3305:
3298:
388:, which extended from rear edge of the skull to the tip of the snout. Most aquatic stegocephalians have their lateral lines dip, unbroken, under the nostrils once they reach the tip of the snout, or alternately disconnect into separate grooves separated by the nostrils. However, colosteids evolved a unique alternative; their lateral lines droop below the nostrils so far that they contact the marginal teeth, so that the edge of the skull is responsible for subdividing the grooves, rather than the nostrils.
131:
2100:
3284:
2118:
3312:
2112:
3469:
3291:
2107:
503:
3277:
709:
447:
652:
679:
625:
596:
542:
113:
755:
396:
at the tip of the snout. In conjunction with the forward position of these fangs, the dentary bones of the lower jaw developed a notch on either side near the symphysis (chin). The symphysis itself is formed by a rough area of bone on the left and right dentaries. This rough patch is formed by a
407:
is known to share this brassicate patch with colosteids. The mandibles were also unique in the fact that they possessed a single elongated hole along their inner surface, known as an exomeckelian foramen (or a meckelian fenestra). Earlier stegocephalians like
384:". However, they did possess large mandibular and palatal fangs (on the lower jaw and the roof of the mouth), in addition to smaller marginal teeth (at the edge of the mouth), like "labyrinthodonts". The skull was overlaid with wide sensory grooves known as
391:
The mandibular fangs were larger than the palatal ones, though those on the palate were still large. Colosteids were unique compared to most stegocephalians in the fact that a pair of palatal fangs were present on the
375:
Colosteids had elongated bodies, with an estimated 40 vertebrae, not including the tail. The skull is relatively flat and composed of many separate bones, like that of other stegocephalians. Colosteids lacked
921:
Lombard, R. Eric; Bolt, John R. (September 2001). "The mandible of the primitive tetrapod
Greererpeton, and the early evolution of the tetrapod lower jaw".
1417:
2009:
1764:
1542:
1830:
1757:
1743:
1427:
1035:
3562:
1978:
1816:
1447:
1357:
1307:
2367:
2029:
1676:
1591:
1549:
329:
groups, which made them historically difficult to classify. They are now considered to be part of a lineage intermediate between the earliest
1937:
1750:
1599:
1563:
1477:
1437:
1277:
3631:
1705:
1377:
1652:
1507:
1080:
3626:
3549:
1051:
1108:
3441:
420:
The analysis below was conducted by Swartz in 2012, showing the relationship of colosteids with other tetrapodomorphs.
3621:
3297:
3304:
412:
possessed a subtle slit in the mandible, while most later groups had a series of smaller, well-defined holes.
3431:
1073:
1027:
130:
38:
3283:
2106:
3472:
3311:
1066:
3290:
2111:
3276:
3246:
3593:
3489:
3426:
3210:
2117:
1178:
3588:
3580:
3567:
3527:
3536:
1267:
2099:
8:
3616:
3446:
2626:
219:
3368:
2842:
2494:
1930:
1690:
1000:
973:
954:
946:
903:
125:
3575:
3374:
2953:
2613:
2344:
1807:
1776:
1630:
1005:
958:
938:
879:
397:
complex system of ridges, which have been described as "brassicate" (textured like a
1043:
907:
3380:
2637:
995:
985:
930:
895:
307:
1058:
3390:
3358:
3082:
2974:
2811:
2586:
2561:
2534:
2360:
1962:
1951:
1944:
1792:
1698:
1683:
1667:
1240:
1227:
1190:
1089:
990:
427:
188:
3436:
3410:
3405:
3363:
3353:
3228:
3199:
3123:
3091:
3068:
3047:
3026:
2990:
2967:
2946:
2919:
2878:
2804:
2797:
2675:
2595:
1915:
1865:
1644:
1387:
1327:
647:
403:
381:
325:
period. They possessed a variety of characteristics from different tetrapod or
934:
3610:
3512:
3193:
3169:
3162:
3105:
3098:
3040:
3012:
2781:
2770:
2757:
2743:
2729:
2646:
2602:
2464:
2424:
2249:
2188:
1999:
1872:
1823:
1614:
1163:
1138:
942:
702:
459:
441:
348:
326:
322:
311:
292:
272:
175:
70:
30:
3400:
3395:
3344:
3339:
3216:
3133:
3061:
3019:
2790:
2736:
2575:
2484:
2414:
2353:
2229:
2208:
2198:
2178:
2135:
2050:
1923:
1735:
1720:
1521:
1491:
1397:
1317:
1129:
1009:
619:
590:
535:
480:
385:
340:
335:
282:
201:
3521:
3033:
2857:
2699:
2653:
2444:
2404:
1900:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1713:
1637:
1623:
1577:
1570:
1535:
1500:
1347:
1287:
1147:
747:
398:
45:
3554:
3155:
3004:
2997:
2937:
2889:
2514:
2434:
2320:
2290:
2259:
2239:
2219:
2019:
1908:
1893:
1837:
1584:
1407:
1337:
1257:
950:
732:
566:
502:
393:
377:
339:), and the different groups ancestral to all modern tetrapods, such as
315:
228:
90:
55:
120:
Life restoration and size comparation of three members of
Colosteidae
3385:
3148:
3140:
3054:
2830:
2722:
2684:
2568:
2548:
2524:
2504:
2310:
2279:
2269:
2141:
2056:
2039:
1989:
1886:
1727:
1467:
1297:
899:
750:
497:
344:
262:
239:
142:
95:
3483:
34:
3506:
3184:
2982:
2905:
2898:
2870:
2692:
2385:
2300:
2159:
1556:
1514:
1457:
1120:
974:"A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America"
708:
446:
330:
318:
162:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
678:
651:
624:
595:
541:
3252:
2960:
2912:
2474:
2454:
1879:
1367:
360:
352:
112:
100:
75:
3541:
2330:
1528:
1114:
754:
356:
152:
1044:"Museum of Geology & Natural History: Selected Fossils"
877:
364:
884:, a New Colosteid Tetrapod from the Mississippian of Iowa"
380:
at the back of the head, unlike temnospondyls and other "
2134:
3116:
3079:
2934:
2854:
2826:
2754:
2710:
2672:
2545:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2500:
2490:
2480:
2470:
2460:
2450:
2440:
2430:
2420:
2410:
2400:
2341:
2326:
2316:
2306:
2296:
2286:
2275:
2265:
2255:
2245:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2204:
2194:
2184:
2174:
2035:
2025:
2015:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1974:
1804:
1788:
1664:
1611:
1488:
1473:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1343:
1333:
1323:
1313:
1303:
1293:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1253:
288:
278:
268:
258:
235:
1088:
3608:
1048:West Virginia: Geological & Economic Survey
873:
871:
869:
1238:
1074:
1028:"Tetrapoda: Carboniferous Forms. Colosteidae"
1162:
866:
920:
878:John R. Bolt & R. Eric Lombard (2010).
1081:
1067:
111:
999:
989:
3609:
1054:from the original on October 10, 2023.
971:
3488:
3487:
3327:
2133:
1225:
1107:
1062:
1038:from the original on October 6, 2022.
1226:
965:
13:
3328:
14:
3643:
3632:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
1020:
333:terrestrial vertebrates (such as
16:Extinct family of tetrapodomorphs
3468:
3467:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
2116:
2110:
2105:
2098:
753:
707:
677:
650:
623:
594:
540:
501:
445:
415:
129:
43:
3627:Carboniferous first appearances
914:
370:
343:(probably ancestral to modern
1:
3432:Polydactyly in stem-tetrapods
859:
991:10.1371/journal.pone.0033683
7:
10:
3648:
3496:
3463:
3419:
3338:
3334:
3323:
3273:
3227:
3192:
3179:
3115:
3078:
2933:
2888:
2865:
2853:
2825:
2780:
2765:
2753:
2709:
2671:
2636:
2621:
2612:
2585:
2556:
2544:
2396:
2381:
2340:
2170:
2158:
2154:
2129:
2095:
2049:
1970:
1961:
1803:
1784:
1775:
1663:
1610:
1487:
1249:
1234:
1221:
1189:
1171:
1158:
1103:
935:10.1017/S0022336000039913
745:
730:
723:
699:
692:
672:
665:
645:
638:
616:
609:
587:
580:
563:
556:
532:
525:
494:
477:
470:
463:
438:
431:
255:
250:
234:
227:
126:Scientific classification
124:
119:
110:
23:
3622:Tetrapodomorph families
923:Journal of Paleontology
888:Journal of Paleontology
882:Deltaherpeton hiemstrae
3427:Evolution of tetrapods
3589:Paleobiology Database
321:) that lived in the
3447:Zachelmie trackways
2627:Pseudophlegethontia
972:Swartz, B. (2012).
3369:Megalichthyiformes
1931:Platycephalichthys
394:premaxillary bones
3604:
3603:
3576:Open Tree of Life
3490:Taxon identifiers
3481:
3480:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3375:Tristichopteridae
3319:
3318:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
2929:
2928:
2821:
2820:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2614:Phlegethontioidea
2377:
2376:
2345:Elginerpetontidae
2125:
2124:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2010:Parapanderichthys
1808:Tristichopteridae
1777:Eotetrapodiformes
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
856:
855:
847:
846:
838:
837:
829:
828:
820:
819:
811:
810:
802:
801:
793:
792:
784:
783:
775:
774:
766:
765:
514:
513:
301:
300:
223:
3639:
3597:
3596:
3584:
3583:
3571:
3570:
3558:
3557:
3545:
3544:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3485:
3484:
3471:
3470:
3381:Labyrinthodontia
3336:
3335:
3325:
3324:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3236:
3232:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3121:
3118:
3081:
2936:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2828:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2712:
2674:
2638:Phlegethontiidae
2619:
2618:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2532:
2522:
2512:
2502:
2492:
2482:
2472:
2462:
2452:
2442:
2432:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2343:
2328:
2318:
2308:
2298:
2288:
2277:
2267:
2257:
2247:
2237:
2227:
2217:
2206:
2196:
2186:
2176:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2064:
2055:
2037:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1806:
1790:
1782:
1781:
1666:
1613:
1490:
1475:
1465:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1385:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1325:
1315:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1265:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1236:
1235:
1223:
1222:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1090:Tetrapodomorpha
1083:
1076:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1039:
1014:
1013:
1003:
993:
969:
963:
962:
929:(5): 1016–1042.
918:
912:
911:
900:10.1666/10-020.1
894:(6): 1135–1151.
875:
757:
726:
725:
712:
711:
695:
694:
681:
668:
667:
654:
641:
640:
627:
612:
611:
598:
583:
582:
559:
558:
545:
544:
528:
527:
505:
473:
472:
466:
465:
449:
434:
433:
424:
423:
290:
280:
270:
260:
237:
218:
213:
134:
133:
115:
105:
42:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3592:
3587:
3579:
3574:
3566:
3561:
3553:
3548:
3540:
3535:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3451:
3415:
3391:Ichthyostegalia
3359:Osteolepiformes
3343:
3330:
3315:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3259:
3234:
3230:
3229:Reptiliomorpha
3223:
3196:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3119:
3111:
3083:Gephyrostegidae
3074:
2975:Carbonoherpeton
2925:
2884:
2849:
2817:
2812:Palaeomolgophis
2776:
2749:
2705:
2659:
2632:
2608:
2587:Oestocephalidae
2581:
2562:Andersonerpeton
2540:
2535:Tantallognathus
2388:
2382:
2373:
2361:Obruchevichthys
2336:
2162:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2121:
2097:
2077:
2059:
2053:
2045:
1963:Elpistostegalia
1957:
1952:Tristichopterus
1799:
1793:Palaeospondylus
1771:
1765:Sterropterygion
1699:Ectosteorhachis
1684:Cladarosymblema
1668:Megalichthyidae
1659:
1606:
1543:Propycnoctenion
1483:
1243:
1241:Tetrapodomorpha
1230:
1228:Tetrapodomorpha
1205:
1191:Tetrapodomorpha
1185:
1154:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1042:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1017:
970:
966:
919:
915:
876:
867:
862:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
785:
776:
767:
706:
539:
515:
428:Elpistostegalia
418:
382:labyrinthodonts
373:
312:stegocephalians
246:
243:
217:
211:
189:Tetrapodomorpha
128:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3645:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3585:
3572:
3559:
3546:
3533:
3518:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3411:Anthracosauria
3408:
3406:Phyllospondyli
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3364:Osteolepididae
3361:
3356:
3354:Stem tetrapoda
3350:
3348:
3332:
3331:
3329:Related topics
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3247:Reptiliomorpha
3240:
3238:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3200:Batrachomorpha
3187:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3129:
3127:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3092:Bruktererpeton
3087:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3069:Spondylerpeton
3065:
3058:
3051:
3048:Proterogyrinus
3044:
3037:
3030:
3027:Palaeoherpeton
3023:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2994:
2991:Diplovertebron
2987:
2978:
2971:
2968:Calligenethlon
2964:
2957:
2950:
2947:Anthracosaurus
2942:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2920:Megalocephalus
2916:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2879:Spathicephalus
2875:
2866:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2805:Dolichopareias
2801:
2798:Adelospondylus
2794:
2786:
2784:
2782:Adelogyrinidae
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2766:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2680:
2678:
2676:Whatcheeriidae
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2596:Coloraderpeton
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2518:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2478:
2468:
2458:
2448:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2408:
2397:
2391:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2294:
2284:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2243:
2233:
2223:
2213:
2202:
2192:
2182:
2171:
2165:
2152:
2151:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2074:
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1448:Thaumatolepis
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697:
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31:Carboniferous
22:
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3420:Other topics
3401:Holospondyli
3396:Lepospondyli
3345:Polyphyletic
3340:Paraphyletic
3280:
3217:Lissamphibia
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3134:Caerorhachis
3132:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3067:
3062:Seroherpeton
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3020:Neopteroplax
3018:
3011:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2877:
2869:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2791:Adelogyrinus
2789:
2769:
2742:
2737:Greererpeton
2735:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2652:
2645:
2625:
2601:
2594:
2576:Ophiderpeton
2574:
2567:
2560:
2533:
2523:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2485:Mesanerpeton
2483:
2473:
2463:
2453:
2443:
2433:
2423:
2415:Aytonerpeton
2413:
2403:
2368:Webererpeton
2366:
2359:
2354:Elginerpeton
2352:
2329:
2319:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2278:
2268:
2258:
2248:
2238:
2230:Ichthyostega
2228:
2218:
2209:Elpistostege
2207:
2199:Densignathus
2197:
2187:
2179:Acanthostega
2177:
2145:
2136:Stegocephali
2104:
2060:
2051:Stegocephali
2038:
2030:Rubrognathus
2028:
2018:
2008:
1998:
1988:
1977:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1924:Notorhizodon
1922:
1914:
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1892:
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1878:
1871:
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1822:
1815:
1791:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1736:Megistolepis
1734:
1726:
1721:Megalichthys
1719:
1712:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1682:
1677:Askerichthys
1675:
1651:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1598:
1592:Thysanolepis
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1550:Pycnoctenion
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1522:Gooloogongia
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:Rhizodontida
1476:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1436:
1426:
1416:
1406:
1398:Muranjilepis
1396:
1386:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1346:
1336:
1326:
1318:Gyroptychius
1316:
1306:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1266:
1256:
1143:
1134:
1130:Osteichthyes
1125:
1047:
1031:
981:
977:
967:
926:
922:
916:
891:
887:
881:
746:
731:
701:
700:
674:
673:
646:
620:Ichthyostega
618:
617:
591:Acanthostega
589:
588:
565:
564:
536:Elginerpeton
534:
533:
496:
495:
481:Elpistostege
479:
478:
440:
439:
419:
410:Ichthyostega
409:
402:
390:
378:otic notches
374:
336:Ichthyostega
334:
303:
302:
291:
283:Greererpeton
281:
271:
261:
238:
214:
202:Stegocephali
195:
182:
169:
18:
3528:Colosteidae
3522:Wikispecies
3498:Colosteidae
3437:Romer's gap
3233:Pan-Amniota
3181:Crown group
3034:Papposaurus
2858:Baphetoidea
2714:Colosteidae
2700:Whatcheeria
2654:Sillerpeton
2445:Doragnathus
2405:Antlerpeton
1938:Spodichthys
1901:Litoptychus
1859:Eusthenodon
1852:Edenopteron
1845:Devonosteus
1751:Rhizodopsis
1714:Mahalalepis
1691:Cryptolepis
1638:Koharalepis
1624:Beelarongia
1600:Vorobjevaia
1578:Screbinodus
1571:Sauripterus
1564:Rossichthys
1536:Letognathus
1501:Archichthys
1478:Viluichthys
1348:Litoptychus
1288:Glyptopomus
1268:Chrysolepis
1148:Rhipidistia
748:Crown group
675:Colosteidae
399:cauliflower
371:Description
304:Colosteidae
215:Colosteidae
24:Colosteidae
3617:Colosteids
3611:Categories
3156:Eoherpeton
3005:Eoherpeton
2998:Eobaphetes
2938:Embolomeri
2890:Baphetidae
2515:Perittodus
2435:Diploradus
2321:Ventastega
2291:Tulerpeton
2260:Parmastega
2240:Jakubsonia
2220:Hynerpeton
2146:sensu lato
2072:see below↓
2061:sensu lato
2020:Qikiqtania
1909:Mandageria
1894:Langlieria
1838:Canningius
1631:Canowindra
1585:Strepsodus
1438:Shirolepis
1408:Osteolepis
1338:Kenichthys
1278:Geptolepis
1258:Bogdanovia
1200:see below↓
860:References
733:Baphetidae
567:Ventastega
345:amphibians
316:stem-group
245:Cope, 1871
229:Type genus
3386:Rachitomi
3251:includes
3215:includes
3185:Tetrapoda
3149:Eldeceeon
3141:Casineria
3055:Pteroplax
2843:Nectridea
2831:Nectridea
2723:Colosteus
2685:Ossinodus
2569:Lethiscus
2549:Aistopoda
2525:Sigournea
2505:Ossirarus
2311:Umzantsia
2280:Tiktaalik
2270:Sinostega
2142:Tetrapoda
2057:Tetrapoda
2040:Tiktaalik
1990:Livoniana
1887:Jarvikina
1728:Megapomus
1468:Tungsenia
1418:Peregrina
1298:Gogonasus
1113:Kingdom:
959:232347256
943:1937-2337
751:Tetrapoda
498:Tiktaalik
319:tetrapods
263:Colosteus
240:Colosteus
149:Kingdom:
143:Eukaryota
39:Moscovian
3507:Wikidata
3473:Category
3442:Timeline
2983:Cricotus
2954:Archeria
2906:Kyrinion
2899:Baphetes
2871:Eucritta
2693:Pederpes
2495:Occidens
2386:Devonian
2301:Tutusius
2160:Devonian
1706:Lohsania
1557:Rhizodus
1515:Barameda
1458:Thursius
1378:Medoevia
1121:Chordata
1119:Phylum:
1115:Animalia
1052:Archived
1036:Archived
1010:22448265
978:PLOS ONE
908:83774501
401:). Only
361:reptiles
355:such as
353:amniotes
331:Devonian
208:Family:
163:Chordata
159:Phylum:
153:Animalia
139:Domain:
3581:3620902
3555:4815781
3542:4359002
3513:Q143093
3253:Amniota
2961:Aversor
2913:Loxomma
2475:Koilops
2455:Gaiasia
1945:Tinirau
1880:Hyneria
1653:Owensia
1508:Aztecia
1368:Latvius
1032:Palaeos
1001:3308997
951:1307064
357:mammals
251:Genera
3568:117162
3347:groups
2331:Ymeria
1529:Hongyu
1008:
998:
957:
949:
941:
906:
363:, and
347:) and
308:family
222:, 1875
37:–late
35:Viséan
3594:36975
3563:IRMNG
3120:Other
2383:Post-
1144:Clade
1135:Clade
1126:Clade
955:S2CID
947:JSTOR
904:S2CID
365:birds
306:is a
196:Clade
183:Clade
170:Clade
3550:GBIF
3245:see
3209:see
2841:see
2389:taxa
2163:taxa
1177:see
1006:PMID
939:ISSN
220:Cope
46:PreꞒ
3537:EoL
996:PMC
986:doi
931:doi
896:doi
367:).
310:of
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3578::
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1034:.
1030:.
1004:.
994:.
980:.
976:.
953:.
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937:.
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925:.
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892:84
890:.
886:.
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359:,
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185::
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96:Pg
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2827:†
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2342:†
2327:†
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2276:†
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2256:†
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1254:†
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1092:(
1082:e
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1012:.
988::
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961:.
933::
910:.
898::
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314:(
289:†
279:†
269:†
259:†
236:†
212:†
101:N
91:K
86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
66:D
61:S
56:O
51:Ꞓ
41:)
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