran
359:
281:
253:
252:
251:
250:
246:
245:
244:
239:
230:
229:
228:
223:
214:
213:
212:
207:
196:
160:
148:Conférence Molé
137:
127:
117:
114:
61:
59:
56:
23:
22:
18:Conférence Molé
15:
12:
11:
5:
1053:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1017:
1016:
1005:
990:
979:
964:
953:
938:
918:
907:
892:
872:
861:
846:
835:
824:
809:
791:
789:
786:
784:
783:
781:, p. 237.
771:
769:, p. 236.
759:
747:
745:, p. 133.
735:
718:
716:, p. 348.
706:
704:, p. 123.
694:
682:
667:
665:, p. 240.
655:
653:, p. 239.
636:
634:, p. 190.
624:
622:, p. 245.
607:
605:, p. 132.
580:
568:
566:, p. 131.
549:
547:, p. 235.
534:
532:, p. 234.
515:
500:
498:, p. 233.
484:
481:
480:
469:
468:
466:
463:
447:Adolphe Vuitry
363:Louis Wolowski
358:
355:
280:
277:
248:
247:
240:
233:
232:
231:
224:
217:
216:
215:
208:
201:
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188:Édouard Bocher
184:Prosper Hochet
172:Louis Philippe
159:
156:
142:
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138:
135:
132:
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125:
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9:
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3:
2:
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976:
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956:
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946:
945:
939:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
910:
904:
900:
899:
893:
884:on 2017-10-15
883:
879:
878:
873:
864:
862:0-8014-8873-7
858:
854:
853:
847:
843:
842:
836:
827:
821:
817:
816:
810:
800:
799:
793:
792:
780:
775:
768:
763:
757:, p. 87.
756:
751:
744:
739:
732:
727:
725:
723:
715:
710:
703:
698:
692:, p. 88.
691:
686:
680:, p. 34.
679:
678:Manigand 2000
674:
672:
664:
659:
652:
647:
645:
643:
641:
633:
628:
621:
616:
614:
612:
604:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
578:, p. 28.
577:
572:
565:
560:
558:
556:
554:
546:
541:
539:
531:
526:
524:
522:
520:
513:, p. 47.
512:
507:
505:
497:
492:
490:
485:
474:
470:
462:
460:
456:
452:
451:Louis Decazes
448:
444:
440:
436:
430:
428:
424:
421:(1878–1935),
420:
419:André Citroën
417:(1863–1937),
416:
413:(1841–1929),
412:
408:
404:
401:(1792–1868),
400:
397:(1780–1873),
396:
392:
391:Ernest Picard
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:René Bérenger
364:
357:Noted members
354:
352:
348:
344:
339:
336:
335:Édouard Hervé
330:
328:
323:
317:
315:
314:Ernest Picard
311:
306:
305:Léon Gambetta
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
276:
272:
270:
266:
260:
258:
249:Noted members
243:
237:
227:
221:
211:
205:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:July Monarchy
155:
153:
149:
139:
133:
129:
123:
119:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:Paris, France
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
54:
50:
47:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
1010:, retrieved
995:
984:, retrieved
969:
958:, retrieved
943:
926:
922:
912:, retrieved
897:
886:, retrieved
882:the original
876:
866:, retrieved
851:
840:
829:, retrieved
814:
803:, retrieved
797:
774:
762:
750:
738:
709:
697:
685:
658:
627:
571:
473:
435:Louis Buffet
431:
403:Napoleon III
383:Albert Grévy
371:Louis Buffet
360:
351:Algerian War
347:World War II
340:
331:
318:
310:Café Procope
298:
286:Quai d'Orsay
282:
273:
261:
254:
161:
151:
147:
145:
104:Headquarters
96:Legal status
620:Gerson 2003
459:Jules Grévy
429:(1905–75).
409:(1832–93),
407:Jules Ferry
405:(1808–73),
375:Jules Cazot
343:World War I
327:Félix Faure
226:Jules Grévy
210:Jules Ferry
113:Membership
42:Named after
1024:Categories
1012:2017-10-15
986:2017-10-15
960:2017-10-15
914:2017-10-15
888:2017-10-14
868:2017-10-15
831:2017-10-15
805:2017-10-15
743:Nagai 2002
603:Nagai 2002
564:Nagai 2002
427:Guy Mollet
158:Foundation
136:Main organ
80:Founded at
62:1832-03-19
702:Nord 1995
194:Structure
52:Formation
935:20529584
788:Sources
284:at the
279:History
70:Founder
60: (
1003:
977:
951:
933:
905:
859:
822:
130:French
115:(1846)
99:Active
931:JSTOR
465:Notes
107:Paris
1001:ISBN
975:ISBN
949:ISBN
903:ISBN
857:ISBN
820:ISBN
389:and
345:and
186:and
146:The
88:Type
267:or
120:221
1026::
927:36
925:,
721:^
670:^
639:^
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583:^
552:^
537:^
518:^
503:^
488:^
441:,
437:,
385:,
377:,
369:,
733:.
64:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
