5751:
6401:
5533:
4592:
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4402:
351:
289:
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176:, there will exist for the first time a strong, identifiable market for 'routine' transportation service to and from LEO, and that this will be only the first step in what will be a huge opportunity for truly commercial space enterprise. We believe that when we engage the engine of competition, these services will be provided in a more cost-effective fashion than when the government has to do it."
215:
In 2007 NASA asserted that once COTS was operational, it would no longer procure
Russian cargo delivery services. NASA anticipates that COTS services to ISS will be necessary through at least 2015. NASA projects at most a half-dozen COTS flights a year that would transport 10 tonnes annually. The
415:
The COTS program was successfully concluded in
November 2013 after two companies, SpaceX and Orbital Sciences, designed, built and launched "a pair of new spacecraft on rockets that also were newly designed". NASA has published its own history of the COTS program including the controlling of the
365:
By 18 June 2007, NASA had signed separate non-reimbursable Space Act
Agreements with three additional firms, Constellation Services International (CSI), SpaceDev and Spacehab. These agreements included no financial support, however NASA agreed to share information to help the companies to develop
303:
Boeing may have submitted a proposal in conjunction with
Arianespace to launch the ESA ATV module on a Delta IV rocket. Whereas the ESA launches the ATV on an Ariane 5, the two companies worked together to make this proposal. The ATV can carry up to 7.6 metric tons with a suitable launcher.
106:
Unlike any previous NASA project, the proposed spacecraft were intended to be owned and financed primarily by the companies themselves and were designed to serve both U.S. government agencies and commercial customers. NASA will contract for missions as its needs become clear.
392:
In
January 2008 industry sources claimed that the field had been downselected to four; Spacehab, Andrews Space, PlanetSpace and Orbital Sciences, with the announcement date set to 7 February. Several sources later suggested that Boeing and not Andrews was a final contestant.
22:
144:
NASA explored a program for ISS services in the mid 1990s entitled "Alt Access" for
Alternate Access. While NASA funded Alt Access no further than preliminary studies, this program convinced numerous entrepreneurs that ISS could emerge as a significant market opportunity.
341:
NASA terminated the COTS agreement with RpK in
September 2007 after NASA warned RpK that it had failed to raise sufficient private funding by 31 July 2007 deadline, freeing up $ 175 million from the COTS budget to be awarded to another company or companies.
2572:
67:
for crew and cargo services. While the approach has significantly lowered costs for NASA, companies other than SpaceX have struggled under the fixed-price system, with some refusing to bid and others experiencing large losses on contracts.
1685:
334:
On 18 August 2006, NASA's
Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) announced that SpaceX and Rocketplane Kistler won Phase I of the COTS program. NASA planned to engage winners in funded Space Act agreements through 2010.
404:. NASA's selection statement showed that Orbital beat Boeing on expected lower costs and the added benefit of a new medium lift launcher Taurus II with Andrews, PlanetSpace and Spacehab being eliminated on funding concerns.
1233:
in a press conference on 23 December 2008. The contracts include a minimum of 20 missions, 12 missions for SpaceX ($ 1.6 Billion) and 8 missions for
Orbital Sciences ($ 1.9 Billion). PlanetSpace submitted a protest to the
2763:
1434:
1758:
264:(which later became Rocketplane Kistler) for $ 227 million, despite the fact that Kistler had already filed for bankruptcy a year before. Some observers saw this as a gift for the head of Kistler, NASA legend
1224:
On 22 December 2008, NASA stated they would discuss the contract selection to provide commercial cargo resupply services for the
International Space Station. NASA announced the awarding of contracts to both
1882:"Statement of William H. Gerstenmaier Associate Administrator for Space Operations before the Committee on Science, Space and Technology Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics U.S. House of Representatives"
2569:
369:
On 22 October 2007, NASA solicited proposals for the $ 175 million in unawarded first round funds. Some of the new contenders who entered before the deadline in November 2007 for the funding were
5489:
428:— originally awarded contract worth $ 207 million; Rocketplane Kistler received only $ 32.1 million before NASA terminated their contract for failure to complete milestones in October 2007.
1689:
2398:
2372:
3388:
2745:
1442:
448:— awarded contract worth $ 170 million in the second round in February 2008; in 2011 additional milestones were added bringing the total contract value to $ 288 million. The
180:
Furthermore, if such services were unavailable by the end of 2010, NASA would have been forced to purchase orbital transportation services on foreign spacecraft such as the
1762:
5106:
5101:
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407:
Following the original $ 500M Space Act Agreement, an additional $ 288M in "augmentation" funding was awarded to the two contractors before the demonstration flights.
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164:
stated that without affordable Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS), the agency will not have enough funds remaining to achieve the objectives of the
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98:(CCDev) program, focusing on crew transportation, is similar to COTS and, along with CRS, falls under NASA's Commercial Crew and Cargo Program Office (C3PO).
1576:
1881:
4256:
465:
More than twenty organizations had submitted COTS proposals by March 2006. NASA received new COTS proposals from at least seven firms by 21 November 2007.
3210:
452:
made its maiden flight lifting a payload mass simulator to low Earth orbit (LEO) on 21 April 2013. On 18 September 2013, Antares successfully launched a
5259:
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5191:
3918:
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1958:
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2457:"CONSTELLATION SERVICES INTERNATIONAL AND SPACE SYSTEMS LORAL TEAM ON NASA COTS PROPOSAL USING A U.S. VERSION OF CSI'S LEO EXPRESSSM CARGO SYSTEM"
4478:
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1606:
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to the International Space Station. After rendezvousing, berthing and unloading the capsule successfully reentered landing in the Pacific Ocean.
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confirmed that NASA was no longer purchasing any cargo resupply services from Russia and would rely solely on the American CRS vehicles, the
2739:
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2217:
1291:
5527:* denotes unflown vehicles or engines, and future missions or sites. †denotes failed missions, destroyed vehicles, and abandoned sites.
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planned to issue a ruling in support of Musk. NASA returned to the planning phase, and this eventually resulted in the COTS competition.
1238:
after receiving a NASA debriefing on the outcome of the award. On 22 April 2009 GAO publicly released its decision to deny the protest.
51:
NASA's final report on the program considered it a success and a model for future public-private collaboration. Compared to traditional
5096:
4377:
3611:
2087:
1633:
434:— awarded contract worth $ 278 million; in 2011 additional milestones were added bringing the total contract value to $ 396 million.
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5160:
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914:
201:
436:
On 22 May 2012 SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2 completed the NASA and SpaceX Space Act Agreement. Falcon 9 #3 flew capsule
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615:
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with milestone-based payments, while CRS utilizes binding contracts with strict performance obligations. The
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397:
216:
NASA Administrator has suggested that space transportation services procurement may be expanded to orbital
181:
165:
87:
80:
2321:"SpaceDev Selected as a Finalist in NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Solicitation"
5563:
5176:
4342:
4093:
3988:
3935:
3898:
3857:
3751:
3456:
3436:
3351:
3175:
2914:
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2638:
1252:
95:
48:(ISS). Launched in 2006, COTS successfully concluded in 2013 after completing all demonstration flights.
45:
2527:
2324:
2065:
1966:
6320:
5856:
5391:
4382:
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3518:
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1710:
1510:
896:
620:
240:
197:
90:(CRS) program, which procured cargo delivery services using the COTS developed vehicles. COTS employed
60:
1610:
110:
This was more challenging than existent commercial space transportation because it required precision
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5842:
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5135:
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3741:
3415:
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2828:
2131:
1173:
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1152:
296:
265:
2015:
63:
and two automated cargo spacecraft". After the conclusion of the COTS program, NASA shifted towards
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4227:
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3139:
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209:
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228:
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1932:
338:
On 8 November 2006 RpK and ATK announced that ATK would become the lead contractor for the K-1.
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5682:
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5500:
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4654:
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4541:
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3226:
3195:
3104:
3003:
2985:
2885:
2114:"Spaceflight Now | Antares | Commercial rocket gets new name as debut launch nears"
900:
867:
244:
205:
193:
2462:(Press release). Constellation Services International, Inc. 11 December 2007. Archived from
2347:"SPACEDEV SIGNS SPACE ACT AGREEMENT WITH NASA FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL ACCESS TO SPACE"
2091:
1810:
1641:
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149:
64:
1371:
156:
could develop and operate such a system more efficiently and affordably than a government
8:
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5306:
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320:
236:
189:
119:
115:
91:
76:
41:
2430:(Press release). Constellation Services International, Inc. 18 June 2007. Archived from
2192:
2160:
1664:"Rocketplane Kistler and ATK Announce Agreement for K-1 Launch Vehicle and COTS Program"
1555:
1405:
416:
development program using Space Act Agreements (SAA), with lessons for future programs.
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5863:
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3160:
3134:
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1988:
735:
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161:
135:
Capability level D: Crew Transportation (was not funded, but formed the basis of CCDev)
56:
52:
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5716:
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5411:
4646:
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4205:
3639:
3523:
3483:
3443:
3363:
3323:
3190:
3180:
2928:
2604:
2350:
1634:"NASA – NASA Invests in Private Sector Space Flight with SpaceX, Rocketplane-Kistler"
1514:
974:
520:
453:
401:
261:
221:
6425:
6390:
6380:
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4841:
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3124:
2975:
2703:
2682:
2240:
1850:
1736:
1347:
1247:
740:
525:
515:
449:
276:. Musk protested, and NASA withdrew the contract to Kistler after hearing that the
217:
185:
5091:
239:; with the exception of a few vehicle-specific payloads delivered on the European
6257:
6248:
6206:
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5536:
5514:
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1562:
891:
806:
706:
672:
658:
625:
292:
111:
5313:
2298:
1851:
NASASpaceflight.com – Orbital beat a dozen competitors to win NASA COTS contract
5548:
5348:
5040:
4318:
4008:
3888:
3645:
3331:
3129:
3119:
2965:
2960:
2818:
1274: – NASA program contracting commercial transportation services to the Moon
479:
1476:
830:
307:
In May 2006, NASA selected six semifinalist proposals for further evaluation:
272:, as there had not been a competition and Musk could have used the funding at
6763:
6452:
6442:
6230:
6214:
6199:
6185:
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6143:
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6074:
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5018:
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4743:
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4018:
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3903:
3835:
3680:
3313:
3044:
2823:
1959:"SpaceX Dragon Capsule Splashes Down in Pacific, Ending Historic Test Flight"
1565:," AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 11 January 2007 (accessed 28 April 2014).
1199:
1186:
587:
577:
551:
378:
358:
312:
232:
132:
Capability level C: Internal pressurized cargo delivery, return and recovery
6695:
6674:
6653:
6643:
6633:
6623:
6613:
6603:
6593:
6583:
6573:
6563:
6553:
6543:
6533:
6482:
6472:
6462:
6222:
6150:
5955:
5948:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5803:
5406:
5396:
5340:
5045:
4788:
4717:
4686:
3883:
3450:
910:
796:
634:
2043:
1788:
79:, but the latter's agreement was terminated due to insufficient progress.
6523:
6513:
6503:
6493:
5641:
5634:
5471:
2845:
2721:
2255:"Spacehab Finalist as NASA's Commercial Space Station Logistics Supplier"
1319:"SpaceX just stomped the competition for a new contract—that's not great"
943:
938:
933:
872:
653:
630:
437:
382:
157:
153:
1168:
Launch of Dragon spacecraft to test its orbital maneuvering and reentry
5810:
5050:
4978:
3576:
3278:
3271:
2786:
2090:(Press release). Rocketplane Limited, Inc. 24 July 2006. Archived from
1933:"Commercial Orbital Transportation Services – A New Era in Spaceflight"
663:
474:
126:
Capability level A: External unpressurized cargo delivery and disposal
5459:
4776:
4296:
4286:
3993:
3966:
3814:
3726:
3586:
3555:
3548:
3345:
3243:
2997:
2277:"SPACEHAB RESPONDS TO NASA RFP SEEKING COMMERCIAL ISS RESUPPLY MEANS"
840:
835:
269:
6312:
129:
Capability level B: Internal pressurized cargo delivery and disposal
5766:
5323:
5118:
4995:
4964:
4782:
4735:
4669:
791:
767:
691:
556:
386:
370:
328:
324:
2528:"NASA Awards Space Station Commercial Resupply Services Contracts"
2186:"PLANETSPACE, Lockheed Martin and ATK team up to bid on NASA COTS"
1477:"SpaceX/NASA Discuss launch of Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon capsule"
350:
6385:
4091:
3508:
3498:
3401:
2840:
2088:"Orbital and Rocketplane Kistler Announce Strategic Relationship"
905:
825:
801:
701:
374:
316:
1811:"NASA Picks Finalists for Space Station Resupply Demonstrations"
288:
6266:
4809:
4637:
4473:
4301:
3542:
3473:
2970:
2835:
1226:
1194:
Launch of boilerplate Cygnus spacecraft to test Antares rocket
772:
696:
546:
431:
308:
273:
72:
2191:(Press release). PlanetSpace. 21 November 2007. Archived from
1607:"NASA Selects Crew and Cargo Transportation to Orbit Partners"
59:, the $ 800 million COTS investment resulted in "two new U.S.
6239:
3566:
3339:
3303:
3298:
3089:
2159:(Press release). PlanetSpace. 1 February 2007. Archived from
762:
396:
On 19 February 2008, the second round selection was made to
224:
deliveries should the first phase of COTS prove successful.
55:
employed by NASA, such as the $ 12 billion contract for the
21:
2661:
2515:"NASA to Announce Space Station Resupply Services Contract"
2490:"Dispatches from the Final Frontier: Advent going for COTS"
2323:(Press release). SpaceDev, Inc. 15 May 2006. Archived from
1255: – NASA space program partnership with space companies
37:
2401:(Press release). t/Space. 29 November 2007. Archived from
5888:
4606:
2605:"B-401016; B-401016.2, PlanetSpace, Inc., April 22, 2009"
2375:(Press release). t/Space. 1 February 2007. Archived from
2066:"Space Systems/Loral Proposes Bus for NASA's Cargo Needs"
1876:
1874:
1872:
212:, since refocused, would not have been ready until 2014.
173:
2299:"Orbital To Pull Out of Rocketplane Kistler's COTS Team"
2016:"Orbital Sciences about to make first space station run"
122:
vendors were competing for four specific service areas:
2630:
2349:(Press release). SpaceDev. 18 June 2007. Archived from
1737:"NASA Signs Space Act Agreements with Three More Firms"
1257:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1869:
83:
replaced Rocketplane Kistler in the program in 2008.
2591:"Planetspace officially protest NASA's CRS selection"
1609:(Press release). NASA. 18 August 2006. Archived from
1989:"Orbital Successfully Launches First Antares Rocket"
1908:"NASA Holds Commercial Crew Pre-proposal Conference"
1439:
FAA Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Council
2237:"ATK's new vehicle to provide multi-access options"
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1428:
1426:
456:
to rendezvous with the International Space Station.
168:. In November 2005, Dr. Griffin articulated that:
2548:"NewSpace: The Emerging Commercial Space Industry"
1787:. Space Fellowship. 7 January 2008. Archived from
1688:. Aviation Week. 10 September 2007. Archived from
1441:. Washington, D.C.: FAA. p. 2. Archived from
1392:
1294:(Press release). NASA. 3 June 2014. Archived from
1207:CRS mission simulation including docking with ISS
1181:CRS mission simulation including docking with ISS
118:and possibly docking with another spacecraft. The
2154:"NASA signs Space Act Agreement with Planetspace"
1464:"Commercial Space Development – What's the Next?"
1393:Griffin, Michael; Valin Thorn (11 January 2007).
6761:
5578:
2279:(Press release). SPACEHAB, Inc. 29 November 2007
1761:. Aviation Week. 19 October 2007. Archived from
1527:
1423:
2036:"Private ventures vie to service space station"
1404:. Reno, Nevada: NASA. p. 2. Archived from
1213:
4416:
2301:(Press release). Space News. 25 September 2006
1395:"Commercial Crew & Cargo Program Overview"
1362:
1360:
6328:
5564:
4622:
4077:
2646:
2068:(Press release). Space News. 10 December 2007
1835:. forum.NasaSpaceflight.com. 5 February 2008.
1500:
1498:
1124:
260:In February 2004, NASA awarded a contract to
148:After years of keeping orbital transport for
2588:
1887:. U.S. House of Representatives. 26 May 2011
1556:Commercial Crew & Cargo Program Overview
1432:
2257:(Press release). SPACEHAB, Inc. 10 May 2006
2013:
1865:. forum.NasaSpaceflight.com. 24 April 2008.
1542:"Boeing set to offer Delta IV-launched ATV"
1357:
1346:. NASA Johnson Space Center. Archived from
6335:
6321:
5571:
5557:
5372:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
5318:Chantilly, Houston, Seattle, Washington DC
4629:
4615:
4084:
4070:
3025:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
2653:
2639:
2570:"Space Station Resupply Contracts Awarded"
1495:
1155:Dragon spacecraft to test Falcon 9 rocket
44:and launch vehicles for deliveries to the
30:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
5490:Blue Origin v. United States & SpaceX
3919:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
2521:
1956:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1711:NASA Cuts Funds for Private Space Venture
1577:"NASA makes first round of cuts for COTS"
152:in-house, NASA concluded that firms in a
5507:Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space
2487:
1574:
349:
287:
20:
4004:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
1938:. NASA. February 2014. NASA/SP-2014-617
1905:
1370:. NASA. 20 October 2006. Archived from
6762:
4325:Window Observational Research Facility
2792:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
2234:
1839:
1504:
1316:
6342:
6316:
5552:
5474:(former VP of Propulsion Development)
4610:
4065:
3582:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
2634:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2025:
1813:. Imaginova/Space.com. 8 January 2008
1725:, 5 June 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
1666:(Press release). ATK. 8 November 2006
1483:from the original on 19 December 2021
1433:Gerstenmaier, William (18 May 2007).
979:Constellation Services International
859:Constellation Services International
410:
5290:Rocket development and test facility
4044:
2130:. NASA. 2 March 2012. Archived from
1863:"COTS Selection Statement – Feb, 08"
1402:45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting
139:
2488:Belfiore, Michael (17 March 2006).
2373:"NASA signs agreement with t/Space"
1723:NONREIMBURSABLE SPACE ACT AGREEMENT
40:program to spur the development of
13:
6302:Symbol †indicates failed missions
2698:National Aeronautics and Space Act
2579:. Aviation Week, 24 December 2008.
2494:Dispatches from the Final Frontier
2399:"t/Space enters COTS second round"
2022:
1631:
1581:Dispatches from the Final Frontier
1435:"Need for Commercial Cargo to ISS"
1368:"X Prize Comments by Mike Griffin"
202:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
14:
6786:
5387:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
3652:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3206:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
2614:
2235:Bergin, Chris (21 January 2008).
2014:Dunn,Marcia (17 September 2013).
1906:Messier, Doug (6 December 2013).
1292:"NASA Releases COTS Final Report"
1272:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
6399:
6365:Uncrewed spaceflights to the ISS
5749:
5743:
5532:
5531:
5247:Autonomous spaceport drone ships
4808:
4591:
4590:
4527:Centrifuge Accommodations Module
4400:
4043:
4032:
4031:
3947:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
3705:Space Flight Operations Facility
2891:Operations and Checkout Building
2589:Chris Bergin (15 January 2009).
1957:Moskowitz, Clara (31 May 2012).
1686:"RpK's COTS Contract Terminated"
1575:Belfiore, Michael (9 May 2006).
1236:Government Accountability Office
278:Government Accountability Office
5356:SpaceX fairing recovery program
4501:Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules
3166:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
2597:
2582:
2562:
2540:
2507:
2481:
2449:
2425:"NASA Signs Agreement with CSI"
2417:
2391:
2365:
2339:
2313:
2291:
2269:
2247:
2228:
2210:
2178:
2146:
2120:
2106:
2080:
2058:
2007:
1981:
1950:
1925:
1899:
1855:
1833:"COTS I ReAward Final Cut Poll"
1825:
1803:
1777:
1751:
1728:
1715:
1704:
1678:
1656:
1625:
1599:
1568:
1548:
345:
71:COTS contracts were awarded to
5302:Satellite development facility
4277:International Docking Adapters
1995:. Orbital Sciences Corporation
1469:
1457:
1386:
1336:
1310:
1284:
460:
283:
160:. The then NASA Administrator
25:Logo used for the COTS program
1:
2034:Boyle, Alan (20 March 2006).
1317:Berger, Eric (23 July 2024).
1278:
255:
5377:Commercial Resupply Services
3984:Space program on U.S. stamps
3909:Gemini and Apollo medallions
3859:Solar System Family Portrait
3635:Joint Polar Satellite System
3504:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
2758:Vision for Space Exploration
2728:Space Exploration Initiative
2517:. NASA HQ. 22 December 2008.
2128:"COTS 2006 Demo Competition"
1231:Orbital Sciences Corporation
1220:Commercial Resupply Services
1214:Commercial Resupply Services
446:Orbital Sciences Corporation
398:Orbital Sciences Corporation
317:Transformational Space Corp.
182:Russian Federal Space Agency
166:Vision for Space Exploration
88:Commercial Resupply Services
81:Orbital Sciences Corporation
61:medium-class launch vehicles
7:
4314:Pressurized Mating Adapters
4094:International Space Station
3979:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
3936:We choose to go to the Moon
3899:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
3457:International Space Station
3437:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
3176:Great Observatories program
3020:International Space Station
2998:Roscosmos State Corporation
2915:Science Mission Directorate
2861:Manned Space Flight Network
1759:"NASA Reopens COTS Bidding"
1253:Commercial Crew Development
1241:
96:Commercial Crew Development
46:International Space Station
10:
6791:
5392:Gateway Logistics Services
5129:in the Russo-Ukrainian War
4806:
4636:
4282:Integrated Truss Structure
4272:ExPRESS Logistics Carriers
4267:External Stowage Platforms
3796:NASA cameras on spacecraft
3607:James Webb Space Telescope
3519:Solar Dynamics Observatory
2740:U.S. National Space Policy
2218:"Strange space bedfellows"
1965:. New York. Archived from
1739:. Space News. 19 June 2007
1511:William Morrow and Company
1217:
1200:Orbital COTS Demo Flight 1
1125:Demonstration flight tests
357:approaches the ISS on its
295:approaches the ISS on its
250:
198:Automated Transfer Vehicle
101:
6747:indicate launch failures.
6738:
6687:
6666:
6434:
6408:
6397:
6373:
6350:
6297:indicates future missions
6281:
6121:
5887:
5827:
5820:
5758:
5741:
5619:
5590:
5525:
5481:
5452:
5420:
5364:
5332:
5270:
5239:
5201:
5153:
5144:
5097:Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy
5082:
5009:
4988:
4950:
4924:
4917:
4857:
4824:
4817:
4769:
4728:
4695:
4662:
4653:
4644:
4586:
4565:
4514:
4491:
4466:
4447:
4440:
4409:
4398:
4333:
4244:
4162:
4107:
4100:
4027:
3927:
3804:
3719:
3664:
3627:
3426:
3236:
3223:
3153:
3067:
3057:
3012:
2938:
2927:
2871:Vehicle Assembly Building
2779:
2678:
2668:
2626:COTS Space Act Agreements
2537:. NASA, 23 December 2008.
1466:. NASA, 15 November 2007.
1174:SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2
1161:SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1
419:
366:their proposed vehicles.
359:COTS demonstration flight
297:COTS demonstration flight
6286:Ongoing spaceflights in
5278:Headquarters and factory
4573:Manufacturing of the ISS
4547:Universal Docking Module
3942:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
3866:The Day the Earth Smiled
3201:Solar Terrestrial Probes
2660:
1267:Space Shuttle successors
1262:Commercial off-the-shelf
659:Orbital Transfer Vehicle
210:Crew Exploration Vehicle
172:"With the advent of the
5382:Commercial Crew Program
4552:Russian Research Module
4292:Mobile Servicing System
3999:Other primates in space
3711:Deep Space Atomic Clock
3531:Mars Science Laboratory
3319:Spitzer Space Telescope
2908:Lunar Sample Laboratory
2851:Launch Services Program
2220:. MSNBC. Archived from
996:Advent Launch Services
5501:Billionaire space race
5433:Falcon 9 landing tests
4542:Science Power Platform
4506:Interim Control Module
4014:National Astronaut Day
3957:The Astronaut Monument
3779:Space Shuttle missions
3479:Mars Exploration Rover
3462:Hubble Space Telescope
3371:Kepler space telescope
3171:Earth Observing System
3145:Mars Exploration Rover
2856:Mercury Control Center
1734:SpaceHab, and SpaceDev
1047:Odyssey Space Research
362:
300:
235:and Orbital Sciences'
86:COTS differs from the
26:
5283:Hawthorne, California
4455:Axiom Orbital Segment
3962:Lunar sample displays
3952:Space Mirror Memorial
3894:Voyager Golden Record
3786:United States rockets
2978: (with the
2886:Launch Control Center
2607:. GAO. 22 April 2009.
2575:22 March 2012 at the
2568:Morring, Jr., Frank.
1505:Berger, Eric (2021).
1479:. NASA. 22 May 2012.
1353:on 29 September 2006.
1073:Thortek Laboratories
1021:Exploration Partners
831:Crew Transfer Vehicle
353:
291:
206:H-II Transfer Vehicle
194:European Space Agency
65:fixed-price contracts
24:
5871:In-Flight Abort Test
5496:Commercial astronaut
5397:Human Landing System
4931:Starship prototypes
4557:Science Power Module
4262:European Robotic Arm
2980:Soviet space program
2898:Johnson Space Center
2866:Kennedy Space Center
2829:spinoff technologies
2533:15 July 2016 at the
2353:on 27 September 2011
1513:. pp. 109–110.
583:Andrews Cargo Module
92:Space Act Agreements
6770:Private spaceflight
5468:(President and COO)
5307:Redmond, Washington
4935:first stage booster
4708:Super Heavy booster
4578:Assembly of the ISS
4537:Crew Return Vehicle
4287:Life Support System
3989:Apollo 17 Moon mice
3845:Pillars of Creation
3752:Space Shuttle crews
3230:(human and robotic)
3224:Individual featured
2807:Ranks and positions
2621:NASA's COTS webpage
2469:on 26 February 2009
2405:on 30 November 2007
2327:on 24 November 2006
2243:on 24 January 2008.
2224:on 2 December 2007.
1644:on 8 September 2021
1445:on 26 February 2009
965:Space Systems/Loral
759:Venturer Aerospace
726:Rocketplane Kistler
669:Alliant Techsystems
593:Alliant Techsystems
426:Rocketplane Kistler
321:Rocketplane Kistler
190:Progress spacecraft
120:private spaceflight
77:Rocketplane Kistler
53:cost-plus contracts
16:Former NASA program
5836:Dragon test flight
4754:"Full Thrust" v1.2
4459:US Deorbit Vehicle
4092:Components of the
3791:NASA cancellations
3686:Deep Space Network
3676:Near Earth Network
3161:Living With a Star
3135:Project Prometheus
3115:Planetary Observer
2379:on 2 February 2007
2094:on 17 October 2006
2046:on 29 October 2020
1785:"COTS 1.5 Roundup"
1561:2012-10-20 at the
1411:on 20 October 2012
411:Program conclusion
363:
301:
162:Michael D. Griffin
42:private spacecraft
27:
6755:
6754:
6344:Cygnus spacecraft
6310:
6309:
6277:
6276:
6258:Polaris Program-2
5546:
5545:
5510:(2021 docuseries)
5235:
5234:
5146:Launch facilities
5084:Lists of missions
5005:
5004:
4913:
4912:
4804:
4803:
4604:
4603:
4532:Habitation Module
4522:Propulsion Module
4487:
4486:
4436:
4435:
4396:
4395:
4257:Electrical System
4059:
4058:
3972:stolen or missing
3769:uncrewed missions
3747:Apollo astronauts
3742:Gemini astronauts
3660:
3659:
3444:2001 Mars Odyssey
3219:
3218:
3095:Mars Surveyor '98
3053:
3052:
2996: (with
2929:Human spaceflight
2923:
2922:
2881:Launch Complex 48
2876:Launch Complex 39
1613:on 20 August 2011
1520:978-0-06-297997-1
1374:on 24 August 2009
1211:
1210:
1204:18 September 2013
1144:Falcon 9 Flight 1
1122:
1121:
454:Cygnus spacecraft
402:Cygnus spacecraft
262:Kistler Aerospace
243:and the Japanese
229:Bill Gerstenmaier
208:since NASA's own
150:human spaceflight
140:Program rationale
6782:
6731:
6730:
6721:
6720:
6711:
6710:
6701:
6700:
6680:
6679:
6667:Current missions
6659:
6658:
6649:
6648:
6639:
6638:
6629:
6628:
6619:
6618:
6609:
6608:
6599:
6598:
6589:
6588:
6579:
6578:
6569:
6568:
6559:
6558:
6549:
6548:
6539:
6538:
6529:
6528:
6519:
6518:
6509:
6508:
6499:
6498:
6489:
6488:
6478:
6477:
6468:
6467:
6458:
6457:
6448:
6447:
6426:Northrop Grumman
6403:
6391:Falcon 9 Block 5
6337:
6330:
6323:
6314:
6313:
6303:
6298:
6290:
6270:
6261:
6252:
6243:
6234:
6225:
6218:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6146:
6139:
6132:
6114:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5825:
5824:
5813:
5806:
5797:
5790:
5788:v1.2 Full Thrust
5783:
5776:
5769:
5753:
5747:
5736:
5729:
5719:
5712:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5678:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5550:
5549:
5535:
5534:
5421:R&D programs
5314:Regional offices
5271:Other facilities
5151:
5150:
4922:
4921:
4822:
4821:
4812:
4660:
4659:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4608:
4607:
4594:
4593:
4445:
4444:
4414:
4413:
4404:
4105:
4104:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4063:
4062:
4047:
4046:
4035:
4034:
3873:Fallen Astronaut
3514:Van Allen Probes
3234:
3233:
3140:Mars Exploration
3065:
3064:
2936:
2935:
2704:Space Task Group
2676:
2675:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2580:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2544:
2538:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2239:. Archived from
2232:
2226:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2166:on 17 March 2007
2165:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2042:. Archived from
2031:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1848:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1640:. Archived from
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1583:. Archived from
1572:
1566:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1544:. 12 April 2005.
1538:
1525:
1524:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1298:on 7 August 2020
1288:
1258:
1248:Cargo spacecraft
1129:
1128:
741:Orbital Sciences
516:Orbital Sciences
468:
467:
450:Antares (rocket)
227:On 22 May 2012,
57:Orion spacecraft
6790:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6760:
6759:
6756:
6751:
6734:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6714:
6708:
6704:
6698:
6694:
6688:Future missions
6683:
6677:
6673:
6662:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6622:
6616:
6612:
6606:
6602:
6596:
6592:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6562:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6542:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6522:
6516:
6512:
6506:
6502:
6496:
6492:
6486:
6481:
6475:
6471:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6441:
6430:
6404:
6395:
6374:Launch vehicles
6369:
6346:
6341:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6293:
6285:
6273:
6264:
6255:
6246:
6237:
6228:
6221:
6212:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6122:Crewed missions
6117:
6108:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5754:
5748:
5739:
5732:
5722:
5715:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5681:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5586:
5580:SpaceX Dragon 1
5577:
5547:
5542:
5541:
5521:
5515:Return to Space
5477:
5466:Gwynne Shotwell
5448:
5416:
5360:
5352:(recovery ship)
5344:(recovery ship)
5328:
5295:McGregor, Texas
5266:
5231:
5197:
5140:
5078:
5001:
4984:
4946:
4909:
4853:
4813:
4800:
4765:
4724:
4691:
4655:Launch vehicles
4649:
4640:
4635:
4605:
4600:
4582:
4561:
4510:
4493:
4483:
4462:
4432:
4418:
4405:
4392:
4335:
4329:
4240:
4158:
4109:Russian Segment
4096:
4090:
4060:
4055:
4023:
3923:
3914:Mission patches
3889:Pioneer plaques
3852:Mystic Mountain
3829:Family Portrait
3822:The Blue Marble
3806:
3800:
3774:Apollo missions
3715:
3667:
3656:
3623:
3428:
3422:
3259:Mercury-Atlas 6
3229:
3225:
3215:
3149:
3085:Mariner Mark II
3049:
3030:Commercial Crew
3008:
2931:
2919:
2903:Mission Control
2802:Astronaut Corps
2797:Chief Scientist
2775:
2680:
2664:
2659:
2617:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2587:
2583:
2577:Wayback Machine
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2535:Wayback Machine
2526:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2437:on 28 July 2007
2434:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2233:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2198:on 23 July 2008
2195:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2134:on 22 June 2017
2126:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2032:
2023:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1840:
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1794:
1792:
1791:on 30 July 2012
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1632:Dunbar, Brian.
1630:
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1600:
1590:
1588:
1587:on 14 June 2006
1573:
1569:
1563:Wayback Machine
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1165:8 December 2010
1127:
1098:Triton Systems
892:Lockheed Martin
807:Lockheed Martin
707:Lockheed Martin
673:Lockheed Martin
509:
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502:
497:
495:
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488:
463:
435:
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286:
258:
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112:orbit insertion
104:
17:
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5:
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5857:Pad Abort Test
5853:
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5444:Mars transport
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5251:Landing Zones
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5011:Rocket engines
5007:
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4837:Dragon 2 Cargo
4834:
4832:Dragon 1 Cargo
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4696:In development
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4252:Bishop airlock
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4009:Astronauts Day
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3714:
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3697:
3692:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3668:and navigation
3666:Communications
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
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3654:
3649:
3646:Europa Clipper
3642:
3637:
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3148:
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3132:
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3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3100:New Millennium
3097:
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2650:
2643:
2635:
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2623:
2616:
2615:External links
2613:
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2105:
2079:
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2006:
1980:
1969:on 1 June 2012
1949:
1924:
1898:
1868:
1854:
1838:
1824:
1802:
1776:
1765:on 12 May 2011
1750:
1727:
1714:
1703:
1692:on 12 May 2011
1677:
1655:
1624:
1598:
1567:
1554:Valin Thorn, "
1547:
1526:
1519:
1494:
1468:
1456:
1422:
1385:
1356:
1344:"COTS Vendors"
1335:
1309:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
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1269:
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1250:
1243:
1240:
1218:Main article:
1215:
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523:
518:
512:
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498:semi-finalist
492:
485:
482:
480:Launch vehicle
477:
472:
462:
459:
458:
457:
442:
441:
429:
421:
418:
412:
409:
347:
344:
285:
282:
266:George Mueller
257:
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249:
178:
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141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
103:
100:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6787:
6776:
6775:NASA programs
6773:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6758:
6748:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6737:
6727:
6723:
6717:
6713:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6631:
6625:
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6611:
6605:
6601:
6595:
6591:
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6505:
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6491:
6484:
6480:
6474:
6470:
6464:
6460:
6454:
6450:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6435:Past missions
6433:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6402:
6392:
6389:
6387:
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6378:
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6372:
6366:
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6280:
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5992:
5988:
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5957:
5953:
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5284:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5276:
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5269:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5255:LZ-1 and LZ-2
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:Landing sites
5238:
5226:
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5218:
5215:
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5207:
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5192:Omelek Island
5190:
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4918:Test vehicles
4916:
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4902:
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4865:Dragon 2 Crew
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4307:Boom Assembly
4305:
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4019:Nikon NASA F4
4017:
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3990:
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3904:NASA insignia
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
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3890:
3887:
3885:
3884:Lunar plaques
3882:
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3877:
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3861:
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3856:
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3836:Pale Blue Dot
3833:
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3764:NASA missions
3762:
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3759:NASA aircraft
3757:
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3681:Space Network
3679:
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3314:Space Shuttle
3312:
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3307:
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3209:
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3196:New Frontiers
3194:
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3108:
3106:
3105:Lunar Orbiter
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
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3056:
3046:
3045:Lunar Gateway
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3004:Constellation
3002:
2999:
2995:
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2989:
2987:
2986:Space Shuttle
2984:
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2977:
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2824:NASA research
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2017:
2010:
1994:
1993:press release
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1984:
1968:
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1912:Parabolic Arc
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1191:21 April 2013
1190:
1188:
1187:Antares A-ONE
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578:Andrews Space
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313:Andrews Space
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293:SpaceX Dragon
290:
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268:. This upset
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233:SpaceX Dragon
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222:lunar surface
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31:
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6354:
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6287:
6265:
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6247:
6238:
6229:
6223:Polaris Dawn
6213:
6151:Inspiration4
6109:
5828:Demo flights
5725:
5708:
5684:
5674:
5650:
5602:
5513:
5505:
5488:
5407:Rocket Cargo
5371:
5347:
5339:
4977:
4970:
4957:
4895:
4887:
4879:
4871:
4789:Falcon 9 Air
4718:lunar lander
4687:Falcon Heavy
4425:
4334:Experimental
4233:
4226:
4219:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
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3593:Perseverance
3592:
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3484:
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3451:New Horizons
3449:
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3408:
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3324:
3285:
3277:
3270:
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3024:
2992:
2976:Apollo–Soyuz
2599:
2584:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2542:
2523:
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2493:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2464:the original
2451:
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2432:the original
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2039:
2009:
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1992:
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1857:
1827:
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1805:
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1789:the original
1779:
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1763:the original
1753:
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1730:
1717:
1706:
1696:10 September
1694:. Retrieved
1690:the original
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:the original
1638:www.nasa.gov
1637:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1601:
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1585:the original
1580:
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1471:
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1406:the original
1401:
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1372:the original
1348:the original
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1323:Ars Technica
1322:
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1296:the original
1286:
1223:
1138:Description
911:EADS Astrium
797:Dream Chaser
635:EADS Astrium
505:participant
491:participant
464:
414:
406:
395:
391:
368:
364:
346:Second round
340:
337:
333:
306:
302:
259:
226:
214:
179:
147:
143:
109:
105:
85:
70:
50:
33:
29:
28:
18:
6729:(Late 2026)
6443:Test flight
6421:Orbital ATK
5472:Tom Mueller
5428:Reusability
5202:Atmospheric
4959:Grasshopper
4940:upper stage
4795:BFR and ITS
4713:upper stage
4228:Tranquility
3879:Deep fields
3807:and artwork
3805:NASA images
3377:Opportunity
2846:NASA Social
2672:and history
2473:11 December
2441:11 December
2409:11 December
2383:11 December
2357:11 December
2331:21 November
2305:17 December
2283:11 December
2261:21 November
2202:11 December
2170:11 December
2098:21 November
2072:10 December
2018:. Phys.org.
1743:11 December
1670:21 November
1617:21 November
1591:21 November
1178:22 May 2012
1153:boilerplate
1148:4 June 2010
873:RKK Energia
654:PlanetSpace
631:Arianespace
461:Competitors
383:PlanetSpace
284:First round
218:fuel depots
158:bureaucracy
154:free market
6764:Categories
6719:(Jan 2026)
6709:(Jun 2025)
6699:(Feb 2025)
6678:(Aug 2024)
6657:(Jan 2024)
6647:(Aug 2023)
6637:(Nov 2022)
6627:(Feb 2022)
6617:(Aug 2021)
6607:(Feb 2021)
6597:(Oct 2020)
6587:(Feb 2020)
6577:(Nov 2019)
6567:(Apr 2019)
6557:(Nov 2018)
6547:(May 2018)
6537:(Nov 2017)
6527:(Apr 2017)
6517:(Oct 2016)
6507:(Mar 2016)
6497:(Dec 2015)
6487:(Oct 2014)
6476:(Jul 2014)
6466:(Jan 2014)
6456:(Sep 2013)
6446:(Apr 2013)
5811:SuperDraco
5685:Resilience
5620:Spacecraft
5462:(CEO, CTO)
5453:Key people
5440:(canceled)
5438:Red Dragon
5412:Starshield
5225:Boca Chica
5214:New Mexico
5051:SuperDraco
4979:Starhopper
4880:Resilience
4818:Spacecraft
4419:components
4245:Subsystems
4164:US Segment
3967:Moon rocks
3727:Astronauts
3720:NASA lists
3577:OSIRIS-REx
3411:helicopter
3279:Pioneer 11
3272:Pioneer 10
3075:Hitchhiker
2950:suborbital
2787:Space Race
2554:3 November
2550:. NASA.gov
2138:3 November
1917:7 December
1817:27 January
1795:12 January
1769:28 October
1279:References
1151:Launch of
836:QuickReach
664:Athena III
475:Spacecraft
438:Dragon C2+
400:, for the
256:Background
116:rendezvous
6409:Operators
6288:underline
5891:logistics
5709:Endurance
5675:Endeavour
5651:DragonFly
5460:Elon Musk
5365:Contracts
5107:2020–2021
5102:2010–2019
4972:DragonFly
4888:Endurance
4872:Endeavour
4842:Dragon XL
4777:Falcon 1e
4770:Cancelled
4740:Falcon 9
4515:Cancelled
4383:PK-3 Plus
4368:ISS-CREAM
4297:Canadarm2
3994:Moon tree
3815:Earthrise
3690:Goldstone
3587:Mars 2020
3556:Voyager 2
3549:Voyager 1
3485:Curiosity
3429:operating
3427:Currently
3409:Ingenuity
3346:MESSENGER
3325:Sojourner
3254:Mercury 3
3244:Apollo 11
3191:Discovery
3181:Explorers
2770:Augustine
2734:Augustine
1963:Space.com
970:Space Tug
944:Space Van
939:Space Van
841:AirLaunch
323:("RpK"),
270:Elon Musk
200:, or the
5821:Missions
5767:Falcon 9
5759:Hardware
5584:Dragon 2
5537:Category
5324:STARGATE
5220:Starbase
5209:McGregor
5136:Starship
5124:launches
5119:Starlink
5114:SpaceBEE
5092:Falcon 1
4996:F9R Dev2
4965:F9R Dev1
4904:Starship
4848:Starship
4783:Falcon 5
4736:Falcon 1
4703:Starship
4680:boosters
4670:Falcon 9
4596:Category
4494:hardware
4467:Proposed
4388:SAGE III
4213:Leonardo
4178:Columbus
4101:Orbiting
4038:Category
3700:Canberra
3612:timeline
3600:timeline
3536:timeline
3492:timeline
3389:observed
3384:timeline
3352:Aquarius
3292:timeline
3265:Magellan
3227:missions
3125:Surveyor
3061:programs
2991:Shuttle–
2932:programs
2764:Aldridge
2683:creation
2573:Archived
2531:Archived
2040:NBC News
1999:21 April
1891:28 April
1559:Archived
1481:Archived
1242:See also
975:Aquarius
863:Progress
792:SpaceDev
768:Falcon 9
692:SpaceHab
626:Delta IV
588:Hercules
557:Falcon 9
484:Partner
471:Company
387:SpaceDev
371:Spacehab
329:SpaceDev
325:Spacehab
36:) was a
6416:Orbital
6386:Atlas V
6381:Antares
6295:Italics
6249:Axiom-4
6207:Axiom-3
6193:Axiom-2
6165:Axiom-1
5795:Block 5
5726:Freedom
5482:Related
5402:Polaris
5349:Shannon
5333:Support
5154:Orbital
5041:Kestrel
4989:Unflown
4951:Retired
4925:Current
4896:Freedom
4759:Block 4
4729:Retired
4675:Block 5
4663:Current
4647:History
4566:Related
4448:Planned
4336:devices
4222:airlock
4199:Harmony
4192:Destiny
4139:Rassvet
4132:Prichal
4050:Commons
3928:Related
3737:by year
3732:by name
3509:GOES 15
3499:GOES 14
3416:flights
3402:InSight
3358:Cassini
3286:Galileo
3211:SIMPLEx
3186:Voyager
3154:Current
3110:Pioneer
3080:Mariner
3059:Robotic
3040:Artemis
3013:Current
2956:Mercury
2948: (
2841:NASA TV
2780:General
2679:History
2499:21 June
2050:21 June
1507:Liftoff
1487:23 June
1449:13 June
1328:24 July
934:PanAero
906:Atlas V
826:t/Space
802:Atlas V
702:Atlas V
526:Antares
375:t/Space
251:History
102:Purpose
6453:Orb-D1
6267:Vast-1
6231:Crew-9
6215:Crew-8
6200:Crew-7
6186:Crew-6
6179:Crew-5
6172:Crew-4
6158:Crew-3
6144:Crew-2
6137:Crew-1
6130:Demo-2
6111:CRS-31
6103:CRS-30
6096:CRS-29
6089:CRS-28
6082:CRS-27
6075:CRS-26
6068:CRS-25
6061:CRS-24
6054:CRS-23
6047:CRS-22
6040:CRS-21
6033:CRS-20
6026:CRS-19
6019:CRS-18
6012:CRS-17
6005:CRS-16
5998:CRS-15
5991:CRS-14
5984:CRS-13
5977:CRS-12
5970:CRS-11
5963:CRS-10
5878:Demo-2
5864:Demo-1
5850:COTS-2
5843:COTS-1
5518:(2022)
5180:SLC-4E
5172:LC-39A
5164:SLC-40
5073:Vacuum
5056:Raptor
5035:Vacuum
5019:Merlin
4858:Crewed
4638:SpaceX
4474:Node 4
4441:Future
4410:Former
4343:AMS-02
4321:cranes
4319:Strela
4302:Dextre
4185:Cupola
4153:Zvezda
3695:Madrid
3628:Future
3543:NuSTAR
3474:THEMIS
3396:RHESSI
3333:Spirit
3130:Viking
3120:Ranger
2971:Skylab
2966:Apollo
2961:Gemini
2819:Budget
2772:(2009)
2766:(2004)
2760:(2004)
2754:(2003)
2748:(2002)
2746:CFUSAI
2742:(1996)
2736:(1990)
2730:(1989)
2724:(1987)
2718:(1986)
2716:Rogers
2712:(1986)
2706:(1958)
2700:(1958)
2694:(1915)
2670:Policy
1973:31 May
1942:4 June
1721:NASA,
1648:18 May
1517:
1415:6 June
1378:6 June
1302:8 June
1227:SpaceX
1132:Flight
773:SpaceX
697:ARCTUS
616:Boeing
552:Dragon
547:SpaceX
521:Cygnus
510:round
501:Second
432:SpaceX
420:Awards
355:Cygnus
327:, and
309:SpaceX
274:SpaceX
237:Cygnus
192:, the
73:SpaceX
6743:Signs
6726:NG-25
6716:NG-24
6706:NG-23
6696:NG-22
6675:NG-21
6654:NG-20
6644:NG-19
6634:NG-18
6624:NG-17
6614:NG-16
6604:NG-15
6594:NG-14
6584:NG-13
6574:NG-12
6564:NG-11
6554:NG-10
6544:OA-9E
6534:OA-8E
6483:Orb-3
6473:Orb-2
6463:Orb-1
6240:Fram2
5956:CRS-9
5949:CRS-8
5941:CRS-7
5934:CRS-6
5927:CRS-5
5920:CRS-4
5913:CRS-3
5906:CRS-2
5899:CRS-1
5804:Draco
5724:C212
5707:C210
5683:C207
5673:C206
5649:C201
5341:Megan
5186:SLC-6
5184:VSFB
5161:CCSFS
5046:Draco
4894:C212
4886:C210
4878:C207
4870:C206
4825:Cargo
4492:Spare
4479:XBASE
4417:Major
4378:NICER
4348:CALET
4235:Unity
4220:Quest
4146:Zarya
4125:Poisk
4118:Nauka
3640:NISAR
3595:rover
3567:MAVEN
3487:rover
3468:Swift
3379:rover
3340:LADEE
3335:rover
3327:rover
3304:GRAIL
3299:GALEX
3090:MESUR
3035:Orion
2836:NASA+
2812:Chief
2710:Paine
2467:(PDF)
2460:(PDF)
2435:(PDF)
2428:(PDF)
2196:(PDF)
2189:(PDF)
2164:(PDF)
2157:(PDF)
1936:(PDF)
1885:(PDF)
1409:(PDF)
1398:(PDF)
1351:(xls)
868:Soyuz
763:S-550
503:round
496:round
494:First
489:round
487:First
186:Soyuz
6524:OA-7
6514:OA-5
6504:OA-6
6494:OA-4
6355:COTS
5734:C213
5717:C211
5700:C209
5693:C208
5666:C205
5659:C204
5642:C108
5635:C106
5628:C100
5603:COTS
5582:and
5260:LZ-4
5177:VSFB
4749:v1.1
4744:v1.0
4427:Pirs
4373:MAXI
4363:HDEV
4358:GEDI
4353:CATS
4206:KibĹŤ
4172:BEAM
3619:PACE
3562:WISE
3525:Juno
3365:Dawn
3309:WMAP
3249:COBE
3237:Past
3068:Past
2946:X-15
2939:Past
2752:CAIB
2722:Ride
2692:NACA
2662:NASA
2556:2022
2501:2024
2475:2007
2443:2007
2411:2007
2385:2007
2359:2007
2333:2006
2307:2007
2285:2007
2263:2006
2204:2007
2172:2007
2140:2022
2100:2006
2074:2007
2052:2024
2001:2013
1975:2012
1944:2014
1919:2013
1893:2014
1819:2008
1797:2008
1771:2007
1745:2007
1698:2007
1672:2006
1650:2021
1619:2006
1593:2006
1515:ISBN
1489:2012
1451:2007
1417:2007
1380:2007
1330:2024
1304:2014
1229:and
1135:Date
915:JAXA
848:Yes
845:Yes
814:Yes
811:Yes
777:Yes
748:Yes
745:Yes
717:Yes
714:Yes
711:Yes
683:Yes
607:Yes
604:Yes
601:Yes
572:Yes
569:Yes
566:Yes
563:Yes
541:Yes
538:Yes
385:and
220:and
188:and
75:and
38:NASA
34:COTS
6360:CRS
5889:ISS
5781:1.1
5774:1.0
5610:CRS
5596:CCP
5169:KSC
5026:1B*
3572:MMS
2993:Mir
1118:No
1112:No
1093:No
1087:No
1068:No
1062:No
1041:No
1035:No
1016:No
1010:No
991:No
985:No
959:No
953:No
928:No
922:No
913:or
901:HTV
899:or
897:ATV
886:No
880:No
854:No
820:No
786:No
783:No
780:No
754:No
751:No
736:K-1
731:K-1
720:No
686:No
680:No
677:No
648:No
642:No
621:ATV
610:No
597:MDA
535:No
508:Won
245:HTV
241:ATV
204:'s
196:'s
184:'s
174:ISS
6766::
6745:â€
6485:â€
5032:1D
5029:1C
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
