Okanagan language - Knowledge

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and adults. SSOS currently (2021-22 school year) serves children aged 1 year old up to 9th grade with Salish immersion education. P-6 classrooms are 100% n̓səl̓xčin̓ immersion classes in which the language of instruction is n̓səl̓xčin and math, literacy, science, art, music and physical education are taught in n̓səl̓xčin. The school's programs are designed to spur full fluency in Colville-Okanagan by the age of 15. According to school expectations and curricula, children are expected to speak Colville-Okanagan for the duration of their time in school. In addition to programming for children, in July 2022, SSOS is also providing intensive n̓səl̓xčin training to more than 40 adults. Twenty-eight staff members at SSOS are enrolled in the Salish Language Educator Development (SLED) program at SSOS. These staff members receive 90 minutes of immersion n̓səl̓xčin training daily as part of their work. Another 16 adults, parents of SSOS students, participate in paid afternoon and evening n̓səlxčin̓ fluency track training. All SSOS parents commit to completing at least 60 hours of n̓səl̓xčin̓ language classes per year in order for their children to be eligible to attend the school. SSOS offers free, beginning n̓səl̓xčin̓ (Colville-Okanagan) language classes on evenings and weekends for SSOS parents and other community members. At Salish School of Spokane, there are 35 intergenerational pairs- 35 immersion school students who have at least one parent who is studying n̓səl̓xčin in a fluency-track program.

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efforts, the school not only provides curriculum, but also helps develop and translate it. The Salish School works alongside organizations such as the Paul Creek Language Association, a nonprofit based in British Columbia, on the N̓səl̓xcin̓ Curriculum Project. The N̓səl̓xcin̓ Project aims to create foundational lesson plans from which teachers of Okanagan can draw. The project is spearheaded by Christopher Parkin, and is translated primarily by the fluent elder Sarah Peterson, with the additional help of Hazel Abrahamson and Herman Edwards. The participation of native speakers ensures clear meaning and high fidelity to the Okanagan language. The project is composed of six textbooks divided into three levels: beginner, intermediate, and advanced. Each level consists of a language book which contains a number of audio recordings, language, and learning software to ease language teaching. Additionally, each level includes a literature book. The literature book provides the vital function of providing entertainment for language learners when outside of class and also reinforces sentence construction for Okanagan. The project also contains daily quizzes, midterm-style tests, and both oral and written final exams for evaluation. Most importantly, the curriculum developed by the N̓səl̓xcin̓ Curriculum Project is available in electronic format online free of charge.

529:. Additionally, the Centre also offers a certification to become a Certified Early Childhood Education Assistant which is in partnership with Nicola Valley Institute of Technology. The certificate does not qualify one to teach at the secondary level, but does ensure employability in daycare and pre-K. The strategy behind these two certificates ensures that potential teachers have easy access to college credits from centers of higher learning like the University of Victoria, and potential education assistants can be involved in the education of children, thus establishing fluency in Okanagan early on. Finally, the En'owkin Centre places a heavy emphasis on its college readiness programs. The importance of these programs lies not only in setting up Indigenous students for success, but also incorporating Colville-Okanagan courses into curriculum for young adult to adult students. William Cohen notes in his article, that many native students perform poorly in school and the high school dropout rate for aboriginal high schoolers is very high. 508:

the activities in which the Confederation takes part are allocating funds both local and federal for cultural preservation projects. The Confederated Tribes' goals are to establish three language programs, develop language dictionaries, provide translation services and curriculum, and establish language classes with a regular attendance of 30 or more people. Though the Confederation's efforts are laudable, the limitations of 50 truly native speakers are evident. Language revitalization on the scale the Confederation proposes is limited by the number of native speakers available for those projects. Despite the confederation's efforts, language revitalization cannot be reproduced on such a large scale in the short run.

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community to provide comprehensive and high-quality education and to promote new, fluent speakers with a deep understanding of the language, culture, and customs. UBCO is the first university in Canada and one of the first in the world to offer a degree program in an Indigenous language. This degree program will boost the number of fluent nsyilxcn speakers at a crucial time as the nsyilxcn language is critically endangered.

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introduced to the sentence via an initial determiner; the only exception to initial determiners is in the case of proper names which do not need determiners to introduce them. Predicates may be of any lexical category. There may be additional arguments added to a sentence in Okanagan via complementizers. Okanagan is unique among the majority of Salish languages for the inclusion of the complementizer.

460:. According to nsyilxcən language keepers, words in the nsyilxcən language should not be capitalized. As described in an Indiginews article, "In an egalitarian society, capitalization insinuates there is something that holds more importance over another, and that does not fall in line with syilx ethics". 3364:

The -ɬt- affix is the ditransitive counterpart of –nt- and works in much the same. The difference between the two is that it refers to three persons: an actor, and two other actors or goals. Furthermore, -ɬt- is further differentiated from its ditransitive cousin -x(i)t- because it does not require a

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Each clause in Colville-Okanagan can be divided into two parts: inflected predicates which are required for every sentence, and optional arguments. Colville-Okanagan allows a maximum of two arguments per sentence construction. These are marked by pronominal markers on the predicate. Each argument is

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The major difference between two sets is how they incorporate affixes to remain grammatically correct. In the case of the –nt-, -ɬt- group, all particles and suffixes joining onto the stem and suffix of the verb will be identical for both. The –nt- affix connects to the stem of a transitive verb via

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Revitalization efforts for Colville-Okanagan in the United States include instruction for children and intensive programs for training new adult speakers. However, concentrated efforts are made on the part of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation to promote language preservation. Among

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Colville-Okanagan demonstrates great flexibility when dealing with persons, number, and gender. The language encodes the person via a series of prefixes and suffixes, and uses its number system in tandem with pluralized pronominals to communicate the number of actors within a sentence. For example:

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Salish School of Spokane (SSOS)(sƛ̓x̌atkʷ nsəl̓xčin̓ sn̓maʔmáyaʔtn̓) in Washington State has a comprehensive community language revitalization strategy for Colville-Okanagan Salish. This school serves Colville-Okanagan people in the Spokane Metro Area. Salish School of Spokane serves both children

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Ablative complements in Colville-Okanagan come in the form of the /tl/ particle. Along with directional complements, /k̓/ and /k̓l/, Okanagan speakers can indicate motion. The ablative complement /tl/ only serves to indicate ‘moving away from.' For instance, in the sentence below, the ablative is

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The morphology of Colville-Okanagan is fairly complex. It is a head-marking language that relies mostly on grammatical information being placed directly on the predicate by means of affixes and clitics. The combination of derivational and inflectional suffixes and prefixes that are added onto the

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To encourage interest in teaching vocations, the En'owkin places a strong emphasis on its various certification programs. The Certificate of Aboriginal Language Revitalization is offered in the En'owkin Centre and is taught by linguist Maxine Baptiste. The course does have a fee involved, but the

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Salish School of Spokane makes a point of not falling into the trap of monopolizing teaching resources. Unlike Walsh's examples of tribes opting to not share materials, Salish School maintains a variety of audio resources and curricula to advance Colville-Okanagan revitalization. Along with these

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In contrast to this group, -st- and –x(i)t- operate by unique rules. The –st- affix, much like its counterpart must be added to a verb stem by means of suffixation, it is also transitive, and refers to an actor and a primary goal, but it implies a reference to a third person, or a secondary goal

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and is now termed Proto Southern Interior Salish. As a result of the initial expansion of Colville-Okanagan prior to European contact, the language developed three separate dialects: Colville, Okanagan, and Lakes. A low degree of dialectic divergence exists in terms of vocabulary and grammar.

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There are a number of complements available to Colville-Okanagan to clarify its predicates among these are positional complements, which merely indicate the place of a predicate. In addition to positional complements, there are a variety of marked complements, complements used in Okanagan that

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Moreover, created in 2021 the University of British Columbia Okanagan (UBCO) offers the Bachelor of nsyilxcn Language Fluency (BNLF) program, that was created in collaboration with the Nicola Valley Institute of Technology (NVIT) and the En’owkin Centre. It is designed to work closely with the

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Absolutive markers within Colville-Okanagan can only be used if the predicate of the sentence is intransitive. For example, (I count) is perfectly viable in Colville-Okanagan, but * *(I count it)is not because the verb 'count' is transitive. Person markers never occur without an accompanying

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Additionally, a Syilx Language House was developed in 2015 in British Columbia. The goal of the house is to create 10 fluent nsyilxcen speakers in four years. In this program, participants spend 2000 hours over four years learning nsyilxcen via a variety of different teaching methods, regular

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assessments, frequent visits from Elders, and full immersion. Following completion of the program in 2020, the Syilx Language House is hoping to expand by developing more language houses across the Okanagan and will increase the goal to creating 100 new nsyilxcn speakers in the 2020 cohort.

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The first of the marked complements is the prefix /yi/. For the most part, /yi/ is an optional complement that is used in definite cases with the exception of cases when a proper noun is used. In such cases, the /yi/ prefix is not allowed. When /yi/ is used it refers to a definite referent.

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Simple possessives within Colville-Okanagan are predominantly a result of prefixation and circumfixation on a verb. However, Colville-Okanagan uses simple possessives as aspect forms on the verb in very complex ways. This practice is predominantly seen in Southern interior Salish languages.

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The -x(i)t- ditransitive affix shares all of the features of -ɬt- with the sole exception that it requires a clitic to be attached to front of the verb stem. The reason for the clitic in Okanagan is to add emphasis or focus on the second object, whereas -ɬt- makes no distinction.

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In the case of verbs, Colville-Okanagan morphology handles transitivity in various ways. The first is a set of rules for verbs that only have a single direct object, transitive verbs. For the ergative case there are two variants of person markers a stressed and an unstressed.

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Colville-Okanagan also contains a number of locational complements which refer to when or where something happened. It is a point of reference. The /l/ and the variant /lə/particles are used to tie a predicate to a time or place. xʷuy̓ lə sənkʷəkʷəʔac. "He went in the night"

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Person markers within Colville-Okanagan are attached to verbs, nouns, or adjectives. The marker used depending on transitivity of verbs and other conditions outlined below. The person maker used largely depends on the case being used in the sentence.

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Additionally, Colville-Okanagan relies heavily on the use of suffixes to designate gender. Okanagan handles gender in much the same way, by attaching both determiner and ‘man' to the sentence, the gender of an object or subject can be communicated:

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by more than 40 adults and 35 children in the City of Spokane, Washington, and by several dozen adults on the Colville Indian Reservation in Washington State and among Okanagan people in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. About 50 deeply

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Colville-Okanagan has one oblique marker that serves adapts it to several different functions depending upon the context in which it is used. The oblique marker ‘t' can be used to mark the object of an intransitive verb, as in the case below.

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There are two sets of verb affixes each containing two members that dictate the composition of a verb. The first set is composed of the affixes –nt-, and -ɬt-. The second set is composed of –st- and x(i)t- where ‘i' is a stressed vowel.

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wikn̓t (see it) is an example of a strong -nt- transitive past/present verb, with 'XX' identifying non-occurring combinations and '--' identifying semantic combinations which require the reflexive suffix -cut-

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form of communication until the late 19th century, when priests and linguists began transcribing the language for word lists, dictionaries, grammars, and translations. Colville-Okanagan is currently written in

3442:‘t' may also mark the agent in a passive construction, and it may be used to mark the ergative agent of transitive verbs. Finally, the oblique ‘t' may be used to mark functions including time and instrument: 4043:

Cohen, William Alexander (2010). University of British Columbia. "School failed Coyote, so Fox made a new school: Indigenous Okanagan knowledge transforms educational pedagogy." Retrieved May 8, 2014.

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wikən yiʔ sqilxʷ " I saw the/those people." The sequential complements are composed of the particles /ɬ/ and /ɬa/. /ɬa/ conveys temporal sequence while /ɬ/ represents a subordinate element.

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In this example, there is a combination of 2nd singular marker with ‘wife.' ‘She' is encoded into the meaning of the word via the inclusion of the gender suffix at the end of the sentence.

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occupied the northern portion of the Columbia Basin from the Methow River in the west, to Kootenay Lake in the east, and north along the Columbia River and the Arrow Lakes, as well as the

404:. Syil̓x means "Salish" and is a cognate of the Spokane-Kalispel word, séliš, the enthnonym of the Bitterroot Salish people of Montana. Colville-Okanagan is the heritage language of the 340:

The vast majority of Colville-Okanagan words are from Proto-Salish or Proto-Interior Salish. A number of Colville-Okanagan words are shared with or borrowed from the neighboring

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first-language speakers of Colville-Okanagan Salish remain, the majority of whom live in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. The language is currently moribund and has no

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The directional complement's two particles represent both direction towards something, and direction towards a specific location. /k/ signifies movement towards something:

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Verbs may react in a number of different ways when a suffix is attached to the root stem of the word. Below are a number of ways in which intransitive roots are modified.

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The /k̓l/ particle modifies this sentence so that it specifies the house as the location to which the subject must move. k̓əl incitxʷ "To my house" (there specifically)

3889:"First Voices: bringing aboriginal language to the dinner table. The Bent family, who live near Penticton, are teaching their young children both English and Nsyilxcen" 3732:

The Okanagan system relies heavily on its affixes to demonstrate tense, space, and time. Below are demonstrated various affixes that attach to roots to encode meaning.

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Johnson, Sʔímlaʔx Michele K. (May 2017). "Breathing Life into New Speakers: nsyilxcn and Tlingit Sequenced Curriculum, Direct Acquisition, and Assessments".

4129:"Uvular-Pharyngeal Resonants in Interior Salish." M. Dale Kinkade. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Jul., 1967), pp. 228–234 5798: 5813: 4522:

Kennedy, Dorothy I. D. and Randall T. Bouchard. (1998). ‘Northern Okanagan, Lakes, and Colville.' Pp. 238–252 of Walker, Jr. (vol. ed.) 1998.

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University of California Santa Barbara Occasional Papers in Linguistics 17:27–42. Santa Barbara: University of California Santa Barbara.

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Johnson, Sʔímlaʔx Michele K. (2017-11). "Syilx Language House: How and Why We Are Delivering 2,000 Decolonizing Hours in Nsyilxcn".

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during the 1800s and the subsequent assimilation of all Salishan tribes, the use of Colville-Okanagan declined drastically.

4070: 2012: 2142: 2112: 1927: 3915: 5788: 1509:

The Westbank First Nation uses this alphabet, in which the letters with acute accent are counted as separate letters:

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The vowels found in Lakes are: , , , , and . Stress will fall only on the full vowels , , and in Colville-Okanagan.

17: 3852: 4814: 4178:

Lyon, John (2013). "Oblique Marked Relatives in Southern Interior Salish: Implications for the Movement Analysis".

2000: 1820: 5213: 4105:

Pattison, Lois Cornelia. "Douglas Lake Okanagan: Phonology and Morphology." University of British Columbia. 1978.

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Where prefixation occurs with -in / an in the 1st and 2nd person singular, /n/ may undergo deletion as below:

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Oslo: Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, II, Hist.-filos. Klasse, No. 2, Jacob Dybwad.

5617: 5597: 5121: 2457: 1994: 1814: 218: 1472: 1450: 1427: 1408: 1386: 1363: 1340: 1317: 1294: 1271: 1249: 1226: 1203: 1181: 1158: 1135: 1116: 1093: 1070: 1048: 1025: 1003: 980: 958: 935: 913: 890: 867: 845: 823: 800: 778: 755: 733: 710: 688: 665: 642: 620: 597: 574: 5739: 5503: 4807: 2416: 2156: 2068: 1917: 320:

speakers younger than 50 years of age. Colville-Okanagan is the second-most spoken Salish language after

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Paper presented at the 4th Annual University of Victoria Salish Morphosyntax Conference, Victoria, B.C.

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Predication and Equation in Okanagan Salish: The Syntax and Semantics of DPs and Non-verbal Predication

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Report on the Ethnology of the Okanák.ēn of British Columbia, an Interior Division of the Salish Stock.

3750:-k Unrealized: expresses an intentional future action or state. (I am going to…) Kn kʷal̓t " I'm warm" 2476: 2122: 2044: 1804: 1794: 374: 5163: 5070: 5029: 4622:

Paper presented at the 2nd Annual University of Victoria Salish Morphosyntax Workshop, Victoria, B.C.

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A Description of the Phonemes and Position Classes in the Morphology of Head of the Lake Okanagan.

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suffixation. The suffix –nt- can only make reference to two persons: an actor and a primary goal.

5577: 5513: 5075: 4989: 4982: 3490:‘t' may also coincide with the determiner ‘iʔ' in the case of instrumentals and passive agents: 1834: 483:, British Columbia, the syilx Language House in Oliver, British Columbia, the En'owkin Centre in 476: 5271: 5745: 5724: 5460: 4946: 4854: 2579:

In this example the /k/ classification designates that the word contains a numeral classifier.

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Oblique Marked Relatives in Southern Interior Salish: Implications for the Movement Analysis.

4019:. (2011). Interior Salish: Enduring Languages of the Columbian Plateau. Retrieved May 8, 2014 2281: 2100: 2090: 496: 421: 413: 5326: 5729: 5541: 5430: 5253: 5218: 5180: 4435:

Papers for ICSNL 41 (Kiyota, M., J. Thompson, and N. Yamane-Tanaka, eds.). UBCWPL 11:77–98.

1959: 1716: 425: 5286: 8: 5734: 5698: 5374: 5243: 5144: 4931: 4168:. International Journal of American Linguistics , Vol. 48, No. 4 (Oct. 1982), pp. 421-435 4155:

Baptiste, Maxine Rose. Okanagan wh-questions. Diss. University of British Columbia, 2001.

1986: 1939: 1736: 417: 345: 4016: 3753:-aʔx Continuative: Action or state that is in progress kn scpútaʔx "I am celebrating" 5708: 5643: 5485: 5422: 5407: 5276: 5198: 5193: 5014: 4940: 4830: 4195: 3999: 1890: 1696: 1691: 341: 273: 124: 69: 4426:

William Charlie's "Two-Headed Person": Preliminary Notes on Colville-Okanagan Oratory.

210: 5688: 5638: 5493: 5475: 5470: 5445: 5397: 5331: 5054: 5044: 4996: 4951: 4894: 4779: 4725:

Salishan Studies. Comparative Notes on Kalispel, Spokane, Colville and Coeur d'Alene.

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Of the following two examples, they are only possible in the –n transitive paradigm.

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Six nonprofit organizations which support Colville-Okanagan language acquisition and

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General Series in Anthropology, no. 6. Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing.

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Mattina, Anthony. "Colville Grammatical Structure." University of Hawaii. May 1973.

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Historically, Colville-Okanagan originated from a language which was spoken in the

321: 277: 5678: 5668: 5663: 5622: 5531: 5498: 5455: 5402: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5341: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5281: 5233: 5223: 4910: 4844: 4789: 4498:

Ph.D. dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. DAI 43A:3896.

4031: 3944: 3919: 3856: 2268: 1706: 441: 437: 361: 308: 116: 83: 5291: 4718:

Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington.

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Argument Structure of Nouns, Nominalizations, and Denominals in Okanagan Salish.

223: 5783: 5612: 5562: 5536: 5435: 5296: 5238: 5104: 4957: 4920: 4869: 4759: 4636:. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. 4421:

Papers for ICSNL 37 (Gillon, C., N. Sawai, and R. Wojdak, eds.). UBCWPL 9:1–17.

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In 2012, the CBC featured a report on a family which is teaching its children

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n̓səl̓xcin iʔ‿sn̓kʷnim 3: Even More Songs for Beginners in Colville-Okanagan.

3995: 3931: 3912: 3808: 2398: 2166: 2054: 2034: 1969: 1949: 1864: 1844: 1755: 393: 293: 91: 55: 5703: 5607: 5364: 4794: 1878: 370: 297: 5508: 4363:

Ed.D. dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. DAI 41A:1048.

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Occasional Paper Series 21. Victoria: British Columbia Provincial Museum.

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Toward a History of the Inflectional Future in Colville-Okanagan Salish.

4300:. Missoula, Montana: Dept. of Anthropology, University of Montana, 1983. 3859:. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Retrieved April 14, 2014. 3702:-cut indicates when the action of a subject is directed toward oneself. 5440: 4874: 3849: 3832: 2468: 2403: 337:

Variation is primarily confined to minor differences in pronunciation.

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n̓səl̓xcin iʔ‿sn̓kʷnim 2: More Songs for Beginners in Okanagan Salish.

4319:

The Narrative of Peter J. Seymour Blue Jay and His Brother-In-Law Wolf

4289: 3987: 5354: 4799: 4760:

Colville-Okanagan language learning resources at Endangered Languages

4342:. Missoula, Mont: Dept. of Anthropology, University of Montana, 1987. 3048:

The stem: c'k-ən-t is the equivalent of the transitive verb 'count.'

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The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salish Peoples of Northwestern Washington.

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The is the single unstressed variant of the full vowels in Okanagan

495:, Washington, and the Inchelium Language and Culture Association in 231: 4556: 2079: 480: 353: 4716:

Turner, Nancy J., Randy Bouchard, and Dorothy D. Kennedy. (1980).

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səc- past perfect ˁi-səc-txt'-am "I've been looking after him."

492: 365: 313: 4774: 4317:

Seymour, Peter, Madeline DeSautel, and Anthony Mattina. (1974).

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Seymour, Peter, Madeline DeSautel, and Anthony Mattina. (1985).

3614:

way̓ x̌ast ɬa kʷ cxʷuy̓ "It will be good when/after you come."

1413:

is a breath stop in the back of the throat as in the word uh-oh

487:, British Columbia, the Hearts Gathered Waterfall Montessori in 4368:

n̓səl̓xcin iʔ‿sn̓kʷnim: Songs for Beginners in Okanagan Salish.

445: 303:

Colville-Okanagan is highly endangered, is rarely learned as a

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Microfilm reel No. 015, remaining data as per Harrington 1910.

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A Note on Schuhmacher's Inference of wahú' in Colville Salish.

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Pp. 143–147 of (Anthony) Mattina and Montler (eds.) 1981.

4424:

Charlie, William M., Clara Jack, and Anthony Mattina. (1988).

4305:

Dora Noyes DeSautel łaʔ kłcaptikʷł: Okanagan Salish Narratives

3710:

Transitive stems without person markings indicate imperatives

3871:"syilx family explains how wildfire impacts their ceremonies" 79: 4407:

M.A. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.

4312:

The Golden Woman: The Colville Narrative of Peter J. Seymour

4307:. University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics 15. 4606:

Some Lexical Properties of Colville-Okanagan Ditransitives.

4546:

Miscellanea Selica V: English-Salish Index and Finder List.

3718:

Intransitives can express an imperative via the –x suffix:

4240:

Nsəlxcin 1: A Beginning Course in Colville-Okanagan Salish

3625:

Kʷ scutxx tl sk̓ʷətikənx "Were you saying from Seattle?"

276:

which arose among the Indigenous peoples of the southern

545:

The Paul Creek Language Association uses this alphabet:

4629:

NWLC 10:93–102. Burnaby, B.C.: Simon Fraser University.

3694:-s involve action or state resulting from an activity. 3601:

express further meaning through a series of particles.

238:

Okanagan is classified as Definitely Endangered by the

4671:

Pp. 289–299 of Gerdts and Matthewson (eds.) 2004.

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are not counted as separate letters in this alphabet.

502: 4354:

The Narrative of Peter J. Seymour: Blue Jay and Wolf.

4254:

Nsəlxcin 2: An Intermediate Course in Okanagan Salish

3646:-t can indicate a natural characteristic of the root 3611:

way̓ x̌ast ɬ kʷ cxʷuy̓ "It's good if/that you come."

380:

In Colville-Okanagan the language itself is known as

4734:

Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton.

4414:

Pp. 30–42 of Gerdts and Matthewson (eds.) 2004.

3657:-lx indicates the subject is engaged in an activity 4555:

University of British Columbia, PhD Dissertation. (

4454:

Okanagan -lx, Coeur d'Alene -lš, and Cognate Forms.

4290:

Narratives, songbooks, dictionaries, and word lists

4119:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 8. 3913:

The Confederated Tribes Of The Colville Reservation

400:-speaking bands are grouped under the ethnic label 5794:Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau 4503:Aspect and Transitivity in (Nicola Lake) Okanagan. 4785:First Nations Languages of British Columbia entry 4711:The Sinkaietk or Southern Okanagan of Washington. 4566:Canadian Journal of Linguistics 58:2. pp 349–382. 4440:A Note on Plural Suppletion in Colville Okanagan. 4117:The Salish Language Family: Reconstructing Syntax 5775: 4690:Colville Lexical Suffixes and Comparative Notes. 4683:Douglas Lake Okanagan: Phonology and Morphology. 4627:Notes on Word Order in Colville-Okanagan Salish. 4303:Mattina, Anthony and Madeline DeSautel. (2002). 4027: 4025: 4433:An Analysis of the Okanagan "Middle" Marker -M. 4400:M.A. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 4347:Classified Word List for the Okanagan Language. 4261:Captíkʷł 2: More Nsəlxcin Stories for Beginners 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 3773:Prepositional case-markings for oblique objects 3686:-n involves action upon an object by a subject 2927: 2882: 1349:in the back of the throat but with rounded lips 1326:in the back of the throat but with rounded lips 525:certificate is offered in partnership with the 458:Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation 4634:Aspect and Category in Okanagan Word Formation 4583:Mattina, Anthony and Nancy J. Mattina (1995). 4527:On the Identification of the Methows (Salish). 4419:Transitivity and Lexical Suffixes in Okanagan. 4280:Manuel, Herbert, and Anthony Mattina. (1983). 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 3747:The following examples are for intransitives. 3585: 3556: 3532: 3503: 3499: 2829: 491:, Washington, the Salish School of Spokane in 5129: 4815: 4613:Roots, Bases, and Stems in Colville-Okanagan. 4590:Mattina, Anthony and Sarah Peterson. (1997). 4284:University of Montana Linguistics Laboratory. 4022: 296:. Following British, American, and Canadian 4685:M.A. thesis, University of British Columbia. 4132: 4090: 4597:Mattina, Anthony and Allan Taylor. (1984). 4594:ICSNL 32:317–324, Port Angeles, Washington. 4489:A Note on Aspect in (Nicola Lake) Okanagan. 4206: 3379: 519: 479:are the Paul Creek Language Association in 27:Endangered Salish language of North America 5799:Indigenous languages of Washington (state) 5136: 5122: 4822: 4808: 4599:The Salish Vocabularies of David Thompson. 4335:. ICSNL 48, UBCWPL vol. 35, Vancouver BC. 4331:Lindley, Lottie & John Lyon. (2013). 4328:. ICSNL 47, UBCWPL vol. 32, Vancouver BC. 4324:Lindley, Lottie & John Lyon. (2012). 4298:The 1908 Okanagan Word Lists of James Teit 4247:Captíkʷł 1: Nsəlxcin Stories for Beginners 4231: 3631:k̓ incitxʷ "to my house" (not towards it) 3361:q̓y̓əntin q'y'-ənt-in (I write something) 3157:Two-participant event inflections: wikn̓t 2507:The vowel is found only in borrowed words 1683:Consonant inventory of Colville-Okanagan: 327: 230: 4576:Mattina, Anthony and Clara Jack. (1986). 4569:Mattina, Anthony and Clara Jack. (1982). 4538:Kroeber, Karl, and Eric P. Hamp. (1989). 3673:-p expresses lack of a subject's control 2931: 2886: 2833: 4491:ICSL 14:173–209, Bellingham, Washington. 4482:Sandhi in a Salishan Language: Okanagan. 4345:Pierre, Larry and Martin Louie. (1973). 4333:12 More Upper Nicola Okanagan Narratives 4171: 3741:ikstxt̓ám "I'm going to look after him" 3727: 3199: 3174: 3171: 3166: 2520:stem words make for a compact language. 243:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 5814:Native American language revitalization 5143: 4580:ICSNL 21:339–346, Seattle, Washington. 4496:Transitivity in (Nicola Lake) Okanagan. 4452:Doak, Ivy and Anthony Mattina. (1997). 4166:The Colville-Okanagan Transitive System 4114: 3973: 3868: 3756: 364:. Colville-Okanagan was an exclusively 14: 5776: 4829: 4608:ICSNL 28:265–284, Seattle, Washington. 4314:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 4277:. The Paul Creek Language Association. 4270:. The Paul Creek Language Association. 4263:. The Paul Creek Language Association. 4256:. The Paul Creek Language Association. 4249:. The Paul Creek Language Association. 4242:. The Paul Creek Language Association. 5117: 4803: 4780:Vocabulary Words in Okanagan-Colville 4669:smiyáw sucnmínctәxw: Coyote Proposes. 4510:Noun and Verb in a Salishan Language. 4238:Peterson, Wiley, and Parkin. (2004). 4053: 4051: 4049: 3560: 3507: 3372:q̓y̓əstin q'y'-əst-in. (I write it ) 3161: 2555: 2551: 1688: 66:Southern Interior of British Columbia 4790:Map of Northwest Coast First Nations 4571:Okanagan Communication and Language. 4384:The Paul Creek Language Association. 4377:The Paul Creek Language Association. 4370:The Paul Creek Language Association. 4361:Colville Indian Language Dictionary. 4177: 4084:"Alphabet | Nsyilxcən | FirstVoices" 3969: 3967: 3965: 3781:k̓l to, at, goal, recipient, dative. 3466: 3418: 1147:síyaʔ (saskatoon/sarvis/June berry) 70:Central-northern State of Washington 4655:Future in Colville-Okanagan Salish. 4573:ICSNL 17:269–294, Portland, Oregon. 4390:Linguistic descriptions and reviews 503:Revitalization in the United States 43:n̓səl̓xčin̓, Nsyilxcən, n̓syil̓xčn̓ 24: 4748:M.A. thesis, University of Kansas. 4046: 3821: 3348: 2679: 2623: 2541: 828:pronounced as an abruptly stopped 25: 5825: 5804:First Nations languages in Canada 4753: 4657:ICSNL 34:215–230, Kamloops, B.C. 4592:Diminutives in Colville-Okanagan. 4273:Peterson and Parkin. (In Press). 4266:Peterson and Parkin. (In Press). 3962: 3637: 3365:clitic to be a part of the verb. 2523: 2475: 2456: 2446: 2427: 2415: 2373:in the Southern Okanagan dialect. 2319: 2280: 2254: 2244: 2230: 2218: 2208: 2196: 2186: 2165: 2155: 2141: 2131: 2121: 2111: 2099: 2089: 2067: 2053: 2043: 2033: 2023: 2011: 1999: 1993: 1968: 1958: 1948: 1938: 1926: 1916: 1906: 1896: 1877: 1863: 1853: 1843: 1833: 1819: 1813: 1803: 1793: 963:pronounce as an abruptly stopped 463: 4578:Okanagan-Colville Kinship Terms. 4557:http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45684 4505:Syntax and Semantics 15:195–215. 4428:ICSNL 23 (s.p.), Eugene, Oregon. 4405:Wh-Questions in Okanagan Salish. 3486:"I combed my hair with a stick" 2956: 1455:pronounced as an abruptly ended 1391:pronounced as an abruptly ended 1254:pronounced as an abruptly ended 918:pronounced as an abruptly ended 4226: 4180:Canadian Journal of Linguistics 4158: 4123: 4108: 4076: 4059:Canadian Modern Language Review 4037: 4017:The Nsəlxcin Curriculum Project 3976:Canadian Modern Language Review 3848:Gordon, Raymond G. Ed. (2005). 3369:without explicitly stating it. 2501: 2492: 2363: 2354: 1513:Westbank First Nation alphabet 1121:pronounced rolled on the tongue 5809:Languages of the United States 4475:Lummi and Nespelem Fieldnotes. 4326:12 Upper Nicola Okanagan Texts 4282:Okanagan Pronunciation Primer. 4010: 3937: 3925: 3906: 3881: 3869:Kilawna, Kelsie (2021-08-19). 3862: 3842: 3665:-ils expresses state of mind. 3595: 1490:The letters with acute accent 1436:deep in the back of the throat 1303:deep in the back of the throat 1034:deep in the back of the throat 540: 280:region based primarily in the 13: 1: 4704:The Colville Name for Hawaii. 4484:ICSL 13:26–56, Victoria, B.C. 4412:Intonation Units in Okanagan. 4259:Peterson and Parkin. (2007). 4252:Peterson and Parkin. (2007). 4245:Peterson and Parkin. (2005). 3814: 3591:Mike was kissed by the woman. 2514: 2360:Only occurs in some dialects. 1678: 410:Upper Similkameen Indian Band 406:Lower Similkameen Indian Band 396:. In Colville-Okanagan, all 5618:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French 4678:ICSL 2, Seattle, Washington. 4535:Western Folklore 46:213–214. 4515:Hill-Tout, Charles. (1911). 4473:Harrington, John P. (1942). 4447:Mattina and DeSautel 2002.] 4396:Arrowsmith, Gary L. (1968). 4340:Colville-Okanagan Dictionary 2795:Your.PL⟩hand⟨ 2761:his/her⟩hand⟨ 1673: 1124:yirncút (make itself round) 876:out of the side of the mouth 7: 5740:Plains Indian Sign Language 4795:Sinixt Nation Language Page 4702:Schuhmacher, W. W. (1977). 4688:Petersen, Janet E. (1980). 4660:Mattina, Nancy J. (1999b). 4653:Mattina, Nancy J. (1999a). 4648:Anticausatives in Okanagan. 4646:Mattina, Nancy J. (1996b). 4632:Mattina, Nancy J. (1996a). 4625:Mattina, Nancy J. (1994c). 4618:Mattina, Nancy J. (1994b). 4611:Mattina, Nancy J. (1994a). 4501:Hébert, Yvonne M. (1982b). 4494:Hébert, Yvonne M. (1982a). 4466:Galloway, Brent D. (1991). 3945:"iʔ sck̓ʷul̓tət / Programs" 3893:Daybreak South - CBC Player 3797: 3793:ˁit with, by, instrumental 3622:‘from (across the ocean).' 3388: 10: 5830: 5591:Pidgins, creoles and mixed 4681:Pattison, Lois C. (1978). 4674:O'Brien, Michael. (1967). 4667:Mattina, Nancy J. (2004). 4604:Mattina, Nancy J. (1993). 4532:Kinkade, M. Dale. (1987). 4525:Kinkade, M. Dale. (1967). 4519:JAIGBI 41:130–161. London. 4508:Hébert, Yvonne M. (1983). 4487:Hébert, Yvonne M. (1979). 4480:Hébert, Yvonne M. (1978). 4459:Fleisher, Mark S. (1979). 4417:Barthmaier, Paul. (2002). 4410:Barthmaier, Paul. (2004). 4359:Someday, James B. (1980). 3765:c- Movement toward speaker 2812:Their⟩hand⟨ 2806:iʔ⟩kilx⟨səlx 375:American Phonetic Alphabet 307:but is being learned as a 5789:Interior Salish languages 5755: 5717: 5631: 5590: 5550: 5522: 5484: 5421: 5373: 5340: 5252: 5179: 5172: 5151: 5098: 5063: 5037: 5028: 5006: 4967: 4862: 4853: 4837: 4737:Watkins, Donald. (1974). 4730:Watkins, Donald. (1972). 4615:ICSNL 29, Pablo, Montana. 4544:Krueger, John R. (1967). 4192:10.1017/S0008413100003066 4115:Paul D., Kroeber (1999). 3949:salishschoolofspokane.org 3274: 3202: 2915:"She is your wife to be." 2789:iʔ⟩kilx⟨əmp 2772:iʔ⟩kilx⟨tət 2612:"She is your wife to be" 2575:"There are three people" 2380: 2267: 2078: 1985: 1782: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1481:in the back of the throat 1345:pronounced as a guttural 1299:pronounced as a guttural 1280:in the back of the throat 229: 217: 201: 185: 180: 150: 113: 97: 75: 61: 47: 42: 37: 32: 5598:Algonquian–Basque pidgin 4765:Salish School of Spokane 4746:A Phonology of Okanogan. 4587:ICSNL 30, Victoria, B.C. 3932:Salish School of Spokane 3804:Okanagan Nation Alliance 3689:kʷuʔ caʔntis "he hit me" 3380:Predicates and arguments 2965:Stressed and Unstressed 2912:2sg.POSS- {to be} -woman 2778:Our⟩hand⟨ 2369:Sometimes realized as a 1477:pronounced as a nasally 783:is pronounced as a hard 738:is pronounced as a hard 520:Revitalization in Canada 430:Upper Nicola Indian Band 288:in precolonial times in 4744:Young, Philip. (1971). 4709:Spier, Leslie. (1938). 4431:Dilts, Philip. (2006). 4356:ICSL 9, Vancouver, B.C. 4352:Purl, Douglas. (1974). 4232:Language learning texts 4034:. Retrieved May 8, 2014 3934:. Retrieved May 1, 2014 3922:. Retrieved May 8, 2014 3838:(subscription required) 3738:ks- unrealized action 3705:tarqncut "kick oneself" 3535:-3SG.ERG DET OBL gun {} 2867:1sg.POSS- nom- go -inst 2755:iʔ⟩kilx⟨s 2059:⟨x̌ʷ/x̣ʷ⟩ 1008:pronounced as a popped 850:pronounced as a slurpy 352:languages. More recent 328:History and description 159:Colville (n̓x̌ʷʔiłpcən) 5763:Canadian dictionaries 5746:Maritime Sign Language 5725:American Sign Language 5214:Malecite-Passamaquoddy 4695:Ray, Verne F. (1932). 4676:A Phonology of Methow. 3790:nˁəɬ with, comitative. 3588:-PASS DET OBL woman {} 3538:He shot it with a gun. 1432:pronounced as a short 872:pronounced as a click 527:University of Victoria 5759:Canadian style guides 5055:Thompson River Salish 4585:Okanagan ks- and -kł. 4445:Doak, Ivy G. (2004). 4438:Doak, Ivy G. (1981). 4403:Baptiste, M. (2002). 4380:Peterson and Parkin. 4296:Doak, Ivy G. (1983). 3728:Space, time, modality 3480:kən txam t sx̌əx̌c'iˀ 2870:"They are my tracks." 2707:Morphological process 2572:num.CL PL.REDUP three 2049:⟨x̌/x̣⟩ 1276:pronounced as a soft 1186:pronounced as a hard 1098:pronounced as a hard 1053:pronounced as a hard 422:Penticton Indian Band 414:Westbank First Nation 5730:Quebec Sign Language 5173:Indigenous languages 4723:Vogt, Hans. (1940). 4562:Lyon, John. (2013). 4551:Lyon, John (2013). 4373:Peterson and Parkin 4366:Peterson and Parkin 4069::10.3138/cmlr.4040. 3850:Salishan: Ethnologue 3784:k̓ for, benefactive. 3768:kɬ- down, and under 3757:Directional prefixes 1260:sw̓aw̓ásaʔ (auntie) 856:łt̓ap (bounce/jump) 789:k̓ʷck̓ʷact (strong) 426:Okanagan Indian Band 334:Columbia River Basin 286:Columbia River Basin 282:Okanagan River Basin 163:Lakes/Sinixt dialect 5699:Pennsylvania German 5145:Languages of Canada 4398:Colville Phonemics. 4349:MS, Penticton, B.C. 3581:Mike cúmqs-nt-m ]. 3158: 2694: 2629:intransitive verb. 2609:2sgposs-to be-woman 2260:⟨ʕ̓ʷ⟩ 2017:⟨ɬ/ł⟩ 2005:⟨s/š⟩ 1974:⟨q̓ʷ⟩ 1954:⟨k̓ʷ⟩ 1825:⟨c/č⟩ 1514: 560:English Explanation 418:Osoyoos Indian Band 168:San-poil (Nespelem) 103:50 (2007–2014) 5735:Inuk Sign Language 5694:Newfoundland Irish 5659:Tagalog (Filipino) 5632:Minority languages 5504:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala 5262:Babine-Witsuwitʼen 5152:Official languages 4831:Salishan languages 4338:Mattina, Anthony. 4164:Mattina, Anthony. 3918:2014-04-24 at the 3855:2012-11-04 at the 3713:nlk̓ipnt "open it" 3336:kʷuʔ wikn̓tm̓əl̓x 3156: 3132:You (PL) count it 2688: 2325:⟨r̓⟩ 2250:⟨ʕ̓⟩ 2236:⟨w̓⟩ 2224:⟨y̓⟩ 2214:⟨l̓⟩ 2202:⟨n̓⟩ 2192:⟨m̓⟩ 2171:⟨ʕʷ⟩ 2039:⟨xʷ⟩ 1964:⟨q̓⟩ 1944:⟨k̓⟩ 1932:⟨ƛ̓⟩ 1922:⟨c̓⟩ 1912:⟨t̓⟩ 1902:⟨p̓⟩ 1869:⟨qʷ⟩ 1849:⟨kʷ⟩ 1512: 1375:yus (dark/purple) 969:n̓in̓wiʔs (later) 902:mahúyaʔ (raccoon) 38:Okanagan, Colville 5771: 5770: 5689:Doukhobor Russian 5586: 5585: 5111: 5110: 5105:extinct languages 5094: 5093: 5081:Colville-Okanagan 5024: 5023: 3988:10.3138/cmlr.3549 3836:(18th ed., 2015) 3828:Colville-Okanagan 3778:tl̓ from, source. 3762:ɬ- Movement back 3676:kmap "darkening" 3668:nk̓wpils "lonely" 3438:I ate (some)meat 3432:kən ˀiɬən t sɬiqʷ 3346: 3345: 3150: 3149: 3046: 3045: 2816: 2815: 2677: 2676: 2488: 2487: 2481:⟨a⟩ 2462:⟨o⟩ 2452:⟨ə⟩ 2433:⟨u⟩ 2421:⟨i⟩ 2350: 2349: 2314: 2286:⟨r⟩ 2275: 2183: 2161:⟨ʕ⟩ 2147:⟨w⟩ 2137:⟨ɣ⟩ 2127:⟨y⟩ 2117:⟨l⟩ 2105:⟨n⟩ 2095:⟨m⟩ 2086: 2073:⟨h⟩ 2029:⟨x⟩ 1893: 1883:⟨ʔ⟩ 1859:⟨q⟩ 1839:⟨k⟩ 1809:⟨t⟩ 1799:⟨p⟩ 1790: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1751: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1671: 1670: 1488: 1487: 1322:pronounced as an 1105:q̓ʷmqin (antler) 1102:with rounded lips 1079:with rounded lips 1037:qáqnaʔ (grandma) 834:sl̓ax̌t (friend) 699:ixíʔ (that/then) 647:as in the word el 625:as in the word ca 586:anwí (it is you) 563:Nsyilxcn Example 258:Colville-Okanagan 251: 250: 171:Southern Okanagan 156:Northern Okanagan 138:Colville-Okanagan 33:Colville-Okanagan 18:Colville-Okanagan 16:(Redirected from 5821: 5684:Hutterite German 5177: 5176: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5115: 5114: 5035: 5034: 4901:Northern Straits 4860: 4859: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4739:A Boas original. 4699:UWPA 5. Seattle. 4529:IJAL 33:193–197. 4470:IJAL 57:402–405. 4463:IJAL 45:279–280. 4456:IJAL 63:334–361. 4220: 4217: 4204: 4203: 4175: 4169: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4130: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4088: 4087: 4080: 4074: 4055: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3971: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3866: 3860: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3825: 3587: 3562: 3558: 3534: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3483:I comb OBL stick 3468: 3420: 3159: 3155: 3051: 3050: 2968: 2967: 2933: 2929: 2909:an- kɬ- tkɬmilxʷ 2888: 2884: 2864:in- s- xʷuy -tan 2835: 2831: 2695: 2687: 2632: 2631: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2482: 2479: 2463: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2434: 2431: 2422: 2419: 2388: 2387: 2374: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2326: 2323: 2312: 2287: 2284: 2273: 2261: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2237: 2234: 2225: 2222: 2215: 2212: 2203: 2200: 2193: 2190: 2179: 2172: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2148: 2145: 2138: 2135: 2128: 2125: 2118: 2115: 2106: 2103: 2096: 2093: 2084: 2074: 2071: 2060: 2057: 2050: 2047: 2040: 2037: 2030: 2027: 2018: 2015: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1975: 1972: 1965: 1962: 1955: 1952: 1945: 1942: 1933: 1930: 1923: 1920: 1913: 1910: 1903: 1900: 1889: 1884: 1881: 1870: 1867: 1860: 1857: 1850: 1847: 1840: 1837: 1826: 1823: 1817: 1810: 1807: 1800: 1797: 1788: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1742: 1735: 1728: 1686: 1685: 1515: 1511: 1474: 1461:ʕ̓ac̓nt (look) 1452: 1429: 1410: 1397:c̓sy̓aqn (head) 1388: 1365: 1342: 1319: 1296: 1283:xixəw̓tm (girl) 1273: 1251: 1238:wikn (I saw it) 1228: 1208:as in the word s 1205: 1183: 1160: 1137: 1118: 1095: 1075:pronounced as a 1072: 1050: 1030:pronounced as a 1027: 1005: 982: 960: 937: 915: 892: 869: 847: 825: 802: 780: 757: 735: 712: 693:as in the word s 690: 667: 644: 622: 599: 579:as in the word f 576: 548: 547: 278:Interior Plateau 245: 234: 213: 197: 190: 119: 30: 29: 21: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5751: 5713: 5679:Canadian Gaelic 5627: 5582: 5578:Coast Tsimshian 5546: 5518: 5480: 5417: 5369: 5336: 5248: 5168: 5147: 5142: 5112: 5107: 5090: 5059: 5030:Interior Salish 5020: 5002: 4963: 4849: 4833: 4828: 4775:Interior Salish 4770:En'owkin Centre 4756: 4751: 4468:Mattina 1987).] 4392: 4387: 4292: 4287: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4207: 4176: 4172: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4091: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4073: 0008-4506 4056: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4032:En'owkin Centre 4030: 4023: 4015: 4011: 3972: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3920:Wayback Machine 3911: 3907: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3867: 3863: 3857:Wayback Machine 3847: 3843: 3837: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3800: 3787:l on, locative. 3775: 3759: 3730: 3652:c̓ik̓t "burned" 3640: 3598: 3593: 3579: 3571: 3564: 3549: 3540: 3526: 3518: 3511: 3488: 3478: 3470: 3460: 3452: 3440: 3430: 3422: 3412: 3404: 3391: 3382: 3351: 3349:Accusative case 3163: 3104:S/he counts it 2959: 2954: 2949:2sg.POSS- knife 2944: 2936: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2899: 2891: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2854: 2846: 2838: 2823: 2682: 2680:Possessive case 2626: 2624:Absolutive case 2614: 2604: 2596: 2588: 2577: 2567: 2559: 2545: 2534: 2526: 2517: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2480: 2461: 2451: 2432: 2420: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2324: 2285: 2259: 2249: 2235: 2223: 2213: 2201: 2191: 2170: 2160: 2146: 2136: 2126: 2116: 2104: 2094: 2072: 2058: 2048: 2038: 2028: 2016: 2004: 1973: 1963: 1953: 1943: 1931: 1921: 1911: 1901: 1882: 1868: 1858: 1848: 1838: 1824: 1808: 1798: 1681: 1676: 1368:as in the word 1231:as in the word 1163:as in the word 1140:as in the word 1059:q̓aʔxán (shoe) 992:pn̓kin̓ (when) 985:as in the word 940:as in the word 895:as in the word 805:as in the word 760:as in the word 715:as in the word 670:as in the word 602:as in the word 543: 522: 505: 466: 330: 309:second language 274:Salish language 247: 246: 237: 209: 193: 186: 146: 130:Interior Salish 120: 117:Language family 115: 104: 100: 99:Native speakers 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5827: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5769: 5768: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5718:Sign languages 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5613:Chinook Jargon 5610: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5528: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5514:Nuu-chah-nulth 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5185: 5183: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5141: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5118: 5109: 5108: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5086:Montana Salish 5083: 5078: 5076:Columbia-Moses 5073: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5041: 5039: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4993: 4990:Upper Chehalis 4986: 4983:Lower Chehalis 4979: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4827: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4754:External links 4752: 4750: 4749: 4742: 4741:IJAL 40:29–43. 4735: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4706:IJAL 43:65–66. 4700: 4693: 4686: 4679: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4601:IJAL 50:48–83. 4595: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4549: 4548:AL 9(2):12–25. 4542: 4541:IJAL 55:94–97. 4536: 4530: 4523: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4449:AL 46:220–222. 4443: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4205: 4186:(2): 349–382. 4170: 4157: 4131: 4122: 4107: 4089: 4075: 4065:(4): 509–537. 4045: 4036: 4021: 4009: 3982:(2): 109–132. 3961: 3936: 3924: 3905: 3880: 3861: 3841: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3639: 3638:Classification 3636: 3597: 3594: 3572: 3565: 3550: 3542: 3541: 3519: 3512: 3493: 3492: 3471: 3461: 3453: 3445: 3444: 3435:I eat OBL meat 3423: 3413: 3405: 3397: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3327:kʷuʔ wiksəl̓x 3325: 3321: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3264:kʷuʔ wikn̓tm̓ 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3241:kʷuʔ wikn̓txʷ 3239: 3236: 3233: 3232:kʷuʔ wikn̓txʷ 3230: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3165: 3148: 3147: 3146:They count it 3144: 3143:c'k-ən-t-ísəlx 3141: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2958: 2955: 2937: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2900: 2892: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2855: 2847: 2839: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2625: 2622: 2606:an-kɬ tkɬmílxʷ 2597: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2569:k- kaˀ- kaˀɬis 2560: 2546: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2525: 2524:Person markers 2522: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2500: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2454: 2444: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2362: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2278: 2276: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2252: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2194: 2184: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2139: 2129: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2097: 2087: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2051: 2041: 2031: 2021: 2019: 2009: 2007: 1991: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1966: 1956: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1924: 1914: 1904: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1861: 1851: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1811: 1801: 1791: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1747: 1740: 1733: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1439:ʕaymt (angry) 1437: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1416:ʔaʔúsaʔ (egg) 1414: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1320: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1274: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1229: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1170:tum̓ (mother) 1168: 1161: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1138: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1096: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1028: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1006: 1001: 998: 994: 993: 990: 983: 978: 975: 971: 970: 967: 961: 956: 953: 949: 948: 945: 938: 933: 930: 926: 925: 922: 916: 911: 908: 904: 903: 900: 893: 888: 885: 881: 880: 877: 870: 865: 862: 858: 857: 854: 848: 843: 840: 836: 835: 832: 826: 821: 818: 814: 813: 810: 803: 798: 795: 791: 790: 787: 781: 776: 773: 769: 768: 765: 758: 753: 750: 746: 745: 742: 736: 731: 728: 724: 723: 720: 713: 708: 705: 701: 700: 697: 691: 686: 683: 679: 678: 675: 668: 663: 660: 656: 655: 654:əcxʷuy (goes) 652: 645: 640: 637: 633: 632: 629: 623: 618: 615: 611: 610: 607: 600: 595: 592: 588: 587: 584: 577: 572: 569: 565: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 542: 539: 521: 518: 504: 501: 477:revitalization 465: 464:Revitalization 462: 388:. Speakers of 329: 326: 318:first-language 249: 248: 236: 235: 227: 226: 221: 215: 214: 207: 199: 198: 191: 183: 182: 181:Language codes 178: 177: 176: 175: 172: 169: 166: 160: 157: 152: 148: 147: 145: 144: 143: 142: 141: 140: 123: 121: 114: 111: 110: 101: 98: 95: 94: 77: 73: 72: 63: 59: 58: 49: 48:Native to 45: 44: 40: 39: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5826: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5603:Broken Slavey 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5132: 5127: 5125: 5120: 5119: 5116: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071:Coeur d’Alene 5069: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4643: 4642:0-612-17011-X 4639: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4512:KWPL 8:31–81. 4511: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4161: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4126: 4118: 4111: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4085: 4079: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4040: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4018: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3809:Sinixt people 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3697:kʷu cˀaistixʷ 3696: 3695: 3693: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3682:Transitives: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3644: 3643: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3589: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3529: 3528:tʕapəntís ]. 3525: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3395: 3386: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3342:wikn̓tm̓əl̓x 3341: 3339:wikłəm̓səl̓x 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3313:kʷuʔ wikn̓tp 3312: 3309: 3306: 3304:kʷuʔ wikn̓tp 3303: 3300: 3299: 3296:wikn̓tm̓əl̓x 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3247:wikn̓txʷəl̓x 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3170: 3167:Experiencer: 3160: 3154: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3090:You count it 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2957:Ergative case 2953: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2935: 2925: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2890: 2880: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2842: 2837: 2827: 2819: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2549: 2544: 2538: 2530: 2521: 2504: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2372: 2366: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2283: 2279: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2207: 2205: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1802: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1484:kaʕʷm (pray) 1483: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1352:x̌ʷus (foam) 1351: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1306:x̌ast (good) 1305: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1192:t̓ínaʔ (ear) 1191: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1082:qʷacqn (hat) 1081: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1014:p̓um (brown) 1013: 1011: 1007: 1002: 999: 996: 995: 991: 988: 984: 979: 976: 973: 972: 968: 966: 962: 957: 954: 951: 950: 946: 943: 939: 934: 931: 928: 927: 924:stim̓ (what) 923: 921: 917: 912: 909: 906: 905: 901: 898: 894: 889: 886: 883: 882: 879:ƛ̓lap (stop) 878: 875: 871: 866: 863: 860: 859: 855: 853: 849: 844: 841: 838: 837: 833: 831: 827: 822: 819: 816: 815: 812:limt (happy) 811: 808: 804: 799: 796: 793: 792: 788: 786: 782: 777: 774: 771: 770: 767:kʷint (take) 766: 763: 759: 754: 751: 748: 747: 743: 741: 737: 732: 729: 726: 725: 721: 718: 714: 709: 706: 703: 702: 698: 696: 692: 687: 684: 681: 680: 676: 673: 669: 664: 661: 658: 657: 653: 650: 646: 641: 638: 635: 634: 631:c̓ałt (cold) 630: 628: 624: 619: 616: 613: 612: 609:cʕas (crash) 608: 605: 601: 596: 593: 590: 589: 585: 582: 578: 573: 570: 567: 566: 562: 559: 556: 553: 550: 549: 546: 538: 534: 530: 528: 517: 513: 509: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 473: 471: 461: 459: 456:bands of the 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 394:Slocan Valley 391: 387: 383: 378: 376: 372: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 338: 335: 325: 323: 319: 315: 310: 306: 301: 299: 295: 294:United States 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 244: 241: 233: 228: 225: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 206: 205: 200: 196: 192: 189: 184: 179: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 158: 155: 154: 153: 149: 139: 136: 135: 133: 132: 131: 128: 127: 126: 122: 118: 112: 108: 102: 96: 93: 89: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: 67: 64: 60: 57: 56:United States 53: 50: 46: 41: 36: 31: 19: 5757: 5744: 5704:Plautdietsch 5450: 5365:Inuvialuktun 5100: 5080: 5013: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4956: 4939: 4930: 4925: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4855:Coast Salish 4745: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4552: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4526: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4227:Bibliography 4183: 4179: 4173: 4165: 4160: 4125: 4116: 4110: 4078: 4062: 4058: 4039: 4012: 3979: 3975: 3952:. Retrieved 3948: 3939: 3927: 3908: 3897:. Retrieved 3895:. 2012-06-20 3892: 3883: 3874: 3864: 3844: 3831: 3823: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3681: 3649:c̓ik̓ "burn" 3641: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3590: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3554: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3520: 3515: 3513: 3497: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3472: 3465: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3383: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3330:wikn̓tsəl̓x 3319:wikn̓tpəl̓x 3151: 3118:We count it 3087:c'k-ən-t-íxʷ 3062:Translation 3047: 2964: 2960: 2952:"your knife" 2951: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2926: 2923: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2896: 2893: 2881: 2878: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2828: 2825: 2817: 2710:Translation 2690: 2683: 2627: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2550: 2547: 2539: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2503: 2494: 2384: 2365: 2356: 1682: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1478: 1456: 1433: 1392: 1369: 1346: 1323: 1300: 1277: 1255: 1232: 1209: 1187: 1164: 1141: 1099: 1076: 1054: 1031: 1009: 986: 964: 941: 919: 896: 873: 851: 829: 806: 784: 761: 744:k̓ast (bad) 739: 722:kilx (hand) 716: 694: 677:hiw̓t (rat) 671: 648: 626: 603: 580: 544: 535: 531: 523: 514: 510: 506: 474: 469: 467: 401: 397: 389: 385: 381: 379: 371:Latin script 339: 331: 302: 298:colonization 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 252: 202: 137: 5542:Assiniboine 5431:Bella Coola 5350:Inuinnaqtun 4888:Lushootseed 4838:Bella Coola 3660:qiclx "run" 3596:Complements 3164:inflection 3162:Transitive 3140:c̓kəntisəlx 3129:c'k-ən-t-íp 3115:c'k-ən-t-ím 3101:c'k-ən-t-ís 3076:I count it 3073:c'k-ən-t-ín 2976:Unstressed 2946:an- nik'mən 2875:akɬtkɬmilxʷ 2803:iʔ kilxsəlx 2667:3rd person 2656:2nd person 2645:1st person 2587:akɬtkɬmílxʷ 2371:uvular flap 947:naqs (one) 554:Letter Name 541:Orthography 470:n̓səl̓xcin̓ 390:n̓səl̓xčin̓ 382:n̓səl̓xčin̓ 266:n̓səl̓xcin̓ 107:L2 speakers 5778:Categories 5441:Halkomelem 5254:Athabaskan 5244:Potawatomi 5181:Algonquian 4875:Halkomelem 4275:Captíkʷł 3 4268:Nsəlxcin 3 3899:2012-08-05 3875:Indiginews 3833:Ethnologue 3815:References 3721:xʷuyx "go" 3584:Mike kiss- 3552:cúmqs-nt-m 3473:sx̌əx̌c'iˀ 3255:kʷuʔ wiks 3224:wikn̓əl̓x 3221:wikłəm̓n̓ 3212:wikn̓tsn̓ 2786:iʔ kilxəmp 2769:iʔ kilxtət 2744:your-hand 2698:Possessive 2689:The stem: 2673:(...-əlx) 2594:2sgposs-to 2533:tkaˀkaˀɬis 2515:Morphology 1717:Pharyngeal 1679:Consonants 1329:xʷuy (go) 432:, and the 373:using the 270:n̓syilxčn̓ 165:(snslxcin) 5709:Ukrainian 5644:Cantonese 5509:Kwakʼwala 5408:Tuscarora 5375:Iroquoian 5355:Inuktitut 5327:Tsuutʼina 5277:Chipewyan 5272:Chilcotin 5199:Blackfoot 5194:Algonquin 5103:indicate 5015:Tillamook 5007:Tillamook 4941:Pentlatch 4926:Semiahmoo 4200:146947730 4004:151866033 3996:0008-4506 3495:tʕapəntís 3333:wiksəl̓x 3293:wikłəm̓t 3287:wikn̓tm̓ 3284:wikn̓tst 3270:wiksəl̓x 3267:wikłəm̓s 3238:wikn̓txʷ 3200:Executor 3172:Singular 3084:c̓kəntixʷ 2809:circumfix 2792:circumfix 2775:circumfix 2758:circumfix 1987:Fricative 1737:affricate 1674:Phonology 1215:uł (and) 497:Inchelium 485:Penticton 472:at home. 356:are from 354:loanwords 346:Sahaptian 262:Nsyilxcən 224:Nsyilxcən 204:Glottolog 188:ISO 639-3 76:Ethnicity 5639:Mandarin 5494:Ditidaht 5486:Wakashan 5476:Thompson 5471:Squamish 5461:shíshálh 5451:Okanagan 5446:Lillooet 5423:Salishan 5398:Onondaga 5332:Tutchone 5287:Gwichʼin 5064:Southern 5045:Lillooet 5038:Northern 4997:Quinault 4968:Tsamosan 4952:Squamish 4947:shíshálh 4932:T'Sou-ke 4916:Songhees 4895:Nooksack 3916:Archived 3853:Archived 3798:See also 3389:Obliques 3310:wikn̓tp 3258:wikn̓ts 3126:c̓kəntip 3112:c̓kəntim 3098:c̓kəntis 3070:c̓kəntin 2973:Stressed 2920:anik'mən 2902:tkɬmilxʷ 2822:isxʷuytn 2752:iʔ kilxs 2727:my-hand 2637:Singular 2602:be-woman 2599:tkɬmílxʷ 2313:glottal. 2181:glottal. 2080:Sonorant 1697:Alveolar 1692:Bilabial 481:Keremeos 450:Nespelem 442:Okanogan 434:Colville 398:nsyilxcn 386:nsyilxcn 292:and the 284:and the 272:), is a 254:Okanagan 211:okan1243 151:Dialects 134:Southern 125:Salishan 84:Colville 80:Okanagan 5674:Italian 5654:Spanish 5649:Punjabi 5573:Tlingit 5568:Kutenai 5558:Beothuk 5466:Shuswap 5456:Saanich 5413:Wyandot 5360:Inupiaq 5322:Tahltan 5267:Carrier 5229:Naskapi 5219:Miꞌkmaq 5189:Abenaki 5159:English 5101:Italics 5050:Shuswap 4976:Cowlitz 4911:Saanich 4881:Klallam 4863:Central 3954:July 9, 3175:Plural 3056:Example 2939:nik'mən 2738:an-kilx 2721:in-kilx 2701:Example 2693:'hand' 2640:Plural 2399:Central 1744:lateral 1730:central 1722:Glottal 1702:Palatal 493:Spokane 438:Sanpoil 358:English 350:Kutenai 322:Shuswap 5669:German 5664:Arabic 5623:Michif 5608:Bungee 5532:Stoney 5524:Siouan 5499:Haisla 5403:Seneca 5393:Oneida 5388:Mohawk 5383:Cayuga 5317:Tagish 5312:Slavey 5307:Sekani 5302:Nicola 5282:Dogrib 5239:Ottawa 5234:Ojibwe 5224:Munsee 5164:French 4921:Samish 4845:Nuxálk 4640: 4198: 4002: 3994: 3577: 3531:shoot- 3524: 3498:shoot- 3215:wikn̓ 3137:3rd PL 3123:2nd PL 3109:1st PL 3095:3rd SG 3081:2nd SG 3067:1st SG 3042:-səlx 3039:-ísəlx 3036:3rd PL 3025:2nd PL 3014:1st PL 3003:3rd SG 2992:2nd SG 2981:1st SG 2905:-woman 2800:3rd PL 2783:2nd PL 2766:1st PL 2749:3rd SG 2741:prefix 2735:ankilx 2732:2nd SG 2724:prefix 2718:inkilx 2715:1st SG 2562:kaˀɬis 2381:Vowels 1777:labial 1767:labial 1756:labial 1712:Uvular 1502:, and 1090:q̓ʷʕay 868:/t͡ɬʼ/ 621:/t͡sʼ/ 551:Letter 454:Methow 452:, and 428:, the 424:, the 420:, the 416:, the 412:, the 408:, the 402:syil̓x 362:French 348:, and 342:Salish 314:fluent 290:Canada 240:UNESCO 174:Methow 109:(2007) 92:Methow 62:Region 52:Canada 5784:Syilx 5563:Haida 5551:other 5537:Sioux 5436:Comox 5342:Inuit 5297:Kaska 4958:Twana 4906:Lummi 4870:Comox 4196:S2CID 4000:S2CID 3569:woman 3555:kiss- 3476:stick 3425:sɬiqʷ 3407:ˀiɬən 3261:wiks 2942:knife 2897:to be 2860:-inst 2591:an-kɬ 2565:three 2556:REDUP 2411:Close 2394:Front 2274:plain 2269:Trill 2085:plain 1891:ejec. 1789:plain 1772:plain 1762:plain 1750:plain 1707:Velar 1372:ellow 1337:x̌ʷay 1144:ister 1094:/qʷʼ/ 779:/kʷʼ/ 775:k̓ʷap 651:phant 598:/t͡ʃ/ 446:Lakes 305:first 260:, or 256:, or 88:Lakes 5209:Innu 5204:Cree 4638:ISBN 4071:ISSN 3992:ISSN 3956:2022 3561:PASS 3547:Mike 3544:Mike 3458:comb 3455:txam 3428:meat 2998:-xʷ 2995:-íxʷ 2932:POSS 2887:POSS 2857:-tan 2849:xʷuy 2844:nom- 2834:POSS 2691:kilx 2670:null 2651:kʷu 2548:kaˀ- 2540:num. 2469:Open 2404:Back 1784:Stop 1667:ʕʼʷ 1473:/ʕʷ/ 1451:/ʕˀ/ 1447:ʕ̓aw 1405:ʔət 1387:/jˀ/ 1341:/χʷ/ 1318:/xʷ/ 1250:/wˀ/ 1246:əw̓s 1182:/tʼ/ 1071:/qʷ/ 1049:/qʼ/ 1004:/pʼ/ 959:/nˀ/ 914:/mˀ/ 824:/lˀ/ 756:/kʷ/ 752:kʷup 734:/kʼ/ 730:k̓it 674:appy 606:urch 583:ther 489:Omak 366:oral 360:and 5292:Hän 4692:MS. 4188:doi 4067:doi 3984:doi 3830:at 3586:DIR 3557:DIR 3533:DIR 3516:gun 3508:ERG 3504:3SG 3500:DIR 3467:OBL 3447:kən 3419:OBL 3410:eat 3399:kən 3316:-- 3307:XX 3290:-- 3281:XX 3275:Pl 3244:XX 3235:-- 3218:XX 3209:-- 3203:Sg 3059:Use 3031:-p 3028:-ip 3020:-m 3017:-ím 3009:-s 3006:-ís 2987:-n 2984:-ín 2928:2sg 2924:an- 2894:kɬ- 2883:2sg 2879:an- 2830:1sg 2826:in- 2704:Use 2648:kən 2440:Mid 2256:ʕˀʷ 1998:~ 1970:qʷʼ 1950:kʷʼ 1928:tɬʼ 1918:tsʼ 1652:yʼ 1646:x̌ʷ 1622:tʼ 1598:qʼʷ 1575:ƛʼ 1563:kʼʷ 1560:kʷ 1469:(?) 1428:/ʕ/ 1424:ʕay 1409:/ʔ/ 1383:y̓u 1364:/j/ 1334:x̌ʷ 1314:xʷi 1295:/χ/ 1291:x̌a 1272:/x/ 1235:alk 1227:/w/ 1204:/u/ 1178:t̓a 1159:/t/ 1136:/s/ 1132:sas 1117:/r/ 1087:q̓ʷ 1067:qʷa 1045:q̓u 1026:/q/ 1000:p̓a 981:/p/ 955:ən̓ 936:/n/ 910:əm̓ 891:/m/ 864:ƛ̓i 846:/ɬ/ 820:əl̓ 809:ove 801:/l/ 772:k̓ʷ 764:een 719:ite 711:/k/ 707:kut 689:/i/ 666:/h/ 643:/ə/ 617:c̓a 575:/a/ 557:IPA 384:or 219:ELP 195:oka 105:75 5780:: 5761:- 4208:^ 4194:. 4184:58 4182:. 4134:^ 4092:^ 4063:73 4061:. 4048:^ 4024:^ 3998:. 3990:. 3980:73 3978:. 3964:^ 3947:. 3891:. 3873:. 3574:]. 3521:]. 3324:3 3301:2 3278:1 3252:3 3229:2 3206:1 3195:3 3192:2 3189:1 3186:3 3183:2 3180:1 2852:go 2841:s- 2662:p 2659:kʷ 2552:PL 2542:CL 2537:k- 2321:rˀ 2246:ʕˀ 2232:wˀ 2220:jˀ 2210:lˀ 2198:nˀ 2188:mˀ 2167:ʕʷ 2055:χʷ 2035:xʷ 1960:qʼ 1940:kʼ 1908:tʼ 1898:pʼ 1865:qʷ 1845:kʷ 1821:tʃ 1818:~ 1815:ts 1664:ʕʷ 1661:ʕʼ 1643:x̌ 1640:xʷ 1637:x 1634:wʼ 1619:pʼ 1613:rʼ 1607:q 1604:qʷ 1601:qʼ 1590:p 1587:nʼ 1581:mʼ 1569:lʼ 1557:kʼ 1545:ḥ 1539:ɣʼ 1533:ə́ 1530:ə 1527:cʼ 1498:, 1496:ə́ 1494:, 1479:ow 1466:ʕʷ 1444:ʕ̓ 1402:ʔ 1380:y̓ 1360:yi 1311:xʷ 1288:x̌ 1268:xu 1243:w̓ 1223:wa 1210:oo 1175:t̓ 1167:op 1155:ti 1113:ri 1064:qʷ 1042:q̓ 1022:qi 997:p̓ 989:op 977:pi 952:n̓ 932:nu 907:m̓ 899:om 887:mi 874:tl 861:ƛ̓ 842:łu 817:l̓ 797:li 785:kʷ 762:qu 749:kʷ 727:k̓ 695:ee 685:is 662:ha 627:ts 614:c̓ 604:ch 594:ci 499:. 448:, 444:, 440:, 436:, 377:. 344:, 324:. 268:, 90:, 86:, 82:, 68:, 54:, 5765:‎ 5137:e 5130:t 5123:v 4823:e 4816:t 4809:v 4559:) 4321:. 4202:. 4190:: 4086:. 4006:. 3986:: 3958:. 3902:. 3877:. 3559:- 3506:. 3502:- 3463:t 3450:I 3415:t 3402:I 2934:- 2930:. 2889:- 2885:. 2836:- 2832:. 2554:. 2477:a 2458:o 2448:ə 2429:u 2417:i 2282:r 2157:ʕ 2143:w 2133:ɣ 2123:j 2113:l 2101:n 2091:m 2069:h 2045:χ 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