Rowing (sport) - Knowledge

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handle these unmatched forces, so consequently requires more bracing and is usually heavier – a pair (2-) is usually a more robust boat than a double scull (2x) for example, and being heavier is also slower when used as a double scull. In theory, this could also apply to the 4x and 8x, but most rowing clubs cannot afford to have a dedicated large hull which might be rarely used and instead generally opt for versatility in their fleet by using stronger shells which can be rigged for either sweep rowing or sculling. The symmetrical forces also make sculling more efficient than sweep rowing: the double scull is faster than the coxless pair, and the quadruple scull is faster than the coxless four.

395: 1802: 715: 71: 883: 60: 1177: 5447: 1877: 407: 869:. This drill is designed to enhance rowers' ability to feel the subtle movements of the boat and synchronize seamlessly with their teammates. By eliminating the visual element, rowers focus on developing a heightened sense of touch and teamwork, fostering a deeper understanding of the rowing experience. This drill enhances the overall coordination and sensitivity to the dynamics of the boat, contributing to improved synchronization and a more nuanced rowing performance. 4282: 1312: 6183: 4838: 561: 1165: 545:. They boasted to the crowd that they were the fastest rowing crew on the Bay. A group of Providence locals took issue with this and challenged them to race, which the Providence group summarily won. The six-man core of that group went on in 1838 to found NBC. Detroit Boat Club was founded in 1839 and is the second oldest continuously operated rowing club in the U.S. In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at 1998: 1667: 2106:

every stroke puts pressure on the hands, though rowing frequently tends to harden hands and generate protective calluses. Holding the oars too tightly or making adjustments to technique may cause recurring or new blisters, as it is common to feather the blade. Another common injury is getting "track bites", thin cuts on the back of one's calf or thigh caused by contact with the seat tracks at either end of the stroke.

1334:) simulate the rowing action and provide a means of training on land when waterborne training is restricted, and of measuring rowing fitness. Ergometers do not simulate the lateral balance challenges, the exact resistance of water, or the exact motions of true rowing including the sweep of the oar handles. For that reason ergometer scores are generally not used as the sole selection criterion for crews (colloquially 1633: 596:. The success of the Schuylkill Navy and similar organizations contributed heavily to the extinction of professional rowing and the sport's current status as an amateur sport. At its founding, it had nine clubs; today, there are 12. At least 23 other clubs have belonged to the Navy at various times. Many of the clubs have a rich history, and have produced a large number of Olympians and world-class competitors. 6193: 4850: 2090:. High-performance rowers tend to be tall and muscular: although extra weight does increase the drag on the boat, the larger athletes' increased power tends to compensate. The increased power is achieved through the increased leverage on the oar provided by the longer limbs of the athlete. In multi-person boats (2,4, or 8), the lightest person typically rows in the bow seat at the front of the boat. 1784:, the lightweight weight requirements can be different depending on competitive season. For fall regattas (typically head races), the lightweight cutoff for men is 165 lb and 135 lb for women. In the spring season (typically sprint races), the lightweight cutoff for men is 160 lb, with a boat average of 155 lb for the crew; for women, the lightweight cutoff is 130 lb. 717: 722: 720: 716: 1566: 721: 1448: 719: 1197:) are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to reduce drag in the water. There is some trade off between boat speed and stability in choice of hull shape. They usually have a fin towards the rear, to help prevent roll and yaw and to increase the effectiveness of the rudder. 1705:

It is an advantage for the coxswain to be light as this requires less effort for the crew to propel the boat. In many competitive events there is a minimum weight, 55 kilograms (121 lb) under World Rowing rules, set for the coxswain to prevent unfair advantage. If a coxswain is under the minimum

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The stake format was often used in early American races. Competitors line up at the start, race to a stake, moored boat, or buoy some distance away, and return. The 180° turn requires mastery of steering. These races are popular with spectators because one may watch both the start and finish. Usually

1338:), and technique training is limited to the basic body position and movements. However, this action can still allow a workout comparable to those experienced on the water. Indoor rowing has become popular as a sport in its own right with numerous indoor competitions (and the annual World Championship 855:

Feet-out rowing, performed either collectively by all rowers or in smaller groups, involves the removal of feet from the shoes and placement of feet on top of the shoes. This drill helps rowers maintain continuous pressure on the footboard, especially during oar release. Despite challenges like early

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At the catch, the rower places the oar in the water and applies pressure to the oar by pushing the seat toward the bow of the boat by extending the legs, thus pushing the boat through the water. The point of placement of the spoon in the water is a relatively fixed point about which the oar serves as

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is awarded. As a result, damage to boats and equipment is common during bumps racing. To avoid damage the cox of the crew being bumped may concede the bump before contact is actually made. The next day, the bumping crew will start ahead of any crews that have been bumped. The positions at the end of

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in the case of sculling. A sculling oar is shorter and has a smaller spoon area than the equivalent sweep oar. The combined spoon area of a pair of sculls is however greater than that of a single sweep oar, so the oarsman when sculling is working against more water than when rowing sweep-oared. They

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The reverse pick drill, executed in groups of 4 or 6, isolates different aspects of the drive sequence. With the boat ‘’checked-down’’ (the boat has no speed), rowers initiate the drill with leg-only strokes, gradually adding the back and arms. The emphasis is on maintaining proper body position and

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and be feathered immediately once clear of the water. After feathering and extending the arms, the rower pivots the body forward. Once the hands are past the knees, the rower compresses the legs which moves the seat towards the stern of the boat. The leg compression occurs relatively slowly compared

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At the international level, women's rowing traditionally has been dominated by Eastern European countries, such as Romania, Russia, and Bulgaria, although other countries such as Germany, Canada, the Netherlands, Great Britain and New Zealand often field competitive teams. The United States also has

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Women row in all boat classes, from single scull to coxed eights, across the same age ranges and standards as men, from junior amateur through university-level to elite athlete. Typically men and women compete in separate crews although mixed crews and mixed team events also take place. Coaching for

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of these are the most common rowing injuries. If one rows with poor technique, especially rowing with a curved rather than straight back, other injuries may surface, including back pains and wrist injuries. Blisters occur for almost all rowers, especially in the beginning of one's rowing career, as

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Adaptive rowing is a special category of races for those with physical disabilities. Under World Rowing rules there are 5 boat classes for adaptive rowers; mixed (2 men and 2 women plus cox) LTA (Legs, Trunk, Arms), mixed intellectual disability (2 men and 2 women plus cox) LTA (Legs, Trunk, Arms),

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With the smaller boats, specialist versions of the shells for sculling can be made lighter. The riggers in sculling apply the forces symmetrically to each side of the boat, whereas in sweep oared racing these forces are staggered alternately along the boat. The sweep oared boat has to be stiffer to

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A controlled slide is necessary to maintain momentum and achieve optimal boat run. However, various teaching methods disagree about the optimal relation in timing between drive and recovery. Near the end of the recovery, the rower squares the oar spoon into perpendicular orientation with respect to

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The cut-the-cake drill typically involves the entire boat. Rowers execute the drill collectively, starting with a normal stroke and transitioning into the subsequent recovery. During this process, the entire crew pivots forward with their bodies, swings back to the finish (without letting the oars

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The recovery phase follows the drive. The recovery starts with the extraction and involves coordinating the body movements with the goal to move the oar back to the catch position. In extraction, the rower pushes down on the oar handle to quickly lift the spoon out of the water and rapidly rotates

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holds the World Rowing Championships with events in 22 different boat classes. Athletes generally consider the Olympic classes to be premier events. In 2017 FISA (now the World Rowing Federation) voted to adopt a new Olympic programme for 2020, whereby the lightweight men's coxless four event was

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In addition to this, certain crew members have other titles and roles. In an 8+ the stern pair are responsible for setting the stroke rate and rhythm for the rest of the boat to follow. The middle four (sometimes called the "engine room" or "power house") are usually the less technical, but more

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Most races that are held in the spring and summer feature side-by-side, or sprint racing; all the boats start at the same time from a stationary position, and the winner is the boat that crosses the finish line first. The number of boats in a race typically varies between two (which is sometimes

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which was founded 1836 and marked the beginning of rowing as an organized sport in Germany. During the 19th century, as in England, wager matches in North America between professionals became very popular attracting vast crowds. Narragansett Boat Club was founded in 1838 exclusively for rowing.

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At the end of the stroke, with the oar spoon still in the water, the hands drop slightly to unload the oar so that spring energy stored in the bend of the oar gets transferred to the boat which eases removing the oar from the water and minimizes energy wasted on lifting water above the surface

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The forward pick drill, often used as a standard warm-up for rowing crews in groups of 4 or 6, focuses on isolating different components of the recovery and drive sequence. Starting with arms-only strokes and gradually incorporating the back, ½ slide, and full slide, rowers gain a nuanced

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are restricted by the rowers' weight. According to the World Rowing Federation, this weight category was introduced "to encourage more universality in the sport especially among nations with less statuesque people". The first lightweight events were held at the World Championships in

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drop in the water), then swings forward again to reach the catch position. The swinging motion, referred to as "cutting the cake," involves coordinated movements by all rowers, creating a unified and synchronized exercise aimed at improving boat balance, swing, and recovery timing.

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of oars is normally painted with the colours of the club to which they belong. This greatly simplifies identification of boats at a distance. As many sports teams have logos printed on their jerseys, rowing clubs have specifically painted blades that each team is associated with.

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A rowing tank is an indoor facility which attempts to mimic the conditions rowers face on open water. Rowing tanks are used primarily for off-season rowing, muscle-specific conditioning and technique training, or simply when bad weather prevents open-water training.

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In the eyes-closed rowing drill, performed by the whole boat, rowers execute the rowing motion with closed eyes and heightened auditory awareness. Rowers row with eyes closed, relying solely on their sense of touch and careful listening to the boat motion and the

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is a multi-day race beginning with crews lined up along the river at set intervals. They start simultaneously and all pursue the boat ahead while avoiding being bumped by a boat from behind. If a crew overtakes or makes physical contact with the crew ahead, a

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between Oxford University and Cambridge University first took place in 1829, and was the second intercollegiate sporting event (following the first Varsity Cricket Match by 2 years). The interest in the first Boat Race and subsequent matches led the town of

1618:, where a number of boats race out to a given point from the coast and then return fighting rough water all the way. In Irish coastal rowing the boats are in individual lanes with the races consisting of up to 3 turns to make the race distance 2.3 km. 1304:) is a way to train technique and strength by going through the same motions as rowing, with resistance(usually a large tank of water). Indoor rowing is helpful when there are no rowable bodies of water near by, or weather conditions don't permit rowing. 1245:

Oars, sometimes referred to as blades, are used to propel the boat. They are long (sculling: 250–300 cm; sweep oar: 340–360 cm) poles with one flat end about 50 cm long and 25 cm wide, called the spoon. Classic blades were made out of

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in London included six events for women compared with eight for men. In the US, rowing is an NCAA sport for women but not for men; though it is one of the country's oldest collegiate sports, the difference is in large part due to the requirements of

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with a sandwich of honeycomb material) for strength and weight advantages. World Rowing rules specify minimum weights for each class of boat so that no individual team will gain a great advantage from the use of expensive materials or technology.

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Rowing technique drills are essential components of a rower's training routine, focusing on specific aspects of the rowing stroke to refine skills and enhance overall performance. These structured exercises, whether performed individually (on the

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a lever to propel the boat. As the rower's legs approach full extension, the rower pivots the torso toward the bow of the boat and then finally pulls the arms towards his or her chest. The hands meet the chest right above the diaphragm.

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Designed for the entire crew or smaller groups, this drill involves rowing using only a quarter or half of the slide at a high rating with a full press. It sharpens quick catches and emphasizes coordination during the recovery phase.

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only two boats would race at once to avoid collision. The Green Mountain Head Regatta continues to use the stake format, but it is run as a head race with an interval start. A similar type of racing is found in UK and Irish

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In general, multi-boat competitions are organized in a series of rounds, with the fastest boats in each heat qualifying for the next round. The losing boats from each heat may be given a second chance to qualify through a

5040: 298:. There are a wide variety of course types and formats of racing, but most elite and championship level racing is conducted on calm water courses 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) long with several lanes marked using buoys. 3775: 3200: 1984:

replaced by the women's heavyweight coxless four. This was done to ensure that rowing had a gender equal Olympic programme. During Olympic years only non-Olympic boats compete at the World Championships.

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of 10 – 20 seconds, and are timed over a set distance. Head courses usually vary in length from 2,000 metres (1.24 mi) to 12,000 metres (7.46 mi), though there are longer races such as the

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the last race are used to set the positions on the first day of the races the next year. Oxford and Cambridge Universities hold bumps races for their respective colleges twice a year, and there are also

1766:. As of 2021, the only Olympic lightweight boat classes are the men's and women's double sculls. Starting with the 2028 Olympic games, lightweight rowing will no longer have any events in the Olympics. 1787:

For juniors in the United States, the lightweight cutoff for men is 150 lb; for women, it is 130 lb. In the fall the weight limits are increased for women, with the cutoff being 135 lb.

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powerful rowers in the crew, whilst the bow pair are the more technical and generally regarded as the pair to set up the balance of the boat. They also have most influence on the line the boat steers.

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leg finishing or excessive layback, feet-out rowing reinforces improved leg connection and more reasonable layback, translating on-the-water skills to the erg for a more efficient rowing experience.

286:. In sculling, each rower holds two oars, one in each hand, while in sweep rowing each rower holds one oar with both hands. There are several boat classes in which athletes may compete, ranging from 492:

Amateur competition in England began towards the end of the 18th century the age before technology. Documentary evidence from this period is sparse, but it is known that the Monarch Boat Club of

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to the rest of the stroke, which affords the rower a moment to recover, and allows the boat to glide through the water. The gliding of the boat through the water during recovery is often called

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understanding of the interplay between these elements. The drill aims to enhance body preparation, providing rowers with a tactile sense of how each phase should seamlessly flow into the next.

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the first recorded races were in 1827. Brasenose beat Jesus to win Oxford University's first Head of the River; the two clubs claim to be the oldest established boat clubs in the world.

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is 2 kilometres (1.24 mi) long. In the United States, some scholastic (high school) races are 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi), while many youth races are the standard 2 kilometres.

1440:. The World Rowing Championships offers multi-lane racing in heats, finals and repechages. At Henley Royal Regatta two crews compete side by side in each round, in a straightforward 5050: 5030: 5025: 3292: 2295: 1539:

Time trials are sometimes used to determine who competes in an event where there is a limited number of entries, for example, the qualifying races for Henley Royal Regatta, and

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Across six continents, 150 countries now have rowing federations that participate in the sport. Major domestic competitions take place in dominant rowing nations and include

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At the elite level, the World Rowing Federation recognizes an under 19 category for athletes who are age 18 or less by the end of the calendar year for a given event. The

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mixed (1 man and 1 woman) TA (Trunk and Arms), and men's and women's AS (Arms and Shoulders). Events are held at the World Rowing Championships and were also held at the

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Rowing is a low-impact sport with movement only in defined ranges, so that twist and sprain injuries are rare. However, the repetitive rowing action can put strain on

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Within each discipline, there are several boat classes. A single regatta (series of races) will often feature races for many boat classes. They are classified using:

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sitting tall throughout the exercise. This drill aids in isolating and understanding the distinct elements of the drive sequence and their interconnectedness.

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in London. The club, with signature colors a very distinct myrtle and gold, began as a women's club, but eventually allowed the admittance of men in 1901.

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is the oldest intercollegiate sporting event in the United States, having been contested every year since 1852 (excepting interruptions for wars and the

1003:(also referred to as cox). Coxless sweep boats are sometimes called "straight", while sculling boats are assumed to be coxless unless stated otherwise. 937:, each rower has one oar, held with both hands. There are usually an even number of rowers – two, four or eight. Each rower's oar will extend to their 3410: 4818: 4332: 541:

During an 1837 parade in Providence, R.I, a group of boatmen were pulling a longboat on wheels, which carried the oldest living survivor of the 1772

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races in both cities, open to non-university crews. Oxford's races are organised by City of Oxford Rowing Club and Cambridge's are organised by the

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Many adjustments can be made to the equipment to accommodate the physiques of the crew. Collectively these adjustments are known as the boat's

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in Montreal increased the growth of women's rowing because it created the incentive for national rowing federations to support women's events.

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were both in existence in the 1790s. The Star Club and Arrow Club in London for gentlemen amateurs were also in existence before 1800. At the

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handle, emphasizing a specific body position during the recovery. This encourages proper body positioning and enhances body flexibility

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After the oar is placed in the water at the catch, the rower applies pressure to the oar levering the boat forward which is called the

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event for this category. Athletes under 23 years of age by the end of the calendar year may compete in the under 23 category, and the

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Smaller sculling boats are usually steered by the scullers pulling harder on one side or the other while larger boats often have a

2600: 5085: 4418: 489:. In America, the earliest known race dates back to 1756 in New York, when a pettiauger defeated a Cape Cod whaleboat in a race. 334: 3532: 5843: 4637: 4311: 773:. Simultaneously, the rower pushes the oar handle away from the chest. The spoon should emerge from the water perpendicular or 3380: 904: 4933: 4798: 4271: 4126: 4091: 3542: 3318: 2580: 2421: 537: 3831: 2890: 3652: 330: 2749: 5429: 4627: 4562: 4261: 3136: 2651: 2523: 1781: 669:

had very competitive crews, and in recent years these crews have become even more competitive given the surge in women's

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on the programme for the 1896 games, racing did not take place due to bad weather. Male rowers have competed since the

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or sprints, which may be 500 metres (1,640 ft) long, to longer dual races like the 6.8 kilometres (4.2 mi)

2023: 345:. Today, there are fourteen boat classes which race at the Olympics. In addition, the sport's governing body, the 5163: 5106: 5091: 5081: 5045: 4711: 4701: 4696: 4661: 4526: 1581: 799:), in groups, or whole boat provide a targeted approach to improving coordination, body positioning, and teamwork. 509: 380:

in Canada. Many other competitions often exist for racing between clubs, schools, and universities in each nation.

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types of boat, the coxswain lies in the bow. The cox is usually the smallest and lightest out of all the crew.

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of the US in the mixed sculls (TA 2x) final at the Paralympics, London 2012. The rowers are fixed to the seat.

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are able to do this because the body action in sculling is more anatomically efficient (due to the symmetry).

957:; this applies even if the stroke oarsman is rowing on the bow side and/or the bow oarsman on the stroke side. 6196: 5076: 4979: 4686: 4656: 4496: 4296: 4246: 4104: 3274: 2125: 1893: 1858: 1441: 649: 607: 394: 377: 1220:, controlled by the coxswain, if present, or by one of the crew using a cable attached to one of the shoes. 5917: 4874: 4777: 4546: 4541: 4393: 4373: 4266: 4206: 3402: 1640:

Rowers in multi-rower boats are numbered sequentially from the bow aft. The number-one rower is called the

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was first contested in 1715, rowing as a sport has recorded references back to Ancient Egyptian times.

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The Square-Wide-6 drill, conducted in groups of 6 or 4, requires rowers to take a wide grip on the

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rowers (rowers older than 27) often race 1,000m. However the race distance can and does vary from

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women is similar to that for men. The world's first women's rowing team was formed in 1896 at the

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competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of "boat clubs" at British

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Although sweep and sculling boats are generally identical to each other (except having different

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is also raced upon a non-standard distance at 2,112 meters (1 mile, 550 yards).

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Modern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 17th century when professional

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The Boys in the Boat: Nine Americans and Their Epic Quest for Gold at the 1936 Berlin Olympics

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weight allowance (underweight), they may have to carry weights in the boat such as sandbags.

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the oar so that the spoon is parallel to the water. This process is sometimes referred to as

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is held for these athletes. World Rowing uses the term "Senior" for events open to any age.

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Head of the River, Belfast. The closer boat is being overtaken by the boat on the far side.

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is the world's oldest public rowing club. The second oldest club which still exists is the

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Women: Crew average 57 kilograms (126 lb) – no rower over 59 kilograms (130 lb)

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Men: Crew average 70 kilograms (150 lb) – no rower over 72.5 kilograms (160 lb)

1510: 322: 70: 2015: 59: 5501: 4742: 4403: 4342: 4110: 4045: 3999: 3974: 2596: 1750: 1724: 1240: 1205: 844: 497: 406: 278:, while paddles are not connected to the boat. Rowing is divided into two disciplines: 267: 6102: 1509:, United Kingdom. Head racing was exported to the United States in the 1950s, and the 6153: 5806: 5651: 5326: 4597: 4383: 4316: 4141: 4122: 4087: 4004: 3538: 3268: 3087: 2576: 2417: 2087: 1809: 1690:

and speakers. The cox usually sits in the stern of the boat facing the rowers but in

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The first known "modern" rowing races began from competition among the professional

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The Amateurs: The Story of Four Young Men and Their Quest for an Olympic Gold Medal

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are held every four years, where only select boat classes are raced (14 in total):

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Number of rowers: in all forms of modern competition the number is 1, 2, 4, or 8.

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The rowing stroke may be characterized by two fundamental reference points: the

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A damaged 8+, showing cross section near the bows and the skin construction.

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This article is about the sport. For oar powered propulsion in general, see

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Paintings of Thomas Eakins, a group of rowing scenes, first and most famous

4008: 2102: 1966: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1933: 1927: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1735: 1323: 1297: 1291: 1255: 1190: 1185: 1054: 1033: 985: 981: 954: 932: 893: 695:(also interchangeably referred to as "blades"), which are held in place by 580:. Founded in 1858, it is the oldest amateur athletic governing body in the 577: 533: 493: 458: 423: 310: 287: 283: 165: 2463: 2384:"The Ancient Egyptian Rowing Stroke: Propelling the Boats of Gods and Men" 2289:"International Olympic Committee – History of rowing at the Olympic games" 1849:, as well as several other international elite competitions including the 6148: 6097: 6064: 6047: 6042: 5987: 5965: 5935: 5868: 5545: 4772: 4281: 2809:. Independence Seaport Museum, J. Welles Henderson Archives and Library. 1452: 1311: 1301: 1287: 753:

phase of the stroke. Once the rower extracts the oar from the water, the

234: 6127: 6087: 5890: 5711: 5619: 5550: 5511: 5489: 5280: 5249: 5212: 5202: 4747: 4727: 2094: 1940: 1907: 1796: 1699: 1695: 1593: 1560: 1548: 1532:, because, as with bumps racing, the fastest crew is awarded the title 1474: 1065: 1044: 977: 700: 699:(also referred to as "gates"), to propel the boat forward (towards the 486: 473:

or wealthy owners of riverside houses. The oldest surviving such race,

5275: 3226: 1644:, or just 'bow', whilst the rower closest to the stern is called the ' 6163: 5728: 5706: 5696: 5506: 5148: 4337: 3162: 3083:

Words of the World: A Global History of the Oxford English Dictionary

1691: 1645: 1470: 1465: 1437: 1421: 1413: 1361: 1169: 1008: 945: 673:. Now there is usually the same number of girls and boys in a group. 560: 422:

An Egyptian funerary inscription of 1430 BC records that the warrior

4186: 3682: 3570: 2968: 2026:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1164: 6069: 5955: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5641: 5587: 5582: 5528: 5342: 5336: 5231: 4757: 2353: 2264: 2055: 1357: 1316: 963: 911: 796: 704: 662: 450: 302: 279: 271: 132:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 9 (depending on boat class and whether there is a

1742:

for these athletes, at which there are several age subcategories.

925:

Broadly, there are two ways to row, sometimes called disciplines:

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sections on World Rowing Masters Regatta and World Rowing Sprints

2067: 1687: 1666: 1577: 1428:

which cover courses of approximately 4 miles (6.44 km). The

1412:

Two traditional non-standard distance shell races are the annual

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The Red Rose Crew: A True Story of Women, Winning, and the Water

2777:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form" 1632: 6117: 5780: 5701: 5523: 5310: 5290: 3215: 2063: 1518: 1506: 1502: 1417: 1217: 757:

phase begins, setting up the rower's body for the next stroke.

726:

Women's single sculls final at the 28th Summer Universiade 2015

466: 462: 439: 435: 431: 427: 399: 314: 263: 31: 2411: 1525:, United States is now the largest rowing event in the world. 614:

was introduced in 1962. Rowing has also been conducted at the

434:

mentions rowing forming part of the funeral games arranged by

317:, England. Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and 5945: 1671: 1250:, but modern blades are made from more expensive and durable 688: 687:

While rowing, the athlete sits in the boat facing toward the

259: 3626: 3137:"Feature: the impact of Olympic inclusion on women's rowing" 1738:" categories when they reach age 27. World Rowing holds the 1447: 734:, which is placement of the oar spoon in the water, and the 477:

was first contested in 1715 and is still held annually from

290:, occupied by one person, to shells with eight rowers and a 5646: 5614: 4161: 1762:

for women. Lightweight rowing was added to the Olympics in

1247: 1201: 1137:

Coxed quadruple sculls ("coxed quad", usually for juniors)

692: 2622: 2546:"The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association" 1356:

There are several formats for rowing races, often called "

465:. Prizes for wager races were often offered by the London 274:

sports in that rowing oars are attached to the boat using

4191: 2859: 2857: 2324:"The Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games rowing programme announced" 949:. In the United Kingdom, the port side is referred to as 169: 4170: 2494:"Historical context of the beginnings of rowing at Penn" 972:), one in each hand. Sculling is usually done without a 2795: 2717: 2715: 2407: 2405: 1769:

The World Rowing Federation lightweight standards are:

1493:

The oldest, and arguably most famous, head race is the

746:, when the rower removes the oar spoon from the water. 341:. Women's rowing was added to the Olympic programme in 2854: 4896: 3973:

Hosea, Timothy M.; Hannafin, Jo A. (April 26, 2012).

3193:"For US women's eight, golden road begins in college" 2917:"Australian Rowing at the World Senior Championships" 2512: 2712: 2625:(in German). Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club. 2402: 648:

The first international women's races were the 1954

3800:. PatriotLeague.org. April 18, 2008. Archived from 3531:Garrett, William E.; Kirkendall, Donald T. (2000). 2538: 1734:

Under World Rowing rules, athletes may compete in "

1393:The standard length races for the Olympics and the 1148:(always coxed, usually for juniors and exhibition) 811: 3403:"Top 20 Terms Coxswains Should Know: Cut the Cake" 2909: 1868:who govern the sport in their respective nations. 1501:in 1926 which takes place each March on the river 329:. Similarly, clubs were formed at colleges within 4333:List of New Zealand rowers at the Summer Olympics 4074: 4022:Inc, The Independent Rowing News (June 8, 1997). 3530: 3255:. Archived from the original on February 19, 2007 2724:"America's Oldest Intercollegiate Athletic Event" 707:in that the oar is attached to the boat using an 27:Sport where individuals or teams row boats by oar 6209: 4131: 3944:"The Physical Characteristics of an Elite Rower" 2573:Henley Royal Regatta: A celebration of 150 years 2570: 1386:A side by side race at the 2012 Olympic Games – 504:bumping races were first organised in 1815 when 5851: 1011:), they are referred to using different names: 829: 601:Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron 5444: 3599: 3503: 2768: 2726:. Harvard University Boat Club. Archived from 512:boat clubs had the first annual race while at 438:in honour of his father. In the 13th century, 402:, illustrated in this sixteenth-century plaque 5837: 5430: 5164: 4882: 4207: 3972: 3131: 3129: 2742: 2414:The Brilliants: A History of the Leander Club 2054:Rowing is one of the few bearing sports that 1871: 576:is an association of amateur rowing clubs of 3738:"World Rowing - 2021 World Rowing Rule Book" 3705:"World Rowing - 2021 World Rowing Rule Book" 3655:. City of Oxford Rowing Club. Archived from 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3338: 3336: 2318: 2316: 1884:on a German Stamp for the 1976 Olympic Games 1636:The boat positions within an 8+ rowing shell 1360:". The two most common are side by side and 629: 457:that provided ferry and taxi service on the 37:"Rower" redirects here. For other uses, see 3979:Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 2935: 1204:, shells are now almost always made from a 5844: 5830: 5437: 5423: 5171: 5157: 4889: 4875: 4214: 4200: 3126: 2136:World Sculling Championship (Professional) 3998: 3362: 3333: 2649:http://www.rownbc.org/?id=club-info/index 2412:Burnell, Richard; Page, Geoffrey (1997). 2313: 2042:Learn how and when to remove this message 1837:Category:National members of World Rowing 1342:in Boston) during the winter off-season. 1265:in the case of sweep oar rowing and as a 398:A rowing competition is recounted in the 3052:"What makes a successful women's coach?" 1875: 1800: 1665: 1631: 1564: 1446: 1381: 1310: 1175: 1163: 713: 622:(cancelled at the first modern Games in 592:in Philadelphia, mostly on the historic 559: 405: 393: 3884:"World Rowing - Rowing and Para Rowing" 3079: 2838:. Schuylkill Navy & Boathouse Row. 2623:"Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club" 2474:from the original on September 28, 2006 2334:from the original on September 11, 2019 2250:"Side-by-side" is the term used in the 2058:all the major muscle groups, including 1674:of the boat, facing the rowers, at the 14: 6210: 5178: 3581:from the original on December 30, 2006 3413:from the original on February 21, 2024 3383:from the original on February 21, 2024 3344:"row2k - Erg Drills - Feet-out Rowing" 3295:from the original on February 21, 2024 2871:from the original on February 23, 2007 2783:from the original on February 27, 2014 2301:from the original on September 8, 2015 2263:"Sprint race" is the term used in the 2142:International Rowing Federation events 1670:A coxswain (far right) sitting in the 1528:These processional races are known as 789: 5825: 5418: 5152: 4870: 4439:Women's Eights Head of the River Race 4272:Head of the River (Western Australia) 4195: 3894:from the original on October 22, 2021 3778:from the original on October 14, 2023 3732: 3730: 3537:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 3163:"College DI Rowing - Home - NCAA.com" 3075: 3073: 2949:from the original on November 2, 2011 2775:Moak, Jefferson (November 27, 1983). 2721: 2468:Guildhall Library Manuscripts Section 2444:from the original on October 15, 2007 2201:U.S. intercollegiate rowing champions 1987: 1782:collegiate level in the United States 1709: 1554: 1281: 859: 786:the water and begins another stroke. 538:Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club 6192: 5041:Central American and Caribbean Games 4849: 3641:from the original on April 17, 2021. 3629:"The Rules of Rowing - 2020 Edition" 3616:from the original on April 10, 2021. 3520:from the original on April 10, 2021. 2804:"Schuylkill Navy Records, 1859–2009" 2774: 2520:"A History of Oxford College Rowing" 2114: 2101:and the tendons of the forearm, and 1991: 4307:Secondary School Rowing Association 4262:Head of the River (New South Wales) 4173:– Rowing Museum in Henley on Thames 4028:. The Independent Rowing News Inc. 4021: 3854:"World Rowing - Member Federations" 3715:from the original on April 18, 2021 3289:"British Rowing - Rowing Exercises" 3203:from the original on April 27, 2015 3114:from the original on April 27, 2015 3110:. World Rowing. February 23, 2015. 3100: 3080:Ogilvie, Sarah (November 1, 2012). 3058:from the original on April 23, 2015 3019:from the original on April 13, 2015 3001:from the original on April 30, 2015 2975:from the original on April 10, 2015 2865:"Virtual Library of Sports: Rowing" 2674:from the original on March 20, 2013 2603:from the original on March 23, 2013 2526:from the original on April 10, 2007 1824: 1580:at the University of Oxford, 1999: 1261:An 'oar' is often referred to as a 24: 4252:Head of the Schoolgirls (Victoria) 4068: 3954:from the original on July 24, 2020 3834:from the original on July 14, 2006 3748:from the original on July 28, 2024 3727: 3627:United States Rowing Association. 3551:from the original on July 28, 2024 3449:from the original on July 28, 2024 3350:from the original on July 28, 2024 3321:from the original on July 28, 2024 3143:from the original on July 18, 2013 3070: 3054:. World Rowing. December 8, 2014. 2842:from the original on June 26, 2015 2816:from the original on June 10, 2015 2756:from the original on July 17, 2011 2364:from the original on June 23, 2017 850: 658:Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics 654:rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics 584:. The member clubs are all on the 446:included boat races among others. 25: 6239: 4995:European University Championships 4187:The maximum speed of rowing boats 4155: 3924:from the original on May 21, 2020 3864:from the original on May 16, 2021 3485:from the original on July 8, 2024 3377:"MIT Rowing Club - Rowing Drills" 3223:"Speed Rower, Competitive Rowing" 3173:from the original on May 14, 2016 3013:"2014 World Rowing Championships" 2995:"2015 World Rowing Championships" 2629:from the original on May 12, 2013 2464:"Doggett's Coat & Badge Race" 2158:World Rowing Junior Championships 2082:muscles. The sport also improves 1855:World Rowing Junior Championships 1721:World Rowing Junior Championships 1621: 1608:Cambridgeshire Rowing Association 6191: 6182: 6181: 5445: 4848: 4837: 4836: 4280: 4032:from the original on May 9, 2022 2801: 1996: 1254:material, the most common being 903: 881: 838: 812:Reverse pick (Korzinowski drill) 703:). Rowing is distinguished from 69: 58: 4399:Schools' Head of the River Race 4015: 3966: 3936: 3906: 3876: 3846: 3816: 3790: 3760: 3697: 3671: 3645: 3620: 3593: 3563: 3524: 3497: 3461: 3425: 3395: 3307: 3281: 3241: 3185: 3155: 3139:. World Rowing. June 12, 2013. 3044: 3039:International Rowing Federation 3031: 2987: 2961: 2883: 2828: 2686: 2660: 2641: 2615: 2589: 2564: 2257: 2244: 1969:(discontinued after 2024 games) 1936:(discontinued after 2024 games) 1451:Two crews racing in the annual 1369: 1345: 1210:carbon-fiber reinforced plastic 1159: 1036:(or "straight pair" or "pair") 872: 820: 802: 366:Australian Rowing Championships 4934:World University Championships 4472:Silver Goblets & Nickalls' 3253:The Amateur Rowing Association 3086:. Cambridge University Press. 2943:"Rowing Equipment and History" 2486: 2456: 2430: 2376: 2346: 2281: 2232: 2175:College rowing (United States) 1729:World Rowing U23 Championships 1388:Men's lightweight coxless four 1352:Regatta § Rowing regattas 1326:rowing machines (colloquially 652:. The introduction of women's 376:in the United States, and the 353:with twenty-two boat classes. 13: 1: 4312:University Rowing Association 4105:Max Schmitt in a Single Scull 3679:"Green Mountain Head Regatta" 2438:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 2220: 2126:Rowing at the Summer Olympics 1979:At the end of each year, the 1894:Rowing at the Summer Olympics 1857:. World Rowing also sponsors 1790: 1547:for the Oxford and Cambridge 1459: 866: 650:European Rowing Championships 608:European Rowing Championships 568:, Home of the Schuylkill Navy 378:Royal Canadian Henley Regatta 4965:African Junior Championships 4374:British Rowing Championships 4267:Head of the River (Victoria) 2274: 1740:World Rowing Masters Regatta 1582:Jesus College Men's 1st VIII 1154: 968:each rower has two oars (or 830:Quarter or half slide rowing 676: 599:The sport's governing body, 108:First modern-day competition 7: 5853:Water sports and activities 4944:World Coastal Championships 2109: 2022:the claims made and adding 1866:national member federations 1676:Head of the Charles Regatta 1655: 1511:Head of the Charles Regatta 374:Head of the Charles Regatta 364:in the United Kingdom, the 10: 6244: 4990:European U19 Championships 4985:European U23 Championships 4975:Asian Junior Championships 4939:World Indoor Championships 4924:World Junior Championships 4819:School and university oars 4677:World Junior Championships 4221: 3534:Exercise and Sport Science 3315:"Concept2 - Rowing Drills" 3249:"British Rowing Technique" 2153:World Rowing Championships 1890:World Rowing Championships 1887: 1872:International competitions 1864:World Rowing has over 155 1847:World Rowing Championships 1834: 1828: 1794: 1659: 1625: 1558: 1463: 1395:World Rowing Championships 1349: 1285: 1238: 1208:(usually a double skin of 1183: 1168:Racing shells stored in a 953:and the starboard side as 680: 633: 612:World Rowing Championships 387: 383: 351:World Rowing Championships 36: 29: 6177: 6141: 6078: 5916: 5859: 5799: 5749: 5457: 5389: 5357: 5319: 5263: 5226: 5184: 5120: 5003: 4952: 4906: 4832: 4809:Rowing boat manufacturers 4786: 4720: 4646: 4555: 4447: 4394:National Schools' Regatta 4356: 4325: 4289: 4278: 4229: 4171:River & Rowing Museum 4132:Boyne, Daniel J. (2000). 3273:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2571:Burnell, Richard (1989). 2169:College/university rowing 1745: 1513:held each October on the 1106:(or "single" or "scull") 630:History of women's rowing 233: 220: 202: 197: 187: 175: 161: 150: 140: 128: 120: 115: 107: 94: 51: 4794:Glossary of rowing terms 3991:10.1177/1941738112442484 2647:Narragansett Boat Club: 2597:"History - Leander Club" 2354:"FISA - worldrowing.com" 2239:Doggett's Coat and Badge 2225: 2206:Varsity (rowing regatta) 2121:Glossary of rowing terms 1751:Lightweight boat classes 475:Doggett's Coat and Badge 412:Doggett's Coat and Badge 192:Glossary of rowing terms 4919:World U23 Championships 4682:World U23 Championships 4177:How Rowing Really Works 4166:World Rowing Federation 3600:British Rowing (2021). 3504:British Rowing (2021). 2190:The Great Race (rowing) 2131:The Championship Course 1981:World Rowing Federation 1843:World Rowing Federation 1831:World Rowing Federation 1819:2008 Summer Paralympics 643:Furnivall Sculling Club 606:FISA first organized a 588:where it flows through 347:World Rowing Federation 102:World Rowing Federation 6103:Outrigger canoe racing 5102:South East Asian Games 5036:Central American Games 4980:European Championships 4687:European Championships 4608:Head of the Schuylkill 4389:Henley Women's Regatta 4379:Head of the River Race 3950:. September 21, 2018. 2196:University rowing (UK) 1885: 1859:rowing at the Olympics 1813: 1714: 1694:, usually seen in the 1679: 1637: 1589: 1495:Head of the River Race 1484:Boston Rowing Marathon 1456: 1444:, with no repechages. 1426:Harvard-Yale Boat Race 1390: 1320: 1234: 1181: 1173: 1085:Sculling boat classes: 727: 569: 564:Philadelphia's iconic 419: 403: 39:Rower (disambiguation) 6228:Summer Olympic sports 6113:Synchronized swimming 5811:Winter Olympic sports 5739:Greco-Roman wrestling 5451:Summer Olympic sports 5128:World Masters Regatta 4960:African Championships 4182:The Physics of Rowing 3824:"Paralympic/Adaptive" 3317:. December 16, 2020. 2836:"Boathouse Row Clubs" 2575:. William Heinemann. 1879: 1804: 1669: 1635: 1575: 1450: 1385: 1314: 1200:Originally made from 1179: 1167: 1057:(or "straight four") 725: 626:due to bad weather). 563: 496:and the Isis Club of 409: 397: 146:Separate competitions 5750:Discretionary sports 5138:Coupe de la Jeunesse 5097:South American Games 5071:Military World Games 4613:Poughkeepsie Regatta 4449:Henley Royal Regatta 4302:Rowing Canada Aviron 4242:Rowing Championships 3603:2021 Rules of Racing 3507:2021 Rules of Racing 3199:. October 21, 2012. 2180:Harvard–Yale Regatta 1486:and shorter such as 1430:Henley Royal Regatta 1319:"Model C" ergometers 771:feathering the blade 738:, also known as the 551:Harvard–Yale Regatta 525:to begin hosting an 502:University of Oxford 370:Harvard–Yale Regatta 362:Henley Royal Regatta 339:1900 Summer Olympics 256:in the United States 216:(both men and women) 6108:Synchronized diving 5918:Activities on water 5861:Activities in water 5734:Freestyle wrestling 5630:Rhythmic gymnastics 5625:Artistic gymnastics 5306:Thames racing skiff 5112:Youth Olympic Games 5066:Mediterranean Games 4970:Asian Championships 4914:World Championships 4692:Asian Championships 4667:World Championships 4111:Brown, Daniel James 3804:on January 16, 2013 3659:on October 24, 2010 2358:www.worldrowing.com 1965:Lightweight Women: 1555:Other race formats 1015:Sweep boat classes: 999:Whether there is a 790:Technique exercises 610:in 1893. An annual 349:, holds the annual 97:governing body 48: 6098:Dragon boat racing 5179:Oared racing boats 5082:Pan American Games 5046:Commonwealth Games 4712:Commonwealth Games 4702:Pan American Games 4527:Princess Elizabeth 4404:Scottish Boat Race 4343:Rowing New Zealand 4326:New Zealand rowing 4056:has generic name ( 3469:"Water Drills PDF" 3433:"Water Drills PDF" 2897:on January 2, 2007 2694:"Begin-1849images" 2668:"Begin-1849images" 2654:2018-09-16 at the 2388:Hear The Boat Sing 2007:possibly contains 1988:Fitness and health 1886: 1814: 1725:world championship 1710:Athlete categories 1680: 1638: 1590: 1457: 1391: 1336:"ergs don't float" 1321: 1296:Indoor rowing (on 1282:Training equipment 1241:Oar (sport rowing) 1206:composite material 1182: 1174: 1092:Boat abbreviation 1022:Boat abbreviation 860:Eyes-closed rowing 728: 570: 498:Westminster School 420: 410:The finish of the 404: 368:in Australia, the 270:. It differs from 212:(men only); since 46: 18:Competitive rowing 6205: 6204: 6154:Modern pentathlon 5819: 5818: 5807:Paralympic sports 5652:Modern pentathlon 5480:Marathon Swimming 5412: 5411: 5327:Cornish pilot gig 5320:Coastal and ocean 5264:Traditional boats 5146: 5145: 4864: 4863: 4598:Head of the Hooch 4434:Women's Boat Race 4419:University rowing 4384:Henley Boat Races 4317:Head of the Trent 4247:Head of the River 4230:Australian rowing 4164:– website of the 4127:978-1-101-62274-2 4093:978-0-449-91003-0 4076:Halberstam, David 3975:"Rowing Injuries" 3685:on March 13, 2005 3544:978-0-683-03421-9 3108:"Women in rowing" 3037:See for example, 2752:. Living Places. 2722:Veneziano, John. 2700:on March 20, 2013 2582:978-0-434-98134-2 2500:on August 8, 2008 2423:978-0-9500061-1-6 2330:. June 12, 2017. 2217: 2216: 2088:muscular strength 2052: 2051: 2044: 2009:original research 1932:Lightweight Men: 1662:Coxswain (rowing) 1573: 1534:Head of the River 1375:referred to as a 1152: 1151: 1082: 1081: 723: 671:collegiate rowing 555:COVID-19 pandemic 532:Founded in 1818, 506:Brasenose College 442:festivals called 416:Thomas Rowlandson 390:History of rowing 246: 245: 16:(Redirected from 6235: 6195: 6194: 6185: 6184: 6133:Water volleyball 6123:Water basketball 5846: 5839: 5832: 5823: 5822: 5717:Beach volleyball 5458:Mandatory sports 5449: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5416: 5415: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5150: 5149: 5092:Paralympic Games 5056:Friendship Games 5051:East Asian Games 5031:Bolivarian Games 5026:Asian Para Games 4891: 4884: 4877: 4868: 4867: 4852: 4851: 4840: 4839: 4824:World best times 4672:World Rowing Cup 4662:Paralympic Games 4603:Head of the Ohio 4593:Head of the Fish 4429:Wingfield Sculls 4284: 4237:Rowing Australia 4216: 4209: 4202: 4193: 4192: 4151: 4138:Ballantine Books 4097: 4084:Ballantine Books 4062: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4049: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4002: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3681:. Archived from 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3633: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3608: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3512: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3484: 3473: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3448: 3437: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3373: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3340: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3272: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3225:. Archived from 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3197:The Boston Globe 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3133: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3048: 3042: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3015:. World Rowing. 3010: 3008: 3006: 2997:. World Rowing. 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2971:. World Rowing. 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2923:on June 14, 2013 2919:. Archived from 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2893:. Archived from 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2861: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2815: 2808: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2730:on July 19, 2011 2719: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2696:. Archived from 2690: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2664: 2658: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2599:. Leander Club. 2593: 2587: 2586: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2552:on June 20, 2010 2548:. Archived from 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2496:. Archived from 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2416:. Leander Club. 2409: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2320: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2300: 2293: 2285: 2268: 2267:Rules of Rowing. 2261: 2255: 2254:Rules of Racing. 2248: 2242: 2236: 2148:Rowing World Cup 2115: 2047: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2024:inline citations 2000: 1999: 1992: 1851:World Rowing Cup 1825:Governing bodies 1586:Hertford College 1576:A "bump" during 1574: 1442:knock-out format 1127:quadruple sculls 1089: 1088: 1019: 1018: 907: 885: 724: 586:Schuylkill River 523:Henley-on-Thames 471:Livery Companies 319:Livery Companies 73: 62: 49: 45: 21: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6173: 6137: 6074: 5912: 5855: 5850: 5820: 5815: 5795: 5745: 5561:Mountain biking 5453: 5443: 5413: 5408: 5385: 5361:boats - Classic 5353: 5349:Celtic longboat 5315: 5259: 5222: 5180: 5177: 5147: 5142: 5116: 4999: 4948: 4902: 4895: 4865: 4860: 4828: 4782: 4721:Types of rowing 4716: 4642: 4578:Eastern Sprints 4551: 4497:Prince of Wales 4443: 4409:Scottish Rowing 4364:Boston Marathon 4352: 4321: 4297:Canadian Henley 4290:Canadian rowing 4285: 4276: 4225: 4220: 4158: 4148: 4094: 4071: 4069:Further reading 4066: 4065: 4053: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4035: 4033: 4020: 4016: 3971: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3948:Setanta College 3942: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3920:. May 9, 2012. 3912: 3911: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3828:WorldRowing.com 3822: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3744:. p. 102. 3736: 3735: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3711:. p. 103. 3703: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3631: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3545: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3471: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3342: 3341: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3229:on June 9, 2009 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3135: 3134: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3078: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3011: 3004: 3002: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2750:"Boathouse Row" 2748: 2747: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2720: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2656:Wayback Machine 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2410: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2390:. March 2, 2018 2382: 2381: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2337: 2335: 2328:worldrowing.com 2322: 2321: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2271: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2163: 2112: 2048: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2013: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1896: 1888:Main articles: 1874: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1799: 1793: 1748: 1717: 1712: 1664: 1658: 1630: 1624: 1565: 1563: 1557: 1499:Steve Fairbairn 1468: 1462: 1372: 1354: 1348: 1340:CRASH-B Sprints 1294: 1284: 1243: 1237: 1188: 1162: 1157: 1078:(always coxed) 923: 922: 921: 920: 919: 908: 899: 898: 897: 886: 875: 862: 853: 851:Feet-out rowing 841: 832: 823: 814: 805: 792: 714: 685: 679: 638: 632: 574:Schuylkill Navy 547:Yale University 392: 386: 251:, often called 181:artificial lake 116:Characteristics 90: 79: 78: 77: 76: 75: 74: 65: 64: 63: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6241: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6189: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6084: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6023:Stone skipping 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5976:Paddleboarding 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5922: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5908:Water aerobics 5905: 5904: 5903: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5849: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5826: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5759: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5726: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5682:Sport climbing 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5442: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5419: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5394: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5362: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5296:Sampan panjang 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5234: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5194: 5192: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5153: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5079: 5074: 5068: 5063: 5061:Goodwill Games 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4897:International 4894: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4846: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4763:Stern sculling 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4623:Stotesbury Cup 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4563:College rowing 4559: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4547:Princess Royal 4544: 4542:Princess Grace 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4453: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4369:British Rowing 4366: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4348:The Great Race 4345: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4219: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4168: 4157: 4156:External links 4154: 4153: 4152: 4147:978-1592287581 4146: 4129: 4108: 4098: 4092: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4014: 3985:(3): 236–245. 3965: 3935: 3914:"Muscles Used" 3905: 3875: 3845: 3815: 3789: 3759: 3726: 3696: 3670: 3644: 3619: 3592: 3575:Concept2.co.uk 3562: 3543: 3523: 3513:. p. 10. 3496: 3460: 3424: 3394: 3361: 3332: 3306: 3280: 3240: 3214: 3184: 3154: 3125: 3099: 3092: 3069: 3043: 3030: 2986: 2960: 2934: 2908: 2891:"World Rowing" 2882: 2853: 2827: 2794: 2767: 2741: 2711: 2685: 2659: 2640: 2614: 2588: 2581: 2563: 2537: 2511: 2485: 2455: 2429: 2422: 2401: 2375: 2345: 2312: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2256: 2252:British Rowing 2243: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2086:endurance and 2084:cardiovascular 2050: 2049: 2004: 2002: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1977: 1976: 1973:Coastal rowing 1970: 1963: 1937: 1930: 1880:Rowing at the 1873: 1870: 1826: 1823: 1806:Oksana Masters 1795:Main article: 1792: 1789: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1747: 1744: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1660:Main article: 1657: 1654: 1628:Boat positions 1626:Main article: 1623: 1622:Boat positions 1620: 1616:coastal rowing 1556: 1553: 1551:respectively. 1464:Main article: 1461: 1458: 1371: 1368: 1347: 1344: 1283: 1280: 1239:Main article: 1236: 1233: 1193:(often called 1184:Main article: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1146:Octuple sculls 1143: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1117:(or "double") 1112: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1080: 1079: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1005: 1004: 997: 990: 989: 958: 909: 902: 901: 900: 887: 880: 879: 878: 877: 876: 874: 871: 861: 858: 852: 849: 840: 837: 831: 828: 822: 819: 813: 810: 804: 801: 791: 788: 681:Main article: 678: 675: 636:Women's rowing 634:Main article: 631: 628: 590:Fairmount Park 527:annual regatta 455:United Kingdom 414:. Painting by 388:Main article: 385: 382: 327:public schools 244: 243: 237: 231: 230: 224: 218: 217: 206: 200: 199: 195: 194: 189: 185: 184: 183:, canal, ocean 177: 173: 172: 163: 159: 158: 152: 148: 147: 144: 138: 137: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 99: 92: 91: 80: 68: 67: 66: 57: 56: 55: 54: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6240: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6198: 6190: 6188: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6159:Sailing races 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6093:Dinghy racing 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5998:Riverboarding 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5847: 5842: 5840: 5835: 5833: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5776:Flag football 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5724:Weightlifting 5722: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5677:Skateboarding 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5571:Track cycling 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5556:Freestyle BMX 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5435: 5433: 5428: 5426: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5255:Octuple scull 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5162: 5160: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5133:World Sprints 5131: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5011:African Games 5009: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4892: 4887: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4857: 4856: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4814:Rowing venues 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4804:National oars 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4707:African Games 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4657:Olympic Games 4655: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4645: 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