3259:
3246:
3232:
160:
began his Essen Folk
Collection encoded in Essen Associative Code (ESAC) which has since been converted to humdrum notation. Using software developed at the time, Sandra Pinegar examined 13th century music theory manuscripts in her doctoral work at Columbia University in order to gain evidence on the dating and authoring of texts. The 1980s also introduced
345:, which suggests that "because both music and language are cultural discourses (which may reflect social reality in similarly limited ways), a relationship may be identifiable between the trajectories of significant features of musical sound and linguistic discourse regarding social data." According to this perspective, analyses of "
234:
Symbolic data refers to musical encoding that is able to be parsed by a computer. Unlike sheet music data, Any type of digital data format may be regarded as symbolic due to the fact that the system that is representing it is generated from a finite series of symbols. Symbolic data typically does not
172:
Computational musicology can be generally divided into the three main branches relating to the three ways music can be represented by a computer: sheet music data, symbolic data, and audio data. Sheet music data refers to the human-readable, graphical representation of music via symbols. Examples of
159:
that was meant to help musicologists analyze lyrical content in music. Findings from Hill's music were able to find patterns in the conversions of sacred and secular texts where only first lines of texts were changed. In keeping with the global questions that dominated the 1960s, Helmuth
Schaffrath
95:
and was computationally limited. Due to the high cost of this research, in order to be funded projects often tended to ask global questions and look for global solutions. One of the earliest symbolic representation schemes was the
Digital Alternate Representations of Music or DARMS. The project was
209:
is meant to be read by the musician or performer. Generally, the term refers to the standardized nomenclature used by a culture to document their musical notation. In addition to music literacy, musical notation also demands choices from the performer. For example, the notation of
Hindustani
78:
This history of computational musicology generally began in the middle of the 20th century. Generally, the field is considered to be an extension of a much longer history of intellectual inquiry in music that overlaps with science, mathematics, technology, and archiving.
133:
Unlike the global research interests of the 1960s, goals in computational musicology in the 1970s were driven by accomplishing certain tasks. This task driven motivation lead to the development of MUSTRAN for music analysis by led by Jerome Wenker and
Dorothy Gross at
349:" may improve our understandings of how particular features of music and society are interrelated and change similarly across time, as significant correlations are increasingly identified within the musico-linguistic spectrum of human auditory communication.
154:
The 1980s were the first decade to move away from centralized computing and move towards that of personalized computing. This transference of resources led to growth in the field as a whole. John Walter Hill began developing a commercial program called
226:, but is left up to the discretion of the performer. The sheet music notation captures the sequence of gestures the performer is encouraged to make within a musical culture, but is by no means fixed to those performance choices.
181:. Like sheet music data, symbolic data refers to musical notation in a digital format, but symbolic data is not human readable and is encoded in order to be parsed by a computer. Examples of this type of encoding include
304:
Different computer programs have been developed to analyze musical data. Data formats vary from standard notation to raw audio. Analysis of formats that are based on storing all properties of each note, for example
189:
representations. Lastly, audio data refers to recording of the representations of the acoustic wave or sound that results from changes in the oscillations of air pressure. Examples of this type of encoding include
104:
between 1964 and 1976. The project was one of the initial large scale projects to develop an encoding scheme that incorporated completeness, objectivity, and encoder-directedness. Other work at this time at
1032:
songs have since been replicated and expanded upon by other scholars (e.g. Mauch M, MacCallum RM, Levy M, Leroi AM. 2015 The evolution of popular music: USA 1960–2010. R. Soc. Open sci. 2: 150081.
1045:
Kristoffer Jensen and David G. Hebert (2016). Evaluation and
Prediction of Harmonic Complexity Across 76 Years of Billboard 100 Hits. In R. Kronland-Martinet, M. Aramaki, and S. Ystad, (Eds.),
413:. On the 334th birthday of Johann Sebastian Bach, Google celebrated the occasion with a Google Doodle that allowed individuals to enter their own score into the interface, then have a
954:
Cuthbert, Michael Scott; Ariza, Christopher (August 2010). "music21: A Toolkit for
Computer-Aided Musicology and Symbolic Music Data". In J. Stephen Downie; Remco C. Veltkamp (eds.).
383:
database is one of the world's largest music databases, containing over 700,000 references to musical manuscripts. Anyone can use its search engine to find compositions.
87:
Early approaches to computational musicology began in the early 1960s and were being fully developed by 1966. At this point in time data entry was done primarily with
357:
Strategies from computational musicology are recently being applied for analysis of music in various parts of the world. For example, professors affiliated with the
296:. Input, usage and analysis of large amounts of data can be very troublesome using manual methods while usage of computers can make such tasks considerably easier.
247:
Audio data is generally conceptualized as existing on a continuum of features ranging from lower to higher level audio features. Low-level audio features refer to
118:
70:
beginning in the 1950s. Today, computational musicology encompasses a wide range of research topics dealing with the multiple ways music can be represented.
489:
Proceedings of the
Thirteenth International Conference on Informatics and Semiotics in Organisations: Problems and Possibilities of Computational Humanities
390:, which offers "downloadable recordings . . . analytical software and training materials, and a variety of resources relating to the history of recording."
66:. The use of computers in order to study and analyze music generally began in the 1960s, although musicians have been using computers to assist them in the
888:, Bor, Joep., Rao, Suvarnalata, 1954-, Meer, Wim van der., Harvey, Jane, 1949-, Chaurasia, Hariprasad., Das Gupta, Buddhadev, 1933-, Nimbus Records, 2002,
1527:
1193:
117:(MIR) languages that later fell out of popularity in the late 1970s. The 1960s also marked a time of documenting bibliographic initiatives such as the
58:. As this area of research is defined by the tools that it uses and its subject matter, research in computational musicology intersects with both the
387:
309:, were used originally and are still among the most common methods. Significant advances in analysis of raw audio data have been made only recently.
235:
have any sort of performative choices required on the part of the performer. Two of the most common software choices for analyzing symbolic data are
377:
398:
Research from computational musicology occasionally is the focus of popular culture and major news outlets. Examples of this include reporting in
674:
Berlind, Gary; Brook, Barry S.; Hiller, Lejaren A.; Larue, Jan P.; Logemann, George W. (Fall 1966). "Writings on the Use of
Computers in Music".
617:
3095:
2276:
1897:
2346:
3085:
341:
One developing sociomusicological theory in computational musicology is the "Discursive
Hypothesis" proposed by Kristoffer Jensen and
2801:
1871:
797:
Textual and conceptual relationships among theoretical writings on measurable music of the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries
1141:
Huang, Cheng-Zhi Anna; Cooijmans, Tim; Roberts, Adam; Courville, Aaron; Eck, Douglas (2019-03-17). "Counterpoint by Convolution".
1284:
3289:
1234:
2916:
2221:
1056:
431:
1015:
956:
11th International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR 2010), August 9-13, 2010, Utrecht, Netherlands
405:
Nicholas Cook and Craig Sapp while working on the Centre for the History and Analysis of Recorded Music (CHARM), at the
3105:
2771:
1517:
893:
511:
113:, and implemented by Michael Kassler and Eric Regener helped push forward the Intermediary Musical Language (IML) and
3203:
2986:
1994:
1928:
971:
870:
593:
2461:
1913:
1876:
3110:
2296:
2166:
2006:
1999:
818:
Huron, David (2002). "Music information processing using the Humdrum Toolkit: Concepts, examples, and lessons".
3090:
2791:
2011:
1025:
1190:
3120:
2601:
1918:
358:
2951:
2086:
1960:
3171:
3100:
2991:
2271:
1950:
1866:
114:
47:
3075:
2996:
2376:
2321:
1512:
1227:
916:
366:
330:
3176:
2736:
2018:
1384:
1339:
1202:
481:
451:
51:
3250:
2856:
2751:
2701:
2671:
1972:
1314:
1109:
1046:
3065:
3031:
1965:
426:
318:
292:
One of the earliest applications in computational musicology was the creation and use of musical
2556:
2411:
1989:
1707:
1532:
1344:
3016:
2966:
2866:
2836:
2816:
2191:
1945:
1923:
1663:
1537:
1220:
800:
322:
43:
35:
2906:
2876:
2871:
2796:
2696:
2676:
2476:
2316:
2116:
2061:
1955:
1933:
1759:
1712:
441:
406:
106:
8:
3284:
3136:
3006:
2926:
2831:
2811:
2646:
2636:
2606:
2571:
2566:
2521:
2496:
2371:
2301:
2251:
2216:
2126:
2111:
2028:
1637:
1570:
1369:
538:
Hewlett, Walter B.; Selfridge-Field, Eleanor (1991). "Computing in Musicology, 1966-91".
143:
97:
67:
988:
3198:
3166:
3021:
2886:
2841:
2726:
2681:
2611:
2561:
2446:
2401:
2101:
2091:
2033:
2023:
1742:
1494:
1364:
1142:
835:
729:
721:
683:
656:
648:
611:
563:
555:
135:
1028:; p.62. Some of Jensen and Hebert's pioneering findings from 2013 on tendencies in US
3156:
3151:
3046:
2936:
2931:
2896:
2851:
2846:
2761:
2741:
2716:
2631:
2586:
2581:
2506:
2426:
2341:
2336:
2291:
2286:
2241:
2206:
2201:
2186:
2171:
2131:
1982:
1829:
1817:
1722:
1697:
1678:
1479:
1474:
1259:
1117:
1052:
1029:
1021:
967:
910:
899:
889:
866:
599:
589:
507:
272:
55:
839:
733:
660:
567:
3188:
3070:
3026:
3011:
3001:
2981:
2956:
2861:
2821:
2776:
2691:
2656:
2651:
2641:
2621:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2481:
2436:
2431:
2396:
2381:
2356:
2331:
2326:
2306:
2281:
2256:
2246:
2196:
2161:
2141:
2136:
2121:
2106:
2096:
2076:
2071:
2066:
1861:
1732:
1658:
1617:
1559:
1454:
1424:
1251:
959:
858:
827:
713:
640:
547:
414:
178:
139:
27:
931:"The Humdrum Toolkit: Software for Music Research — humdrum-tools 1 documentation"
173:
this branch of research would include digitizing scores ranging from 15th Century
3208:
3146:
3080:
3041:
2976:
2971:
2961:
2921:
2901:
2826:
2786:
2781:
2756:
2731:
2706:
2626:
2616:
2576:
2531:
2516:
2511:
2491:
2466:
2416:
2406:
2391:
2361:
2266:
2211:
2181:
2176:
2156:
2146:
2081:
1908:
1856:
1789:
1774:
1702:
1688:
1580:
1414:
1349:
1279:
1197:
1069:
586:
Fundamentals of music processing : audio, analysis, algorithms, applications
436:
342:
101:
1409:
862:
804:
386:
The Centre for History and Analysis of Recorded Music (CHARM) has developed the
3262:
3215:
3183:
3161:
3115:
3036:
2946:
2911:
2891:
2881:
2806:
2766:
2721:
2686:
2666:
2661:
2596:
2551:
2501:
2486:
2471:
2441:
2421:
2386:
2366:
2311:
2236:
2231:
2151:
1846:
1812:
1779:
1717:
1585:
831:
399:
122:
39:
3278:
3193:
2941:
2746:
2711:
2591:
2526:
2456:
2451:
2351:
2261:
2226:
1940:
1881:
1824:
1794:
1769:
1754:
1727:
1612:
1607:
1459:
1449:
1399:
1379:
1329:
1291:
1274:
1264:
1121:
603:
326:
264:
260:
252:
223:
110:
903:
3236:
1977:
1851:
1737:
1648:
1632:
1597:
1507:
1434:
1319:
958:. International Society for Music Information Retrieval. pp. 637–642.
853:
Müller, Meinard (2015), "Music Representations", in Müller, Meinard (ed.),
219:
92:
361:
in India have produced studies of harmonic and melodic tendencies (in the
1839:
1653:
1602:
1575:
1502:
1269:
1162:
1033:
410:
276:
236:
206:
31:
963:
725:
687:
652:
559:
1784:
1749:
1484:
1439:
747:
717:
644:
551:
446:
402:
182:
88:
59:
23:
16:
Interdisciplinary research area between musicology and computer science
3141:
1469:
1301:
704:
Erickson, Raymond F. (1975). ""The Darms Project": A Status Report".
293:
1191:
Computational Musicology: A Survey on Methodologies and Applications
1592:
1554:
1389:
1147:
631:
Forte, Allen (1967). "Music and computing: the present situation".
346:
263:, onsets, and beats. Examples of high-level audio features include
256:
248:
1834:
1394:
1354:
1334:
63:
1208:
Transforming Musicology: An AHRC Digital Transformations project
1668:
1404:
1359:
1324:
1309:
461:
329:
is analysis of choices a human player makes while improvising.
268:
1140:
393:
1886:
1522:
1444:
1374:
1243:
174:
34:
in order to study music. It includes sub-disciplines such as
30:. Computational musicology includes any disciplines that use
771:
1673:
1464:
1207:
1068:
Chakraborty, S., Mazzola, G., Tewari, S., Patra, M. (2014)
456:
362:
306:
215:
211:
186:
161:
930:
1095:
239:'s Humdrum Toolkit and Michael Scott Cuthbert's music21.
195:
191:
1212:
1082:
380:
1020:
Lanham, MD: Lexington Books / Rowman & Littlefield
673:
537:
886:
The raga guide : a survey of 74 Hindustani ragas
482:"Unfolding the Potential of Computational Musicology"
857:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–37,
1528:
Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
1163:"Coconet: The ML model behind today's Bach Doodle"
325:. One of the methods by which a program can learn
312:
3276:
381:(Répertoire International des Sources Musicales)
1017:Theory and Method in Historical Ethnomusicology
409:discovered the fraudulent recording of pianist
146:was developed primarily for printing purposes.
119:Repertoire International de Literature Musicale
1070:"Computational Musicology in Hindustani Music"
336:
22:is an interdisciplinary research area between
1228:
953:
218:that does not demand a strict adherence to a
1014:McCollum, Jonathan and Hebert, David (2014)
1051:. Switzerland: Springer Press, pp.283-296.
417:model called Coconet harmonize the melody.
394:Computational musicology in popular culture
333:are used extensively in such applications.
1235:
1221:
616:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1872:Music technology (electronic and digital)
1146:
317:Different algorithms can be used to both
703:
501:
986:
794:
583:
3277:
1107:
1034:https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150081
852:
2051:
1410:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc
1216:
817:
748:"Papers of Jamie and Michael Kassler"
630:
432:Computer models of musical creativity
699:
697:
579:
577:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
352:
299:
259:. Mid-level audio features refer to
799:(PhD thesis). Columbia University.
502:Meredith, David (2016). "Preface".
201:
13:
3086:Classical and art music traditions
1518:History of lute-family instruments
1335:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat
1203:Towards the compleat musicologist?
287:
14:
3301:
1184:
694:
574:
520:
506:. New York: Springer. p. v.
177:notation to contemporary Western
3258:
3257:
3244:
3230:
2802:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2277:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1877:Sound recording and reproduction
1330:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta
855:Fundamentals of Music Processing
229:
3106:Jazz and popular music glossary
1155:
1134:
1101:
1088:
1075:
1062:
1039:
1008:
989:"Low-level features and timbre"
980:
947:
923:
878:
846:
811:
788:
282:
2347:Federated States of Micronesia
764:
740:
667:
624:
584:Meinard, Müller (2015-07-21).
495:
474:
313:Artificial production of music
1:
3290:Computational fields of study
1390:Philippine art songs—Kundiman
1310:Afghan classical music—Klasik
467:
359:Birla Institute of Technology
242:
3251:Record production portal
3096:Cultural and regional genres
1355:Indonesian art music—Gamelan
706:Computers and the Humanities
633:Computers and the Humanities
540:Computers and the Humanities
504:Computational Music Analysis
319:create complete compositions
7:
1867:Music technology (electric)
1405:Thai classical music—Piphat
1360:Japanese court music—Gagaku
1108:Singer, Mark (2007-09-10).
1048:Music, Mind, and Embodiment
863:10.1007/978-3-319-21945-5_1
420:
372:
337:Historical change and music
115:Music Information Retrieval
48:music information retrieval
10:
3306:
1513:History of the harpsichord
1400:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka
832:10.1162/014892602760137158
367:Hindustani classical music
331:Artificial neural networks
167:
73:
3224:
3129:
3058:
2058:
2044:
1895:
1805:
1687:
1628:
1550:
1493:
1423:
1340:Chinese traditional music
1300:
1250:
1242:
452:Artificial neural network
52:sound and music computing
2222:Central African Republic
1765:Computational musicology
1315:Andalusi classical music
795:Pinegar, Sandra (1991).
149:
138:. Similar projects like
128:
82:
20:Computational musicology
3111:Music genres and styles
1415:Western classical music
1385:Persian classical music
676:College Music Symposium
427:Algorithmic composition
3091:Classical music genres
2167:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1708:Doctor of Musical Arts
1533:History of the trumpet
1345:Indian classical music
1167:magenta.tensorflow.org
1096:http://mazurka.org.uk/
915:: CS1 maint: others (
820:Computer Music Journal
50:, digital musicology,
2917:São Tomé and Príncipe
2792:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2772:Republic of the Congo
1538:History of the violin
1094:Mazurka Project, <
1083:http://www.rism.info/
44:systematic musicology
2987:United Arab Emirates
2052:
1760:Cognitive musicology
1110:"Fantasia for Piano"
772:"ESAC Data Homepage"
442:Cognitive musicology
407:University of London
107:Princeton University
68:composition of music
3137:Aesthetics of music
2952:Trinidad and Tobago
2087:Antigua and Barbuda
1571:Band (rock and pop)
1495:Musical instruments
1370:Lao classical music
1081:RISM database, <
1072:New York: Springer.
987:Pablo Bello, Juan.
214:will begin with an
144:Stanford University
98:Columbia University
3199:Musical instrument
3167:Music and politics
2297:Dominican Republic
2045:By sovereign state
1365:Korean court music
1325:Azerbaijani Mugham
1196:2011-07-06 at the
718:10.1007/BF02396292
645:10.1007/BF02402463
552:10.1007/BF00141188
136:Indiana University
121:(RILM) created by
109:chiefly driven by
36:mathematical music
3272:
3271:
3157:Music and fashion
3152:Music and emotion
3054:
3053:
2322:Equatorial Guinea
1818:A-side and B-side
1723:Music archaeology
1698:Bachelor of Music
1546:
1545:
1480:Psychedelic music
1475:Progressive music
1395:Scottish Ceòl Mór
1057:978-3-319-46281-3
1030:Billboard Hot 100
776:www.esac-data.org
353:Non-western music
300:Analysis of music
56:music informatics
3297:
3261:
3260:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3237:Music portal
3235:
3234:
3233:
3189:Music technology
3177:Environmentalism
3130:Related articles
2737:Papua New Guinea
2602:Marshall Islands
2049:
2048:
1995:Central American
1733:Music psychology
1618:Backing vocalist
1455:Electronic music
1298:
1297:
1252:History of music
1237:
1230:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1105:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1043:
1037:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
993:
984:
978:
977:
951:
945:
944:
942:
941:
927:
921:
920:
914:
906:
882:
876:
875:
850:
844:
843:
815:
809:
808:
792:
786:
785:
783:
782:
768:
762:
761:
759:
758:
744:
738:
737:
701:
692:
691:
671:
665:
664:
628:
622:
621:
615:
607:
581:
572:
571:
535:
518:
517:
499:
493:
492:
486:
478:
415:machine learning
202:Sheet Music Data
28:computer science
3305:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3245:
3243:
3231:
3229:
3220:
3147:Fictional music
3125:
3050:
2857:Solomon Islands
2702:North Macedonia
2054:
2040:
1902:
1900:regional genres
1899:
1891:
1857:Record producer
1801:
1790:Sociomusicology
1775:Ethnomusicology
1703:Master of Music
1683:
1642:
1624:
1581:All-female band
1564:
1542:
1489:
1426:
1419:
1375:Mandé art music
1350:Byzantine music
1296:
1246:
1241:
1198:Wayback Machine
1187:
1182:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1169:. 20 March 2019
1161:
1160:
1156:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1106:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1044:
1040:
1013:
1009:
1000:
998:
991:
985:
981:
974:
952:
948:
939:
937:
935:www.humdrum.org
929:
928:
924:
908:
907:
896:
884:
883:
879:
873:
851:
847:
816:
812:
793:
789:
780:
778:
770:
769:
765:
756:
754:
746:
745:
741:
702:
695:
672:
668:
629:
625:
609:
608:
596:
588:. Switzerland.
582:
575:
536:
521:
514:
500:
496:
484:
480:
479:
475:
470:
437:Music cognition
423:
396:
388:Mazurka Project
375:
355:
343:David G. Hebert
339:
323:improvise music
315:
302:
290:
288:Music databases
285:
245:
232:
204:
170:
152:
131:
102:Ford Foundation
85:
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3303:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3254:
3240:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3216:Women in music
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3204:Classification
3196:
3191:
3186:
3184:Music festival
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3164:
3162:Music industry
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3032:Western Sahara
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:United Kingdom
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2272:Czech Republic
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2007:North American
2004:
2003:
2002:
2000:South American
1997:
1990:Latin American
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1956:Middle Eastern
1953:
1948:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1905:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:Audio engineer
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1780:New musicology
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1586:Rhythm section
1583:
1578:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1186:
1185:External links
1183:
1180:
1179:
1154:
1133:
1114:The New Yorker
1100:
1087:
1074:
1061:
1038:
1007:
979:
972:
946:
922:
895:978-0954397609
894:
877:
871:
845:
810:
787:
763:
739:
712:(6): 291–298.
693:
666:
623:
594:
573:
546:(6): 381–392.
519:
513:978-3319259291
512:
494:
472:
471:
469:
466:
465:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
422:
419:
400:The New Yorker
395:
392:
374:
371:
365:structure) of
354:
351:
338:
335:
314:
311:
301:
298:
289:
286:
284:
281:
244:
241:
231:
228:
203:
200:
179:music notation
169:
166:
151:
148:
142:(SCORE-MS) at
130:
127:
84:
81:
75:
72:
40:computer music
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3302:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3265:
3264:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Music therapy
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:United States
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:Liechtenstein
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Guinea-Bissau
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1898:Cultural and
1894:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:Extended play
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1795:Zoomusicology
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:Ecomusicology
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:Biomusicology
1753:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:Music history
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:Improvisation
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:Lead vocalist
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:Military band
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:Hip hop music
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:Country music
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:Ottoman music
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1011:
997:
990:
983:
975:
973:9789039353813
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
936:
932:
926:
918:
912:
905:
901:
897:
891:
887:
881:
874:
872:9783319219455
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
806:
802:
798:
791:
777:
773:
767:
753:
749:
743:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
700:
698:
689:
685:
681:
677:
670:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
627:
619:
613:
605:
601:
597:
595:9783319219455
591:
587:
580:
578:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
515:
509:
505:
498:
490:
483:
477:
473:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:musicologists
401:
391:
389:
384:
382:
379:
370:
368:
364:
360:
350:
348:
344:
334:
332:
328:
327:improvisation
324:
320:
310:
308:
297:
295:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:spectral flux
250:
240:
238:
230:Symbolic Data
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
199:
197:
193:
188:
184:
180:
176:
165:
163:
158:
147:
145:
141:
137:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:Arthur Mendel
108:
103:
99:
96:supported by
94:
90:
80:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3256:
3242:
3228:
3017:Vatican City
2967:Turkmenistan
2867:South Africa
2837:Sierra Leone
2817:Saudi Arabia
2192:Burkina Faso
1852:Record label
1764:
1738:Music school
1598:Concert band
1508:Angular harp
1435:Circus music
1320:Arabic music
1171:. Retrieved
1166:
1157:
1136:
1125:. Retrieved
1113:
1103:
1090:
1077:
1064:
1047:
1041:
1016:
1010:
999:. Retrieved
995:
982:
964:1721.1/84963
955:
949:
938:. Retrieved
934:
925:
885:
880:
854:
848:
826:(2): 11–26.
823:
819:
813:
796:
790:
779:. Retrieved
775:
766:
755:. Retrieved
751:
742:
709:
705:
679:
675:
669:
639:(1): 32–35.
636:
632:
626:
585:
543:
539:
503:
497:
488:
476:
397:
385:
376:
356:
340:
316:
303:
291:
283:Applications
246:
233:
205:
185:, kern, and
171:
156:
153:
132:
86:
77:
19:
18:
3121:Terminology
3101:Instruments
2907:Switzerland
2877:South Sudan
2872:South Korea
2797:Saint Lucia
2752:Philippines
2697:North Korea
2677:New Zealand
2672:Netherlands
2477:Ivory Coast
2317:El Salvador
2062:Afghanistan
2029:Micronesian
1830:Compilation
1743:Composition
1638:Composition
1603:Disc jockey
1576:Backup band
1503:Arched Harp
1260:Prehistoric
682:: 143–157.
411:Joyce Hatto
237:David Huron
207:Sheet music
123:Barry Brook
93:punch cards
32:computation
3285:Musicology
3279:Categories
3007:Uzbekistan
2927:Tajikistan
2832:Seychelles
2812:San Marino
2647:Mozambique
2637:Montenegro
2607:Mauritania
2572:Madagascar
2567:Luxembourg
2522:Kyrgyzstan
2497:Kazakhstan
2302:East Timor
2252:Costa Rica
2217:Cape Verde
2127:Bangladesh
2112:Azerbaijan
2034:Polynesian
2024:Melanesian
1806:Production
1785:Organology
1750:Musicology
1485:Soul music
1440:Folk music
1425:Vernacular
1173:2019-03-23
1148:1903.07227
1127:2019-03-23
1026:0739168266
1001:2019-02-11
940:2019-03-20
781:2019-02-11
757:2023-02-23
468:References
447:Musicology
243:Audio Data
183:piano roll
164:notation.
89:paper tape
60:humanities
24:musicology
3142:Album era
3022:Venezuela
2887:Sri Lanka
2842:Singapore
2727:Palestine
2682:Nicaragua
2612:Mauritius
2562:Lithuania
2447:Indonesia
2402:Guatemala
2102:Australia
2092:Argentina
2012:Caribbean
1966:Southeast
1691:and study
1689:Education
1679:Technique
1560:Ensembles
1470:Pop music
1302:Art music
1280:Religious
1122:0028-792X
805:303944932
612:cite book
604:918555094
294:databases
125:in 1967.
3263:Category
3076:Timeline
3047:Zimbabwe
2937:Thailand
2932:Tanzania
2897:Suriname
2852:Slovenia
2847:Slovakia
2762:Portugal
2742:Paraguay
2717:Pakistan
2632:Mongolia
2587:Maldives
2582:Malaysia
2507:Kiribati
2427:Honduras
2342:Ethiopia
2337:Eswatini
2292:Dominica
2287:Djibouti
2242:Colombia
2207:Cameroon
2202:Cambodia
2187:Bulgaria
2172:Botswana
2132:Barbados
2019:Oceanian
1973:European
1929:Southern
1862:Sampling
1659:Notation
1593:Big band
1555:Musician
1285:Biblical
1194:Archived
911:citation
904:80291538
840:25996361
801:ProQuest
734:62220033
726:30204239
688:40373186
661:33681168
653:30203948
568:30204949
560:30208121
421:See also
373:Research
347:big data
257:cepstrum
249:loudness
175:neumenal
100:and the
64:sciences
62:and the
38:theory,
3172:Warfare
3071:Outline
3027:Vietnam
3012:Vanuatu
3002:Uruguay
2982:Ukraine
2957:Tunisia
2862:Somalia
2822:Senegal
2777:Romania
2692:Nigeria
2657:Namibia
2652:Myanmar
2642:Morocco
2622:Moldova
2547:Liberia
2542:Lesotho
2537:Lebanon
2482:Jamaica
2462:Ireland
2437:Iceland
2432:Hungary
2397:Grenada
2382:Germany
2377:Georgia
2357:Finland
2332:Estonia
2327:Eritrea
2307:Ecuador
2282:Denmark
2257:Croatia
2247:Comoros
2197:Burundi
2162:Bolivia
2142:Belgium
2137:Belarus
2122:Bahrain
2117:Bahamas
2107:Austria
2097:Armenia
2077:Andorra
2072:Algeria
2067:Albania
1946:Central
1914:Central
1909:African
1292:Secular
1275:Martial
1265:Ancient
996:nyu.edu
198:files.
168:Methods
157:Savy PC
74:History
3081:Albums
3042:Zambia
2977:Uganda
2972:Tuvalu
2962:Turkey
2922:Taiwan
2902:Sweden
2827:Serbia
2787:Rwanda
2782:Russia
2757:Poland
2732:Panama
2707:Norway
2627:Monaco
2617:Mexico
2577:Malawi
2532:Latvia
2517:Kuwait
2512:Kosovo
2492:Jordan
2467:Israel
2417:Guyana
2407:Guinea
2392:Greece
2372:Gambia
2362:France
2267:Cyprus
2212:Canada
2182:Brunei
2177:Brazil
2157:Bhutan
2147:Belize
2082:Angola
2053:
1983:Nordic
1978:Balkan
1813:Single
1718:Method
1669:Lyrics
1633:Theory
1120:
1055:
1024:
970:
902:
892:
869:
838:
803:
732:
724:
686:
659:
651:
602:
592:
566:
558:
510:
462:JFugue
378:RISM's
275:, and
269:artist
255:, and
54:, and
3116:Songs
3066:Index
3059:Lists
3037:Yemen
2947:Tonga
2912:Syria
2892:Sudan
2882:Spain
2807:Samoa
2767:Qatar
2722:Palau
2687:Niger
2667:Nepal
2662:Nauru
2597:Malta
2552:Libya
2502:Kenya
2487:Japan
2472:Italy
2442:India
2422:Haiti
2387:Ghana
2367:Gabon
2312:Egypt
2237:China
2232:Chile
2152:Benin
1961:South
1941:Asian
1924:North
1887:Remix
1882:Cover
1840:Remix
1654:Genre
1523:Nafir
1445:Blues
1427:music
1270:Dance
1244:Music
1143:arXiv
992:(PDF)
836:S2CID
752:Trove
730:S2CID
722:JSTOR
684:JSTOR
657:S2CID
649:JSTOR
564:S2CID
556:JSTOR
485:(PDF)
265:style
261:pitch
224:pulse
212:ragas
150:1980s
140:SCORE
129:1970s
83:1960s
3209:Folk
2942:Togo
2747:Peru
2712:Oman
2592:Mali
2527:Laos
2457:Iraq
2452:Iran
2352:Fiji
2262:Cuba
2227:Chad
1951:East
1934:West
1919:East
1835:Live
1674:Song
1649:Form
1465:Jazz
1118:ISSN
1098:>
1085:>
1053:ISBN
1022:ISBN
968:ISBN
917:link
900:OCLC
890:ISBN
867:ISBN
618:link
600:OCLC
590:ISBN
508:ISBN
457:MIDI
363:raga
321:and
307:MIDI
273:mood
220:beat
216:alap
187:MIDI
162:MIDI
26:and
1713:PhD
960:hdl
859:doi
828:doi
714:doi
641:doi
548:doi
277:key
222:or
196:WAV
194:or
192:MP3
91:or
3281::
1165:.
1116:.
1112:.
1036:).
994:.
966:.
933:.
913:}}
909:{{
898:,
865:,
834:.
824:26
822:.
774:.
750:.
728:.
720:.
708:.
696:^
678:.
655:.
647:.
635:.
614:}}
610:{{
598:.
576:^
562:.
554:.
544:25
542:.
522:^
487:.
369:.
279:.
271:,
267:,
251:,
46:,
42:,
1236:e
1229:t
1222:v
1176:.
1151:.
1145::
1130:.
1059:.
1004:.
976:.
962::
943:.
919:)
861::
842:.
830::
807:.
784:.
760:.
736:.
716::
710:9
690:.
680:6
663:.
643::
637:2
620:)
606:.
570:.
550::
516:.
491:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.