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In the 1920s demand for textile products declined. Cotton and tobacco prices plummeted, leading many farmers to approach mills for work. Confronted with a labor surplus and a need to cut costs, in 1925 company leaders began cutting pay, laying off staff, and assigning the remaining workers more responsibilities. Workers referred to this strategy as the "stretch-out". Many workers felt betrayed by Cone Mills, and thereafter the company's paternalistic system became more fraught with conflict. Workers at the White Oak mills hosted several small strikes until an agreement to ease demands placed upon them was arbitrated.
250:. In response, Cone Mills directed dozens of operative to surreptitiously join the union and Caesar Cone declared that he would rather destroy the Proximity facility than negotiate with a union. In 1900 the union went on strike. He temporarily closed the mill and surrounding company stores and hired watchmen to patrol the nearby villages. When union members refused to leave their organization, Cone Mills evicted them and their families from the villages. This quickly led to the collapse of the local union, as unionists either lost their jobs and moved elsewhere or quit the organization and signed
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loyal to the company. To achieve this, members of the Cone family personally inserted themselves into the lives of the workers, often walking through the villages and greeting workers by name, handing out
Christmas gifts to children, and individually intervening with troubled workers to provide them with money or wage increases. The company hosted large events and celebrations for its workers including an annual
148:
launch a flannel manufacturer, Revolution Mills, in
Greensboro. In 1905 the Cones built a new denim plant for Proximity Manufacturing in Greensboro, White Oak Mill. Over subsequent years the brothers acquired controlling shares of other textile operations and expanded their business to cover other fabrics and textile-related processes.
303:, Cone Mills ended its pursuit of paternalism, selling off the mill villages, terminating its welfare programs, and shifting to a more detached style of worker management. In April 1951, over half of Cone Mills' unionized workers went on strike, leading the Dwight Manufacturing mill in Alabama to completely shut down.
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approach towards its workers. The Cones sought to portray their company as primarily interested in promoting the general welfare of its employees—as opposed to being motivated by profits—and strove to maintain cordial relations with its workers without resorting to force. Their paternalism was often
139:
In 1887 brothers Moses H. and Caesar Cone began investing in textile mills in North
Carolina. In 1891 they incorporated the Cone Export & Commission Company in New Jersey to broker Southern textile products in the North. Within several years the broker was trading products from almost 90 percent
270:
Cone Mills' paternalistic approach towards its workers generally succeeded in maintaining positive labor relations from 1900 to 1925. While some workers did display individual discontent with their work and leave, many stayed knowing that conditions at other textile plants in the region were worse.
262:
picnic, at which the Cones often delivered speeches. Cone Mills also established welfare programs, schools, and clinics and sponsored orchestras and sports teams with the aim of bringing "civilization" to their primarily rural workforce. After 1910 they focused on improving living conditions in the
257:
The 1900 strike damaged Cone Mills' public image. Seeking to restore the company's reputation and protect its increasing profitability, corporate leaders attempted to reform their relationship with the workforce and present themselves as benevolent managers with the aim of making the workforce more
295:, which left mill workers with few alternatives. Despite the resolution in the company's favor, many workers' loyalty to the company was permanently shaken by the events. Challenges to the Cones' management continued throughout the 1930s and 1940s, aided by new labor protections introduced by the
147:
In 1895 the Cone brothers began creating their own textile mills for the production of denim. That year they built
Proximity Cotton Mills in Greensboro, with Caesar Cone serving as the Proximity Manufacturing Company's president. Four years later they partnered with two men from South Carolina to
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In 1944, an informal agreement between the company and the
Greensboro city council dating to the villages' incorporation into the municipality allowing Cone Mills to pick the candidates for one of the council seats ended. Greensboro's social services were expanded into the villages, and the city
290:
affiliate. In response, Cone Mills ordered the eviction of union members from their homes. UTW then shifted its strategy from criticizing stretch-outs to directly attacking the Cones' accumulated wealth and management style. Evictions continued throughout the summer, and the unionization drive
278:
practices and introduction of new machinery. Following Caesar's death, his brother
Bernard assumed leadership of the company and began hiring professional, college-trained supervisors, thus phasing out the longstanding practice of promoting from within. The Cones continued with many of their
206:. Though incorporated into the city of Greensboro in 1923, the mill community lived largely separate lives from other city residents for decades. Many of the early workers had rural origins and reared livestock in the yards of their homes. East White Oak mill village housed
331:
by 47 members of management, after which the company made several cutbacks. Lawsuits related to the buyout lingered into the 1990s. Debt refinancing from the 1984 buyout continued as late as 1992, when the company offered shares to the public and obtained new loans.
214:
assumed the responsibilities for law enforcement, garbage collection, and road maintenance in the area. It took over the mill schools and erected the community's first streetlights. The company sold off the village homes in the late 1940s.
168:
sued Cone Mills, accusing the firm of violating an earlier order by continuing to pollute a creek with residues from its
Proximity mill in Greensboro. In response, Cone Mills shut the facility down and laid off 600 workers.
335:
The firm closed its operation at
Salisbury, North Carolina, in 1999, citing additional overseas fabric imports and years of heavy losses. The Salisbury mill had been in business since 1888. In 2000, the Raytex plant at
237:
A Cone Mills basketball team in the 1920s. The corporation supported sports teams and other initiatives as part of its paternalistic efforts to bring "civilization" to its workers and ensuring their loyalty to the
1185:"International Textile Group Becomes Elevate Textiles Following Integration with American & Efird : A&E, Burlington, Cone Denim, Gütermann and Safety Components Join Forces Under New Corporate Brand"
267:, when the labor market was tight, Cone Mills subsidized certain food products in its stores and worked to ensure availability for consumer products for its workers despite shortages.
198:
At their peak, the Cone mill villages covered 450 acres (180 ha) and housed 2,675 workers in about 1,500 houses. It was the second largest mill community in the state, behind
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paternalistic practices as before, such as personally engaging with workers and hosting events, but relations between management and the workers were never fully restored.
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The Cone Mills
Corporation faced intense competition from foreign textile companies in the 1980s. In 1983, Western Pacific Industries attempted a
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Revolution Mills and
Proximity Manufacturing were merged to create the Cone Mills Corporation in 1948. Three years later, the corporation became
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At the same time as the stretch-out, Cone Mills began implementing other changes to the functioning of its mills, including the adoption of
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of the firm after a deal to acquire shares from Caesar Cone II. At the time, the company had 16 plants. The deal was thwarted by a
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workers. Until the 1960s, African Americans were restricted to menial jobs in Cone Mills facilities, such as work as janitors.
343:
Weakened by foreign competition, lower consumption of denim, and higher material costs, the Cone Mills Corporation filed for
263:
mill villages, paving streets and building new homes with running water and electricity and space for gardening. During
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366:. The White Oak Mill was closed in 2017. International Textile Group transformed into Elevate Textiles, a property of
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of all Southern textile mill owners. Two years later they established Southern Finishing & Warehouse Company in
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Shortly after the opening of Proximity Mill in Greensboro, the National Union of Textile Workers attempted to
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eventually collapsed under a combination of pressure exerted by the Cones and the economic conditions of the
190:
Like many other Southern textile companies during the early 20th century, the Cone Mills Corporation took a
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1017:"Cone Mills to close S.C. plant; Raytex shutdown means 200 workers will be laid off in Marion County"
286:(UTW) rally on the outskirts of Greensboro. A follow-up rally in June led to the formation of a UTW
217:
From 1958 to 1969, Cone's factories furnished fabric for the wardrobes of the annual winner of the
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164:. It also acquired Dwight Manufacturing of Alabama, a twill and drill producer. In 1977, the
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340:, was closed, taking with it 200 jobs, as demand for comforters and bedspreads declined.
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Discontent persisted until May 1930, when one-third of Cone Mills' workforce attended a
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1273:. Interpreting History. Vol. 3. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 135–46.
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869:. Rocky Mount, North Carolina. Associated Press. November 8, 1983. p. 2.
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1024:
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1078:. Raleigh, North Carolina. Bloomberg News. September 17, 2003. p. 2D.
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1132:"International Textile Group Completes Integration of Burlington and Cone"
996:. Asheville, North Carolina. Associated Press. January 7, 1999. p. B8
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469:. Columbia, South Carolina. Associated Press. March 17, 1977. p. 13-C
287:
264:
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1267:"Power in Limits: Narrow Frames Open Up African American Public History"
1046:"The Cone legacy: Caesar and Moses Cone revolutionized textile industry"
801:
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609:
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Leiter, Jeffrey; Schulman, Michael D.; Zingraff, Rhonda, eds. (2019).
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370:, in January 2019, remaining the parent corporation of Cone Denim.
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221:. They also provided fabric for the gowns each winner wore to the
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1159:"A tradition renewed: Nonprofit reopens White Oak denim plant"
837:"Danahy New CEO At Cone Mills; Trogdon Keeps Post As Chairman"
124:
1134:(Press release). International Textile Group. Archived from
1052:. Charlotte, North Carolina. September 26, 2003. p. A18
585:
351:, were then shuttered, resulting in the loss of 625 jobs.
315:
Former Cone Mills-owned Minneola Manufacturing complex in
863:"Cone Mills Seeking To Block Takeover By Another Company"
1247:
Once Upon City: Greensboro, North Carolina's 2nd Century
575:
573:
495:. Charlotte, North Carolina. April 24, 1977. p. 2B
195:
praised by contemporary observers and the local press.
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443:. North Carolina Government & Heritage Library
347:in 2003. Two of the company's three facilities in
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489:"Greensboro Mill Closing Leaves 600 Out Of Work"
990:"Cone Mills closes plant, 625 workers affected"
177:
1355:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2004
1335:Defunct textile companies of the United States
1306:(reprint ed.). Cornell University Press.
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1340:Companies based in Greensboro, North Carolina
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1345:Manufacturing companies established in 1895
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1103:"Plant closing challenges jobless, leaders"
399:"Cone Mills Corporation Records, 1858-1997"
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931:. Charlotte, North Carolina. pp. 1C,
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1187:. Elevate Textiles, Inc. January 22, 2019
1109:. Asheville, North Carolina. p. D1,
1023:. Columbia, South Carolina. p. A25,
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1370:2004 disestablishments in North Carolina
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892:Hollie, Pamela G. (November 10, 1983).
843:. Charlotte, North Carolina. p. 7B
819:
434:
358:acquired Cone Mills and merged it with
1327:
1264:
1231:from the original on September 5, 2021
891:
835:Glickman, Clifford (August 28, 1990).
579:
421:
186:White Oak Mill with mill village, 1914
1365:1895 establishments in North Carolina
1271:Interpreting African American History
1157:O'Brien, Chris (September 29, 2021).
1015:L'Heureux, Dave (December 15, 2000).
970:. Raleigh, North Carolina. p. 2D
894:"Why Cone Mills is a Takeover Target"
409:from the original on January 31, 2008
1287:from the original on August 12, 2021
1082:from the original on January 2, 2022
964:"Cone Mills moves to refinance debt"
961:
943:from the original on January 2, 2022
873:from the original on January 2, 2022
808:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
796:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
784:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
772:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
760:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
748:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
736:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
724:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
712:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
700:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
688:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
676:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
664:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
652:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
640:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
628:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
616:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
604:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
565:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
538:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
526:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
514:Leiter, Schulman & Zingraff 2019
1101:Newsome, Angie (October 19, 2003).
13:
403:Wilson Special Collections Library
172:
14:
1381:
1244:Covington, Howard E. Jr. (2008).
923:Matthews, Steve (June 25, 1984).
904:from the original on May 24, 2015
349:Rutherford County, North Carolina
284:United Textile Workers of America
1269:. In van Balgooy, Max A. (ed.).
1250:. Greensboro Historical Museum.
134:
1177:
1150:
1124:
885:
229:Unionization efforts and unrest
166:Environmental Protection Agency
127:. The company headquartered in
1072:"Buyer emerges for Cone Mills"
435:Stoesen, Alexander R. (2006).
1:
962:Gray, Tim (August 18, 1992).
925:"Cone Ready For Rough Waters"
373:
16:American textile manufacturer
1217:. Rowman & Littlefield.
463:"Cone Mills Faces Penalties"
405:. UNC University Libraries.
178:Paternalism and philanthropy
7:
1120:– via Newspapers.com.
1090:– via Newspapers.com.
1060:– via Newspapers.com.
1034:– via Newspapers.com.
1004:– via Newspapers.com.
978:– via Newspapers.com.
951:– via Newspapers.com.
881:– via Newspapers.com.
851:– via Newspapers.com.
503:– via Newspapers.com.
477:– via Newspapers.com.
364:International Textile Group
219:Miss North Carolina Pageant
77:International Textile Group
10:
1386:
1203:
152:Mergers and reorganization
142:Greensboro, North Carolina
129:Greensboro, North Carolina
87:Greensboro, North Carolina
1265:Filene, Benjamin (2014).
92:
82:
72:
62:
54:
46:
36:
24:
1165:. Charter Communications
437:"Cone Mills Corporation"
1107:Asheville Citizen-Times
994:Asheville Citizen-Times
307:Decline and acquisition
162:New York Stock Exchange
1211:English, Beth (2010).
1050:The Charlotte Observer
929:The Charlotte Observer
841:The Charlotte Observer
678:, pp. 82, 84, 88.
493:The Charlotte Observer
338:Marion, South Carolina
320:
239:
187:
105:Cone Mills Corporation
20:Cone Mills Corporation
1076:The News and Observer
968:The News and Observer
540:, pp. 81, 85–86.
360:Burlington Industries
345:Chapter 11 bankruptcy
314:
276:scientific management
236:
185:
111:company. It produced
109:textile manufacturing
1138:on February 22, 2013
867:Rocky Mount Telegram
252:yellow-dog contracts
223:Miss America Pageant
1303:Hanging by a Thread
467:The Columbia Record
21:
898:The New York Times
810:, pp. 99–100.
726:, pp. 82, 90.
321:
254:with the company.
240:
188:
19:
1360:Cotton production
798:, pp. 97–99.
786:, pp. 95–96.
774:, pp. 94–95.
750:, pp. 92–93.
738:, pp. 90–91.
654:, pp. 85–86.
618:, pp. 83–84.
594:, pp. 43–44.
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356:WL Ross & Co
329:leveraged buyout
325:hostile takeover
293:Great Depression
244:organize workers
208:African American
115:fabrics such as
107:was an American
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158:publicly traded
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592:Covington 2008
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550:Covington 2008
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362:to create the
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288:local union
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204:Kannapolis
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1021:The State
73:Successor
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354:In 2004
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297:New Deal
238:company.
117:corduroy
41:Textiles
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1204:Sources
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246:in the
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