TeX - Knowledge

681:(characters of category 11) or a single other character are replaced by a control-sequence token. In this sense, this stage is like lexical analysis, although it does not form numbers from digits. In the next stage, expandable control sequences (such as conditionals or defined macros) are replaced by their replacement text. The input for the third stage is then a stream of characters (including the ones with special meaning) and unexpandable control sequences (typically assignments and visual commands). Here, the characters get assembled into a paragraph, and TeX's paragraph breaking algorithm works by optimizing breakpoints over the whole paragraph. The fourth stage breaks the vertical list of lines and other material into pages. 1682:, further explores this problem of digitizing "brush trajectories". This term derives from the fact that Metafont describes characters as having been drawn by abstract brushes (and erasers). It is commonly believed that TeX is based on bitmap fonts but, in fact, these programs "know" nothing about the fonts that they are using other than their dimensions. It is the responsibility of the device driver to appropriately handle fonts of other types, including PostScript Type 1 and TrueType. Computer Modern (commonly known as "the TeX font") is freely available in Type 1 format, as are the AMS math fonts. Users of TeX systems that output directly to PDF, such as pdfTeX, XeTeX, or LuaTeX, generally never use Metafont output at all. 2023:", and he strongly encourages modifications or experimentations with this source code. However, since Knuth highly values the reproducibility of the output of all versions of TeX, any changed version must not be called TeX, or anything confusingly similar. To enforce this rule, any implementation of the system must pass a test suite called the TRIP test before being allowed to be called TeX. The question of license is somewhat confused by the statements included at the beginning of the TeX source code, which indicate that "all rights are reserved. Copying of this file is authorized only if ... you make absolutely no changes to your copy". This restriction should be interpreted as a prohibition to change the source code 5764: 2363: 2375: 128: 1170: 36: 751: 2198: 4999: 2225:(DANTE) is a large user group in Germany. The TeX Users Group was founded in 1980 for educational and scientific purposes, provides an organization for those who have an interest in typography and font design, and are users of the TeX typesetting system invented by Knuth. The TeX Users Group represents the interests of TeX users worldwide. The TeX Users Group publishes the 2063:. TeX allowed scientific papers in mathematical disciplines to be reduced to relatively small files that could be rendered client-side, allowing fully typeset scientific papers to be exchanged over the early Internet and emerging World Wide Web, even when sending large files was difficult. This paved the way for the creation of repositories of scientific papers such as 644:. Numerous journals in these fields are produced using TeX or LaTeX, allowing authors to submit their raw manuscript written in TeX. While many publications in other fields, including dictionaries and legal publications, have been produced using TeX, it has not been as successful as in the more technical fields, as TeX was primarily designed to typeset mathematics. 1511:, etc.), etc., up to the subword of length 14, which is the word itself, including the markers. TeX will then look into its list of hyphenation patterns, and find subwords for which it has calculated the desirability of hyphenation at each position. In the case of our word, 11 such patterns can be matched, namely 566:. This is a reflection of the fact that TeX is now very stable, and only minor updates are anticipated. The current version of TeX is 3.141592653; it was last updated in 2021. The design was frozen after version 3.0, and no new feature or fundamental change will be added, so all newer versions will contain only 698:. These low-level commands are rarely used directly by users, and most functionality is provided by format files (predumped memory images of TeX after large macro collections have been loaded). Knuth's original default format, which adds about 600 commands, is Plain TeX. The most widely used format is 1181:

Since the primary goal of the TeX language is high-quality typesetting for publishers of books, Knuth gave a lot of attention to the spacing rules for mathematical formulae. He took three bodies of work that he considered to be standards of excellence for mathematical typography: the books typeset by

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When he designed TeX, Donald Knuth did not believe that a single typesetting system would fit everyone's needs; instead, he designed many hooks inside the program so that it would be possible to write extensions, and released the source code, hoping that the publishers would design versions tailoring

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in TeX. The award per bug started at US$ 2.56 (one "hexadecimal dollar") and doubled every year until it was frozen at its current value of $ 327.68. Knuth has lost relatively little money as there have been very few bugs claimed. In addition, recipients have been known to frame their check as proof

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If no suitable line break can be found for a line, the system will try to hyphenate a word. The original version of TeX used a hyphenation algorithm based on a set of rules for the removal of prefixes and suffixes of words, and for deciding if it should insert a break between the two consonants in a

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mathematics journal. Knuth looked closely at these printed papers to sort out and look for a set of rules for spacing. While TeX provides some basic rules and the tools needed to specify proper spacing, the exact parameters depend on the font used to typeset the formula. For example, the spacing for

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ndependent format (DVI). A DVI file could then be either viewed on screen or converted to a suitable format for any of the various printers for which a device driver existed (printer support was generally not an operating system feature at the time that TeX was created). Knuth has said that there is

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TeX documents are written and programmed using an unusual macro language. Broadly speaking, the running of this macro language involves expansion and execution stages which do not interact directly. Expansion includes both literal expansion of macro definitions as well as conditional branching, and

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The typesetting of math in TeX is not without criticism, particularly with respect to technical details of the font metrics, which were designed in an era when significant attention was paid to storage requirements. This resulted in some "hacks" overloading some fields, which in turn required other

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is done by starting with a $ symbol, then entering a formula in TeX syntax, and closing again with another of the same symbol. Knuth explained in jest that he chose the dollar sign to indicate the beginning and end of mathematical mode in plain TeX because typesetting mathematics was traditionally

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is easy to solve with a digital system such as TeX, which, provided that good points for line breaking have been defined, can automatically spread the spaces between words to fill in the line. The problem is thus to find the set of breakpoints that will give the most visually pleasing result. Many

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fixes. Even though Donald Knuth himself has suggested a few areas in which TeX could have been improved, he indicated that he firmly believes that having an unchanged system that will produce the same output now and in the future is more important than introducing new features. For this reason, he

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instead of directly compiling the Pascal code. Knuth has kept a very detailed log of all the bugs he has corrected and changes he has made in the program since 1982; as of 2021, the list contains 440 entries, not including the version modification that should be done after his death as the final

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language even at the expansion level. The system can be divided into four levels: in the first, characters are read from the input file and assigned a category code (sometimes called "catcode", for short). Combinations of a backslash (actually, any character of category zero) followed by letters

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The TeX software incorporates several aspects that were not available, or were of lower quality, in other typesetting programs at the time when TeX was released. Some of the innovations are based on interesting algorithms, and have led to several theses for Knuth's students. While some of these

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a) if necessary. These patterns find about 90% of the hyphens in the original dictionary; more importantly, they do not insert any spurious hyphen. In addition, a list of exceptions (words for which the patterns do not predict the correct hyphenation) are included with the Plain TeX format;

1263:, if two lines in a row are hyphenated, or if a very loose line is immediately followed by a very tight line. The algorithm will then find the breakpoints that will minimize the sum of squares of the badness (including penalties) of the resulting lines. If the paragraph contains 1145: 2027:. The copyright note at the beginning of tex.web (and mf.web) was changed in 2021 to explicitly state this. This interpretation is confirmed later in the source code when the TRIP test is mentioned ("If this program is changed, the resulting system should not be called 'TeX 1243:, where the breakpoints for each line are determined one after the other, and no breakpoint is changed after it has been chosen. Such a system is not able to define a breakpoint depending on the effect that it will have on the following lines. In comparison, the 1258:

associated with each possible line break; the badness is increased if the spaces on the line must stretch or shrink too much to make the line the correct width. Penalties are added if a breakpoint is particularly undesirable: for example, if a word must be

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in 1983, to assign priorities to breakpoints in letter groups. A list of hyphenation patterns is first generated automatically from a corpus of hyphenated words (a list of 50,000 words). If TeX must find the acceptable hyphenation positions in the word

433:. This method, dating back to the 19th century, produced a "classic style" appreciated by Knuth. When the second edition was published, in 1976, the whole book had to be typeset again because the Monotype technology had been largely replaced by 448:

Knuth saw for the first time the output of a high-quality digital typesetting system, and became interested in digital typography. On 13 May 1977, he wrote a memo to himself describing the basic features of TeX. He planned to finish it on his

981: 545:. Despite his desire to keep the program stable, Knuth realised that 128 different characters for the text input were not enough to accommodate foreign languages; the main change in version 3.0 of TeX is thus the ability to work with 390:

TeX was designed with two main goals in mind: to allow anybody to produce high-quality books with minimal effort, and to provide a system that would give exactly the same results on all computers, at any point in time (together with the

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Knuth definitely wrote most of the code himself, at least for the Metafont re-write, for which I have pesonal knowledge. However, some of his students (such as Michael Plass and John Hobby) did work on the algorithms used in TeX and

1354:). Further simplifications (for example, not testing extremely unlikely breakpoints such as a hyphenation in the first word of a paragraph, or very overfull lines) lead to an efficient algorithm whose running time is 648:

to their own needs. While such extensions have been created (including some by Knuth himself), most people have extended TeX only using macros and it has remained a system associated with technical typesetting.

672:-based language: many commands, including most user-defined ones, are expanded on the fly until only unexpandable tokens remain, which are then executed. Expansion itself is practically free from side effects. 689:

file ("DeVice Independent") containing the final locations of all characters. This DVI file can then be printed directly given an appropriate printer driver, or it can be converted to other formats. Nowadays,

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Due to scammers finding scanned copies of his checks on the internet and using them to try to drain his bank account, Knuth no longer sends out real checks, but those who submit bug reports can get credit at

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The TeX system has precise knowledge of the sizes of all characters and symbols, and using this information, it computes the optimal arrangement of letters per line and lines per page. It then produces a

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and provides many more user-friendly commands, which can be altered by journals to fit with their house style. Most of the features of AMS-TeX can be used in LaTeX by using the "AMS packages" (e.g.,

1414:(lines that appear alone on a page while the rest of the paragraph is on the following or preceding page). However, in general, a thesis by Michael Plass shows how the page-breaking problem can be 739: 2055:

It is possible to use TeX for automatic generation of sophisticated layout for XML data. The differences in syntax between the two description languages can be overcome with the help of

706:, which incorporates document styles for books, letters, slides, etc., and adds support for referencing and automatic numbering of sections and equations. Another widely used format, 1840:, a Unicode-aware extension to TeX that includes a Lua runtime with extensive hooks into the underlying TeX routines and algorithms. Most TeX extensions are available for free from 593:(see below), other programmers are allowed (and explicitly encouraged) to improve the system, but are required to use another name to distribute the modified TeX, meaning that the 1824:

for bibliographies (distributed with LaTeX); pdfTeX, a TeX-compatible engine which can directly produce PDF output (as well as continuing to support the original DVI output);

997:(mathematics presented centered on a new line) is similar but uses $ $ instead of a single $ symbol. For example, the above with the quadratic formula in display math: 1348: 911: 2236: 5093: 1384: 1308: 792:

for plain TeX files. By default, everything that follows a percent sign on a line is a comment, ignored by TeX. Running TeX on this file (for example, by typing

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nothing inherent in TeX that requires DVI as the output format, and later versions of TeX, notably pdfTeX, XeTeX and LuaTeX, all support output directly to

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subset in order to ensure readability and portability. For example, TeX does all of its dynamic allocation itself from fixed-size arrays and uses only

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that offers a different approach to configurability and features. Free downloadable binaries are provided for Windows, Linux, macOS, OS/2, and FreeBSD.

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project was developed after 1991, primarily to enhance TeX's multilingual typesetting abilities. Knuth created "unofficial" modified versions, such as

316:, and packages which provide extra typesetting functionality – built around the original TeX language. TeX is a popular means of typesetting complex 2579: 2161:. Knuth instructs that it be typeset with the "E" below the baseline and reduced spacing between the letters. This is done, as Knuth mentions in his 1888:

is a partial-WYSIWYG, online editor that provides a cloud-based solution to TeX along with additional features in real-time collaborative editing.

6007: 5875: 664:. Almost all of TeX's syntactic properties can be changed on the fly, which makes TeX input hard to parse by anything but TeX itself. TeX is a 1161:

discoveries have now been incorporated into other typesetting programs, others, such as the rules for mathematical spacing, are still unique.

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the possible breakpoints in a paragraph, and finds the combination of line breaks that will produce the most globally pleasing arrangement.

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Metafont, not strictly part of TeX, is a font description system which allows the designer to describe characters algorithmically. It uses

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and all the necessary fonts, documents formats, and utilities needed to use the typesetting system. On UNIX-compatible systems, including

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because of the added complication of placing figures. TeX's line-breaking algorithm has been adopted by several other programs, such as

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is the width of a line. A similar algorithm is used to determine the best way to break paragraphs across two pages, in order to avoid

4721: 1798: 602: 3661: 1140:{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\text{The quadratic formula is}}\\\displaystyle {\frac {-b\pm {\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}{2a}}\end{matrix}}} 5783: 5079: 4787: 4757: 4709: 2222: 1817:, the GNU documentation processing system. TeX has been the official typesetting package for the GNU operating system since 1984. 4752: 4747: 4742: 4583: 3562: 2296: 1694:

The definition of a macro not only includes a list of commands but also the syntax of the call. It differs with most widely used

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is a special marker to indicate the beginning or end of the word. The list of subwords includes all the subwords of length 1 (

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The TeX macro language has been used to write larger document production systems, most notably including LaTeX and ConTeXt.

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of the new book on 30 March 1977, he found them inferior. Disappointed, Knuth set out to design his own typesetting system.

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execution involves such tasks as setting variables/registers and the actual typesetting process of adding glyphs to boxes.

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in a fairly standard way to generate the actual characters to be displayed, but Knuth devotes substantial attention to the

575:, at which point all remaining bugs will become features. Likewise, versions of Metafont after 2.0 asymptotically approach 3911: 308:

and first released in 1978. The term now refers to the system of extensions – which includes software programs called TeX

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programming language, following intense lobbying by Guy Steele. In 1989, Donald Knuth released new versions of TeX and

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a), with low indicative numbers (either odd or even), which can then be superseded by more specific patterns (such as

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is often used, which bypasses DVI generation altogether. The base TeX system understands about 300 commands, called

5171: 641: 556:, where updates have been indicated by adding an extra digit at the end of the decimal, so that the version number 181: 164: 571:

has stated that the "absolutely final change (to be made after my death)" will be to change the version number to

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The formula is printed in a way a person would write by hand, or typeset the equation. In a document, entering

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Gaudeul, Alexia (27 March 2006). "Do Open Source Developers Respond to Competition?: The (La)TeX Case Study".

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In several technical fields such as computer science, mathematics, engineering and physics, TeX has become a

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TeX82, a new version of TeX rewritten from scratch, was published in 1982. Among other changes, the original

454: 145: 6054: 6023: 5221: 3147: 2590: 1152:(The examples here are not actually rendered with TeX; spacing, character sizes, and all else may differ.) 465:

during the summer of 1978, when Knuth was developing his first version of TeX. When Steele returned to the

103: 4481: 6110: 5236: 2169:(developed by Honeywell Information Systems). Fans like to proliferate names from the word "TeX"—such as 1718: 1232: 510: 77: 2241: 6120: 5809: 5207: 3366: 2353: 629: 505:

and cross-linked documentation typeset in TeX from the same original file. The language used is called

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inputs, allowing 256 different characters in the text input. TeX3.0 was released on March 15, 1990.

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Notable entities in the TeX community include the TeX Users Group (TUG), which currently publishes

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fonts has been precisely fine-tuned over the years and is now set; but when other fonts, such as

976:{\displaystyle {\hbox{The quadratic formula is }}\textstyle {-b\pm {\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}} \over 2a}} 637: 364: 1462:(which is possible most of the time). TeX82 introduced a new hyphenation algorithm, designed by 6100: 5987: 5912: 5868: 4875: 4662: 2322: 2283: 2060: 2019:

Donald Knuth has indicated several times that the source code of TeX has been placed into the "

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line-breaking algorithm used by TeX and developed by Donald Knuth and Michael Plass considers

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TeX provides a different text syntax specifically for mathematical formulas. For example, the

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is the Pure Qt equivalent of Kile, with a user interface that is nearly the same as Kile's.

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installations. It is also used for many other typesetting tasks, especially in the form of

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TeX is usually provided in the form of an easy-to-install bundle of TeX itself along with

8: 5488: 5446: 4800: 4511: 4377: 3069: 2399: 2213: 1752: 1407: 1311: 1219:"hacks". On an aesthetics level, the rendering of radicals has also been criticized. The 763: 677: 606: 553: 538: 462: 4394: 4277: 3868: 3784: 3669: 3262: 3026: 2963: 2888: 1967:

has various built-in and third-party packages with support for TeX, the major one being

1631:. This system based on subwords allows the definition of very general patterns (such as 6044: 5735: 5587: 5483: 5211: 4293: 4285: 4258: 4220: 3979: 3884: 3876: 3800: 3792: 3759: 3727: 3278: 3270: 3042: 3034: 2979: 2971: 2904: 2896: 2500: 2379: 2226: 2218: 1974: 1739: 1671: 1423: 1389: 1266: 840: 676:

of macros takes no memory, and if-then-else constructs are available. This makes TeX a

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which was designed and written by computer scientist and Stanford University professor

209: 4490: 2003: 624:. Many thousands of books have been published using TeX, including books published by 127: 5750: 5692: 5502: 5493: 5264: 5259: 4438: 4417: 4398: 4352: 4262: 4227: 4192: 4154: 3939: 3616: 3588: 3222: 3196: 2734: 2508: 2504: 2374: 1988: 1981: 1907: 1787: 1223:

font specification largely borrows from TeX, but has some new features/enhancements.

836: 621: 344: 5355: 4321: 2646: prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the 2556: 2460: 581:(currently at 2.7182818), and a similar change will be applied after Knuth's death. 5558: 5466: 5385: 5323: 5246: 4953: 4498: 4281: 4250: 3872: 3788: 3266: 3030: 2967: 2892: 2492: 2140: 2078: 1726: 1237: 1215:, were used by Knuth for the first time, new spacing parameters had to be defined. 1192: 477:(ITS) operating system. The first version of TeX, called TeX78, was written in the 434: 336: 301: 268: 176: 152: 5071: 4241:———; Plass, Michael F (1981), "Breaking Paragraphs into Lines", 2754: 2059:. In the context of XML publication, TeX can thus be considered an alternative to 2039:

for TeX. This was rejected because at the time "TEX" (all caps) was registered by

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distribution (enhanced by proTeXt) and the Microsoft Windows version of TeX Live.

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possible breakpoints, the number of situations that must be evaluated naively is

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Donald Knuth discusses developing the software for TEX at Xerox PARC 2/21/1980

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provides mathematical TeX typesetting, but the code needs to be surrounded by

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for its internal calculations. As a result, TeX has been ported to almost all

6089: 6039: 5597: 5417: 5375: 5313: 5286: 4348: 4188: 4150: 4038: 3410: 2020: 1220: 590: 408: 4139: 2674: 738:, used primarily for desktop publishing and written mostly by Hans Hagen at 6095: 5825: 5745: 5740: 5730: 5710: 5682: 5672: 5637: 5476: 5360: 5274: 5197: 4973: 4254: 3711: 3427: 2257: 2115: 1918: 1743: 1439: 1190:) under the supervision of Hans Wolf; editions of the mathematical journal 567: 442: 305: 48: 3970:

O'Connell, Heath (2002). "Physicists Thriving with Paperless Publishing".

3467: 6049: 5720: 5715: 5677: 5667: 5662: 5617: 5602: 5471: 5422: 5412: 5402: 5365: 5281: 5226: 5136: 4948: 4943: 4667: 2586: 1995:, iMath and TexMaths extensions can provide mathematical TeX typesetting. 1992: 1867: 1772: 1415: 1203: 598: 594: 502: 352: 348: 332: 298: 169: 3984: 3775:

Bigelow, Charles; Day, Donald (1983). "The future of TeX and METAFONT".

2496: 1169: 5592: 5572: 5507: 5407: 5328: 5318: 5296: 5126: 5105: 4558: 3938:, Computers and Typesetting, vol. B, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2730:

TeX Unbound: LaTeX & TeX Strategies for Fonts, Graphics, & More

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distribution was the de facto standard on UNIX-compatible systems.) On

1433: 450: 360: 321: 221: 43: 3353:"High-Quality Editing and Display of Mathematical Text in Office 2007" 3094: 1471:, for example, it will consider all the subwords of the extended word 5979: 5936: 5687: 5657: 5540: 5451: 5333: 5156: 5121: 4983: 4548: 3414: 2461:"Per Bothner (attendee at TeX Project meetings) discusses authorship" 2128: 2040: 2036: 1999: 1964: 1954: 1820:

Numerous extensions and companion programs for TeX exist, among them

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by Fadi P. Deek, James A. M. McHugh "Public domain", page 227 (2008)

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Syropoulos, Apostolos; Tsolomitis, Antonis; Sofroniou, Nick (2003),

2133:), Greek for both "art" and "craft", which is also the root word of 1984:, possible plugins include Vim-LaTeX Suite, Automatic TeX and TeX-9. 1713:

The original source code for the current TeX software is written in

5906: 5893: 5632: 5530: 5397: 5380: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5131: 5015: 5007: 4988: 4968: 4837: 4832: 4737: 4699: 4657: 4593: 4588: 4573: 4226:, Lecture notes, Center for the Study of Language and Information, 3463: 3380: 3335: 2835: 2808: 2786: 2333: 2328: 2317: 1958: 1948: 1934: 1930: 1898:

document processor which runs on a variety of platforms including:

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contains extensive documentation about the algorithms used in TeX.

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still remains as the default formatter of the UNIX documentation.

2311: 2248: 2230: 2207: 2111: 1926: 1895: 1875: 1871: 1829: 1814: 1702:, in that the body of a macro gets tokenized at definition time. 735: 707: 661: 380: 356: 4118:"25 Years of TeX and METAFONT: Looking Back and Looking Forward" 3546:

List of updates to the TeX82 listing published in September 1982

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Several document processing systems are based on TeX, notably

1623:. Finally, the acceptable positions are those indicated by an 5439: 5434: 5161: 4762: 4636: 4568: 4342: 3214: 2267: 2123: 2064: 2056: 1914: 1901: 1879: 1825: 1783: 1775: 1768: 1730: 1459: 1447: 755: 699: 546: 486: 376: 368: 320:; it has been noted as one of the most sophisticated digital 2481:. Beijing; Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly Media, 2007, pp. 235. 5969: 5928: 5917: 4998: 4958: 4847: 4782: 4416:(reference) (2nd ed.), American Mathematical Society, 4207: 4172: 3549: 2813:, NTG journal MAPS (1990), 489. Reprinted as chapter 30 of 2435: 2338: 2197: 2146: 2087: 2084: 2075:

The name TeX is intended by its developer to be pronounced

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four times per year. Other user groups include DK-TUG in

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c. For each position in the word, TeX will calculate the

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For later versions of TeX, Knuth invented the concept of

470: 141: 2347:, for help displaying mathematical formulae in Knowledge 457:" (ready to use) until 1989, more than ten years later. 561: 4503: 4459: 3432: 3329:"Math typesetting in TEX: The good, the bad, the ugly" 1231:

In comparison with manual typesetting, the problem of

1070: 922: 916: 4214:, it contains plenty of human-readable documentation. 2862:"Mixing Right-to-Left Texts with Left-to-Right Texts" 2351: 2165:, to distinguish TeX from other system names such as 2149: 1747:

that they found a bug in TeX rather than cashing it.

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Bigelow, Charles; Day, Donald (1983). "Chapter 32".

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Knuth, Donald E (1996), "Questions and Answers II",

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Bigelow, Charles; Day, Donald (1983). "Chapter 32".

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Knuth, Donald E (1996), "Questions and Answers II",

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Bigelow, Charles; Day, Donald (1983). "Chapter 31".

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Fonts & Encodings (Translated by P. Scott Horne)

2274:; the user groups jointly maintain a complete list. 2143: 2081: 1882:. It uses Knuth's fonts and can generate TeX output. 371:, the previously favored formatting system, in most 271: 5101: 4268:Bigelow, Charles; Day, Donald (1983). "Chapter 3". 4187:, Computers and Typesetting, vol. B, Reading, 3569:, available on CTAN, last modified in January 2003. 3313:(1989), pp. 31–36, 342. Reprinted as chapter 18 of 2942:Knuth, Donald E (1996), "Questions and Answers I", 2923: 2879:Bigelow, Charles; Day, Donald (1983). "Chapter 4". 2099:The letters of the name are meant to represent the 589:Since the source code of TeX is essentially in the 453:

in 1978, but as it happened, the language was not "

4219: 4180: 4138: 3931: 3499: 3112: 1717:, a mixture of documentation written in TeX and a 1398: 1378: 1342: 1302: 1275: 1139: 975: 441:were no longer available. When Knuth received the 3511: 2855: 2853: 1878:scientific text editor, inspired by both TeX and 1583:obtained among all matching patterns, yielding en 192: 6087: 4499:https://archive.org/details/xerox-parc-tapes-v49 2580:"Commemorative lecture of the Kyoto Prize, 1996" 1801:, which uses TeX as a backend for printing from 1226: 3403:Computer Typesetting: Experiments and Prospects 2571: 1758: 1254:Formally, the algorithm defines a value called 552:Since version 3, TeX has used an idiosyncratic 492: 286: 5876:Things a Computer Scientist Rarely Talks About 4002:, Ch. 1: The Name of the Game, p. 1. 2850: 1910:(newer versions require Windows 2000 or later) 1652:additional ones can be specified by the user. 605:, which allows a user to mix texts written in 5810: 5087: 4902: 4519: 3969: 2636:This article is based on material taken from 2070: 1627:number, yielding the acceptable hyphenations 5563: 3609: 3179:, p. 127, Ch. 16: Typing Math Formulas. 3148:"What are the AMS packages (amsmath, etc.)?" 1173:Mathematical text typeset using TeX and the 808:, representing the content of the page in a 469:that autumn, he rewrote TeX's input/output ( 425:was published in 1968, it was typeset using 4060:"The Communications of the TeX Users Group" 2859: 2270:, NTG in the Netherlands and UK-TUG in the 1778:, TeX is distributed as part of the larger 525:was replaced by a new algorithm written by 5817: 5803: 5094: 5080: 4909: 4895: 4526: 4512: 4267: 4240: 3851: 3774: 3438: 3252: 3016: 2953: 2878: 2660: 754:A sample page produced using TeX with the 126: 4376:thesis), Department of Computer Science, 3983: 3493:Core GNU utilities (GNU coreutils) manual 1844:, the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network. 6075:Potrzebie system of weights and measures 5769:Free and open-source software portal 3428:http://svn.tug.org/interviews/plass.html 2860:Knuth, Donald E; MacKay, Pierre (1987), 2223:Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX 2196: 1977:. A notable extension is LaTeX Workshop 1828:, a TeX-compatible engine that supports 1733:program to convert the source code into 1168: 749: 722:) and the "AMS document classes" (e.g., 83:TeX Live 2024 / 13 March 2024 6008:Robinson–Schensted–Knuth correspondence 5784:List of free software Unicode typefaces 4384: 4336: 4024:(1986), 101. Reprinted as chapter 6 of 3662:"Knuth: Recent News – Financial Fiasco" 3400: 3067: 2713:(1990), 12. Reprinted as chapter 29 of 2490: 2325:– a TeX reimplementation (discontinued) 2297:Comparison of document markup languages 1196:dating from around 1910; and a copy of 1164: 828: 419:When the first paper volume of Knuth's 6088: 4470:(questions and answers), StackExchange 4411: 3852:Bigelow, Charles; Day, Donald (1983). 3188: 2726: 2428: 2234:three times per year; DANTE publishes 2137:. English speakers often pronounce it 1782:distribution. (Prior to TeX Live, the 5798: 5075: 4890: 4507: 4430: 4365: 4217: 4178: 4136: 4115: 3929: 3825: 3659: 3517: 3505: 3240: 3176: 3118: 3004: 2941: 2929: 2773: 2771: 2217:, covering a wide range of topics in 2025:as long as the file is called tex.web 651: 467:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4366:Liang, Franklin Mark (August 1983), 4202:. The full source code of TeX; also 2702:The New Versions of TeX and METAFONT 2643:Free On-line Dictionary of Computing 2393: 2035:tried in the early 1980s to claim a 804:) will create an output file called 509:and produces programs in DEC PDP-10 3581:"Knuth: Frequently Asked Questions" 3257:. Vol. 249. pp. 620–624. 3021:. Vol. 249. pp. 616–617. 1933:(for Linux, macOS and Windows) and 656:TeX commands commonly start with a 597:can still evolve. For example, the 13: 4286:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106 4272:. Vol. 249. pp. 67–155. 3958:Open Source: Technology and Policy 3877:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106 3793:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106 3489:"4.1 fmt: Reformat paragraph text" 3271:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106 3035:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106 2972:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106 2897:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106 2768: 2341:– a program for viewing .dvi files 2050: 1310:. However, by using the method of 14: 6152: 5993:Knuth–Bendix completion algorithm 5217:GNU Lesser General Public License 4453: 4369:Word Hy-phen-a-tion by Com-put-er 4313: 4243:Software: Practice and Experience 3700:from the original on 8 March 2024 3578: 3326: 2614: 2577: 2546: 2314:- TeX on Web pages via JavaScript 2307:List of document markup languages 2167:TEX, the Text EXecutive processor 1957:is an open-source fork (2009) of 1860:editors designed to work with TeX 1685: 289:), stylized within the system as 5824: 5762: 4997: 3306:Typesetting Concrete Mathematics 2373: 2361: 2139: 2077: 1742:to people who find and report a 745: 584: 501:, a way of producing compilable 267: 34: 5841:The Art of Computer Programming 4916: 4434:Modern TeX and Its Applications 4345:: A Document Preparation System 4078: 4052: 4031: 4005: 3992: 3963: 3951: 3923: 3903: 3845: 3819: 3768: 3752: 3736: 3720: 3704: 3684: 3653: 3628: 3603: 3572: 3555: 3538: 3523: 3481: 3444: 3420: 3394: 3373: 3359: 3345: 3320: 3297: 3234: 3208: 3182: 3140: 3124: 3087: 3061: 2998: 2935: 2820: 2801: 2747: 2720: 2693: 2666: 2629: 2118:, as TeX is an abbreviation of 1236:line-breaking algorithms use a 1188:The Art of Computer Programming 730:). This is then referred to as 607:left-to-right and right-to-left 475:Incompatible Timesharing System 422:The Art of Computer Programming 4218:——— (1999), 4179:——— (1986), 4166:source code of the book in TeX 3863:. Vol. 249. p. 560. 3779:. Vol. 249. p. 572. 3610:Kara Platoni (May–June 2006). 3466:: 103–10, 2000, archived from 3218:Digital Typography Using LaTeX 2958:. Vol. 249. p. 598. 2883:. Vol. 249. p. 106. 2810:The future of TeX and METAFONT 2608: 2540: 2484: 2471: 2453: 2404: 2095:, with the final consonant of 1708: 1373: 1364: 1337: 1324: 918:The quadratic formula is 839:(which is the solution of the 367:. It has long since displaced 1: 5779:List of open source typefaces 5774:Open-source Unicode typefaces 4320:(source code), archived from 4014:The TeX Logo in Various Fonts 3154:. 27 May 2018. Archived from 2834:. 24 May 2018. Archived from 2785:. 27 May 2018. Archived from 2421: 2368:Free and open-source software 2277: 2157:, like the first syllable of 2033:American Mathematical Society 1678:displays. Another thesis, by 1227:Hyphenation and justification 712:American Mathematical Society 615: 5998:Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm 5222:LaTeX Project Public License 4168:(and a needed set of macros 4137:Knuth, Donald Ervin (1984), 3828:"Computers and Typesettings" 2779:"What is the future of TeX?" 2682:(1996), 38–49. Reprinted as 2436:"TeX Live - TeX Users Group" 2192: 2181:(competent TeX programmer), 2129: 1759:Distributions and extensions 1738:change in TeX. Knuth offers 493:WEB and literate programming 7: 6126:Macro programming languages 6106:Desktop publishing software 6013:Trabb Pardo–Knuth algorithm 3530:"Appendix H: Hyphenation", 3401:Barnett, Michael P (1965), 2733:. Oxford University Press. 2289: 1655: 238:; 46 years ago 60:; 46 years ago 10: 6157: 5208:GNU General Public License 4108: 3195:, MIT Press, p. 349, 2684:Questions and Answers, III 2124: 2071:Pronunciation and spelling 2047:" text processing system. 2014: 1851: 1847: 1659: 1155: 993:supposed to be expensive. 800:, or by calling it from a 702:, originally developed by 630:Cambridge University Press 414: 18: 6055:Knuth's up-arrow notation 6032: 6024:Knuth's Simpath algorithm 5978: 5955: 5927: 5892: 5855:Computers and Typesetting 5832: 5759: 5701: 5549: 5516: 5245: 5203:Creative Commons licenses 5185: 5112: 5047: 5024: 5006: 4995: 4925: 4871: 4810: 4775: 4730: 4687: 4680: 4645: 4619: 4612: 4541: 4347:(2nd ed.), Reading, 4171:) is available online on 4147:Computers and Typesetting 4116:Beebe, Nelson HF (2004), 3666:Stanford Computer Science 3585:Stanford Computer Science 2345:Help:Displaying a formula 1854:Comparison of TeX editors 1199:Indagationes Mathematicae 1184:Addison-Wesley Publishing 1013:The quadratic formula is 859:The quadratic formula is 479:SAIL programming language 250: 232: 220: 208: 187: 175: 163: 151: 137: 102: 98: 76: 72: 54: 42: 33: 4484:25 February 2021 at the 4149:, vol. A, Reading, 3930:Knuth, Donald E (1986), 3826:Knuth, Donald E (1986), 3660:Knuth, Donald E (2008). 3221:, Springer, p. 93, 2828:"TeX Engine development" 2386: 2173:(user of TeX software), 1753:The Bank of San Serriffe 1343:{\displaystyle O(n^{2})} 1186:house (the publisher of 1075:The quadratic formula is 1011: 857: 802:graphical user interface 798:command-line interpreter 780:This might be in a file 768: 734:. Other formats include 554:version numbering system 516: 222:Internet media type 182:Permissive free software 5848:The Complexity of Songs 4853:TeX Directory Structure 4613:Alternative TeX engines 4533: 4431:Vulis, Michael (1992), 4385:Salomon, David (1995), 4314:———, 3189:Slater, Robert (1989), 2675:Knuth meets NTG members 2650:, version 1.3 or later. 2400:Unregistered media type 2211:and formerly published 1858:There are a variety of 1813:publishing system, and 1729:, usually by using the 638:Oxford University Press 365:quantitative psychology 5883:Selected papers series 5564: 4255:10.1002/spe.4380111102 4210:. Being written using 3439:Knuth & Plass 1981 3095:"CTAN: Package pdftex" 3070:"Lists in TeX's Mouth" 3068:Jeffrey, Alan (1990), 2661:Knuth & Plass 1981 2549:"Less brief biography" 2528:Cite journal requires 2323:New Typesetting System 2284:List of TeX extensions 2202: 2201:TeX Users Group's logo 1723:fixed-point arithmetic 1499:, etc.), of length 2 ( 1400: 1380: 1344: 1304: 1277: 1178: 1141: 977: 759: 612:in the same document. 531:fixed-point arithmetic 327:TeX is widely used in 85:; 6 months ago 6065:Quater-imaginary base 5578:Atkinson Hyperlegible 5232:SIL Open Font License 4492:TeX for the Impatient 4086:"All TeX User Groups" 4039:"The Jargon File—TeX" 2727:Hoenig, Alan (1998). 2615:Knuth, Donald Ervin, 2553:Don Knuth's Home Page 2237:Die TeXnische Komödie 2221:relevant to TeX. The 2200: 1945:provides such an IDE. 1696:lexical preprocessors 1401: 1381: 1379:{\displaystyle O(nw)} 1345: 1305: 1303:{\displaystyle 2^{n}} 1278: 1172: 1142: 978: 753: 710:, is produced by the 660:and are grouped with 523:hyphenation algorithm 427:hot metal typesetting 318:mathematical formulae 6131:Typesetting software 6019:Dijkstra's algorithm 5957:Literate programming 5862:Concrete Mathematics 5566:Antykwa Półtawskiego 5103:Free and open-source 5034:Scientific WorkPlace 4387:The Advanced TeXbook 4331:on 27 September 2011 4212:literate programming 3713:Automatic TeX plugin 3612:"Love at First Byte" 3192:Portraits in Silicon 2477:Yannis Haralambous. 1917:(using a non-native 1446:pattern of the form 1390: 1358: 1318: 1287: 1267: 1165:Mathematical spacing 1066: 912: 829:Mathematical example 499:literate programming 399:description and the 255:Document file format 21:Tex (disambiguation) 19:For other uses, see 5988:Knuth's Algorithm X 5237:Ubuntu Font Licence 4801:The PracTeX Journal 4412:Spivak, MD (1990), 4395:1995adte.book.....S 4378:Stanford University 4278:1983SciAm.249b.106B 3869:1983SciAm.249b.106B 3785:1983SciAm.249b.106B 3672:on 29 November 2019 3495:, GNU Project, 2016 3341:on 20 January 2022. 3263:1983SciAm.249b.106B 3136:(source code), CTAN 3027:1983SciAm.249b.106B 2964:1983SciAm.249b.106B 2889:1983SciAm.249b.106B 2497:10.2139/ssrn.908946 2214:The PracTeX Journal 1312:dynamic programming 995:Display mathematics 794:tex myfile.tex 764:Hello world program 473:) to run under the 437:, and the original 205: 30: 6111:Digital typography 6045:Knuth reward check 6017:Generalization of 5736:Greek Font Society 5212:GPL font exception 4475:Eijkhout, Victor. 4351:: Addison-Wesley, 4270:Digital Typography 4222:Digital Typography 4191:: Addison-Wesley, 4153:: Addison-Wesley, 4026:Digital Typography 3861:Digital Typography 3777:Digital Typography 3470:on 22 January 2009 3315:Digital Typography 3255:Digital Typography 3019:Digital Typography 2956:Digital Typography 2881:Digital Typography 2815:Digital Typography 2715:Digital Typography 2688:Digital Typography 2625:on 12 January 2015 2596:on 27 January 2018 2559:on 5 December 2016 2219:digital typography 2203: 2177:(TeX programmer), 1975:Visual Studio Code 1424:desktop publishing 1396: 1376: 1340: 1300: 1273: 1179: 1137: 1135: 1132: 973: 972: 920: 841:quadratic equation 760: 652:Typesetting system 529:. TeX82 also uses 489:operating system. 461:happened to be at 227:application/x-tex 210:Filename extension 203: 28: 16:Typesetting system 6121:Free TeX software 6083: 6082: 5792: 5791: 5751:SIL International 5356:Ghostscript fonts 5265:Bitstream Charter 5069: 5068: 4884: 4883: 4771: 4770: 4676: 4675: 4092:. TeX Users Group 4066:. TeX Users Group 4011:Knuth, Donald E. 3998:Knuth, Donald E. 3745:TexMaths Homepage 3617:Stanford Magazine 3579:Knuth, Donald E. 3561:Knuth, Donald E. 3544:Knuth, Donald E. 3534:, pp. 449–55 3452:"Donald E. Knuth" 3303:Knuth, Donald E. 2807:Knuth, Donald E. 2740:978-0-19-509686-6 2709:(1989), 325–328; 2699:Knuth, Donald E. 2672:Knuth, Donald E. 2578:Knuth, Donald E. 2547:Knuth, Donald E. 1989:Apache OpenOffice 1908:Microsoft Windows 1870:text editor is a 1788:Microsoft Windows 1727:operating systems 1629:en-cy-clo-pe-di-a 1399:{\displaystyle w} 1276:{\displaystyle n} 1150: 1149: 1130: 1119: 1076: 986: 985: 970: 959: 919: 837:quadratic formula 766:in plain TeX is: 622:de facto standard 485:under Stanford's 345:political science 260: 259: 201: 200: 6148: 6141:Markup languages 5819: 5812: 5805: 5796: 5795: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5678:Squarish Sans CT 5668:Open Baskerville 5569: 5467:Source Han Serif 5247:Operating system 5096: 5089: 5082: 5073: 5072: 5001: 4911: 4904: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4685: 4684: 4617: 4616: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4505: 4504: 4471: 4460:TeX Users' Group 4447: 4426: 4407: 4380: 4361: 4332: 4330: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4297: 4289: 4265: 4236: 4225: 4201: 4186: 4183:TeX: The Program 4163: 4144: 4132: 4122: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4035: 4029: 4009: 4003: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3937: 3934:TeX: The Program 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3894: 3890: 3888: 3880: 3858: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3832: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3810: 3806: 3804: 3796: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3668:. 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5922: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5822: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5799: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5707: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5561: 5555: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5526:National Fonts 5522: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5498:Ubuntu Titling 5491: 5486: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5371:Go and Go Mono 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5307:Concrete Roman 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5270:Bitstream Vera 5267: 5262: 5256: 5254: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5193:Apache License 5189: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5118: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5056: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5012: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4914: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4623: 4621: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4542:Macro packages 4539: 4538: 4531: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4495: 4488: 4473: 4462: 4455: 4454:External links 4452: 4450: 4449: 4443: 4428: 4422: 4414:The Joy of TeX 4409: 4403: 4382: 4363: 4357: 4334: 4311: 4302:|journal= 4238: 4232: 4215: 4197: 4176: 4159: 4134: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4077: 4051: 4030: 4004: 3991: 3962: 3950: 3944: 3922: 3902: 3893:|journal= 3844: 3818: 3809:|journal= 3767: 3751: 3735: 3719: 3703: 3683: 3652: 3627: 3602: 3571: 3554: 3537: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3480: 3443: 3431: 3419: 3393: 3372: 3367:"LineServices" 3358: 3344: 3327:Vieth, Ulrik. 3319: 3317:, pp. 367–378. 3296: 3287:|journal= 3233: 3227: 3207: 3201: 3181: 3169: 3139: 3123: 3111: 3086: 3060: 3051:|journal= 2997: 2988:|journal= 2934: 2922: 2913:|journal= 2849: 2819: 2800: 2767: 2746: 2739: 2719: 2692: 2665: 2663:, p. 144. 2653: 2628: 2607: 2570: 2539: 2530:|journal= 2483: 2470: 2452: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2403: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2382: 2370: 2349: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2320: 2315: 2309: 2304: 2302:Formula editor 2299: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2279: 2276: 2272:United Kingdom 2194: 2191: 2072: 2069: 2052: 2049: 2045:Text EXecutive 2016: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2004:Math extension 1996: 1985: 1978: 1972: 1962: 1952: 1946: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1911: 1905: 1889: 1883: 1849: 1846: 1760: 1757: 1710: 1707: 1687: 1686:Macro language 1684: 1660:Main article: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1473:.encyclopedia. 1420:Adobe InDesign 1395: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1352:Big O notation 1339: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1297: 1293: 1272: 1228: 1225: 1166: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1128: 1125: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1081: 1080: 1072: 1071: 1061: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1004: 984: 983: 968: 965: 958: 955: 952: 949: 944: 940: 934: 931: 928: 907: 858: 854: 853: 850: 843:) appears as: 830: 827: 793: 790:file extension 769: 747: 744: 704:Leslie Lamport 674:Tail recursion 653: 650: 626:Addison-Wesley 617: 614: 586: 583: 558:asymptotically 535:floating-point 518: 515: 494: 491: 416: 413: 312:, sets of TeX 258: 257: 252: 251:Type of format 248: 247: 234: 230: 229: 226: 224: 218: 217: 214: 212: 199: 198: 189: 185: 184: 179: 173: 172: 167: 161: 160: 158:Cross-platform 155: 149: 148: 139: 135: 134: 132: 131: 108: 106: 100: 99: 96: 95: 82: 80: 78:Stable release 74: 73: 70: 69: 56: 52: 51: 46: 40: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6153: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6101:1978 software 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6040:Dancing Links 6038: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6003:Knuth shuffle 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5815: 5813: 5808: 5806: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 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5120: 5119: 5117: 5115:and libraries 5111: 5107: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4912: 4907: 4905: 4900: 4898: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4681:Distributions 4679: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4524: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4446: 4444:0-8493-4431-X 4440: 4437:, CRC Press, 4436: 4435: 4429: 4425: 4423:0-8218-2997-1 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4404:0-387-94556-3 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4358:0-201-52983-1 4354: 4350: 4346: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4312: 4307: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4233:1-57586-010-4 4229: 4224: 4223: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4198:0-201-13437-3 4194: 4190: 4185: 4184: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4160:0-201-13448-9 4156: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4114: 4113: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4040: 4034: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3995: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3954: 3947: 3945:0-201-13437-3 3941: 3936: 3935: 3926: 3919:(source code) 3915: 3914: 3906: 3898: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3814: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3764:, SourceForge 3763: 3762: 3755: 3747: 3746: 3739: 3731: 3730: 3723: 3715: 3714: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3687: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3568: 3566: 3565:Errors of TeX 3558: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3514: 3507: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3458:(interview), 3457: 3453: 3447: 3440: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3389: 3382: 3376: 3368: 3362: 3354: 3348: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3228:9780387952178 3224: 3220: 3219: 3211: 3204: 3202:9780262691314 3198: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3135: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3115: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3056: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2932:, p. 10. 2931: 2926: 2918: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2854: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2804: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2756: 2750: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2723: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2696: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2678:, NTG: MAPS. 2677: 2676: 2669: 2662: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2611: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2574: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2535: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2474: 2467: 2462: 2456: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2427: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2209: 2199: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2136: 2131: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2021:public domain 2005: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1929:(for macOS), 1928: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1855: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668:Bézier curves 1663: 1653: 1630: 1626: 1582: 1581:maximum value 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1393: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1353: 1332: 1328: 1321: 1313: 1295: 1291: 1270: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1234: 1233:justification 1224: 1222: 1221:OpenType math 1216: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1176: 1171: 1162: 1153: 1126: 1123: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1062: 1010: 1009: 1005: 1002: 1001: 998: 996: 991: 966: 963: 956: 953: 950: 947: 942: 938: 932: 929: 926: 908: 856: 855: 851: 848: 847: 844: 842: 838: 833: 826: 824: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 791: 787: 783: 770:Hello, World 767: 765: 757: 752: 746:How it is run 743: 741: 737: 733: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 688: 682: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 649: 645: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 613: 611: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 591:public domain 585:Public domain 582: 579: 569: 565: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 446: 444: 443:galley proofs 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 423: 412: 410: 409:free software 406: 402: 398: 395:language for 394: 388: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 323: 322:typographical 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 300: 288: 282: 264: 256: 253: 249: 235: 231: 225: 223: 219: 213: 211: 207: 196: 190: 186: 183: 180: 178: 174: 171: 168: 166: 162: 159: 156: 154: 150: 147: 143: 140: 136: 129: 124: 110: 109: 107: 105: 101: 97: 81: 79: 75: 71: 57: 53: 50: 47: 45: 41: 37: 32: 26: 22: 6116:Donald Knuth 5901: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5839: 5833:Publications 5826:Donald Knuth 5746:Google Fonts 5741:Font Library 5731:Font Awesome 5711:Donald Knuth 5683:Theano Didot 5673:OpenDyslexic 5536:Railway Sans 5477:Source Serif 5361:GNU FreeFont 5253:professional 5198:BSD licenses 5166: 5058: 5051: 4974:TeXnicCenter 4917: 4799: 4792: 4578: 4534: 4491: 4478:TeX by Topic 4477: 4466: 4433: 4413: 4389:, Springer, 4386: 4368: 4341: 4322:the original 4316: 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