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historians and writers have referred to the
Comancheros as Mexican traders. While traders from Mexico were occasionally involved with the Comanchero trade, by far the majority were from New Mexico, Hispanics and people of mixed ethnicity. New Mexicans of the time were the descendants of the Spanish colonial settlers and soldiers and the Native American peoples of New Mexico. The native peoples in New Mexico included the
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and sometimes at war with the settlements along the Rio Grande. During the mid-18th century (1750–1780), the plains tribes, notably the
Comanche, but also the Apache and other tribal groups, raided the Pueblos and Spanish settlements for horses, corn and slaves with ever-increasing frequency. This continued until 1779, when a 500-man army led directly by the new young governor,
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described these traders as, "These parties of
Comancheros are usually composed of the indigent and rude classes of the frontier villages, who collect together several times a year, and launch upon the plains with a few trinkets and trumperies of all kinds, and perhaps a bag of bread or pinole." Some
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In 1719, the
Comanches made the first recorded raid for horses upon the settlements of the Rio Grande Valley. For the next 60 years, the relations of the Comanches with the Spanish and Pueblo settlements was a patchwork of alternate trading and raiding, with different bands being sometimes at peace
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From the 1780s until the mid-19th century, the
Comanchero trade flourished at different locales on the Southern High Plains, notably in northeastern New Mexico at Cejita de Los Comancheros in present-day Harding County and in the Palo Duro Canyon area of Texas near Quitaque in present-day Briscoe
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This treaty opened the way for the full development of the
Comanchero trade. Prior to this New Mexico trade with the Comanche had been essentially limited to Comanche attendance at trade fairs at the Taos and Pecos Pueblos, and trade with the Spanish settlers at Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Valencia and
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of 1680. They migrated southward through the Rocky
Mountains and into the Southern High Plains, where they and their Shoshonean kinsmen, the Utes, began to appear at trade fairs in Taos about 1700. During the first half of the 18th century the Comanche gradually spread their area of occupation
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Prior to the coming of the
Spanish, with their horses, into the American Southwest, with early explorations beginning in the 1540s and permanent settlement in the late 1590s, the people who came to be known as Comanches did not live in the Southern High Plains. The Comanches, a
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Tome. Although there was no doubt intermittent trading between small groups of
Pueblos and Spaniards with various Comanche bands on the Southern High Plains prior to 1780, the real Comanchero trade grew and flourished after that year.
138:, burning the camps and capturing and destroying 1400 horses. This defeat, and loss of their horses, camps and food supplies, caused the last band of the free-roaming Comanches, the Kwahada under
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TV series dealt with the subject of
Comancheros in a 2-part episode called 'Women for Sale' (Season 19, Episodes 1 & 2) which aired Sept 10th and 17th, 1973. In this episode,
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throughout the Southern High Plains and large areas of Texas, where they largely displaced the tribal peoples who had lived there prior to the coming of the Spaniards, mostly the
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people, migrated from the North and arose as a separate and distinct tribe in the early 18th century, largely as a result of having obtained breeding stocks of horses after the
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from the Comanche. As the Comancheros did not have regular access to weapons and gunpowder, there is disagreement about how much they traded these with the Comanche.
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a treaty between the Comanche and the Spanish in New Mexico was signed between Governor de Anza and Ecueracapa, a Comanche war chief who had been selected as a
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A full translation of the treaty is set out at Thomas, Alfred Barnaby (ed.) (1932) "The Spanish-Comanche Peace Treaty of 1786"
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178:, the buffalo hunters from New Mexico. Both Comancheros and Ciboleros, however, were primarily Hispanics from New Mexico.
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Forgotten Frontiers: A Study of the Spanish Indian Policy of Don Juan Bautista de Anza, Governor of New Mexico, 1777-1787
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Forgotten Frontiers: A Study of the Spanish Indian Policy of Don Juan Bautista de Anza, Governor of New Mexico, 1777-1787
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Forgotten Frontiers: A Study of the Spanish Indian Policy of Don Juan Bautista de Anza, Governor of New Mexico, 1777-1787
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tribe, in whose territory they traded. They traded manufactured goods (tools and cloth), flour, tobacco, and bread for
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guest-starred as leader of an Irish-born Comanchero trader. This episode also marked a Gunsmoke reunion for
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against the largest and most active group of Comanche raiders, who were led by a man known as Green Horn (
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features a band of Indians led by Comancheros stealing horses and killing settlers.
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Hermanitos comanchitos : Indo-Hispano rituals of captivity and redemption
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When the U.S. government commenced its war against the Comanches after the
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The Comanchero Frontier: A History of New Mexican-Plains Indian Relations
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is cast as outlaw Gabe Larkin, supposedly the last of the Comancheros.
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who narrated the episode's opening. Conrad had played the original
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University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, pp. 329-332
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University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, pp. 71-83
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University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, pp. 66-71
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In the 1960 episode "The Last Viking" of the series
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419:Gregg, Josiah (1847)
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315:References
270:Lee Marvin
266:John Wayne
190:films and
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258:The film
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