2012:
129:
461:
193:" in the bowls of lowercase letters such as "g" and "o". This allows Metafont designs to be processed in unusual ways; Knuth has shown effects such as morphing in demonstrations, where one font slowly transitions into another over the course of a text. While it attracted attention for the concept, Metafont has been used by few other font designers; by 1996 Knuth commented "asking an artist to become enough of a mathematician to understand how to write a font with 60 parameters is too much" while digital-period font designer
471:
84:
350:
27:
476:
466:
206:
244:, which can be rendered efficiently at arbitrary resolution and using sophisticated anti-aliasing techniques by printer firmware or on-screen document viewers. Therefore, several other projects have ported the Computer Modern fonts into such formats. Some of these projects have also complemented Computer Modern with
160:
font, a genre that emerged in the late 18th century as a contrast to the more organic designs that preceded them. Didone fonts have high contrast between thick and thin elements, and their axis of "stress" or thickening is perfectly vertical. Computer Modern was specifically based on the 10 point
444:
The New
Computer Modern font family is a large extension in terms of the number of additional glyphs of the Latin Modern fonts which adds support for several more languages such as Greek, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Cherokee and Coptic. This font family comes in two weights, "Regular" and "Book". The book
923:
All of the methods described in these books are in the public domain; thus anybody can freely use any of the ideas. The only thing I'm retaining control of is the names, TeX and METAFONT(...) If any changes are made, I won't complain, as long as the changed systems are not called TEX or
217:, a program that reads stroke-based definitions of glyphs and outputs ready-to-use fonts as bitmap image files. He mostly left the font, as with other components of TeX (with the exception of the TeX and Metafont names themselves, a stipulation Knuth made to maintain
169:
In creating the TeX publishing system, Knuth was influenced by the history of mathematics and a desire to achieve the "classic style" of books printed in metal type. Modern faces were used extensively for printing mathematics, especially before
165:
Modern
Extended 8A, part of a family Monotype originally released in 1896. This was one of many modern faces issued by typefounders and Monotype around this period, and the standard style for body text printing in the late nineteenth century.
627:
Throughout the first half of the 19th century, modern faces held the typographic field against nearly all comers. Not all typefounders and punch-cutters were very enthusiastic about this kind of type-face, but the popular demand had to be
445:
weight is supposed to look slightly heavier compared to the "Regular". Both the weights include support for typesetting mathematics; complete coverage of unicode math blocks is provided, along with some more glyphs needed for mathematics.
500:
CM-super – a very large extension of
Computer Modern, available in a variety of encodings. These fonts were automatically vectorized from Computer Modern or EC font bitmaps and therefore lack the hinting information in the BlueSky
421:
that affect the quality of the hinting at low pixel sizes. As a result, on-screen display of the Latin Modern fonts can result in a less even display of kerning and character heights than with the BlueSky fonts.
416:
The Type 1 to METATYPE1 to Type 1 round-trip conversion process involved in the production of the Latin Modern fonts tried to preserve the hinting information of the BlueSky fonts; however, it introduced
656:
In the early 1900s
Monotype adapted a number of modern roman text faces to its system, mostly in a few small sizes only; some of them differ from each other only in slight changes of their proportions.
181:
system, one of the few typefaces developed in this way. The
Computer Modern source files are governed by 62 distinct parameters, controlling the widths and heights of various elements, the presence of
409:. It was derived from the BlueSky Type 1 fonts, which were converted back into outline-based METATYPE1 programs, from which then the extended Type 1 and OpenType Latin Modern fonts were developed.
453:
MLModern is based on the Latin Modern font. It avoids the spindliness of most other Type 1 versions of
Computer Modern and hence looks thicker in comparison to Latin Modern or Computer Modern.
497:
BaKoMa fonts – another automatically generated Type1 version of
Computer Modern by Basil K. Malyshev, dating to 1994. The fonts remain available for download after Malyshev's 2019 death.
436:
table. Unlike
Computer Modern Math, Latin Modern Math has no pairwise kerning information: OpenType math rendering does not make use of this type of kerning, making such information useless.
116:
program, and was most recently updated in 1992. Computer Modern, or variants of it, remains very widely used in scientific publishing, especially in disciplines that make frequent use of
491:" (in LaTeX also known as T1 encoding) that provides precomposed glyphs for West-European languages. The original EC fonts were only available as Metafont generated bitmaps.
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998:"The Adobe Type 1 fonts, previously known on CTAN archives as the "bluesky" fonts, are now distributed as part of the AMS fonts distribution, at CTAN:fonts/amsfonts"
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390:
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CMU Serif, the main
Computer Modern font family. This includes the four traditional styles of font (regular, italic, bold, bold italic), and also:
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The advance of publishing technology (PostScript, PDF, laser printers) has reduced the need for bitmap fonts. The preferred formats are now
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The most unusual characteristic of
Computer Modern, however, is the fact that it is a complete type family designed with Knuth's
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EC fonts – look much like Computer Modern, but have slightly different metrics. These were the first TeX fonts to use the "
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2016:
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CSTUG, Charles University, Prague, March 1996, Questions and Answers with Prof. Donald E. Knuth, reproduced in TUGboat
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866:"Knuth's idea that letters start with skeletal forms is flawed. But his work is important and had lasting impact"
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377:(AMS) which distributes them freely under the Open Font License. It is found in most standard TeX distributions.
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A visual comparison of Computer Modern, Latin Modern, New Computer Modern Book and MLModern is shown here.
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TC fonts – the TeX Companion fonts provide a number of additional symbols commonly used in text.
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The same process was later extended to some free PostScript font clones under the umbrella project
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type. Its direct inspiration, Monotype Modern, is at top; similar typefaces of the era included
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CMU Serif bold non-extended, a bold weight duplexed to have the same width as the regular style
1049:"LaTeX forum ⇒ Fonts & Character Sets ⇒ A E F and T sized differently in lmodern pacakge?"
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different font encodings (to overcome problems with Knuth's original 8-bit character sets)
8:
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A sample gallery of many of the fonts from the CMU (Computer Modern Unicode) font family
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commented in 2015 that "Knuth's idea that letters start with skeletal forms is flawed".
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additional characters (euro, accented characters, Cyrillic and Greek script coverage)
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644:(Seconde édition révisée. ed.). New Castle: Oak Knoll Press. pp. 220–221.
189:, whether dots such as the dot on the "i" are square or rounded, and the degree of "
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1219:"MLModern – A blacker Type 1 version of Computer Modern, with multilingual support"
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1194:"NewComputerModern – Computer Modern fonts including matching non-latin alphabets"
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Newest 0.7 unicode version from Sourceforge - .ttf file compressed as .ttf.tar.gz
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A current extended release of the Computer Modern family in the general-purpose
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Old 0.6 release - Computer Modern (CMU) release, for general use (select otf)
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and which he (Leslie Lamport), like Don, placed in the public domain.
670:"Remarks to Celebrate the Publication of Computers & Typesetting"
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Several such derivatives are now also widely used and included in
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851:(1996), 355–67. Citation is from page 361. Available online at
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uses Latin Modern as default font, instead of Computer Modern.
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Hagen, Hans; Ludwichowski, Jerzy B.; Schaa, Volker RW (2006).
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Computers and Typesetting Volume E: The Computer Modern Fonts
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CMU Sans demi-condensed, a condensed style of the same design
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CMU Classical Serif, an italic design with slightly simpler
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font, and CMU Bright, a lighter style of the same design
105:
373:. The Type 1 version has since then been donated to the
213:
Knuth produced his original Computer Modern fonts using
174:
became popular for mathematics printing from the 1950s.
853:
http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb17-4/tb53knuc.pdf
2042:
1145:. CTAN Comprehensive TEX Archive Network. 2014-09-05.
1076:
769:
Chaundy, T. W.; Barett, P. R.; Batey, Charles (1954).
599:. Philadelphia: Lanston Monotype Machine Company. 1922
521:-compatible mathematics fonts. Open-sourced under the
611:
790:"The Monotype 4-Line System for Setting Mathematics"
274:
format is the CMU distribution (for Computer Modern
1349:
898:. Vol. 249. Scientific American. p. 560.
770:
768:
625:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 96–8.
566:
365:font format by BlueSky, Inc. in 1988, and then to
321:CMU Typewriter, a typewriter-style slab serif font
1274:, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass. 1986 Hardcover:
1143:"lm-math – OpenType maths fonts for Latin Modern"
642:American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century
573:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. p. 10.
504:CM-LGC – a Latin, Greek, Cyrillic extension.
2718:
704:"Commemorative lecture of the Kyoto Prize, 1996"
695:
385:The Latin Modern implementation, maintained by
2727:Unified serif and sans-serif typeface families
2507:Things a Computer Scientist Rarely Talks About
857:
353:Computer Modern used to set a math formula in
2441:
2058:
1335:
973:"Blue Sky Research and Computer Modern fonts"
1811:
289:style similar to cursive upright handwriting
361:Computer Modern was first transformed to a
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2434:
2065:
2051:
1342:
1328:
1246:. CTAN Comprehensive TEX Archive Network.
1221:. CTAN Comprehensive TEX Archive Network.
1196:. CTAN Comprehensive TEX Archive Network.
1167:Sundqvist, Mikael "mickep" (Aug 5, 2023).
886:
617:
474:
469:
464:
459:
25:
1166:
545:. Cs-faculty.stanford.edu. Archived from
432:The Latin Modern font has also gained an
2706:Potrzebie system of weights and measures
2017:Free and open-source software portal
596:The Monotype Specimen Book of Type Faces
560:
348:
204:
127:
2639:Robinson–Schensted–Knuth correspondence
2032:List of free software Unicode typefaces
1300:Computer Modern Unicode fonts home page
958:from the original on 23 February 2024,
921:from the original on 23 February 2024.
132:Computer Modern is based on late-1800s
2767:Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1978
2719:
1114:"The Latin Modern Math (LM Math) font"
1079:"The New Font Project : TEX Gyre"
1046:
887:Bigelow, Charles; Day, Donald (1983).
639:
439:
295:CMU Serif roman and bold slanted, two
2429:
2046:
1323:
1250:from the original on 23 February 2024
1244:"tex-archive/fonts/ps-type1/cm-super"
1225:from the original on 23 February 2024
1200:from the original on 23 February 2024
1149:from the original on 23 February 2024
1124:from the original on 23 February 2024
1095:from the original on 23 February 2024
1059:from the original on 23 February 2024
1029:from the original on 23 February 2024
979:from the original on 23 February 2024
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200:
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2757:Typefaces designed by Donald Knuth
1264:
912:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106
14:
2778:
2624:Knuth–Bendix completion algorithm
1465:GNU Lesser General Public License
1293:
741:"Three typefaces for mathematics"
701:
397:community and was made through a
104:used by the typesetting program
2455:
2010:
543:"Knuth: Message about TeX fonts"
324:CMU Sans Serif, a complementary
318:font in the four standard styles
82:
2752:Mathematical OpenType typefaces
2742:Free software Unicode typefaces
2472:The Art of Computer Programming
1236:
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393:(GUST), is now standard in the
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1315:Original Computer Modern fonts
762:
535:
254:additional font style variants
1:
2027:List of open source typefaces
2022:Open-source Unicode typefaces
975:. Math.utah.edu. 1997-12-04.
529:
375:American Mathematical Society
357:, the font's original purpose
285:CMU Serif upright italic, an
262:, a modern TeX distribution.
2629:Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm
1470:LaTeX Project Public License
938:"Computers and Typesettings"
816:"The Concept of a Meta-Font"
7:
2762:Typefaces with text figures
2644:Trabb Pardo–Knuth algorithm
1047:buster (22 December 2010).
773:The Printing of Mathematics
567:Donald Ervin Knuth (1986).
508:
448:
10:
2783:
1456:GNU General Public License
1173:TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange
777:. Oxford University Press.
344:
337:CMU is released under the
163:Lanston Monotype Company's
100:is the original family of
2686:Knuth's up-arrow notation
2663:
2655:Knuth's Simpath algorithm
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2558:
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2486:Computers and Typesetting
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2158:
2151:
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2007:
1949:
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1764:
1493:
1451:Creative Commons licenses
1433:
1360:
1169:"opentype math font kern"
570:Computer Modern Typefaces
481:
389:and Janusz M. Nowacki of
123:
90:
81:
69:
57:
45:
33:
24:
16:Family of serif typefaces
936:Knuth, Donald E (1986),
2479:The Complexity of Songs
2392:TeX Directory Structure
2152:Alternative TeX engines
2072:
2747:Mathematical typefaces
2732:Didone serif typefaces
2514:Selected papers series
1812:
1023:wiki.contextgarden.net
814:Knuth, Donald (1982).
668:Knuth, Donald (1986).
623:Methods of Book Design
517:, a project to create
358:
265:
210:
152:Computer Modern is a "
149:
2696:Quater-imaginary base
1826:Atkinson Hyperlegible
1480:SIL Open Font License
748:University of Reading
523:SIL open font license
391:TeX User Group Poland
352:
339:SIL Open Font License
208:
161:size of the American
131:
118:mathematical notation
76:SIL Open Font License
2650:Dijkstra's algorithm
2588:Literate programming
2493:Concrete Mathematics
1814:Antykwa Półtawskiego
1351:Free and open-source
640:McGrew, Mac (1993).
108:. It was created by
2619:Knuth's Algorithm X
2340:The PracTeX Journal
1485:Ubuntu Font Licence
904:1983SciAm.249b.106B
864:Hoefler, Jonathan.
440:New Computer Modern
369:in 1992 to include
21:
2676:Knuth reward check
2648:Generalization of
1984:Greek Font Society
1460:GPL font exception
896:Digital Typography
788:Rhatigan, Daniel.
739:Rhatigan, Daniel.
720:on 27 January 2018
405:derivative called
387:Bogusław Jackowski
359:
211:
187:old-style numerals
150:
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2423:
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1999:SIL International
1604:Ghostscript fonts
1513:Bitstream Charter
1270:Donald E. Knuth,
580:978-0-201-13446-9
363:PostScript Type 3
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1926:Squarish Sans CT
1916:Open Baskerville
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1715:Source Han Serif
1495:Operating system
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2500:Surreal Numbers
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2397:TeX font metric
2367:Computer Modern
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1265:Further reading
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219:quality control
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172:Times New Roman
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98:Computer Modern
20:Computer Modern
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2578:Concrete Roman
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2081:Macro packages
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1774:National Fonts
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1746:Ubuntu Titling
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1619:Go and Go Mono
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1555:Concrete Roman
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1518:Bitstream Vera
1515:
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1441:Apache License
1437:
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1295:
1294:External links
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312:Concrete Roman
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287:upright italic
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47:Classification
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2671:Dancing Links
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2666:
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2637:
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2634:Knuth shuffle
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2220:Distributions
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1649:
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1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:Hershey fonts
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
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1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
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1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Courier Prime
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1535:Cascadia Code
1533:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
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1499:corporate and
1496:
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1481:
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1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:and libraries
1359:
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1325:
1322:
1316:
1313:
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1301:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1288:0-201-60660-7
1285:
1282:, Softcover:
1281:
1280:0-201-13446-2
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1123:
1120:(in Polish).
1119:
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1109:
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1087:
1080:
1073:
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1054:
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978:
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651:0-938768-39-5
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571:
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549:on 2015-05-20
548:
544:
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524:
520:
516:
513:
512:
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499:
496:
493:
490:
489:Cork encoding
486:
485:
479:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
454:
446:
437:
435:
434:OpenType math
430:
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231:
230:outline fonts
226:
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223:public domain
220:
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188:
184:
180:
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173:
167:
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159:
156:", or modern
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41:
38:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2572:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2470:
2464:Publications
2457:Donald Knuth
2366:
2338:
2331:
1994:Google Fonts
1989:Font Library
1979:Font Awesome
1959:Donald Knuth
1931:Theano Didot
1921:OpenDyslexic
1784:Railway Sans
1725:Source Serif
1609:GNU FreeFont
1549:
1501:professional
1446:BSD licenses
1271:
1252:. Retrieved
1238:
1227:. Retrieved
1213:
1202:. Retrieved
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1172:
1162:
1151:. Retrieved
1137:
1126:. Retrieved
1117:
1108:
1097:. Retrieved
1085:
1072:
1061:. Retrieved
1052:
1042:
1031:. Retrieved
1022:
1013:
1002:. Retrieved
992:
981:. Retrieved
967:
959:
948:
944:
931:
922:
895:
889:"Chapter 28"
882:
870:. Retrieved
859:
848:
843:
833:21 September
831:. Retrieved
826:
822:
809:
797:. Retrieved
794:Type Culture
793:
783:
772:
764:
752:. Retrieved
734:
722:. Retrieved
715:the original
697:
687:24 September
685:. Retrieved
680:
676:
663:
655:
641:
635:
626:
622:
613:
601:. Retrieved
595:
589:
569:
562:
551:. Retrieved
547:the original
537:
458:
455:
452:
443:
431:
424:
415:
384:
381:Latin Modern
371:font hinting
360:
336:
269:
257:
227:
212:
176:
168:
151:
110:Donald Knuth
97:
96:
64:Donald Knuth
2681:Knuth Prize
1969:Raph Levien
1964:Ray Larabie
1866:Inconsolata
1851:EB Garamond
1720:Source Sans
1705:Source Code
1666:Nimbus Mono
1661:Nanum fonts
1614:GNU Unifont
1530:Breeze Sans
1475:MIT License
1385:Ghostscript
1178:24 February
1118:Gust.org.pl
750:(MA thesis)
711:Kyoto Prize
59:Designer(s)
2721:Categories
2611:Algorithms
2415:extensions
2270:Deprecated
2185:Deprecated
2098:CircuiTikZ
1950:Groups and
1911:News Cycle
1901:Montserrat
1841:Comic Neue
1821:Asana-Math
1765:Government
1756:Zilla Slab
1732:STIX fonts
1634:Liberation
1567:Doulos SIL
1545:Charis SIL
1375:Fontmatrix
1354:typography
1254:2015-06-12
1229:2021-12-12
1204:2021-12-12
1153:2015-06-12
1128:2015-06-12
1099:2015-06-12
1063:2015-06-12
1033:2015-06-12
1004:2015-06-12
1000:. Ctan.org
983:2015-06-12
754:2 February
553:2015-06-12
530:References
515:STIX Fonts
326:sans-serif
316:slab serif
221:), in the
2568:AMS Euler
2315:Community
2256:TeXPortal
2118:Plain TeX
1936:WenQuanYi
1876:Jomolhari
1846:Cormorant
1800:typefaces
1789:e-Ukraine
1767:typefaces
1582:Open Sans
1540:Cantarell
1405:MetaType1
1370:FontForge
951:: 95–98,
924:METAFONT.
872:18 August
868:. Twitter
829:(1): 3–27
799:17 August
724:18 August
683:(2): 95–8
603:17 August
407:METATYPE1
191:superness
146:Clarendon
142:Excelsior
112:with his
102:typefaces
2538:Metafont
2525:Software
2377:MetaPost
2372:Metafont
2277:AmigaTeX
2239:TeX Live
2128:PSTricks
2113:MusiXTeX
1881:Junicode
1779:PT Fonts
1737:Tiresias
1695:Overpass
1646:Literata
1639:Croscore
1629:IBM Plex
1434:Licenses
1420:Graphite
1400:MetaPost
1395:Metafont
1390:HarfBuzz
1380:FreeType
1361:Software
1248:Archived
1223:Archived
1198:Archived
1147:Archived
1122:Archived
1090:Archived
1057:Archived
1027:Archived
977:Archived
953:archived
916:Archived
621:(1956).
509:See also
449:MLModern
427:TeX Gyre
403:MetaPost
399:Metafont
272:OpenType
260:TeX Live
242:OpenType
238:TrueType
232:such as
215:Metafont
179:Metafont
114:Metafont
35:Category
2701:-yllion
2542:MIXAL (
2402:Texinfo
2350:Related
2333:TUGboat
2261:TinyTeX
2103:ConTeXt
2093:ArabTeX
2088:AMS-TeX
1871:Iosevka
1861:IM Fell
1856:Gentium
1836:Chandas
1700:Selawik
1599:Gentium
1086:TUGboat
945:TUGboat
900:Bibcode
677:TUGboat
411:ConTeXt
345:BlueSky
306:designs
297:oblique
276:Unicode
138:Century
71:License
2357:BibTeX
2297:PasTeX
2249:W32TeX
2244:MacTeX
2234:MiKTeX
2227:Active
2171:pdfTeX
2166:LuaTeX
2159:Active
2143:XyMTeX
1952:people
1751:Utopia
1742:Ubuntu
1587:Roboto
1523:DejaVu
1508:Andika
1286:
1278:
849:17 (4)
648:
577:
501:fonts.
482:Others
367:Type 1
299:styles
234:Type 1
183:serifs
154:Didone
134:Didone
124:Design
91:Sample
52:Didone
2664:Other
2560:Fonts
2327:DANTE
2302:teTeX
2292:OzTeX
2287:gwTeX
2282:fpTeX
2207:Omega
2197:ε-TeX
2192:Aleph
2176:XeTeX
2123:OpTeX
2108:LaTeX
1886:Kochi
1831:Cardo
1807:Amiri
1798:Other
1688:OCR-B
1683:OCR-A
1676:Roman
1651:Lohit
1572:Droid
1410:Pango
1093:(PDF)
1082:(PDF)
1019:"FAQ"
956:(PDF)
941:(PDF)
919:(PDF)
892:(PDF)
819:(PDF)
744:(PDF)
718:(PDF)
707:(PDF)
673:(PDF)
304:serif
240:, or
158:serif
40:Serif
2601:CWEB
2549:MMIX
2387:CWEB
2322:CTAN
2138:TIPA
2133:TikZ
1941:XITS
1891:Lato
1671:Sans
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