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During the display flight the bird climbs, the wings are smartly cracked like a whiplash, and the bird glides down on stiff wings. The common wood pigeon is gregarious, often forming very large flocks outside the breeding season. Like many species of pigeon, wood pigeons take advantage of trees and buildings to gain a vantage point over the surrounding area, and their distinctive call means that they are usually heard before they are seen.
722:
692:
Juvenile birds do not have the white patches on either side of the neck. When they are about 6 months old (about three months out of the nest) they gain small white patches on both sides of the neck, which gradually enlarge until they are fully formed when the bird is about 6–8 months old. Juvenile
890:
The wood pigeon is widely hunted over large parts of its range, with millions of birds being shot annually, in part because it has been regarded as an agricultural pest, especially of cereal crops. In 1953, the
British Government introduced a subsidy for the cost of cartridges to sport-hunters of
836:
taken from open fields or gardens and lawns; young shoots and seedlings are favoured, and it will take grain, pine nuts, and certain fruits and berries. In the autumn they also eat figs and acorns, and in winter buds of trees and bushes. They will also eat larvae, ants, and small worms. They need
811:
data, the survival rate for juveniles in their first year was 52 per cent, and the adult annual survival rate was 61 per cent. For birds that survive the first year the typical lifespan is thus only three years, but the maximum recorded age is 17 years and 8 months for a bird ringed and
796:
It breeds in trees in woods, parks and gardens, laying two white eggs in a simple stick nest which hatch after 17 to 19 days. Wood pigeons seem to have a preference for trees near roadways and rivers. Males exhibit aggressive behaviour towards each other during the breeding season by jumping and
760:
Its flight is quick, performed by regular beats, with an occasional sharp flick of the wings, characteristic of pigeons in general. It takes off with a loud clattering. It perches well, and in its nuptial display walks along a horizontal branch with swelled neck, lowered wings, and fanned tail.
401:). It has a flexible diet, predominantly feeding on vegetable matter, including cereal crops, leading to them being regarded as an agricultural pest. Wood pigeons are extensively hunted over large parts of their range, but this does not seem to have a great impact on their population.
728:
726:
724:
727:
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flapping wings at each other. Their plumage becomes much darker, especially the head, during hot summer periods. Breeding can happen year round if there is food abundant however breeding season most commonly occurs in autumn usually in the months of August and
September.
725:
689: in). Adult birds bear a series of green and white patches on their necks, and a pink patch on their chest. The eye colour is a pale yellow, in contrast to that of rock doves, which is orange-red, and the stock pigeon, which is black.
1573:
857:
for the distinctive call of the bird has been interpreted as "Take two cows, Teddy", or "Take two cows, Taffy". Other interpretations for the birdsong include “I AM a pigeon,” or "My toe bleeds, Betty". and "I DON'T WANT to go".
143:
764:
Wood pigeons are known to fiercely defend their territory, and will fight each other to gain access to nesting and roosting locations. Male wood pigeons will typically attempt to drive competitors off by
723:
141:
611: oz), and the white on its neck and wing. It is otherwise a basically grey bird, with a pinkish breast. The wingspan can range from 68 to 80 cm (27 to 31 in) and the
142:
1127:
804:. The young usually fly at 33 to 34 days; however, if the nest is disturbed, some young may be able to survive having left the nest as early as 20 days from hatching.
1778:
1574:"Impact of Nest Predators on Migratory Woodpigeons Columba palumbus in Central Europe — Breeding Densities and Nesting Success in Urban Versus Natural Habitats"
569:, though superficially alike, have very distinctive characteristics; the common wood pigeon may be identified at once by its larger size at 38–44.5 cm (15–
776:, and it is often shot, being a legal quarry species in most European countries. It is wary in rural areas, but often quite tame where it is not persecuted.
2029:
2081:
2200:
1619:
O’Regan, Suzanne M.; Flynn, Denis; Kelly, Thomas C.; O’Callaghan, Michael J.A.; Pokrovskii, Alexei V.; Rachinskii, Dmitrii (January 2012).
1378:
1766:
1731:
Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the
Western Palearctic. Volume IV: Terns to Woodpeckers
841:
they are fed by their parents. This is an extremely rich fluid that is produced in the adult birds' crops during the breeding season.
1001:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
2003:
1416:
Gillespie, M. J.; Haring, V. R.; McColl, K. A.; Monaghan, P.; Donald, J. A.; Nicholas, K. R.; Moore, R. J.; Crowley, T. M. (2011).
2042:
709:
the common wood pigeon is a migrant, but in southern and western Europe it is a well distributed and often abundant resident. In
1100:
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1222:
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1024:
2047:
2230:
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1621:"The response of the woodpigeon (Columba palumbus) to relaxation of intraspecific competition: A hybrid modelling approach"
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1982:
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wood pigeons are commonly seen in parks and gardens and are seen with increasing numbers in towns and cities.
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2177:
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1912:
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31:
1101:"The fossil bird associations from the early Middle Pleistocene of the Ragusa province (SE Sicily, Italy)"
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open water to drink and bathe in. Young common wood pigeons swiftly become fat, as a result of the
522:
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1767:
Ageing and sexing of the common wood pigeon by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
769:
and pursuit, but will also directly fight, jumping and striking their rival with both wings.
437:
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8:
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525:, 1854) – southeastern Iran and Kazakhstan to western China, northwestern India and Nepal
410:
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birds also have a greyer beak and an overall lighter grey appearance than adult birds.
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444:
383:
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1930:
1904:
1652:"A Study of Wood-Pigeon Shooting: The Exploitation of a Natural Animal Population"
999:
849:
The call of the wood pigeon is a loud and sustained characteristic cooing phrase,
126:
2094:
1969:
1782:
1704:
1698:
1418:"Histological and global gene expression analysis of the 'lactating' pigeon crop"
825:
773:
672:
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432:
423:
316:
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1990:
1977:
1004:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 163.
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352:
Common wood pigeon perched on a fence. Photograph taken in
Cambridge, England
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2016:
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515:, 1910) – southwestern and northern Iran to southwestern Turkmenistan
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878:. The eggs and babies of wood pigeons are also often predated by
551:
Adult common wood pigeon, photograph taken in
Birmingham, England
491:
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371:
107:
82:
910:
813:
702:
214:
1650:
Murton, R. K.; Westwood, N. J.; Isaacson, A. J. (April 1974).
1938:
1415:
1289:"Survival rates in relation to body weight in European birds"
879:
478:, 1758 – Europe to western Siberia and Iraq; Northwest Africa
451:
428:
27:
Species of large, white/green-naped, arboreal bird of
Eurasia
1618:
913:. Referring to its distinctive husky call, Virgil writes in
824:
Most of its diet is vegetable, round and fleshy leaves from
942:
648:
630:
234:
1500:
1397:
535:
Fossil records of the species are known from the early
1756:
Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the common wood pigeon
1649:
948:
866:
Predators of the wood pigeon typically consist of the
1733:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 311–329.
1379:"Longevity records for Britain & Ireland in 2018"
1064:
800:
The nests are vulnerable to attack, particularly by
1240:"Territorial and other Behaviour of the Woodpigeon"
1146:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992),
393:which includes closely related species such as the
974:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22690103A131924602.en
899:The wood pigeon is mentioned several times in the
891:wood pigeons, which was later abolished in 1969.
732:A flock of common wood pigeons feeding in a field
427:. He placed it with all the other pigeons in the
30:"Woodpigeon" redirects here. For other uses, see
2192:
1108:Bollettino della SocietĂ Paleontologica Italiana
1381:. British Trust for Ornithology. Archived from
925:Fill the high winds. Meanwhile thy turtle doves
1549:"A guide to common garden birdsongs and calls"
1337:. British Trust for Ornithology. 16 July 2010
1168:A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World
1039:
1098:
1017:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
923:The gatherers of leaves, with cheerful songs
701:In the colder northern and eastern parts of
927:And hoarse wood pigeons from the lofty elms
696:
1189:"Woodpigeon Bird Facts (Columba palumbus)"
315:
166:
139:
125:
1571:
1443:
1433:
1263:
1019:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 290.
972:
853:. In Ireland and the UK, the traditional
1212:
1166:, Eustace Barnes & John Cox (2001).
994:
783:
751:
743:
735:
720:
546:
347:
134:Perched on a garden fence post, England
1761:Wood pigeon videos, photos & sounds
1696:
1523:"Songs of Woodpigeon and Collared Dove"
1466:
1286:
1215:RSPB Children's Guided To Bird Watching
1014:
505:, 1905 – the eastern and central Azores
14:
2193:
1469:"Guide to pigeons and doves of the UK"
1349:
1099:Pavia, Marco; Insacco, Gianni (2013).
1792:
1791:
1721:
1403:
1237:
1080:. International Ornithologists' Union
583: in) and weight 300–615 g (
2178:903A915A-77A8-46FC-BD80-6DE442F18E44
1996:d09a5128-53e3-4f7b-9926-eec5dec151c0
1467:Collins, Fergus (22 February 2022).
772:This species can be an agricultural
464:are recognised, one of which is now
2201:IUCN Red List least concern species
1690:
1319:
960:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
740:Adult sitting on its nest in a tree
24:
1137:
1058:
25:
2242:
1749:
1144:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1772:Feathers of Common Wood Pigeon (
1572:Tomiałojć, Ludwik (2021-03-19).
1133:from the original on 2023-07-16.
1078:IOC World Bird List Version 10.1
756:Hatching of a Common Wood Pigeon
191:
50:
1763:on the Internet Bird Collection
1643:
1637:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.10.018
1612:
1590:10.3161/00016454AO2020.55.2.001
1565:
1541:
1515:
1489:
1460:
1409:
1371:
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1231:
1217:. A & C Black. p. 93.
1206:
949:BirdLife International (2018).
1656:The Journal of Applied Ecology
1181:
1157:
1092:
1033:
1008:
988:
542:
13:
1:
1725:; et al., eds. (1985). "
1527:British Trust for Ornithology
935:
894:
807:In a study carried out using
633:measures 13.8 to 15 cm (
615:measures 24 to 25.4 cm (
561:pigeons, common wood pigeon,
1357:"European Longevity Records"
861:
716:
675:is 2.5 to 2.8 cm (1 to
450:is an alternate form of the
32:Wood pigeon (disambiguation)
7:
2231:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
779:
555:The three Western European
409:The common wood pigeon was
404:
10:
2247:
1714:
1015:Jobling, James A. (2010).
885:
413:by the Swedish naturalist
386:. It belongs to the genus
29:
1800:
1265:10.1080/00063655809475903
967:: e.T22690103A131924602.
382:), native to the western
323:
314:
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286:
188:Scientific classification
186:
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155:
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133:
124:
48:Middle Pleistocene–Recent
41:
1435:10.1186/1471-2164-12-452
1213:Chandler, David (2007).
844:
697:Distribution and habitat
366:), also known as simply
2226:Birds described in 1758
1287:Saether, B.-E. (1989).
1238:Cramp, S. (June 1958).
1170:Yale University Press,
921:Here beneath high rocks
819:
651:is 1.9 to 2.2 cm (
374:in the dove and pigeon
933:
834:cruciferous vegetables
793:
757:
749:
741:
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353:
329: Year-round range
2121:Paleobiology Database
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739:
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550:
351:
2211:Birds of Afghanistan
1991:Fauna Europaea (new)
1781:4 March 2016 at the
1697:Mackail, J. (1908).
1625:Ecological Modelling
1406:, pp. 317, 326.
1116:10.4435/BSPI.2013.14
868:Eurasian sparrowhawk
629:to 10 in). The
1668:1974JApEc..11...61M
1256:1958BirdS...5...55C
1040:Lewis & Short.
851:coo-COO-COO-coo-coo
647:to 6 in), the
457:for a wood pigeon.
158:Conservation status
2221:Birds of West Asia
1700:Eclogues of Virgil
1578:Acta Ornithologica
1385:on 3 December 2019
1293:Ornis Scandinavica
1068:; Donsker, David;
1047:A Latin Dictionary
931:Make endless moan.
794:
758:
750:
742:
734:
671: in) and the
553:
537:Middle Pleistocene
411:formally described
358:common wood pigeon
354:
341: Winter range
335: Summer range
42:Common wood pigeon
18:Common Wood Pigeon
2188:
2187:
2108:Open Tree of Life
1794:Taxon identifiers
1740:978-0-19-857507-8
1224:978-0-7136-8795-8
1152:978-0-8493-4258-5
1070:Rasmussen, Pamela
1026:978-1-4081-2501-4
812:recovered on the
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16:(Redirected from
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1802:Columba palumbus
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1774:Columba palumbus
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445:specific epithet
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424:Systema Naturae
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1723:Cramp, Stanley
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814:Orkney Islands
781:
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715:
698:
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544:
541:
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519:C. p. casiotis
516:
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473:C. p. palumbus
406:
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1729:Woodpigeon".
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509:C. p. iranica
507:
504:
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438:binomial name
435:
434:
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420:
419:tenth edition
416:
415:Carl Linnaeus
412:
402:
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399:Columba livia
396:
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370:, is a large
369:
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288:Binomial name
285:
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173:Least Concern
163:
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1628:
1624:
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1552:
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1472:
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1422:BMC Genomics
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1383:the original
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1351:
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1334:
1328:
1327:"Woodpigeon
1321:
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1247:
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1192:
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1077:
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705:and western
700:
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362:
361:
357:
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324:Global range
296:
294:
278:
277:
265:
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2017:iNaturalist
1826:Wikispecies
1703:. pp.
1474:countryfile
1164:David Gibbs
1066:Gill, Frank
980:12 November
543:Description
539:of Sicily.
368:wood pigeon
2195:Categories
2160:Xeno-canto
1558:2024-06-07
1404:Cramp 1985
1335:Bird Facts
1244:Bird Study
1042:"palumbes"
936:References
895:In culture
830:Asteraceae
788:Two young
613:wing chord
563:stock dove
462:subspecies
384:Palearctic
380:Columbidae
255:Columbidae
1662:(1): 61.
1606:232326864
1598:0001-6454
1274:0006-3657
1193:Bird Fact
1124:0375-7633
1074:"Pigeons"
862:Predators
839:crop milk
792:in a nest
717:Behaviour
567:rock dove
523:Bonaparte
494:(extinct)
490:, 1904 –
395:rock dove
273:Species:
211:Kingdom:
205:Eukaryota
2061:22690103
2035:10458348
1882:22690103
1877:BirdLife
1866:BioLib:
1811:Wikidata
1779:Archived
1454:21929790
1359:. Euring
1198:2 August
1128:Archived
1084:17 March
998:(1758).
902:Eclogues
855:mnemonic
780:Breeding
476:Linnaeus
455:palumbes
448:palumbus
405:Taxonomy
304:Linnaeus
251:Family:
225:Chordata
221:Phylum:
215:Animalia
201:Domain:
178:IUCN 3.1
2173:ZooBank
2009:2495455
1944:cowpig1
1918:bob6700
1905:cowpig1
1854:Avibase
1715:Sources
1684:2402005
1664:Bibcode
1533:19 July
1507:19 July
1481:19 July
1445:3191541
1428:: 452.
1389:1 April
1363:1 April
1341:1 April
1313:3676702
1252:Bibcode
1052:Logeion
915:Eclogue
886:Hunting
684:⁄
666:⁄
656:⁄
642:⁄
624:⁄
606:⁄
592:⁄
578:⁄
558:Columba
531:extinct
513:Zarudny
503:Hartert
492:Madeira
488:Tschusi
466:extinct
433:Columba
421:of his
389:Columba
372:species
266:Columba
261:Genus:
241:Order:
231:Class:
176: (
114:↓
2152:558546
2126:365966
2113:938408
2048:177103
1965:EURING
1957:COLUPA
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911:Virgil
832:, and
703:Europe
673:tarsus
443:. The
376:family
339:
333:
327:
2147:WoRMS
2030:IRMNG
1983:97005
1939:eBird
1902:BOW:
1895:11904
1680:JSTOR
1602:S2CID
1584:(2).
1309:JSTOR
1131:(PDF)
1110:(3).
1104:(PDF)
909:poet
880:crows
845:Calls
802:crows
460:Five
452:Latin
429:genus
151:Song
2139:4671
2087:8934
2082:NCBI
2056:IUCN
2043:ITIS
2022:3048
2004:GBIF
1970:6700
1952:EPPO
1931:XBGG
1890:BOLD
1869:8735
1735:ISBN
1594:ISSN
1535:2022
1509:2022
1483:2022
1476:.com
1450:PMID
1391:2020
1365:2020
1343:2020
1270:ISSN
1219:ISBN
1200:2021
1172:ISBN
1148:ISBN
1120:ISSN
1086:2020
1021:ISBN
982:2021
965:2018
874:and
820:Diet
774:pest
707:Asia
649:bill
631:tail
565:and
529:†=
356:The
308:1758
235:Aves
53:Preęž’
2134:TSA
2100:120
2069:NBN
1926:CoL
1913:BTO
1841:ADW
1672:doi
1633:doi
1629:224
1586:doi
1501:BBC
1440:PMC
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1301:doi
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