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cattle, and this inadequate use, simply made salt-preserved meats and dairy products "unnecessarily expensive." Catte suffered from intestinal parasites and ticks. In their attempts to escape pests and threats, they often moved into forest margins, disrupting their ecosystems. As mentioned, cattle raising changed the native landscape from palatable grasses to "scrubby, noxious" plants, but trying to eliminate them by burning only worked temporarily. In the long term, burning these grasses caused erosion, reduced soil permeability, and produced degraded, innutritious pasture prone to becoming hosting ticks and poisonous plant species. Cattle took longer to reach their weight, and by choosing the largest animals, herders only worsened the breed through "negative selective pressure." Although they were edible and fire-resistant, the
African grasses that eventually replaced native ones were not as nutritious because they were not planted in variety to provide a more balanced diet.
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2773:. It can be estimated that around 35% of all Africans captured in the Atlantic slave trade were sent to Brazil. The slave trade in Brazil would continue for nearly two hundred years and last the longest of any country in the Americas. African slaves had a higher monetary value than indigenous slaves largely because many of them came from agricultural societies and thus were already familiar with the work needed to maintain the profitable sugar plantations of Brazil. Also, African slaves were already immune to several of the Old World diseases that killed many indigenous people and were less likely to flee, as compared to indigenous slaves, since their place of origin was so inaccessible. However, many African slaves did in fact flee and created their own communities of runaway slaves called
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392:
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2809:. Other ways these enslaved peoples resisted was by exacting violence upon themselves and their babies, often to the point of death, and by seeking revenge against their masters. Another type of resistance to slavery was flight and, with the dense vegetation of the tropics, runaway slaves fled in numbers and for slave owners, this was an "endemic problem." The realities of being on a frontier that was policed in less than optimal ways fostered the successful escapes of enslaved people. Since the early 17th century there are indications of runaway slaves organizing themselves into settlements in the Brazilian hinterland. These settlements, called
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Afro-Portuguese blacks developed a complex culture that can best be highlighted through their celebrations and festivities that took place in Bahia, Brazil. In these festivities lies a combination of
African beliefs and practices with not only a Christian impact but also the impact of living in a new land. The Irmandade put a large value on the extensiveness of one's burial as to die alone and "anonymously" would be a representation of a poor person. The Irmandade of Bahia, Brazil, highlights the rising racial and cultural complexity that would take place between the native indigenous, African slaves, and white Europeans in the years to come.
1919:
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7650:
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Portuguese colonists' decisions to pursue the economic strategy of agriculture and to adopt particular agricultural practices significantly transformed the
Brazilian environment. The Portuguese colonists viewed farming as a beneficial taming of the frontier, urging mestizos, mulattoes, and indigenous peoples to abandon life in the wild forest and adopt agriculture. Colonial farming practices in the forest were unsustainable, greatly exploiting the land. Slash-and-burn practices were used liberally, and colonial responses to the presence of the
3186:
was made, but two important modes of interacting with gold in Brazil came into place. Firstly, in the initial goldfields and smelting houses run by the
Portuguese monarchy, the crown forced indigenous people into slave labor. Hundreds of thousands of people were shipped from Africa to be enslaved to work in mines by the end of the 17th century, but this process began with a couple hundred indigenous people enslaved into the gold industry at the first ventures for gold by the Crown in Brazil a century earlier. Secondly, people referred to as
2060:), which had previously been used successfully in the colonization of Madeira. These captaincies were granted by royal decree to private owners, namely to merchants, soldiers, sailors, and petty nobility, saving the Portuguese crown from the high costs of colonization. The captaincies granted control over large areas of land and all that resided upon it. Furthermore, the splitting of land highlights the economic importance a large amount of land would have for red-dye producing trees and sugar plantations. Thus, between 1534 and 1536 king
2965:. The skilled slaves that worked in mines were highly valuable to their owners, but, as long as they continued to cede their findings, they were often allowed freedom of movement within the mining districts. Slaves and freed blacks made up to three-fourths of the region's population, and runaways could easily hide among the "sea of coloreds." The region's mountains and large tracts of unsettled land provided potential hideouts. Civil unrest combined with other forms of resistance against the colonial government severely hindered the anti-
3641:
The colonial land policy favored the elite, who could afford purchasing expensive land titles. Because these small-scale farmers were unable to attain land titles to make their fields their property, they were uninvested in sustainable farming practices. Botelho also saw slavery as a hindrance to the agricultural development of the region. Although his reforms were unsuccessful and he was not able to implement all of his ideas, Botelho did recognize that mercantilism and militarism impeded the growth of agriculture.
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2616:(1551), and Rio de Janeiro (1565) were also vital in the defense against pirates. Only São Paulo was an important inland city. Unlike the network of towns and cities that developed in most areas of Spanish America, the coastal cities and their hinterlands were oriented toward Portugal directly with little connection otherwise. With sugar as the major export commodity in the early period and the necessity to process cane into exportable refined sugar on-site, the sugar
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use of interpreters at confession by the
Jesuits was also railed against by Sardinha who opposed the appropriation of indigenous culture for evangelization. Sardinha also challenged the Jesuit prohibition on waging war against and enslaving the indigenous population, eventually forcing Nóbrega to leave Bahia for the Jesuit mission at São Vicente in late 1552 to return only at the conclusion of the Sardinha's tenure. The action of the Jesuits saved many natives from
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3914:
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it became the sole
Portuguese State in South America; and it now included in its territory the whole of the Portuguese possessions in the American Continent. Indeed, with the reorganization of 1775, for the first time since 1654, all the Portuguese territories in the New World were once again united under a single colonial government. Rio de Janeiro, that had become the capital of the State of Brazil in 1763, continued to be the capital, now of the unified colony.
3960:
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2750:). Nassau invited scientific commissions to research the local flora and fauna, resulting in added knowledge of the territory. Moreover, he set up a city project for Recife and Olinda, which was partially accomplished. Remnants survive into the modern era. After several years of open warfare, the Dutch finally withdrew in 1654; the Portuguese paid off a war debt in payments of salt. Few Dutch cultural and ethnic influences remain, but
1872:
548:
86:
76:
66:
56:
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The large portion of the
Brazilian inland where gold was extracted became known as Minas Gerais (General Mines). Gold mining in this area became the main economic activity of colonial Brazil during the 18th century. In Portugal, the gold was mainly used to pay for industrialized goods such as textiles and weapons from other European nations (since Portugal lacked an industrial economy) to, especially during the reign of king
1705:
2690:. The unification of the crowns of the two Iberian kingdoms, known as the Iberian Union, lasted until 1640 when the Portuguese revolted. During the union the institutions of both kingdoms remained separate. For Portuguese merchants, many of whom were Christian converts from Judaism ("New Christians") or their descendants, the union of crowns presented commercial opportunities in the slave trade to Spanish America. The
3751:, ordered the transfer of the Portuguese royal court to Brazil before he could be deposed by the invading army. In January 1808, prince John and his court arrived in Salvador, where he signed a commercial regulation that opened commerce between Brazil and friendly nations (Britain). This important law broke the colonial pact that, until then, allowed Brazil to maintain direct commercial relations with Portugal only.
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2414:, led to conflict with Governor General Mem de Sá, who waged war against the colony in 1560. Estácio de Sá, nephew of the Governor, founded Rio de Janeiro in 1565 and managed to expel the last French settlers in 1567. Jesuit priests Manuel da Nóbrega and Joseph of Anchieta were instrumental in the Portuguese victory by pacifying the natives who supported the French.
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Brazil and the
Algarves. That political union would last until 1822 when Brazil declared its independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves and became the Empire of Brazil, a sovereign nation in the territory of the former Kingdom of Brazil. The separation was recognized by Portugal with the signing of the 1825 Treaty of Rio de Janeiro.
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leading sugarcane plantations to quickly spread to other coastal areas in colonial Brazil. Initially, the
Portuguese attempted to utilize Indian slaves for sugar cultivation, but shifted to the use of black African slave labor. While the availability of Amerindians did decrease due to epidemics afflicting the coastal native population and the declaration of king
2083:, sugarcane mills, installed after 1542 producing sugar. Sugar was a very valuable good in Europe, and its production became the main Brazilian colonial product for the next 150 years. The captaincy of São Vicente, owned by Martim Afonso de Sousa, also produced sugar but its main economic activity was capturing indigenous native people to trade them as slaves.
2904:
peoples from trying to escape and to close down their options for escape. Strategies used by
Portuguese colonists to prevent enslaved people from fleeing included apprehending escapees before they had the opportunity to band together. Slave catchers mounted expeditions with the intent to destroy fugitive communities. These expeditions destroyed
2543:, a subsistence crop, was cultivated also utilized high numbers of enslaved peoples. In these areas, 40 to 60 percent of the population was enslaved. These regions were characterized by fewer work demands and better living and working conditions for enslaved peoples as compared to labor conditions for enslaved populations in sugar regions.
3645:
governor in Minas Gerais noted with dismay that white settlers seemed to reject all forms of intensive manual labor in the hopes of increasing their chances at upward social mobility. Botelho, himself, "conscripted almost 5,000 men from an adult population that could not have numbered more than 35,000." Unemployed men were designated as
2383:, but also disturbed their ancestral way of life and inadvertently helped spread infectious diseases against which the aborigines had no natural defenses. Slave labour and trade were essential for the economy of Brazil and other American colonies, and the Jesuits usually did not object to the enslavement of African people.
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fields, killing vegetation that was able to survive extensive trampling. Scrubby noxious plants, some of which were poisonous, replaced this vegetation. Colonists responded to these unwanted plants by burning innumerable large pastures, a practice that killed countless small animals and greatly damaged soil nutrients.
1915:, were the first examples of the Portuguese monarchy beginning to move from a crusading and looting-centric attitude, to a trade-centric attitude when approaching new lands. The latter attitude required communication and cooperation with indigenous people, thus, interpreters. This informed Cabral's actions in Brazil.
4152:), keeping Salvador as its capital city. With this administrative remodeling, the unity of the colony was once again interrupted, as a portion of territory in the northern part of modern Brazil became an autonomous colony, separate from the State of Brazil: the State of Maranhão, with its capital city in São Luiz.
1845:. The most decisive of these treaties was the Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494, which created the Tordesillas Meridian, dividing the world between the two kingdoms. All land discovered or to be discovered east of that meridian was to be the property of Portugal, and everything to the west of it went to Spain.
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maximum of "five kilograms of meat per hectare." Thus, wasteful agricultural practices and irresponsible cattle raising methods not only led to the degradation of the native landscape; they also did little for the long-term economic development of the region. Historian Warren Dean acknowledges the effects that
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In 1763, the capital city of the State of Brazil was transferred from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. At the same time, the title of the King's representative heading the government of the State of Brazil was officially changed from Governor General to Viceroy (Governors coming from the high nobility had
3612:
The introduction of European livestock—cattle, horses, and pigs—also radically transformed the land. Indigenous flora in the interior of Brazil withered and died in the face of repeated trampling by cattle; the flora were replaced by grasses able to adapt to such abuse. Cattle also overgrazed fertile
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effectively resisted agriculture. In only a few years, the ants constructed elaborate and complex colonies that colonists found nearly impossible to destroy and that made hoeing and plowing extremely difficult. Instead of fighting the ants, colonists ceded their fields to the ants, created new fields
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Mining practices significantly harmed the land. To facilitate the extraction of gold, large swaths of forest along hillsides were burned in some regions. 4,000 square kilometers of the Atlantic Forest region were denuded for mining, leaving the terrain "bald and deserted". This massive destruction of
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Along the frontier, racial mixing between people of indigenous, European, and African ancestry resulted in various physical spaces for cultural interchange that historian Warren Dean has called the "caboclo frontier". Portuguese colonial authorities were characterized by their refusal to cooperate or
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remain a mystery, and the information available today is limited by the fact that it usually comes from colonial accounts of their destruction. More is known about the Quilombo dos Palmares because it was "the longest-lived and largest fugitive community" in Colonial Brazil. Like any polity, Palmares
495:
The boom and bust of the economic cycles were linked to export products. Brazil's sugar age, with the development of plantation slavery, merchants serving as middle men between production sites, Brazilian ports, and Europe was undermined by the growth of the sugar industry in the Caribbean on islands
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In 1775, in a final territorial reorganization, the colony was once again reunified: the State of Maranhão and Piauí and the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro were both abolished, and their territories were incorporated into the territory of the State of Brazil. The State of Brazil was thus expanded;
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The unified Governorate General of Brazil, with its capital city in Salvador, existed during three periods: from 1549 to 1572, from 1578 to 1607 and from 1613 to 1621. Between 1572 and 1578 and again between 1607 and 1613, the colony was split in two, and during those periods the Governorate General
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had on the seemingly "useless" and "wasteful" exploitation of the Atlantic Forest, yet he also warns the reader against ascribing the whole blame on colonialism and capitalism. According to Dean, there is evidence to suggest colonists accepted "regal authority" only when it supported their interests
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The inhabitants of the caboclo frontier exchanged belief systems, musical traditions, remedies, fishing and hunting techniques, and other customs with each other. The Tupi language enriched Portuguese with new words for native flora and fauna, as well as for places. Africanisms, such as the Kimbundu
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expeditions often consisted of a field officer, his slaves, a chaplain, a scribe, a mapmaker, white colonists, livestock, and medical professionals, among others. In several-month-long marches, such groups entered lands that were not yet occupied by colonizers by were doubtless part of the homelands
2641:." New Christians were well integrated into institutional life, serving in civil as well as ecclesiastical offices. The relative lack of persecution and abundance of opportunity allowed them to have a significant place in society. With the Iberian Union (1580–1640), many migrated to Spanish America.
2534:
and did not require as much training in how to farm as did members of Amerindian societies, which tended to not be primarily agricultural. Africans were also less vulnerable to disease than Amerindians were. The importation of enslaved Africans into Brazil was heavily influenced by the rise of sugar
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by the Pope, Bishop Pero Fernandes Sardinha arrived in Bahia in 1552 and took issue with the Jesuit mission led by Manoel da Nóbrega. Sardinha opposed the Jesuits taking part in indigenous dances and playing indigenous instruments since he viewed these activities had little effect on conversion. The
1994:
in Mexico and Peru, the Portuguese could not place themselves on an established social structure. This, coupled with the fact that tangible material wealth was not found until the 18th century, made the relationship between the Portuguese and the Brazilian colony very different from the relationship
1852:
into two parts, leaving a large chunk of land to be exploited by the Spaniards. The Treaty of Tordesillas has been called the earliest document in Brazilian history, since it determined that part of South America would be settled by Portugal instead of Spain. The Treaty of Tordesillas was an item of
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However, in 1654, the territories of the former State of Maranhão were again separated from the State of Brazil, and the Captaincy of Grão-Pará was also split from Brazil. In this restructuring, the territories of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, severed from Brazil, were united in a single State, initially
3829:
had broken out in Portugal in 1820, and the royal governors who ruled Portugal in the king's name had been replaced by a revolutionary Council of Regency formed to govern the European portion of the united kingdom until the king's return. Indeed, the king's immediate return to Lisbon was one of the
3608:
This environmental transformation contrasted sharply with Brazilian Amerindian land-management concepts and practices. Unlike in many areas of Central and South America, in Brazil Amerindians did not significantly disrupt and damage biotic communities. Amerindians maintained very small communities,
3227:
The discovery of gold was met with great enthusiasm by Portugal, which had an economy in disarray following years of wars against Spain and the Netherlands. A gold rush quickly ensued, with people from other parts of the colony and Portugal flooding the region in the first half of the 18th century.
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had resident artisans and barber-surgeons, and functioned in some ways as small towns. Also unlike most Spanish settlements, Brazilian cities and towns did not have a uniform lay-out of central plaza and a check board pattern of streets, often because the topography defeated such an orderly layout.
2603:
Brazil had coastal cities and towns, which have been considered far less important than colonial settlements in Spanish America, but like Spanish America, urban settlements were important as the sites of institutional life of church and state, as well as urban groups of merchants. Unlike many areas
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From the 15 original captaincies, only two, Pernambuco and São Vicente, prospered. The failure of most captaincies was related to the resistance of the indigenous native people, shipwrecks and internal disputes between the colonizers.. Failure can also be attributed to the Crown not having a strong
3695:
Cattle were not particularly cared for. No fodder was provided, and even castrating and branding were often neglected. As a result, there was a severe mortality rate during the dry season, and it took several years for cattle to reach a sellable weight. Salt served as a poor dietary supplement for
3640:
farmers to take up the plow and use the manure of draft animals as fertilizer, but his reforms did not work for several reasons. Botelho's propositions did not appeal to farmers because farmers would have to work more hours without any guarantee or probability of actually increasing their harvest.
3621:
The mining of gold and diamonds shaped the internal economy of agriculture. Although slash-and-burn agriculture was able to feed the mining region throughout the 1700s, deforestation and the degradation of the land made farming increasingly difficult in the long term and forced farmers to look for
3185:
While the first major gold deposits were found at the end of the 17th century, there is record of gold being found in the area of São Vicente in the end of the 16th century. In the century or so between these initial sightings of gold and the first findings of major gold deposits, not much revenue
2903:
Portuguese colonists sought to destroy these fugitive communities because they threatened the economic and social order of the slave regime in Brazil. There was a constant fear among colonists that enslaved peoples would revolt and resist slavery. Two settler objectives were to discourage enslaved
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and some other agricultural goods were produced, but sugar became by far the most important Brazilian colonial product until the early 18th century. The first sugarcane farms were established in the mid-16th century and were the key for the success of the captaincies of São Vicente and Pernambuco,
1969:
Over time, the Portuguese realized that some European countries, especially France, were also sending excursions to the land to extract brazilwood. Worried about foreign incursions and hoping to find mineral riches, the Portuguese crown decided to send large missions to take possession of the land
1945:
After Cabral's voyage, the Portuguese focused their efforts on their possessions in Africa and India and showed little interest in Brazil. Between 1500 and 1530, relatively few Portuguese expeditions came to the new land to chart the coast and to obtain brazilwood. In Europe, this wood was used to
1931:
came to the northeastern coast of Brazil and deployed many armed men ashore with no means of communicating with the indigenous people. One of his ships and captains was captured by indigenous people and eight of his men were killed. Cabral no doubt learned from this to treat communication with the
2825:
were often viewed by Portuguese colonists as "parasitic," relying upon theft of livestock and crops, "extortion, and sporadic raiding" for sustenance. Often, the victims of this raiding were not white sugar planters but blacks who sold produce grown on their own plots. Other accounts document the
2538:
Slave labor demands varied based on region and on the type of harvest crop. In the Bahia region, where sugar was the main crop, conditions for enslaved peoples were extremely harsh. It was often cheaper for slaveowners to literally work enslaved peoples to death over the course of a few years and
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The social model of conquest in Brazil was one geared toward commerce and entrepreneurial ideals rather than conquest as was the case in the Spanish realm. As time progressed, the Portuguese crown found that having the colony serve as a trading post was not ideal for regulating land claims in the
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In 1815, Brazil ceased to be a colony, upon the elevation of the State of Brazil to the rank of a kingdom, the Kingdom of Brazil, and the simultaneous political union of that kingdom with the Kingdoms of Portugal and the Algarves, forming a single sovereign State, the United Kingdom of Portugal,
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In 1772, in a short-lived territorial reorganization, the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão was split in two: the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro (better known simply as the State of Grão-Pará), with the city of Belém as its capital, and the State of Maranhão and Piauí (better known simply as the
3644:
Other impediments to the growth of agriculture, included the criminalization and vilification of the poor. Heavy taxes were expected in cash from poor farmers. While reimbursements could be delayed for years, when taxes were not paid, the family's young men were forced into military service. One
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As the gold rush subsided, many Portuguese colonists abandoned mining for farming and animal husbandry. Farming practices extended inland expansion farther into the Brazilian forest. The colonists began to set in motion what became a nearly unstoppable trend with profound cumulative effects. The
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was in force served to redirect much of the gold mined in Brazil during the 18th century to Britain. The Methuen Treaty was a trade treaty signed between the British and Portuguese, by which all woolen cloth imported from Britain would be tax-free in Portugal, whereas Portuguese wine exported to
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With the failure of most captaincies and the menacing presence of French ships along the Brazilian coast, the government of king John III decided to turn the colonization of Brazil back into a royal enterprise. In 1549, a large fleet led by Tomé de Sousa set sail to Brazil to establish a central
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In 1808, the Portuguese Court was transferred to Brazil as direct consequence of the invasion of Portugal during the Napoleonic Wars. The office of Viceroy of Brazil ceased to exist upon the arrival of the royal family in Rio de Janeiro, since the Prince Regent, the future King John VI, assumed
1807:
in North Africa. Its maritime exploration then proceeded down the coast of West Africa and across the Indian Ocean to the south Asian subcontinent, as well as the Atlantic islands off the coast of Africa on the way. They sought sources of gold, ivory, and African slaves, high value goods in the
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Because of degraded grasslands, high mortality rate, slow growth, and low population, like agriculture, the cattle raising industry in Colonial Brazil was not very productive. In fact, hunter-gatherers in this area could have attained more meat than the cattle breeders, who annually produced a
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The Black Irmandade was the result of the blacks and mulattos beginning to create custom and culture. Although Blacks were considered of "the lowest rabble", their agricultural skills and that they came from Europe along with the white Europeans gave them an upper hand in social ranking. These
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At sugar plantations in the north, land was worked exhaustively with no concern for ensuring its long-term productivity. As soon as the land was exhausted, plantation owners would simply abandon their plots, shifting the sugar frontier to new plots as the supply of land seemed endless to them.
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catchers’ or as part of a larger set of defenses against slave uprisings that had been orchestrated by cities and towns. At the same time, some Amerindians resisted the colonizers’ efforts to prevent uprisings by surreptitiously incorporating into their villages those who had escaped slavery.
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Merchants during the sugar age were crucial to the economic development of the colony, the link between the sugar production areas, coastal Portuguese cities, and Europe. Merchants in the early came from many nations, including Germans, Flemings, and Italians, but Portuguese merchants came to
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under the loophole in the 1570 law that they were captured in just wars against native groups who "customarily" attacked the Portuguese. By 1580, as many as 40,000 natives could have been taken from the interior to toil as slaves on Brazil's interior, and this enslavement of indigenous people
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Tomé de Sousa, first Governor General of Brazil, brought the first group of Jesuits to the colony. More than any other religious order, the Jesuits represented the spiritual side of the enterprise and were destined to play a central role in the colonial history of Brazil. The spreading of the
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around streams and was extracted using pans and other similar instruments that required little technology. Gold extraction was mostly done by slaves. The gold industry brought hundreds of thousands of Africans to Brazil as slaves. The Portuguese Crown allowed particulars to extract the gold,
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and either killed or re-enslaved inhabitants These expeditions were conducted by soldiers and mercenaries, many of whom were supported by local people or by the government's military. As a result, many fugitive communities were heavily fortified. Amerindians were sometimes utilized as ‘slave
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Unlike neighboring Spanish America, Brazil was a slave society from its outset. The African slave trade was inherent to the economic and social structure of the colony. Years before the North American slave trade got underway, more slaves had been brought to Brazil than would ever reach the
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plundering the coast: they sacked Salvador in 1604, from which they removed large amounts of gold and silver before a joint Spanish-Portuguese fleet recaptured the town. The city was captured again by the Dutch in May 1624 before being surrendered to a Luso-Spanish armada 11 months later.
1817:
The initial costs of setting up these commercial posts was borne by private investors, who in turn received hereditary titles and commercial advantages. From the Portuguese Crown's point of view, its realm was expanded with relatively little cost to itself. On the Atlantic islands of the
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or finding refuge in the backlands of the forest, came into contact with indigenous people and introduced them to the Portuguese language. Frontier army agent Guido Thomaz Marlière noted: "a fugitive black can accomplish more among the Indians than all the missionaries together..." One
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obtained independence from Spain in 1581, leading Philip II to prohibit commerce with Dutch ships, including in Brazil. Since the Dutch had invested large sums in financing sugar production in the Brazilian Northeast and were important as shippers of sugar, a conflict began with Dutch
3657:
and enlisted in the military or sent to the frontier along convicts. Some of the men managed to escape the authorities and found refuge in the Atlantic forest, where they became subsistence farmers or prospectors; these men would later come to form part of the "caboclo frontier."
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The individual captaincies, now under the administration of the Portuguese Crown (and no longer called colonies or hereditary captaincies, but simply captaincies of Brazil), continued to exist as provinces or districts within the colony until the end of the colonial era in 1815.
2151:
The second Governor General, Duarte da Costa (1553–1557), faced conflicts with the indigenous people and severe disputes with other colonizers and the bishop. Wars against the natives around Salvador consumed much of his government. The fact that the first bishop of Brazil,
2026:, forbidding natives to express their own cultures, and converting many to Catholicism. The Jesuits' work to dominate the indigenous native’s cultural expression and way of living helped the Portuguese expel the French from a colony they had established at present-day
3568:, nicknamed Tiradentes, was sentenced to death. Tiradentes was hanged in Rio de Janeiro in 1792, drawn and quartered, and his body parts displayed in several towns. He later became a symbol of the struggle for Brazilian independence and liberty from Portuguese rule.
515:, giving rise to the largest country in Latin America. Just as Spanish and Roman Catholicism were a core source of cohesion among Spain's vast and multi-ethnic territories, Brazilian society was united by the Portuguese language and Roman Catholicism. As the only
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of Brazil did not exist, being replaced by two separate Governorates: the Governorate General of Bahia, in the North, with its seat in the city of Salvador, and the Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro, in the South, with its seat in the city of Rio de Janeiro.
3635:
In 1765, Luís António de Sousa Botelho became the governor of the captaincy of São Paulo. He attempted to stop slash-and-burn agriculture through the imposition of a village social order. Botelho encouraged mestizos, mulattos, assimilated indigenous people, and
1946:
produce a valuable red dye to luxury textiles. To extract brazilwood from the tropical rainforest, the Portuguese and other Europeans relied on the work of the natives, who initially worked in exchange for European goods like mirrors, scissors, knives and axes.
1926:
As Cabral realized that no one in his convoy spoke the language of the indigenous people in Brazil, he took every effort to avoid violence and conflict and used music and humor as forms of communication. Just a few months before Cabral landed, Spanish navigator
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illegally prospected and mined for gold, dodging Portuguese taxes on precious metals. Prospectors illegally mining gold separate from the Portuguese crown was a problem for the monarchy for over a hundred years after the beginning of gold mining in Brazil.
2546:
The Portuguese attempted to severely restrict colonial trade, meaning that Brazil was only allowed to export and import goods from Portugal and other Portuguese colonies. Brazil exported sugar, tobacco, cotton and native products and imported from Portugal
2730:), without, however, penetrating the interior. The large Dutch ships were unable to moor in the coastal inlets where lighter Portuguese shipping came and went. Ironically, the result of the Dutch capture of the sugar coast was a higher price of sugar in
3151:
in specific, Piolho, was "officially tolerated" for its ability to pacify indigenous tribes. At the same time, colonial officials disapproved of unions between runaway black slaves and indigenous people. In 1771, when an indigenous captain-major of an
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were often well fortified, with swampy dikes and false roads leading to "covered traps" and "sharpened stakes," like those used in Africa. The gender imbalance among African slaves was a result of the planters' preference for male labor, and men in
3687:
As with agriculture, the mining economy shaped the cattle raising industry from its outset. Beef was eaten by miners and was "the preferred source of protein in the neo-European diet" of Colonial Brazil. Cattle raising spread from São Paulo to the
3352:
According to historian Maria Marcílio, "In 1700 Portugal had a population of about two million people. During the eighteenth century, approximately 400,000 left for Brazil, despite efforts by the crown to place severe restrictions on emigration."
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were rarely wholly self-sufficient and although inhabitants may have engaged in agricultural pursuits, they depended on a kind of parasitic economy where proximity to settled areas were usually prerequisites for their long-term success. Unlike the
4171:
been using the title of Viceroy since about 1640). However, the name of Brazil was never changed to Viceroyalty of Brazil. That title, although sometimes used by modern writers, is not proper, as the colony continued to be titled State of Brazil.
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of the Spanish to their possessions in the Americas. For example, the Brazilian colony was at first thought of as a commercial asset that would facilitate trade between the Portuguese and India and not a place to be settled to develop a society.
2011:. Pernambuco succeeded by growing sugarcane. São Vicente prospered by enslaving indigenous native people from the land. The other thirteen captaincies failed, leading the king to make colonization a royal effort rather than a private one.
3834:), was elected to abolish the absolute monarchy and replace it with a constitutional one. King John VI, then, yielding to pressure, returned to Europe. Brazilian representatives were elected to join the deliberations of the Constitutional
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that led to a dramatic urban development of inland Brazil during the 18th century. Additionally, inland expeditions led to westward expansion of the frontiers of colonial Brazil, beyond the limits established by the Treaty of Tordesillas.
1949:
In this early stage of the colonization of Brazil, and also later, the Portuguese frequently relied on the help of Europeans who lived together with the indigenous people and knew their languages and culture. The most famous of these were
3709:
and that "colonies were not necessarily condemned to levels of capital formation." "Resistance to the demands of imperialism," says Dean, can have as "forceful and determinant the formation of states and nations as imperialism itself."
3121:
to evade the threat of enslavement by colonists or conflicts with other indigenous groups. In 1755, in an attempt to transform this wandering population into a more productive, assimilated peasantry modeled on Europe's own peasants, the
496:
that European powers seized from Spain. Gold and diamonds were discovered and mined in southern Brazil through the end of the colonial era. Brazilian cities were largely port cities and the colonial administrative capital was moved from
3268:(Casting Houses) in 1725, and sent armies to the region to prevent disturbances and oversee the mining process. The Royal tax was very unpopular in Minas Gerais, and gold was frequently hidden from colonial authorities. Eventually, the
2273:
Catholic faith was an important justification for the Portuguese conquests, and the Jesuits were officially supported by the king, who instructed Tomé de Sousa to give them all the support needed to Christianise the indigenous people.
3768:
Among the important measures taken by prince John in his years in Brazil were incentives to commerce and industry, the permission to print newspapers and books, the creation of two medicine schools, military academies, and the first
4166:
In 1751, the State of Maranhão and Grão-Pará was renamed as the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, and its capital city as transferred from São Luiz (in Maranhão) to Belém (in the part of the State that was then known as Grão-Pará).
2608:. Port cities allowed Portuguese trade goods to enter, including African slaves, and export goods of sugar and later gold and coffee to be exported to Portugal and beyond. Coastal cities of Olinda (founded 1537), Salvador (1549),
3116:
managed to fend off the Europeans for years, while adopting Old World agricultural practices. However, the expansion of the mining frontier pushed many indigenous tribes off their land. An increasing number of them went to the
2246:), whose members were prominent figures of colonial society (land owners, merchants, slave traders). Colonial city councils were responsible for regulating commerce, public infrastructure, professional artisans, prisons etc.
4178:
Thus from 1772 until another territorial reorganization in 1775 there were three distinct Portuguese States in South America: the State of Brazil, the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro, and the State of Maranhão and Piauí.
3992:
2064:
divided the land into 15 captaincy colonies, which were given to those who wanted and had the means to administer and explore them. The captains were granted ample powers to administer and profit from their possessions.
1891:
whether previous Portuguese explorers had already been in Brazil, this date is widely and politically accepted as the day of the discovery of Brazil by Europeans. The place where Álvares Cabral arrived is now known as
2401:
The potential riches of tropical Brazil led the French, who did not recognize the Tordesillas Treaty that divided the world between the Spanish and the Portuguese, to attempt to colonize parts of Brazil. In 1555, the
4198:
With the creation of the Kingdom of Brazil in 1815, the former captaincies of the State of Brazil became provinces within the new Kingdom, and after independence, they became the provinces of the Empire of Brazil.
2498:
The period of sugar-based economy (1530 – c. 1700) is known as the sugar cycle in Brazil. The development of the sugar complex occurred over time, with a variety of models. The dependencies of the farm included a
3559:
The conspiracy was discovered by the Portuguese colonial government in 1789, before the planned military rebellion could take place. Eleven of the conspirators were exiled to Portuguese colonial possessions in
3444:. The fortified settlement quickly became an important point of illegal commerce between the Spanish and Portuguese colonies. Spain and Portugal fought over the enclave on several occasions (1681, 1704, 1735).
2327:
during the 1560s. where the natives worked for the community and were evangelized. Founded in the aftermath of the campaign undertaken by Mem de Sá from 1557 to force the submission of Salvadoran natives, the
2128:) and was divided into an upper administrative area and a lower commercial area with a harbour. Tomé de Sousa also visited the captaincies to repair the villages and reorganise their economies. In 1551, the
3474:, in which Spain and Portugal agreed to a considerable Southwestward expansion of colonial Brazil. According to the treaty, Colónia do Sacramento was to be given to Spain in exchange for the territories of
2349:
4136:
In 1549, Portuguese King John III abolished the system of private colonies, and the fifteen existing hereditary captaincies were incorporated into a single Crown colony, the Governorate General of Brazil.
7247:
3492:(1756), in which Portuguese and Spanish troops destroyed the missions. Colónia do Sacramento kept changing hands until 1777, when it was definitively conquered by the colonial governor of Buenos Aires.
2559:
and luxury goods – the latter imported by Portugal from other European countries. Africa played an essential role as the supplier of slaves, and Brazilian slave traders in Africa frequently exchanged
769:
3609:
and their total numbers were small. In addition, they prioritized the long-term agricultural productivity of the land, utilizing cultivation, hunting, and gathering practices that were sustainable.
3544:, and some had large debts with the colonial government. In the context of declining gold production, the intention of the Portuguese government to impose the obligatory payment of all debts (the
2884:"was the priest responsible for the spiritual defense of the community." The Dutch and later the Portuguese attempted several times to conquer Palmares, until an army led by famed São Paulo-born
2332:
marked the transition of Jesuit policy from conversion by persuasion alone to the acceptance of force as a means of organizing natives with a means to then evangelizing them. Nevertheless, these
4117:
From 1534 (immediately after the start the Portuguese attempts to effectively colonize Brazil) until 1549, Brazil was divided by the Portuguese Crown in private and autonomous colonies known as
3056:
were done in the name of the Portuguese crown and were financed by the colonial government. Its main objective was to find mineral riches, as well as to explore and chart unknown territory. The
2468:'s 1570 law which proclaimed the liberty of Brazilian natives, the enslavement of indigenous people increased after 1570. A new slave trade emerged where indigenous people were brought from the
3675:). These ants are difficult to eliminate as, even today, they are difficult to study because they work at night and live below the ground. Farmers at that time, were unsure on how to deal with
3577:
in Salvador. In this episode, which had more participation of common people, four people were hanged, and 41 were jailed. Members included slaves, middle-class people and even some landowners.
3585:
Colonial practices destroyed much of the Brazilian forest. This was made possible in part by colonial view of the natural world as a disposable collection of utilities with no inherent value.
2116:
of Brazil, brought detailed instructions, prepared by the king's aides, about how to administer and foster the development of the colony. His first act was the foundation of the capital city,
2576:
Even though Brazilian sugar was reputed as being of high quality, the industry faced a crisis during the 17th and 18th centuries when the Dutch and the French started producing sugar in the
3661:
The pests and plagues that invaded farmers' crops were a significant barrier to the growth of agriculture. Rodents, insects, and birds ate many crops, but the most pervasive pests were the
1340:
7254:
3349:
In 1763, the capital of colonial Brazil was transferred from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro, which was located closer to the mining region and provided a harbor to ship the gold to Europe.
2455:
Since the initial attempts to find gold and silver failed, the Portuguese colonists adopted an economy based on the production of agricultural goods that were to be exported to Europe.
2972:
As mentioned, indigenous people could be both allies and enemies of runaway slaves. From the late 1500s and as late as 1627, in southern Bahia, a "syncretic Messianic religion" called
7233:
3825:
Due to the absence of the king and the economic independence of Brazil, Portugal entered a severe crisis that obliged John VI and the royal family to return to Portugal in 1821: a
2969:
efforts of slaveowners and local authorities. In fact, to the dismay of colonial authorities, slaves participated in these anti-government movements, often armed by their owners.
2374:
The Jesuits had frequent disputes with other colonists who wanted to enslave the natives, but also with the hierarchy of the Catholic Church itself. Following the creation of the
2233:). In 1763 the capital of the State of Brazil was transferred from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. In 1775 all Brazilian States (Brasil, Maranhão and Grão-Pará) were unified into the
7240:
4159:
named as State of Maranhão and Grão-Pará, having São Luiz as its capital city. This newly created State incorporated territories recently acquired by the Portuguese west of the
3548:) was a leading cause behind the conspiracy. The conspirators wanted to create a republic in which the leader would be chosen through democratic elections. The capital would be
2929:, like plantations, were most likely composed of people from different African groups. Religious syncretism, combining African and Christian elements, was prevalent. The Bahian
1746:
Portugal pioneered the European charting of sea routes that were the first and only channels of interaction between all of the world's continents, thus beginning the process of
6497:
3142:, seeing them as a threat to the social order, but caboclo settlements integrated the indigenous into what Darren describes as "neo-European customs ". Runaway slaves, forming
2805:, mostly of west African origin. These enslaved people worked to resist slavery in many ways. Some of the most common forms of resistance involved engaging in sluggishness and
2604:
of Spanish America, there was no dense, sedentary indigenous population which had already created settlements, but cities and towns in Brazil were similar to those in Spanish
7266:
7063:
3123:
2937:
is described as a "well-organized" village in which people probably practiced monogamy and lived on rectangular-shaped houses that made up neat rows, emulating a plantation
2573:
dominate the trade in Brazil. During the union of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns (1580–1640), to be active in Spanish America as well, especially trading African slaves.
4635:
4088:
In 1808 the queen and the Prince Regent of Portugal arrive in Brazil and the Prince Regent's Government assumes direct control of the administration of the State of Brazil;
1750:. In addition to the imperial and economic undertaking of discovery and colonization of lands distant from Europe, these years were filled with pronounced advancements in
2925:
drew on both African and European influences, often emulating the realities of colonial society in Brazil. In Palmares, slavery, which also existed in Africa, continued.
3787:). All these measures greatly advanced the independence of Brazil in relation to Portugal and made the later political separation between the two countries inevitable.
3632:. Although the colonial authorities encouraged the mining industry, like the Jesuits before them, they also noticed the negative effects of slash-and-burn agriculture.
367:
774:
7274:
3849:
demanded that Brazil return to its former condition of colony and that the heir return to Portugal. Prince Pedro, influenced by the Rio de Janeiro Municipal Senate (
1785:. The Portuguese identified brazilwood as a valuable red dye source and an exploitable product, and attempted to force indigenous groups in Brazil to cut the trees.
783:
3283:
9682:
2296:
by managing to pacify the Tamoio natives, who had previously fought the Portuguese. The Jesuits took part in the foundation of the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1565.
3307:
had become increasingly popular in Britain at that time, but cloth amounted to a larger share of the trade value than wines, hence Portugal eventually incurred a
1060:
1942:
in new lands to serve as interpreters came straight from the colonization of the islands off of the West African coast 80 years before Cabral landed in Brazil.
9637:
5244:. Abreu, Johnathan A. (2018). "Fugitive Slave Communities in Northern Brail between 1880 and 1900: Territoriality, Resistance, and the Struggle for Autonomy."
5170:. Abreu, Johnathan A. (2018). "Fugitive Slave Communities in Northern Brail between 1880 and 1900: Territoriality, Resistance, and the Struggle for Autonomy."
4155:
In 1652, the State of Maranhão was extinguished, and its territory was briefly added to the State of Brazil, reunifying the colonial administration once more.
2976:
gained popularity among both indigenous people and runaway slaves, who joined forces and carried out raids in the region, even stealing slaves from Salvador.
9677:
3447:
In addition to Colónia do Sacramento, several settlements were established in Southern Brazil in the late 17th and 18th century, some with peasants from the
7391:
3765:
In 1816, with the death of queen Maria, prince John succeeded as monarch, and the ceremony of his acclamation was held in Rio de Janeiro in February 1818.
3739:
The Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian peninsula set off major changes there and in both Portugal's and Spain's overseas empires. In 1807 French troops of
3731:
9632:
6601:
4096:
3759:
796:
438:
385:
305:
4219:
3830:
main demands of the revolutionaries. Under the revolutionary Council of Regency, a constituent assembly, known as the Portuguese Constitutional Courts (
3248:, a slave woman who had a long-term relationship in Diamantina with a Portuguese official; the couple had thirteen children and she died a rich woman.
3037:, and less so as a place for permanent European settlement. This led to a culture of extraction that was unsustainable in terms of land and labor uses.
3890:
2375:
643:
3030:). Since no riches were initially found, colonisation was restricted to the coast where the climate and soil were suitable for sugarcane plantations.
9612:
4715:
Kenneth Mills, William B. Taylor, and Sandra Lauderdale Graham, "Colonial Latin America: A Documentary History". Lanham, Md.: SR Books, (2004), 95.
2934:
516:
1908:
there, due to the experience Portuguese explorers, such as Gama, had been amassing over the past few decades in interacting with foreign peoples.
9627:
9544:
9534:
3556:
would become a university town. The structure of the society, including the right to property and the ownership of slaves, would be kept intact.
3223:, one of the main Portuguese settlements founded during the gold rush in Minas Gerais. The town has preserved its colonial appearance to this day
4697:
Warren Dean "With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest". Berkeley: University of California Press (1997), 100
2354:
2171:(1557–1573). He was an efficient administrator who managed to defeat the indigenous people and, with the help of the Jesuits, expel the French (
1904:'s way to India, around Africa. Cabral was able to safely enter and leave Brazil in ten days, despite having no means of communication with the
1841:, following Portuguese sailings down the coast of Africa to India and the voyages to the Caribbean of the Genoese mariner sailing for Castile,
6009:
Russell-Wood, A. J. R. (March 1977). "Technology and Society: The Impact of Gold Mining on the Institution of Slavery in Portuguese America".
6488:
3314:
The large number of adventurers coming to Minas Gerais led to the foundation of several settlements, the first of which was created in 1711:
484:(Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Ecuador and Guyana), the colony of Brazil was settled mainly in the coastal area by the Portuguese and a large
265:
7649:
1999:
Americas, so it decided that the best way to keep control of their land was to settle it. Thus, the land was divided into fifteen private,
1619:
3018:
Since the 16th century the exploration of the Brazilian inland was attempted several times, mostly to try to find mineral riches like the
7048:
3346:). In contrast to other regions of colonial Brazil, people coming to Minas Gerais settled mostly in villages instead of the countryside.
2973:
2530:
to Brazil, chained and in crowded conditions. Enslaved West Africans were more desirable and practical because many came from sedentary,
2522:
from West Africa, though the enslavement of indigenous people continued. The Portuguese had established several commercial facilities in
1733:
1655:
1645:
5918:
Russell-Wood, A. J. R. (1977). "Technology and Society: The Impact of Gold Mining on the Institution of Slavery in Portuguese America".
3571:
The Inconfidência Mineira was not the only rebellious movement in colonial Brazil against the Portuguese. Later, in 1798, there was the
3428:
In an attempt to expand the borders of colonial Brazil and profit from the silver mines of Potosí, the Portuguese Overseas Council (the
2868:
state, which grew to many thousands during the disruption of Portuguese rule with the Dutch incursion. Palmares was governed by leaders
5265:
Stuart Schwartz. "Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels: Reconsidering Brazilian Slavery". Urbana: University of Illinois Press (1992), 108–112.
3718:
2819:, were usually small and relatively close to sugar fields, and attracted not only African slaves but also people of indigenous origin.
764:
754:
739:
614:
457:, provided most of the workforce of the Brazilian export economy after a brief initial period of Indigenous slavery to cut brazilwood.
7943:
1364:
9672:
9602:
3356:
Gold production declined towards the end of the 18th century, beginning a period of relative stagnation of the Brazilian hinterland.
2160:
natives after a shipwreck in 1556 illustrates how strained the situation was between the Portuguese and many indigenous communities.
1374:
813:
9558:
1888:
7384:
3540:
of 1776. The conspirators largely belonged to the white upper class of Minas Gerais. Many had studied in Europe, especially in the
1590:
1290:
8039:
7989:
5028:
3126:
abolished the enslavement of natives and legal discrimination against the Europeans who married them, banning the use of the term
2633:, many of whom were merchants, played a role in colonial Brazil. Their "importance in the colonial may be one explanation why the
2237:, with Rio de Janeiro as capital, and the title of the king's representative was officially changed to that of Viceroy of Brazil.
1875:
Portuguese map by Lopo Homem (c. 1519), showing the coast of Brazil and natives extracting brazilwood, as well as Portuguese ships
1834:
production of sugarcane using forced labor, a precedent for Brazil's sugar production in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
9529:
6557:
4627:
4463:
Wadsworth, James E. "In the Name of the Inquisition: The Portuguese Inquisition and Delegated Authority in Colonial Pernambuco",
4148:
In 1621, an administrative reorganization took place, and the Governorate General of Brazil became known as the State of Brazil (
9415:
4070:
2214:
2069:
administrative hold due to Brazil's reliance on its exportation economy. Pernambuco, the most successful captaincy, belonged to
9667:
6752:
6707:
6511:
5480:. Anderson, Robert Nelson. (1996). "The Quilombo of Palmares: A New Overview of a Maroon State in Seventeenth-Century Brazil."
5447:. Anderson, Robert Nelson. (1996). "The Quilombo of Palmares: A New Overview of a Maroon State in Seventeenth-Century Brazil."
5414:. Anderson, Robert Nelson. (1996). "The Quilombo of Palmares: A New Overview of a Maroon State in Seventeenth-Century Brazil."
5381:. Anderson, Robert Nelson. (1996). "The Quilombo of Palmares: A New Overview of a Maroon State in Seventeenth-Century Brazil."
3033:
Key to understanding inland expansion in Brazil is understanding the colony's economic structure. Brazil was constructed as an
4271:
Royal Government in Colonial Brazil with Special Reference to the Administration of the Marquis of Lavradio, Viceroy 1769–1779
2285:
1938:(criminal exiles) in Brazil to learn the native languages and to serve as interpreters in the future. The practice of leaving
9425:
9325:
7073:
6433:
6400:
6313:
6277:
6244:
6206:
6112:
6072:
5827:
5585:
5338:
5233:
5123:
5065:
4833:
4076:
4050:
3998:
Dimension of Brazil (date: 1821) with Kingdom of Portugal Brazil and Algarves (Preserved map in National Library of Portugal)
2518:
Initially, the Portuguese relied on enslaved Amerindians to work on sugarcane harvesting and processing, but they soon began
2164:
2102:
1595:
1345:
1050:
880:
508:
3859:(January 9, 1822). Political independence came on 7 September 1822, and the prince was crowned emperor in Rio de Janeiro as
3495:
477:
6742:
6631:
2336:
were unattractive to the natives due to the introduction of epidemic diseases to the communities, the forced settlement of
1333:
808:
4428:
Schwartz, Stuart B., "Somebodies and Nobodies in the Body Politic: Mentalities and Social Structures in Colonial Brazil",
4224:
2255:
1540:
692:
9607:
8592:
7377:
6850:
4909:
4755:
Alida Metcalf, "Go-betweens and the colonization of Brazil, 1500–1600". Austin: University of Texas Press (2005), 181–190
4706:
Alida Metcalf, "Go-betweens and the colonization of Brazil, 1500–1600". Austin: University of Texas Press (2005), 102–104
4679:
Alida Metcalf, "Go-betweens and the colonization of Brazil, 1500–1600". Austin: University of Texas Press (2005), 110–112
2679:
2096:
1853:
dispute for more than two and a half centuries but clearly established the Portuguese in America. It was replaced by the
1650:
950:
230:
3060:, on the other hand, were private initiatives sponsored and carried out mostly by settlers of the São Paulo region (the
2491:
2129:
441:. During the 300 years of Brazilian colonial history, the main economic activities of the territory were based first on
9519:
3471:
2735:
2655:
1854:
744:
3524:
In 1788/89, Minas Gerais was the setting of the most important conspiracy against colonial authorities, the so-called
9105:
5980:
5902:
5505:
5469:
5436:
5403:
5370:
5296:
5201:
5159:
4884:
4592:
1605:
1535:
1510:
1305:
913:
6053:
The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession: an Historical and Critical Dictionary Greenwood Press 1995 p. 290
4907:
Rae Flory and David Grant Smith, "Bahian Merchants and Planters in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries."
3973:
3041:
Economic incentives to increase profits drove this pattern of planting, while the abandoned lands rarely recovered.
9524:
9435:
6934:
6692:
4082:
2208:
1640:
1250:
574:
17:
2526:, where West African slaves were bought from African slave traders. The enslaved West Africans were then sent via
1285:
1230:
1208:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9514:
6626:
4107:
3774:
3079:, who at the time were mostly of mixed Portuguese and native ancestry, knew all the old indigenous pathways (the
1726:
1278:
1131:
958:
905:
853:
567:
9384:
6530:
4064:
3622:
grasses further away from these mining centers. As a result, by 1800, foodstuffs were carried on mule trains by
3070:, as these adventurers were called, were aimed at obtaining native slaves for trade and finding mineral riches.
2303:
is linked to their capacity to understand the native culture, especially the language. The first grammar of the
2198:
7101:
6685:
4609:
From Barter to Slavery: The Economic Relations of Portuguese and Indians in the Settlement of Brazil, 1500–1580
4511:
3779:
2403:
1580:
1515:
1213:
1188:
1055:
890:
873:
665:
454:
146:
7214:
4229:
2950:
not only raided for crops and goods, but for women; the women taken back to the quilombos were often black or
9338:
9299:
7301:
7296:
7209:
6891:
6586:
4628:"Captaincies-General: The Structure of Governance in Colonial Brazil | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change"
4038:
3460:
2565:, a distilled spirit derived from sugarcane, and shells, for slaves. This comprised what is now known as the
2092:
1685:
1680:
1660:
1630:
1615:
1585:
1475:
1394:
848:
626:
1974:
arrived in Brazil to patrol the entire coast, expel the French, and create the first colonial villages like
1912:
9312:
9286:
7161:
6949:
6798:
6591:
4256:
4114:
The detailed history of the administrative changes in the administration of colonial Brazil is as follows:
4044:
4026:
3573:
3105:
When white fugitives fleeing tax collectors, military enlistment, and the law entered the backlands of the
2613:
2106:
1905:
1520:
1183:
1178:
895:
843:
372:
3679:, and unfortunately, resorted to countermeasures, like slash-and-burn, that only exacerbated the problem.
1928:
1837:
The Portuguese discovery of Brazil was preceded by a series of treaties between the kings of Portugal and
1455:
7038:
6845:
6818:
6808:
6793:
6712:
6550:
3288:
2588:
1975:
1800:
1399:
1315:
980:
3790:
3002:
2008:
9617:
7156:
6986:
6901:
6886:
4742:
4688:
Mark Burkholder, Lyman Johnson. "Colonial Latin America". New York: Oxford University Press (2001), 124
4522:
4391:
Russell-Wood, A.J.R. "United States Scholarly Contributions to the Historiography of Colonial Brazil",
3826:
3794:
2754:'s paintings of amerindians and slaves, as well as his still lifes are important works of baroque art.
1719:
1635:
1600:
1412:
1193:
965:
818:
531:
481:
5663:
Pamplona, Inácio Correia (2002). Mills, Kenneth; Taylor, William B; Lauderdale Graham, Sandra (eds.).
4004:
3922:
3913:
3589:
the natural environment was a consequence of the colonial culture of extraction and unsustainability.
2535:
and gold industries in the colony; from 1600 until 1650, sugar accounted for 95% of Brazil's exports.
2422:
2348:
model would again be used, though also unsuccessfully, by the Governor of the captaincy of São Paulo,
2344:
by colonists eager to steal laborers for themselves thus causing natives to flee the settlements. The
2203:
9622:
7227:
7181:
7171:
6911:
6835:
6722:
6702:
6621:
2709:
1243:
1146:
1096:
920:
707:
138:
5684:
4657:
Bailey Diffie, A History of Colonial Brazil: 1500–1792, Krueger, Malabar, Florida, 1987, pp. 125–147
1091:
1065:
9662:
9657:
9597:
6972:
6732:
6668:
6611:
3343:
3295:
3241:
3034:
2739:
2144:
1897:
1043:
1030:
5851:
Schwartz, Stuart (November 10, 2019). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil".
5561:
Schwartz, Stuart (November 10, 2019). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil".
3519:
3277:
2998:
2425:, in the North of Brazil. In 1614 the French were again expelled from São Luís by the Portuguese.
759:
519:
polity in the Americas, the Portuguese language was particularly important to Brazilian identity.
7279:
7058:
4510:
Source: Europe and the Age of Exploration | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |
2153:
2004:
1814:(factories), whereby permanent, fairly small commercial settlements anchored trade in a region.
1759:
1690:
1480:
1171:
6340:
McNeill, J. R. (1986-06-01). "Agriculture, Forests, and Ecological History: Brazil, 1500–1984".
6143:
McNeill, J. R. (1986-06-01). "Agriculture, Forests, and Ecological History: Brazil, 1500–1984".
5609:
McNeill, J. R. (1986-06-01). "Agriculture, Forests, and Ecological History: Brazil, 1500–1984".
4187:
personal control of the government of the colony, that became the provisional seat of the whole
2830:
to successfully prospect gold and diamonds and to engage in trade with white-controlled cities.
2507:, where the slaves were kept. A notable early study of this complex is by Brazilian sociologist
1884:
1803:, began to expand from a small area of the Iberian Peninsula, to seizing the Muslim fortress of
1778:
9394:
8839:
8485:
7068:
7018:
6896:
6840:
6803:
6783:
6778:
6543:
3959:
3945:
3437:
3365:
3287:
Map of gold yield in the Real Casting Houses in Minas Gerais, between July and September 1767,
3109:, they formed racially-mixed settlements that became sites of "cultural and genetic exchange".
2743:
2634:
1971:
1809:
1625:
1570:
1470:
1352:
1300:
1225:
831:
648:
161:
4811:, ed Elizabeth McGrath and Jean Michel Massing, London (The Warburg Institute) and Turin 2012.
3813:, an 18th-century colonial palace located in Rio de Janeiro, used as a dispatch house by King
3723:
3600:
encouraged both large-scale abandonment of fields and extensive clearing of additional lands.
3240:. Apart from gold, diamond deposits were also found in 1729 around the village of Tijuco, now
3092:
expeditions discovered gold in central Brazil, in the region of Minas Gerais, which started a
3085:) through the Brazilian inland and were acclimated to the harsh conditions of these journeys.
2888:
managed to destroy the great quilombo and kill Zumbi in 1695. Brazilian feature film director
2856:
out of the fear of drawing even more fugitive slaves to their communities. The largest of the
2797:
Albert Eckhout, African warrior at the time of Ganga Zumba and leader of the Palmares quilombo
2265:
2225:
After 1640, the governors of Brazil coming from the high nobility started to use the title of
1922:
The brazilwood tree, which gives Brazil its name, has dark, valuable wood and provides red dye
1918:
1525:
1465:
1450:
1255:
9193:
7812:
7769:
7699:
7106:
7033:
6881:
6813:
6680:
4648:
Bailey Diffie, A History of Colonial Brazil: 1500–1792, Krueger, Malabar, Florida, 1987, ch 4
4363:
Disappearance of the dowry: Women, Families and Social Change in São Paulo (1600–1900). 1991.
4160:
4032:
3735:
Declaration of war made by Prince Regent John to Napoleon Bonaparte and all his vassals, 1808
3549:
3541:
3327:
3323:
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2434:
2234:
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2000:
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1500:
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4858:
Recreating Africa: Culture, Kinship, and Religion in the African-Portuguese World, 1441–1770
4486:
2418:
1490:
8963:
8498:
7710:
7191:
7136:
7008:
7003:
6658:
3533:
3396:
3165:
2900:
that once existed in Brazil, some have survived to this day as isolated rural communities.
2885:
2519:
2311:
in 1595. The Jesuits often gathered the aborigines into communities of resettlement called
2061:
1880:
1842:
1782:
1550:
1220:
1201:
205:
186:
3416:
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and including prominent figures like Juan de Azpilcueta Navarro, Leonardo Nunes and later
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8:
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2320:
2187:
1911:
The Portuguese colonization, around 80 years earlier, of islands off West Africa such as
1866:
1575:
1435:
925:
724:
719:
697:
621:
473:
450:
434:
426:
292:
218:
133:
105:
6512:"Colonial history of Brazil in the Rio de Janeiro Municipality" website (in Portuguese).
5496:
Schwartz, Stuart B. (1992). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil".
5460:
Schwartz, Stuart B. (1992). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil".
5427:
Schwartz, Stuart B. (1992). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil".
5394:
Schwartz, Stuart B. (1992). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil".
5361:
Schwartz, Stuart B. (1992). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil".
5287:
Schwartz, Stuart B. (1992). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil".
5192:
Schwartz, Stuart B. (1992). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil".
5150:
Schwartz, Stuart B. (1992). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil".
5106:
Schwartz, Stuart B. (2017), "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil",
4875:
Schwartz, Stuart B. (1996). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil".
3395:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
2801:
Work on the sugarcane plantations in Northeast Brazil and other areas relied heavily on
2242:
1963:
1505:
1460:
1445:
1430:
1384:
8894:
7475:
7291:
7219:
7201:
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6034:
5970:
5951:
5943:
5892:
5672:
5642:
5634:
5312:
4737:
4564:
E. Bradford Burns,A History of Brazil, 2 ed. Columbia University Press, New York, p. 71
4526:
4485:"Society and Education in Brazil" "Authors: Robert J. Havighurst, J. Roberto Moreira" "
4418:
4413:
Tropical Versailles: Empire, Monarchy, and the Portuguese Royal Court in Rio de Janeiro
3983:
3762:
by elevating Brazil to the rank of kingdom and increasing its administrative autonomy.
3755:
3740:
3229:
2840:
2687:
2660:
2605:
2411:
2396:
2392:
2293:
2281:
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2180:
2176:
1545:
1530:
1425:
1389:
1295:
1136:
1106:
803:
702:
682:
142:
3433:
3432:) ordered colonial governor Manuel Lobo to establish a settlement on the shore of the
3393:
about colonization of the north: captaincies of Maranhao, Para (Grao-Para), Rio Negro.
1485:
8780:
8063:
8056:
8010:
7885:
7779:
7521:
7462:
7400:
7344:
7337:
7131:
7093:
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6869:
6727:
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6663:
6578:
6570:
6439:
6429:
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6396:
6377:
6357:
6319:
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6283:
6273:
6250:
6240:
6212:
6202:
6180:
6160:
6118:
6108:
6068:
6038:
6026:
5976:
5955:
5935:
5898:
5833:
5823:
5646:
5626:
5591:
5581:
5509:
5501:
5473:
5465:
5440:
5432:
5407:
5399:
5374:
5366:
5344:
5334:
5300:
5292:
5237:
5229:
5207:
5197:
5163:
5155:
5119:
5004:
4890:
4880:
4839:
4829:
4588:
4241:
4213:
4188:
4092:
3860:
3842:
3818:
3260:) to be sent to the colonial government as tax. To prevent smuggling and extract the
2770:
2763:
2726:
in 1635, the Dutch controlled a long stretch of the coast most accessible to Europe (
2125:
2023:
1766:
1310:
1260:
1079:
1020:
990:
660:
589:
539:
485:
179:
169:
6939:
5083:
3485:
3467:(1742) and others, and helped keep southern Brazil firmly under Portuguese control.
3294:
Several historians have noted that the trade deficit of Portugal in relation to the
2186:
The huge size of Brazil led to the colony being divided in two after 1621 when king
2056:
The first attempt to colonize Brazil followed the system of hereditary captaincies (
445:
extraction (brazilwood cycle), which gave the territory its name; sugar production (
9539:
9029:
9005:
8973:
8425:
8020:
7126:
7121:
7028:
6921:
6906:
6606:
6349:
6152:
6067:. Edited by Leslie Bethell. Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 47. (in English).
6018:
5927:
5618:
5249:
5175:
5111:
4740:, "Indian Labor and New World Demands and Indian Response in Northeastern Brazil."
4286:
4103:
3481:
3273:
3237:
3210:
2742:
in Brazil were in a constant state of siege, in spite of the presence of the count
2668:
2566:
2531:
2304:
2140:
2117:
2113:
1887:
landed in Brazil and took possession of the land in the name of the king. Although
1838:
1794:
1440:
866:
734:
512:
7078:
3810:
3747:(future king John VI), who had governed since 1792 on behalf of his mother, queen
3504:
3456:
3421:
2876:. The terminology for the settlements and leaders come directly from Angola, with
2292:. Nóbrega and Anchieta were instrumental in the defeat of the French colonists of
2049:
2015:
249:
9351:
8627:
7609:
7353:
7286:
7186:
7146:
7083:
7013:
6516:
4309:
4058:
3770:
3616:
3106:
2672:
2508:
2192:
1900:. Cabral was leading a large fleet of 13 ships and more than 1,000 men following
1420:
1005:
970:
675:
497:
461:
338:
156:
115:
4796:
The Masters and the Slaves: A Study in the Development of Brazilian Civilization
4768:, chapter 7. Brazil in the Sugar Age. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983.
4555:
Rollie Poppino, Brazil: The Land and People,Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 44
4376:
Fidalgos and Philanthropists: The Santa Casa de Misericórdia of Bahia, 1550–1755
4314:
The Masters and the Slaves: A Study of the Development of Brazilian Civilization
2912:
Many of the details surrounding the inner political and social structure of the
2157:
1951:
8904:
8743:
8186:
8146:
7842:
7570:
7449:
6926:
6737:
4276:
3666:
3662:
3448:
3299:
3245:
3011:
2889:
2751:
2630:
2368:
2027:
1610:
1141:
1121:
1111:
1000:
940:
900:
885:
501:
121:
6443:
6410:
6122:
6022:
5931:
5837:
5595:
5348:
5115:
4843:
3801:
in the 19th century, has one of the richest literary collections in the world.
3489:
3371:
930:
749:
9591:
9573:
9560:
8753:
8709:
8340:
8227:
7508:
7358:
7111:
6830:
6361:
6164:
6030:
5939:
5630:
5211:
4894:
4785:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1973, pp. 147–197.
4666:
For a comprehensive history of the Jesuits in Brazil see Serafim Leite, S.J.
3672:
3470:
The conflicts over the Southern colonial frontiers led to the signing of the
3308:
2650:
2638:
2407:
2070:
1901:
1849:
1827:
1747:
1709:
1265:
995:
9104:
1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent
6426:
With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
6393:
With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
6323:
6306:
With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
6287:
6270:
With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
6254:
6237:
With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
6216:
6199:
With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
6105:
With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
5972:
With broadax and firebrand: the destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic forest
5894:
With broadax and firebrand: the destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic forest
5820:
With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
5331:
With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
5226:
With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
4425:, José C. Moya, ed. New York: Oxford University Press 2011, pp. 98–131.
3605:
through burning, then a few years later ceded their new fields to the ants.
2260:
1799:
Portuguese seafarers in the early fifteenth century, as an extension of the
1320:
8930:
8290:
8110:
7822:
6653:
5241:
5066:"The African Slave Trade and Slave Life | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change"
4381:
Russell-Wood, A.J.R. "Archives and Recent Historiography on Colonial Brazil
4022:
Colonial entities, ordered by the date of establishment, earlier to later:
3594:
3464:
3441:
3436:, in a region that legally belonged to Spain. In 1679, Manuel Lobo founded
3131:
3066:
2992:
2958:
2727:
2713:
2664:
1987:
1893:
1755:
1359:
1074:
975:
712:
687:
556:
7306:
6531:"Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice"
5855:. Second Edition: 1–12 – via Oxford African American Studies Center.
5513:
5477:
5444:
5411:
5378:
5304:
5253:
5179:
5167:
2793:
2482:
2289:
2168:
1955:
1025:
9216:
8696:
8673:
8660:
8406:
8270:
8176:
7141:
4809:
The Slave in European Art: From Renaissance Trophy to Abolitionist Emblem
3855:
3701:
3303:
Britain would be taxed at one-third of the previous import tax on wines.
3007:
2869:
2852:, Portuguese officials rebuked any kind of agreements to standardize the
2849:
2747:
2523:
2300:
1991:
1751:
1015:
985:
838:
729:
579:
522:
442:
7722:
5565:(2nd ed.): 1–12 – via Oxford African American Studies Center.
4304:
The golden age of Brazil, 1695–1750; growing pains of a colonial society
3754:
In March 1808, the court arrived in Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, during the
9484:
9458:
9060:
9010:
8350:
8310:
7933:
7865:
7053:
6616:
6369:
6172:
5947:
5638:
4246:
4106:
is founded. The separation is recognized by Portugal in 1825 after the
4091:
In 1815, the State of Brazil is elevated to the rank of a kingdom (the
3705:
3689:
3629:
3580:
3565:
3553:
3529:
3500:
3315:
3220:
3100:
2527:
2512:
2503:(big house) where the owner of the farm lived with his family, and the
2316:
1831:
1379:
1164:
1101:
476:, and in the eighteenth century expanded with the viceroyalties of the
7733:
5316:
4356:
Family and Frontier in Colonial Brazil: Santana de Parnaiba, 1480–1822
2723:
2561:
1781:
landed in what is now Brazil and laid claim to it in the name of king
511:, Brazil remained a single administrative unit under a monarch as the
8719:
8529:
7583:
7557:
7485:
7311:
4531:
Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil
3304:
2731:
2696:
2552:
2443:
2410:, in an island in front of today's Rio de Janeiro. The colony, named
2364:
2172:
2018:
sailed to Brazil to establish a central government. He brought along
1934:
1770:
1151:
935:
469:
7369:
6353:
6156:
5622:
4102:
In 1822, Brazil secedes from the United Kingdom and the independent
3319:
3023:
2569:
between Europe, Africa and the Americas during the colonial period.
2469:
1857:
in 1750, and both reflect the present extent of Brazil's coastline.
9206:
8953:
8816:
8793:
8770:
8617:
8581:
8201:
7832:
7596:
6717:
5853:
The Encyclopedia of the African and the African American Experience
5563:
The Encyclopedia of the African and the African American Experience
5498:
Slaves, peasants, and rebels : reconsidering Brazilian slavery
5462:
Slaves, peasants, and rebels : reconsidering Brazilian slavery
5429:
Slaves, peasants, and rebels : reconsidering Brazilian slavery
5289:
Slaves, peasants, and rebels : reconsidering Brazilian slavery
5194:
Slaves, peasants, and rebels : reconsidering Brazilian slavery
5152:
Slaves, peasants, and rebels : reconsidering Brazilian slavery
4877:
Slaves, peasants, and rebels : reconsidering Brazilian slavery
4798:. New York: English edition 1956; 1933 Portuguese original edition.
3652:
3646:
3623:
3452:
3339:
3252:
2880:
an Angolan word for military villages of diverse settlers, and the
2811:
2806:
2788:
2775:
2718:
From 1630 to 1654, the Dutch set up more permanently in commercial
2683:
2577:
2475:
2451:) in colonial Pernambuco by Dutch painter Frans Post (17th century)
2360:
2240:
As in Portugal, each colonial village and city had a city council (
2206:. The state of Maranhão was still further divided in 1737 into the
2135:
1959:
1871:
1369:
1116:
945:
584:
547:
306:
Creation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
9471:
6535:
5699:
The Bandereintes: The Historical Role of the Brazilian Pathfinders
4807:
See the articles by Ernst van den Boogaart and by Elmer Kolfin in
3335:
2779:, which often became established political and economic entities.
2299:
The success of the Jesuits in converting the indigenous people to
2145:
architecture of the city's historic centre is typically Portuguese
507:
Unlike Spanish America, which fragmented into many republics upon
9154:
9083:
9040:
8917:
8650:
8544:
8247:
8196:
7976:
7907:
7855:
7802:
7498:
7316:
4290:
Salvador de Sá and the struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602–1686.
3233:
3044:
The expeditions to inland Brazil are divided into two types: the
3027:
2951:
2865:
2845:
2802:
2556:
2540:
2487:
2456:
2380:
2308:
2230:
2078:
2019:
1823:
504:
in response to the rise and fall of export products' importance.
489:
465:
414:
165:
85:
75:
65:
55:
3805:
3381:
3215:
9168:
8943:
8637:
8470:
8449:
8300:
8205:
8166:
8156:
7954:
7896:
7756:
7689:
7622:
7544:
6566:
3561:
3113:
3019:
2979:
2719:
2703:
2580:, located much closer to Europe, causing sugar prices to fall.
2511:. This arrangement was depicted in engravings and paintings by
2460:
2074:
1819:
410:
101:
8083:
5307:. Kent, R. K. (1965). "Palmares: An African State in Brazil."
4220:
Portuguese colonization of the Americas#Colonization of Brazil
3617:
Challenges to the sustainability and the growth of agriculture
3264:, the government ordered all gold to be cast into bars in the
3156:
married an African woman, he was dismissed from his position.
2539:
replace them with newly imported enslaved people. Areas where
2052:, showing the location of the hereditary captaincies of Brazil
9050:
8686:
8607:
8557:
8436:
8330:
8320:
8237:
8217:
8133:
8123:
8049:
7875:
7743:
7439:
5822:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 91–116.
5667:. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc. p. 335.
5396:
Slaves, peasants, and rebels: reconsidering Brazilian slavery
5363:
Slaves, peasants, and rebels: reconsidering Brazilian slavery
4724:
Charles E. Nowell, "The French in Sixteenth-Century Brazil,"
4342:
Household Economy and Urban Development: São Paulo, 1765–1836
3331:
2873:
2121:
2044:
1986:
Because Brazil was not home to larger civilizations like the
1804:
6063:
Marcílio, Maria Luiza. "The Population of Colonial Brazil."
3251:
In the hilly landscape of Minas Gerais, gold was present in
8280:
6458:
From Colony to Nation: Essays on the Independence of Brazil
5997:
Chica da Silva: A Brazilian Slave of the Eighteenth Century
4585:
Go-Betweens and the Colonization of Brazil : 1500–1600
4406:
From Colony to Nation: Essays on the Independence of Brazil
4175:
State of Maranhão), with its seat in the city of São Luiz.
3866:
2961:, the mining economy particularly favored the formation of
2548:
2324:
2307:
language was compiled by Joseph of Anchieta and printed in
2284:, established the first Jesuit missions in Salvador and in
9108:. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.
6086:
Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal, 1750–1808
4860:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2003. Print.
4777:
Stuart B. Schwartz, "Free Farmers in a Slave Economy: The
3180:
2682:
led to the union of Portugal and Spain being ruled by the
2175:
and some previous Catholic settlers) from their colony of
2132:
was established in the colony, with its seat in Salvador.
8511:
6428:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 113.
6395:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 112.
6308:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 110.
6272:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 100.
6107:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 116.
5333:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 103.
5228:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 103.
4955:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, pp. 226–227.
4942:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, pp. 227–231.
4587:. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 17–33.
4501:, vol. 1, p. 410. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
4487:
https://books.google.pt/books?id=u65BLiP8qXEC&pg=PA60
3863:, ending 322 years of dominance of Portugal over Brazil.
6239:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 92.
3773:. In Rio de Janeiro he also created a powder factory, a
3712:
4533:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, pp. 24–26.
4444:
Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society
4393:
Hispanic American Historical Review 65:4(1985):683–723.
3488:. Resistance by the Jesuits and the Guaraní led to the
3244:. A famous figure in Brazilian history of this era was
1808:
African trade. The Portuguese set up fortified trading
4225:
Portuguese Empire#Colonization efforts in the Americas
2833:
While the reasons for fugitive settlement are varied,
523:
Initial European contact and early history (1494–1530)
5005:"war and social upheaval : Dutch-Portuguese War"
4828:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 17.
2637:
was not permanently established in Brazil during the
2371:
agriculture and adopt a sedentary farming lifestyle.
9125:
5141:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, p. 220.
5110:, University of Illinois Press, pp. 1294–1325,
4621:
4619:
4617:
4451:
Peasants and Rebels: Reconsidering Brazilian Slavery
4399:
Society and Government in Colonial Brazil, 1500–1822
4335:
Licentious Liberty in a Brazilian Gold-Mining Region
4328:
Amazon Frontier: The Defeat of the Brazilian Indians
4316:, translated by Samuel Putnam. revised edition 1963.
3581:
Colonial transformation of the Brazilian environment
3101:
Race mixing and cultural exchange along the frontier
2183:, founded the city of Rio de Janeiro there in 1565.
1970:
and fight the French. In 1530, an expedition led by
1762:, of which the Portuguese explorers took advantage.
5196:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 5.
4921:
4919:
4874:
4097:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
3760:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
3171:
2376:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia
2112:government in the colony. Tomé de Sousa, the first
1958:, and Diogo Álvares Correia, who acquired the name
386:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
5975:. University of California Press. pp. 92–95.
4499:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
4497:A.J.R. Russell-Wood, Brazil, The colonial era" in
4421:, "The Historiography of Early Modern Brazil", in
2515:as a feature of an apparently harmonious society.
1954:, who lived among the Guaianaz tribe near today's
6460:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1975.
5580:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 134, 135.
5575:
4824:Klein, Herbert S.; Luna, Francisco Vidal (2010).
4614:
4306:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962.
4035:(Colonial provincial districts from 1549 to 1815)
3342:(1715) and São José do Rio das Mortes (1717, now
1860:
9589:
4916:
4439:. Berkeley: University of California Press 1978.
3743:invaded Britain's ally, Portugal. Prince Regent
3198:
3080:
2644:
2479:continued right throughout the colonial period.
37:
27:1500–1815 Portuguese possession in South America
9683:1815 disestablishments in the Portuguese Empire
9545:Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia
9535:Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago
9246:
5248:Austin: University of Texas Press. 17(1): 201.
5174:Austin: University of Texas Press. 17(1): 199.
4321:Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians
3853:), refused to return to Portugal in the famous
3130:, a pejorative used to refer to a mestizo or a
2474:or "inland wilderness frontiers" by mixed-race
2340:natives elsewhere to labor, and raiding of the
2288:, the settlement that gave rise to the city of
6508:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
5897:. University of California Press. p. 92.
5500:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 4.
5464:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 6.
5431:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 5.
5398:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 4.
5365:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 3.
5291:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 4.
5154:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 2.
2120:, in northeastern Brazil, in today's state of
9638:States and territories disestablished in 1815
7385:
6551:
5328:
5108:Critical Readings on Global Slavery (4 vols.)
4626:Green, James N.; Skidmore, Thomas E. (2021).
4625:
4446:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1985.
4423:The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History
4262:
4099:, marking the formal end of the colonial era.
4095:) and with the simultaneous formation of the
3272:contributed to rebellious movements like the
2722:and aristocratic Olinda. With the capture of
1727:
330:8,100,200 km (3,127,500 sq mi)
9678:1500 establishments in the Portuguese Empire
6201:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
6088:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1973.
6008:
5999:. New York: Cambridge University Press 2009.
5917:
3359:
2782:
2704:Dutch rule in northeastern Brazil, 1630–1654
2428:
1981:
437:, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a
6471:Independência: Revoluçāo e contra-revolução
5665:Taming the Wilderness, Minas Gerais, Brazil
4879:. University of Illinois Press. p. 2.
4458:Bahia and the West African Trade, 1549–1851
4029:(Private and autonomous colonies 1534–1549)
4017:
3451:. The towns founded in this period include
2746:as governor (1637–1644) in Recife (renamed
2667:the coat of arms of Portugal over those of
1879:On 22 April 1500, during the reign of king
449:); and finally on gold and diamond mining (
433:) comprises the period from 1500, with the
9633:States and territories established in 1500
7392:
7378:
6558:
6544:
4850:
4437:Sovereignty and Society in Colonial Brazil
3727:The Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790
3719:Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil
2124:. The city was built on a slope by a bay (
1734:
1720:
765:Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil
84:
74:
64:
54:
8867:
5055:. New York: Oxford University Press 1957.
4823:
4781:in Colonial Bahia," in Dauril Alden, ed.
4337:. University Park: Penn State Press 1999.
3256:requiring a fifth (20%) of the gold (the
2892:made a film about Palmares called simply
1788:
5850:
5662:
5560:
5191:
5105:
4668:História de Companhia de Jesus no Brasil
4369:The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil
4349:Portuguese Brazil: The King's Plantation
3867:Territorial evolution of colonial Brazil
3804:
3789:
3730:
3722:
3511:
3494:
3415:
3282:
3214:
3006:
2792:
2654:
2587:
2481:
2442:
2259:
2134:
2043:
1917:
1870:
89:
9613:Portuguese colonization of the Americas
9530:Portuguese colonization of the Americas
6339:
6142:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5608:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5542:
4951:James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz,
4938:James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz,
4764:James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz,
4582:
4460:. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press 1964.
3628:as far as 100 kilometers just to reach
3528:, inspired by the ideals of the French
3181:Initial findings of gold (17th century)
2179:. As part of this process, his nephew,
14:
9628:European colonization of South America
9590:
7662:
6335:
6333:
6299:
6297:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6192:
6190:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6065:The Cambridge History of Latin America
5725:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5658:
5656:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5101:
5099:
5097:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4819:
4817:
4611:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press 1942.
3022:mines found in 1546 by the Spanish in
2077:in 1536. His captaincy prospered with
9245:
9124:
8866:
8377:
8082:
7661:
7411:
7399:
7373:
6539:
5886:
5884:
5872:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5492:
5490:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4479:
4371:. translated by suzette Macedo. 1967.
4051:Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro
3845:, remained in Brazil. The Portuguese
3713:The Royal Court in Brazil (1808–1821)
2661:Philip II and I of Spain and Portugal
2421:, was founded in 1612 in present-day
2103:Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro
2003:, the most successful of which being
480:(Argentina, Uruguay and Bolivia) and
9255:
9134:
8876:
8387:
8092:
8052:) and small temporary coastal bases.
7671:
7421:
6423:
6390:
6303:
6267:
6234:
6196:
6102:
5968:
5890:
5817:
5246:Journal of Latin American Geography.
5172:Journal of Latin American Geography.
5137:James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz,
4041:(1549–1572 / 1578–1607 / 1613–1621)
3870:
3420:18th century-São José Fortress near
3375:
3088:At the end of the 17th century, the
2757:
2386:
2350:Luís António de Sousa Botelho Mourão
2276:The first Jesuits, guided by Father
2086:
6632:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)
6565:
6330:
6294:
6223:
6187:
6129:
6091:
5844:
5704:
5653:
5519:
5281:
5094:
4910:Hispanic American Historical Review
4863:
4814:
2583:
2286:São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga
2222:. Each state had its own Governor.
2097:List of governors-general of Brazil
951:Declaration of majority of Pedro II
24:
9520:Evolution of the Portuguese Empire
5881:
5859:
5487:
4638:from the original on Mar 15, 2024.
4567:
3832:Cortes Constitucionais Portuguesas
3014:Tapuias dancing, mid. 17th century
2249:
755:Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)
740:Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)
25:
9694:
7944:São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin
6627:Military dictatorship (1964–1985)
5482:Journal of Latin American Studies
5449:Journal of Latin American Studies
5416:Journal of Latin American Studies
5383:Journal of Latin American Studies
3682:
3164:(maize meal) also became part of
2624:
2359:, in 1765, in order to encourage
2256:Jesuit missions among the Guaraní
1932:utmost priority. Cabral left two
1848:The Tordesillas Meridian divided
1765:In 1494, the two kingdoms of the
1306:March of the One Hundred Thousand
468:with jurisdiction initially over
9673:1815 disestablishments in Brazil
9603:Former colonies in South America
9525:Portuguese colonial architecture
9126:North America and North Atlantic
7990:Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe
7648:
7412:
6612:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)
4299:. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1957.
4077:State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro
4003:
3991:
3972:
3958:
3944:
3930:
3912:
3875:
3380:
3172:Black Irmandade of Bahia, Brazil
2999:São Paulo (state) § History
2494:(first half of the 18th century)
2447:View of a sugar-producing farm (
2196:, with Salvador as capital, and
2130:Diocese of São Salvador da Bahia
1703:
546:
390:
365:
9515:Armorial of Portuguese colonies
6480:
6463:
6450:
6417:
6384:
6261:
6078:
6057:
6045:
6011:The Journal of Economic History
6002:
5989:
5962:
5920:The Journal of Economic History
5911:
5691:
5602:
5569:
5454:
5421:
5388:
5355:
5322:
5268:
5259:
5218:
5185:
5144:
5131:
5076:
5058:
5045:
5021:
4997:
4984:
4971:
4958:
4945:
4932:
4901:
4801:
4788:
4783:Colonial Roots of Modern Brazil
4771:
4758:
4749:
4731:
4718:
4709:
4700:
4691:
4682:
4673:
4660:
4651:
4642:
4344:. Boulder: Westview Press 1986.
4071:State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão
3886:lacks an overview of its topic.
1966:natives near today's Salvador.
460:In contrast to the neighboring
8378:
5329:Dean, Warren., Warren (1997).
5309:The Journal of African History
5053:The Dutch in Brazil: 1624–1654
4601:
4558:
4549:
4536:
4516:
4512:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
4504:
4491:
4430:Latin American Research Review
4385:Latin American Research Review
4297:The Dutch in Brazil, 1624–1654
3817:and later by his son, Emperor
3780:Escola Nacional de Belas Artes
3484:dedicated to evangelizing the
2738:episode, the colonists of the
2404:Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon
2264:17th-century Jesuit church in
2156:, was killed and eaten by the
2033:
1861:Arrival and early exploitation
1375:1993 Constitutional referendum
1365:Impeachment of Fernando Collor
814:Conquest of the Banda Oriental
784:Invasion of the Banda Oriental
439:kingdom in union with Portugal
13:
1:
9668:1500 establishments in Brazil
8545:Portuguese Paliacate outpost
6521:The Perspective of the World,
6051:Frey, Linda and Frey, Martha
4472:
4039:Governorate General of Brazil
3199:The gold cycle (18th century)
2645:The Iberian Union (1580–1640)
2593:
2492:Franciscan church of Salvador
2093:Governorate General of Brazil
1395:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff
627:Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha
615:Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage
9287:Captaincy Colonies of Brazil
9080: • 1938–1941
9057: • 1890–1999
9047: • 1851–1999
9037: • 1864–1999
8937: • 1578–1650
8924: • 1576–1605
8911: • 1522–1575
8836: • 1779–1954
8813: • 1687–1749
8750: • 1598–1610
8740: • 1579–1632
8716: • 1568–1659
8706: • 1559–1961
8693: • 1548–1658
8683: • 1540–1612
8670: • 1536–1662
8657: • 1535–1739
8634: • 1534–1661
8624: • 1534–1601
8614: • 1531–1571
8604: • 1531–1571
8588: • 1528–1666
8578: • 1523–1662
8554: • 1521–1740
8541: • 1518–1619
8508: • 1510–1961
8495: • 1507–1657
8482: • 1502–1661
8460: • 1502–1658
8446: • 1501–1663
8433: • 1500–1663
6525:Civilization and Capitalism,
6504:Van Groesen, Michiel. (ed.)
6498:Formação econômica do Brasil
6489:História econômica do Brasil
6342:Environmental History Review
6145:Environmental History Review
5611:Environmental History Review
4257:Cartography of Latin America
4045:Governorate General of Bahia
4027:Captaincy Colonies of Brazil
3889:You can help by writing the
3841:The heir of John VI, prince
3566:Joaquim José da Silva Xavier
2406:founded a settlement within
2107:Governorate General of Bahia
1184:Constitutionalist Revolution
1051:Proclamation of the Republic
896:Confederation of the Equator
797:United Kingdom with Portugal
453:). Slaves, especially those
373:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
254:(first, as governor-general)
7:
9247:South America and Caribbean
7074:Water supply and sanitation
6622:Fourth Republic (1946–1964)
6597:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)
4979:the Jews of Colonial Brazil
4415:. New York: Routledge 2001.
4292:University of London, 1952.
4202:
4083:State of Maranhão and Piauí
3289:National Archives of Brazil
3211:Minas Gerais § History
2532:agriculture-based societies
2520:importing enslaved Africans
2315:, similar in intent to the
1883:, a fleet led by navigator
854:Recognition of Independence
844:Declaration of Independence
10:
9699:
9608:Former Portuguese colonies
9395:Nova Colónia do Sacramento
8474:(Coulão / Kollam)
7545:Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué
6602:United Kingdom (1815–1822)
6506:The Legacy of Dutch Brazil
5576:Klein, Herbert S. (2010).
4743:American Historical Review
4670:. 10 vols. Lisbon 1938–50.
4583:Metcalf, Alida C. (2005).
4263:Further reading in English
3795:National Library of Brazil
3758:, Prince John created the
3716:
3517:
3440:on the margin opposite to
3369:
3363:
3208:
3202:
3064:). The expeditions of the
2996:
2990:
2786:
2761:
2707:
2648:
2629:Converted Jews, so-called
2432:
2390:
2253:
2165:Governor-General of Brazil
2100:
2090:
2073:, who founded the city of
2037:
1864:
1792:
1286:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
1209:1937 Brazilian coup d'état
1194:Communist uprising of 1935
966:Liberal rebellions of 1842
819:Constituent Cortes of 1820
9510:
9252:
9241:
9131:
9120:
8873:
8862:
8596:(Porto Grande De Bengala)
8384:
8373:
8089:
8078:
7668:
7657:
7646:
7418:
7407:
7331:
7200:
7092:
6994:
6985:
6963:
6877:
6868:
6856:President of the Republic
6774:
6765:
6649:
6640:
6577:
6456:A.J.R. Russell-Wood, ed.
6023:10.1017/s002205070009673x
5932:10.1017/S002205070009673X
5116:10.1163/9789004346611_041
4330:. London: Macmillan 1987.
3360:Colonization of the South
2783:Runaway slave settlements
2710:Dutch invasions of Brazil
2429:The sugar age (1530–1700)
2048:Portuguese map (1574) by
1982:Structure of colonization
1346:1988 Constituent Assembly
1291:Vacancy in the Presidency
1231:Ousting of Getúlio Vargas
1172:Second Brazilian Republic
1097:Coffee with milk politics
1031:Post–abolition of slavery
881:1823 Constituent Assembly
809:Conquest of French Guiana
435:arrival of the Portuguese
406:
344:
334:
324:
319:
315:
302:
289:
285:
277:
273:
259:
243:
239:
229:
225:
212:
199:
195:
185:
175:
152:
139:Paulista General Language
129:
111:
97:
51:
46:
32:
6779:Administrative divisions
6469:José Honório Rodrigues.
5995:Júnia Ferreira Furtado,
4632:Brown University Library
4230:Camarão indians' letters
4108:Treaty of Rio de Janeiro
4018:Administrative evolution
3003:Captaincy of São Vicente
2740:Dutch West India Company
2490:inner decoration of the
1777:, and in 1500 navigator
1760:navigational instruments
1256:Construction of Brasília
1251:Lott's preventative coup
162:Afro-Brazilian religions
9426:Grão-Pará and Rio Negro
9345: • 1621–1815
9332: • 1578–1607
9319: • 1572–1578
9306: • 1572–1578
9293: • 1549–1572
9280: • 1534–1549
8647: • 1535
8519: • 1512–1525
8187:Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
5873:Mills, Kenneth (2002).
5274:Lockhart and Schwartz,
4990:Lockhart and Schwartz,
4964:Lockhart and Schwartz,
4925:Lockhart and Schwartz,
4542:Lockhart and Schwartz,
4123:capitanias hereditárias
4053:(1572–1578 / 1607–1613)
4047:(1572–1578 / 1607–1613)
4012:At date of independence
3923:Capitanias hereditárias
3503:, by Brazilian painter
3480:, a region occupied by
3472:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
3316:Vila Rica de Ouro Preto
3278:Minas Gerais conspiracy
2417:Another French colony,
2154:Pero Fernandes Sardinha
2058:Capitanias Hereditárias
1830:, the Portuguese began
760:Minas Gerais Conspiracy
9653:18th century in Brazil
9648:17th century in Brazil
9643:16th century in Brazil
9416:Grão-Pará and Maranhão
8840:Dadra and Nagar Haveli
6935:Science and technology
6617:Vargas Era (1930–1946)
6473:. Rio de Janeiro 1976.
5875:Colonial Latin America
5697:Richard M. Morse, ed.
4119:hereditary captaincies
3822:
3802:
3783:) and an opera house (
3736:
3728:
3508:
3477:São Miguel das Missões
3425:
3391:is missing information
3366:Colonia del Sacramento
3291:
3236:buildings such as the
3224:
3081:
3015:
2980:Inland expansion: the
2844:in Spanish America or
2826:actions of members of
2798:
2744:John Maurice of Nassau
2675:
2600:
2495:
2452:
2269:
2218:, with its capital in
2202:, with its capital in
2190:created the states of
2148:
2053:
2001:hereditary captaincies
1972:Martim Afonso de Sousa
1962:, who lived among the
1923:
1876:
1801:Portuguese Reconquista
1789:The Age of Exploration
1390:Car Wash investigation
1301:Araguaia Guerrilla War
981:Eusébio de Queirós Law
486:black slave population
430:
38:
9574:12.97083°S 38.51083°W
9106:invasion by Indonesia
8868:East Asia and Oceania
8040:São Tomé and Príncipe
7813:Portuguese Mozambique
7770:Portuguese Gold Coast
6424:Dean, Warren (1997).
6391:Dean, Warren (1997).
6304:Dean, Warren (1997).
6268:Dean, Warren (1997).
6235:Dean, Warren (1997).
6197:Dean, Warren (1997).
6103:Dean, Warren (1997).
5969:Dean, Warren (1997).
5891:Dean, Warren (1997).
5818:Dean, Warren (1997).
5254:10.1353/lag.2018.0008
5224:Dean, Warren (1997).
5180:10.1353/lag.2018.0008
4404:Russell-Wood, A.J.R.
4397:Russell-Wood, A.J.R.
4374:Russell-Wood, A.J.R.
4340:Kuznesof, Elizabeth.
4216:(Terra de Santa Cruz)
4033:Captaincies of Brazil
3808:
3793:
3734:
3726:
3542:University of Coimbra
3526:Inconfidência Mineira
3520:Inconfidência Mineira
3513:Inconfidência Mineira
3498:
3438:Colónia do Sacramento
3419:
3286:
3218:
3112:Some tribes like the
3010:
2864:, located in today's
2862:Quilombo dos Palmares
2796:
2658:
2591:
2485:
2446:
2439:History of Pernambuco
2435:Brazilian sugar cycle
2268:, near Rio de Janeiro
2263:
2254:Further information:
2235:Viceroyalty of Brazil
2215:Grão-Pará e Rio Negro
2139:Historical centre of
2138:
2047:
2040:Captaincies of Brazil
1921:
1913:São Tomé and Príncipe
1874:
1775:Treaty of Tordesillas
1279:Military dictatorship
1085:Federalist Revolution
1061:Republic of the Sword
1011:Revolt of the Muckers
906:Abdication of Pedro I
698:Quilombo dos Palmares
610:Treaty of Tordesillas
130:Common languages
9579:-12.97083; -38.51083
6753:World Heritage Sites
6686:Environmental issues
6659:Brazilian Antarctica
6486:Prado Junior, Caio.
6084:Kenneth P. Maxwell,
4607:Alexander Marchant,
4449:Schwartz, Stuart B.
4442:Schwartz, Stuart B.
4435:Schwartz, Stuart B.
4367:Prado, Caio Junior.
3574:Inconfidência Baiana
3534:Age of Enlightenment
3532:philosophers of the
3430:Conselho Ultramarino
3166:Brazilian Portuguese
3075:of Amerindians. The
2886:Domingos Jorge Velho
2022:priests, who set up
1929:Vicente Yáñez Pinzón
1885:Pedro Álvares Cabral
1843:Christopher Columbus
1783:Manuel I of Portugal
1779:Pedro Álvares Cabral
1773:between them in the
1400:Coronavirus pandemic
1221:Integralist Uprising
1026:Abolition of Slavery
770:Opening of the ports
464:, which had several
170:indigenous practices
147:indigenous languages
9570: /
7759:(São Jorge da Mina)
7610:São João da Mamora
7452:(El Qsar es Seghir)
7302:Syncretic Religions
7210:Freedom of religion
6892:Automotive industry
5276:Early Latin America
5139:Early Latin America
5084:"slavery in Brazil"
4992:Early Latin America
4966:Early Latin America
4953:Early Latin America
4940:Early Latin America
4927:Early Latin America
4766:Early Latin America
4544:Early Latin America
4467:61:1 (2004): 19–52.
4432:31:1(1996): 112–34.
4419:Schwartz, Stuart B.
4387:36:1(2001): 75–103.
4333:Higgins, Kathleen.
4252:History of Portugal
4131:colónias capitanias
3981:At the time of the
3815:João VI of Portugal
3538:American Revolution
3536:and the successful
3276:, in 1720, and the
3205:Brazilian Gold Rush
3134:indigenous person.
2921:changed over time.
2872:and his successor,
2848:settlements in the
2692:Seventeen Provinces
2321:Francisco de Toledo
2266:São Pedro da Aldeia
1898:northeastern Brazil
1867:Discovery of Brazil
1516:Rio Grande do Norte
926:1834 Additional Act
849:War of Independence
725:War of the Emboabas
462:Spanish possessions
455:brought from Africa
106:Kingdom of Portugal
9472:Portuguese Guiana
9436:Maranhão and Piauí
9084:Lapa and Montanha
8895:Portuguese Malacca
8781:Portuguese Ceylon
8735:(Portuguese India)
8573:(Portuguese India)
8204: •
7663:Sub-Saharan Africa
7262:Eastern Orthodoxy
7255:Ukrainian Catholic
6950:Telecommunications
6607:Empire (1822–1889)
6592:Indigenous peoples
4977:Arnold Wiznitzer,
4779:Lavradores de Cana
4738:Stuart B. Schwartz
4527:Stuart B. Schwartz
4411:Schultz, Kristin.
4354:Metcalf, Alida C.
4127:captaincy colonies
3984:Pernambucan revolt
3827:Liberal Revolution
3823:
3803:
3777:, an art academy (
3756:Congress of Vienna
3741:Napoleon Bonaparte
3737:
3729:
3509:
3499:Quartered body of
3426:
3311:with the British.
3292:
3225:
3016:
2799:
2676:
2606:Colonial Venezuela
2601:
2496:
2453:
2419:France Équinoxiale
2412:France Antarctique
2397:Equinoctial France
2393:France Antarctique
2294:France Antarctique
2282:Joseph of Anchieta
2270:
2177:France Antarctique
2149:
2054:
1924:
1877:
1476:Mato Grosso do Sul
1413:By federative unit
1296:Institutional Acts
1179:Revolution of 1930
1152:Lieutenant revolts
1137:Revolt of the Lash
1117:Annexation of Acre
1107:Amazon rubber boom
703:France Equinoxiale
683:France Antarctique
622:European discovery
575:Indigenous Peoples
293:Portuguese arrival
269:(last, as viceroy)
9618:Portuguese Empire
9553:
9552:
9506:
9505:
9500:
9499:
9493:
9492:
9441:
9440:
9400:
9399:
9367:
9366:
9237:
9236:
9231:
9230:
9222:
9221:
9176:
9175:
9116:
9115:
9099:
9098:
9092:
9091:
9074:Portuguese Macau
9066:
9065:
9019:
9018:
8989:
8988:
8858:
8857:
8852:
8851:
8845:
8844:
8830:Portuguese India
8822:
8821:
8807:Portuguese India
8799:
8798:
8762:
8761:
8725:
8724:
8563:
8562:
8417:
8416:
8407:Laccadive Islands
8369:
8368:
8363:
8362:
8356:
8355:
8253:
8252:
8074:
8073:
8064:Portuguese Angola
8057:Portuguese Guinea
8033:
8032:
8026:
8025:
8011:Portuguese Guinea
7995:
7994:
7961:
7960:
7916:
7915:
7886:Portuguese Angola
7785:
7784:
7780:Mascarene Islands
7644:
7643:
7638:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7527:
7526:
7495:1487–16th century
7401:Portuguese Empire
7367:
7366:
7327:
7326:
7269:
7257:
7250:
7243:
7236:
7234:Armenian Catholic
7039:Income inequality
6981:
6980:
6864:
6863:
6851:Political parties
6846:National Congress
6809:Freedom of speech
6794:Foreign relations
6761:
6760:
6435:978-0-520-20886-5
6402:978-0-520-20886-5
6315:978-0-520-91908-2
6279:978-0-520-91908-2
6246:978-0-520-91908-2
6208:978-0-520-91908-2
6114:978-0-520-20886-5
6073:978-0-521-23223-4
5829:978-0-520-20886-5
5587:978-0-521-14192-5
5578:Slavery in Brazil
5340:978-0-520-20886-5
5234:978-0-520-20886-5
5125:978-90-04-34661-1
5070:library.brown.edu
4981:. New York: 1960.
4835:978-0-521-14192-5
4826:Slavery in Brazil
4794:Gilberto Freyre,
4361:Nazzari, Muriel.
4242:History of Brazil
4214:Ilha de Vera Cruz
4189:Portuguese Empire
4093:Kingdom of Brazil
4065:State of Maranhão
3908:
3907:
3819:Pedro I of Brazil
3797:, established by
3663:leaf-cutting ants
3424:, southern Brazil
3414:
3413:
3266:Casas de Fundição
3253:alluvial deposits
3124:marquis of Pombal
2771:Thirteen Colonies
2764:Slavery in Brazil
2758:Slavery in Brazil
2680:succession crisis
2387:French incursions
2278:Manuel da Nóbrega
2087:Governors General
1906:indigenous people
1767:Iberian Peninsula
1744:
1743:
1710:Brazil portal
1631:Jewish Brazilians
1521:Rio Grande do Sul
1353:1988 Constitution
1316:Redemocratization
1311:Brazilian Miracle
1261:Legality Campaign
1244:Populist Republic
1214:1937 Constitution
1189:1934 Constitution
1127:Taubaté Agreement
1056:1891 Constitution
1021:Military Question
959:Reign of Pedro II
891:1824 Constitution
804:Pernambuco Revolt
590:Marajoara culture
540:History of Brazil
490:sugar plantations
420:
419:
402:
401:
398:
397:
378:
377:
266:Marcos de Noronha
261:• 1806–1808
245:• 1549–1553
214:• 1777–1815
201:• 1500–1521
180:Absolute monarchy
16:(Redirected from
9690:
9623:Colonial Uruguay
9585:
9584:
9582:
9581:
9580:
9575:
9571:
9568:
9567:
9566:
9563:
9540:Portuguese India
9488:
9475:
9462:
9452:
9451:
9449:
9409:
9408:
9406:
9378:
9377:
9375:
9350:
9337:
9324:
9311:
9298:
9285:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9256:
9243:
9242:
9197:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9146:
9145:
9143:
9135:
9122:
9121:
9087:
9077:
9076:
9072:
9034:
9033:
9030:Portuguese Macau
9027:
9015:
9014:
9006:Portuguese Timor
8998:
8997:
8995:
8942:
8929:
8916:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8877:
8864:
8863:
8833:
8832:
8828:
8810:
8809:
8805:
8784:
8764:
8763:
8757:
8729:
8728:
8700:
8677:
8664:
8641:
8597:
8567:
8566:
8548:
8534:
8523:
8502:
8489:
8488:(Cochin de Cima)
8475:
8464:
8453:
8440:
8430:
8429:
8426:Portuguese India
8423:
8411:
8399:
8398:
8396:
8388:
8375:
8374:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8209:
8137:
8114:
8104:
8103:
8101:
8093:
8080:
8079:
8021:Portuguese Congo
8004:
8003:
8001:
7980:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7957:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7911:
7899:
7846:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7760:
7747:
7725:
7713:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7672:
7659:
7658:
7652:
7626:
7613:
7600:
7587:
7574:
7573:(Souira Guedima)
7561:
7548:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7512:
7489:
7466:
7453:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7422:
7409:
7408:
7394:
7387:
7380:
7371:
7370:
7347:
7340:
7265:
7253:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7157:National symbols
6992:
6991:
6930:
6902:Economic history
6887:Animal husbandry
6875:
6874:
6772:
6771:
6647:
6646:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6537:
6536:
6517:Braudel, Fernand
6495:Furtado, Celso.
6474:
6467:
6461:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6337:
6328:
6327:
6301:
6292:
6291:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6232:
6221:
6220:
6194:
6185:
6184:
6140:
6127:
6126:
6100:
6089:
6082:
6076:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6006:
6000:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5888:
5879:
5878:
5870:
5857:
5856:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5815:
5702:
5701:. New York 1965.
5695:
5689:
5688:
5682:
5678:
5676:
5668:
5660:
5651:
5650:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5558:
5517:
5494:
5485:
5458:
5452:
5425:
5419:
5392:
5386:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5326:
5320:
5285:
5279:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5257:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5189:
5183:
5148:
5142:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5103:
5092:
5091:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5062:
5056:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5001:
4995:
4988:
4982:
4975:
4969:
4962:
4956:
4949:
4943:
4936:
4930:
4923:
4914:
4913:58(1978):571–94.
4905:
4899:
4898:
4872:
4861:
4856:Sweet, James H.
4854:
4848:
4847:
4821:
4812:
4805:
4799:
4792:
4786:
4775:
4769:
4762:
4756:
4753:
4747:
4746:83 (1978) 43–79.
4735:
4729:
4728:5 (1949):381–93.
4722:
4716:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4671:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4623:
4612:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4580:
4565:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4547:
4540:
4534:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4456:Verger, Pierre.
4310:Freyre, Gilberto
4161:Tordesillas line
4150:Estado do Brasil
4104:Empire of Brazil
4007:
3995:
3976:
3967:Treaty of Madrid
3962:
3953:Inland expansion
3948:
3934:
3916:
3903:
3900:
3894:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3851:Senado da Câmara
3838:of the kingdom.
3775:Botanical Garden
3550:São João del-Rei
3409:
3406:
3400:
3384:
3376:
3328:São João del-Rei
3274:Vila Rica revolt
3238:Convent of Mafra
3084:
2669:Castile and León
2659:Coat of arms of
2598:
2595:
2592:View of Olinda,
2584:Cities and towns
2567:triangular trade
2358:
2243:câmara municipal
2209:Maranhão e Piauí
2114:Governor-General
1855:Treaty of Madrid
1795:Age of Discovery
1736:
1729:
1722:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1451:Federal District
1069:
874:Reign of Pedro I
867:Empire of Brazil
778:
745:Treaty of Madrid
735:Vila Rica Revolt
652:
644:Brazilwood cycle
550:
527:
526:
513:Empire of Brazil
394:
393:
382:
381:
369:
368:
362:
361:
346:
345:
311:13 December 1815
255:
125:
91:
88:
81:
78:
71:
68:
61:
58:
41:
30:
29:
21:
18:Colony of Brazil
9698:
9697:
9693:
9692:
9691:
9689:
9688:
9687:
9663:1810s in Brazil
9658:1800s in Brazil
9598:Colonial Brazil
9588:
9587:
9578:
9576:
9572:
9569:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9557:
9556:
9554:
9549:
9502:
9501:
9486:
9473:
9460:
9445:
9402:
9371:
9348:
9335:
9322:
9309:
9296:
9283:
9260:
9248:
9233:
9232:
9195:
9180:
9139:
9127:
9112:
9111:
9100:
9085:
9073:
9068:
9028:
9023:
9008:
9004:
8991:
8940:
8927:
8914:
8881:
8869:
8854:
8853:
8829:
8824:
8806:
8801:
8782:
8756:(Machilipatnam)
8755:
8698:
8675:
8662:
8639:
8628:Salsette Island
8599:
8595:
8594:
8546:
8536:
8532:
8531:
8525:
8521:
8520:
8500:
8487:
8477:
8473:
8472:
8466:
8462:
8461:
8451:
8438:
8424:
8419:
8413:
8409:
8408:
8392:
8380:
8365:
8364:
8257:
8199:
8135:
8112:
8097:
8085:
8070:
8069:
8066:from the 1920s.
8034:
7997:
7978:
7963:
7953:
7920:
7909:
7895:
7844:
7789:
7758:
7745:
7721:
7709:
7676:
7664:
7653:
7640:
7639:
7624:
7611:
7598:
7585:
7572:
7559:
7546:
7531:
7510:
7487:
7464:
7451:
7450:Alcácer Ceguer
7426:
7414:
7403:
7398:
7368:
7363:
7350:
7343:
7336:
7323:
7196:
7182:Science fiction
7172:Public holidays
7088:
7049:Life expectancy
6977:
6959:
6928:
6860:
6836:Law enforcement
6757:
6743:Water resources
6723:Protected areas
6636:
6573:
6564:
6483:
6478:
6477:
6468:
6464:
6455:
6451:
6436:
6422:
6418:
6403:
6389:
6385:
6354:10.2307/3984562
6338:
6331:
6316:
6302:
6295:
6280:
6266:
6262:
6247:
6233:
6224:
6209:
6195:
6188:
6157:10.2307/3984562
6141:
6130:
6115:
6101:
6092:
6083:
6079:
6062:
6058:
6050:
6046:
6007:
6003:
5994:
5990:
5983:
5967:
5963:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5889:
5882:
5871:
5860:
5849:
5845:
5830:
5816:
5705:
5696:
5692:
5680:
5679:
5670:
5669:
5661:
5654:
5623:10.2307/3984562
5607:
5603:
5588:
5574:
5570:
5559:
5520:
5495:
5488:
5459:
5455:
5426:
5422:
5393:
5389:
5360:
5356:
5341:
5327:
5323:
5286:
5282:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5260:
5223:
5219:
5204:
5190:
5186:
5149:
5145:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5104:
5095:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5050:
5046:
5037:
5035:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5013:
5011:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4989:
4985:
4976:
4972:
4968:, pp. 225, 250.
4963:
4959:
4950:
4946:
4937:
4933:
4924:
4917:
4906:
4902:
4887:
4873:
4864:
4855:
4851:
4836:
4822:
4815:
4806:
4802:
4793:
4789:
4776:
4772:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4736:
4732:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4665:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4624:
4615:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4581:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4541:
4537:
4521:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4496:
4492:
4484:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4326:Hemming, John.
4319:Hemming, John.
4281:Colonial Brazil
4277:Bethell, Leslie
4269:Alden, Dauril.
4265:
4236:General history
4205:
4059:State of Brazil
4020:
4013:
4011:
4008:
3999:
3996:
3987:
3980:
3977:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3785:Teatro São João
3721:
3715:
3685:
3619:
3583:
3522:
3516:
3486:Guaraní natives
3482:Jesuit missions
3410:
3404:
3401:
3394:
3385:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3183:
3174:
3138:negotiate with
3107:Atlantic Forest
3103:
3005:
2995:
2989:
2882:nganga a nzumbi
2791:
2785:
2766:
2760:
2716:
2708:Main articles:
2706:
2653:
2647:
2627:
2596:
2586:
2509:Gilberto Freyre
2441:
2431:
2399:
2391:Main articles:
2389:
2363:, natives, and
2352:
2319:implemented by
2258:
2252:
2250:Jesuit missions
2109:
2099:
2091:Main articles:
2089:
2042:
2036:
1984:
1869:
1863:
1797:
1791:
1740:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1691:Years in Brazil
1675:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1591:Catholic Church
1571:Afro-Brazilians
1565:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1246:
1236:
1235:
1198:
1167:
1157:
1156:
1132:Naval arms race
1063:
1046:
1036:
1035:
1006:Religious Issue
991:Christie Affair
971:Praieira revolt
955:
910:
869:
859:
858:
834:
824:
823:
799:
789:
788:
772:
708:Dutch invasions
693:Jesuit missions
676:State of Brazil
672:
646:
633:
605:
603:Colonial Brazil
595:
594:
570:
560:
525:
478:Río de la Plata
431:Brasil Colonial
423:Colonial Brazil
413:
391:
366:
339:Portuguese real
327:
308:
295:
268:
262:
253:
252:
246:
215:
202:
160:
137:
120:
119:
93:
92:
82:
79:
72:
69:
62:
59:
42:
39:Brasil Colonial
35:
34:Colonial Brazil
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9696:
9686:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9551:
9550:
9548:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9511:
9508:
9507:
9504:
9503:
9498:
9497:
9491:
9490:
9482:
9478:
9477:
9469:
9465:
9464:
9456:
9442:
9439:
9438:
9433:
9429:
9428:
9423:
9419:
9418:
9413:
9398:
9397:
9392:
9388:
9387:
9382:
9368:
9365:
9364:
9359:
9355:
9354:
9346:
9342:
9341:
9333:
9329:
9328:
9326:Rio de Janeiro
9320:
9316:
9315:
9307:
9303:
9302:
9294:
9290:
9289:
9281:
9277:
9276:
9271:
9254:
9253:
9250:
9249:
9239:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9229:
9228:
9223:
9220:
9219:
9214:
9210:
9209:
9204:
9200:
9199:
9196:(Newfoundland)
9191:
9177:
9174:
9173:
9164:
9160:
9159:
9150:
9133:
9132:
9129:
9128:
9118:
9117:
9114:
9113:
9110:
9109:
9101:
9097:
9096:
9090:
9089:
9081:
9064:
9063:
9058:
9054:
9053:
9048:
9044:
9043:
9038:
9020:
9017:
9016:
9002:
8987:
8986:
8981:
8977:
8976:
8971:
8967:
8966:
8961:
8957:
8956:
8951:
8947:
8946:
8938:
8934:
8933:
8925:
8921:
8920:
8912:
8908:
8907:
8902:
8898:
8897:
8892:
8875:
8874:
8871:
8870:
8860:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8850:
8849:
8843:
8842:
8837:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8797:
8796:
8791:
8787:
8786:
8778:
8774:
8773:
8768:
8760:
8759:
8751:
8747:
8746:
8741:
8737:
8736:
8733:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8717:
8713:
8712:
8707:
8703:
8702:
8694:
8690:
8689:
8684:
8680:
8679:
8671:
8667:
8666:
8658:
8654:
8653:
8648:
8644:
8643:
8635:
8631:
8630:
8625:
8621:
8620:
8615:
8611:
8610:
8605:
8601:
8600:
8591:
8589:
8585:
8584:
8579:
8575:
8574:
8571:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8555:
8551:
8550:
8542:
8538:
8537:
8528:
8526:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8509:
8505:
8504:
8496:
8492:
8491:
8483:
8479:
8478:
8469:
8467:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8447:
8443:
8442:
8434:
8415:
8414:
8405:
8403:
8386:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8371:
8370:
8367:
8366:
8361:
8360:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8344:
8343:
8338:
8334:
8333:
8328:
8324:
8323:
8318:
8314:
8313:
8308:
8304:
8303:
8298:
8294:
8293:
8288:
8284:
8283:
8278:
8274:
8273:
8268:
8254:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8241:
8240:
8235:
8231:
8230:
8225:
8221:
8220:
8215:
8211:
8210:
8194:
8190:
8189:
8184:
8180:
8179:
8174:
8170:
8169:
8164:
8160:
8159:
8154:
8150:
8149:
8144:
8140:
8139:
8131:
8127:
8126:
8121:
8117:
8116:
8113:(Bandar Abbas)
8108:
8091:
8090:
8087:
8086:
8076:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8060:
8053:
8046:
8043:
8035:
8031:
8030:
8024:
8023:
8018:
8014:
8013:
8008:
7993:
7992:
7987:
7983:
7982:
7974:
7959:
7958:
7951:
7947:
7946:
7941:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7905:
7901:
7900:
7893:
7889:
7888:
7883:
7879:
7878:
7873:
7869:
7868:
7863:
7859:
7858:
7853:
7849:
7848:
7840:
7836:
7835:
7830:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7816:
7815:
7810:
7806:
7805:
7800:
7786:
7783:
7782:
7777:
7773:
7772:
7767:
7763:
7762:
7754:
7750:
7749:
7741:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7727:
7726:
7719:
7715:
7714:
7707:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7655:
7654:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7620:
7616:
7615:
7607:
7603:
7602:
7594:
7590:
7589:
7581:
7577:
7576:
7568:
7564:
7563:
7555:
7551:
7550:
7542:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7519:
7515:
7514:
7506:
7502:
7501:
7496:
7492:
7491:
7483:
7479:
7478:
7473:
7469:
7468:
7460:
7456:
7455:
7447:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7405:
7404:
7397:
7396:
7389:
7382:
7374:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7349:
7348:
7341:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7260:
7259:
7258:
7251:
7244:
7237:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7206:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7098:
7096:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6995:
6989:
6983:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6973:Rail transport
6969:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6878:
6872:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6819:Women's rights
6816:
6811:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6775:
6769:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6708:Largest cities
6705:
6700:
6695:
6693:Extreme points
6690:
6689:
6688:
6678:
6673:
6672:
6671:
6669:Climate change
6661:
6656:
6650:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6563:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6540:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6514:
6509:
6502:
6493:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6462:
6449:
6434:
6416:
6401:
6383:
6348:(2): 123–133.
6329:
6314:
6293:
6278:
6260:
6245:
6222:
6207:
6186:
6128:
6113:
6090:
6077:
6056:
6044:
6001:
5988:
5981:
5961:
5910:
5903:
5880:
5858:
5843:
5828:
5703:
5690:
5652:
5601:
5586:
5568:
5518:
5486:
5453:
5420:
5387:
5354:
5339:
5321:
5311:6(2). p. 174.
5280:
5278:, pp. 220–221.
5267:
5258:
5217:
5202:
5184:
5143:
5130:
5124:
5093:
5075:
5057:
5044:
5029:"Dutch Brazil"
5020:
4996:
4983:
4970:
4957:
4944:
4931:
4915:
4900:
4885:
4862:
4849:
4834:
4813:
4800:
4787:
4770:
4757:
4748:
4730:
4717:
4708:
4699:
4690:
4681:
4672:
4659:
4650:
4641:
4613:
4600:
4593:
4566:
4557:
4548:
4535:
4523:James Lockhart
4515:
4503:
4490:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4389:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4284:
4274:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4247:Brazil#History
4244:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4204:
4201:
4112:
4111:
4100:
4089:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4048:
4036:
4030:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3990:
3988:
3978:
3971:
3969:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3950:
3943:
3941:
3936:
3929:
3927:
3918:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3883:
3881:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3771:bank of Brazil
3717:Main article:
3714:
3711:
3684:
3683:Cattle raising
3681:
3618:
3615:
3582:
3579:
3518:Main article:
3515:
3510:
3449:Azores Islands
3412:
3411:
3388:
3386:
3379:
3364:Main article:
3361:
3358:
3326:, followed by
3300:Methuen Treaty
3203:Main article:
3200:
3197:
3182:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3102:
3099:
3012:Albert Eckhout
2991:Main article:
2988:
2978:
2935:Buraco de Tatu
2896:. Of the many
2890:Carlos Diegues
2787:Main article:
2784:
2781:
2762:Main article:
2759:
2756:
2752:Albert Eckhout
2705:
2702:
2649:Main article:
2646:
2643:
2631:New Christians
2626:
2625:New Christians
2623:
2585:
2582:
2430:
2427:
2388:
2385:
2369:slash-and-burn
2251:
2248:
2143:in 2007 – the
2126:All Saints Bay
2088:
2085:
2038:Main article:
2035:
2032:
2028:Rio de Janeiro
1983:
1980:
1978:on the coast.
1865:Main article:
1862:
1859:
1793:Main article:
1790:
1787:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1651:Rail transport
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1536:Santa Catarina
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1511:Rio de Janeiro
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1456:Espírito Santo
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1142:Contestado War
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1122:Vaccine Revolt
1119:
1114:
1112:War of Canudos
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1001:Paraguayan War
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
962:
961:
954:
953:
948:
943:
941:Ragamuffin War
938:
933:
928:
923:
917:
916:
914:Regency Period
909:
908:
903:
901:Cisplatine War
898:
893:
888:
886:Night of Agony
883:
877:
876:
870:
865:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
851:
846:
841:
835:
830:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
800:
795:
794:
791:
790:
787:
786:
781:
780:
779:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
716:
715:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
679:
678:
671:
670:
669:
668:
658:
653:
640:
639:
632:
631:
630:
629:
618:
617:
612:
606:
601:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:
587:
582:
577:
571:
566:
565:
562:
561:
553:Terra Brasilis
551:
543:
542:
536:
535:
524:
521:
502:Rio de Janeiro
418:
417:
408:
404:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
388:
379:
376:
375:
370:
358:
357:
352:
342:
341:
336:
332:
331:
328:
325:
322:
321:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
303:
300:
299:
296:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
279:
275:
274:
271:
270:
263:
260:
257:
256:
247:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
227:
226:
223:
222:
216:
213:
210:
209:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
154:
150:
149:
131:
127:
126:
122:Rio de Janeiro
113:
109:
108:
99:
95:
94:
90:Brazil in 1750
83:
80:Brazil in 1709
73:
70:Brazil in 1572
63:
60:Brazil in 1534
53:
52:
49:
48:
44:
43:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9695:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9595:
9593:
9586:
9583:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9512:
9509:
9496:
9489:
9483:
9480:
9479:
9476:
9470:
9467:
9466:
9463:
9457:
9454:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9443:
9437:
9434:
9431:
9430:
9427:
9424:
9421:
9420:
9417:
9414:
9411:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9396:
9393:
9390:
9389:
9386:
9383:
9380:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9369:
9363:
9360:
9357:
9356:
9353:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9340:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9327:
9321:
9318:
9317:
9314:
9308:
9305:
9304:
9301:
9295:
9292:
9291:
9288:
9282:
9279:
9278:
9275:
9272:
9269:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9258:
9257:
9251:
9244:
9240:
9227:
9224:
9218:
9215:
9212:
9211:
9208:
9205:
9202:
9201:
9198:
9192:
9189:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9178:
9172:
9171:
9170:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9158:
9157:
9156:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9137:
9136:
9130:
9123:
9119:
9107:
9103:
9102:
9095:
9088:
9082:
9079:
9078:
9075:
9071:
9062:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9052:
9049:
9046:
9045:
9042:
9039:
9036:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9012:
9007:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8985:
8982:
8979:
8978:
8975:
8972:
8969:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8958:
8955:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8945:
8939:
8936:
8935:
8932:
8926:
8923:
8922:
8919:
8913:
8910:
8909:
8906:
8903:
8900:
8899:
8896:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8879:
8878:
8872:
8865:
8861:
8848:
8841:
8838:
8835:
8834:
8831:
8827:
8818:
8815:
8812:
8811:
8808:
8804:
8795:
8792:
8789:
8788:
8785:
8779:
8776:
8775:
8772:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8758:
8754:Masulipatnam
8752:
8749:
8748:
8745:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8727:
8721:
8718:
8715:
8714:
8711:
8710:Daman and Diu
8708:
8705:
8704:
8701:
8699:(Thoothukudi)
8695:
8692:
8691:
8688:
8685:
8682:
8681:
8678:
8676:(Kodungallur)
8672:
8669:
8668:
8665:
8663:(Vasai-Virar)
8659:
8656:
8655:
8652:
8649:
8646:
8645:
8642:
8636:
8633:
8632:
8629:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8619:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8609:
8606:
8603:
8602:
8598:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8583:
8580:
8577:
8576:
8572:
8569:
8568:
8565:
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8552:
8549:
8543:
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8535:
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8517:
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8513:
8510:
8507:
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8490:
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8480:
8476:
8468:
8458:
8457:
8454:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8441:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8422:
8412:
8410:(Lakshadweep)
8404:
8401:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8390:
8389:
8383:
8376:
8372:
8359:
8352:
8351:Bandar-e Kong
8349:
8346:
8345:
8342:
8341:Dibba Al-Hisn
8339:
8336:
8335:
8332:
8329:
8326:
8325:
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8319:
8316:
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8312:
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8119:
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8000:
7991:
7988:
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7906:
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7898:
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7890:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7877:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7867:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7857:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7847:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7834:
7831:
7828:
7827:
7824:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7808:
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7801:
7798:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7787:
7781:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7771:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7761:
7755:
7752:
7751:
7748:
7744:Fernando Poo
7742:
7739:
7738:
7735:
7732:
7729:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7712:
7708:
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7330:
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7310:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7281:
7280:Protestantism
7278:
7276:
7273:
7268:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7256:
7252:
7249:
7245:
7242:
7238:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7224:Christianity
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7199:
7193:
7190:
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7097:
7095:
7091:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7064:States by HDI
7062:
7060:
7059:Social issues
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
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6608:
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6510:
6507:
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6500:
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6408:
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6379:
6375:
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6359:
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6347:
6343:
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6325:
6321:
6317:
6311:
6307:
6300:
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6264:
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6231:
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6200:
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6150:
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6139:
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6135:
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6124:
6120:
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6110:
6106:
6099:
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6081:
6074:
6070:
6066:
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6054:
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6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5992:
5984:
5982:9780520208865
5978:
5974:
5973:
5965:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5914:
5906:
5904:9780520208865
5900:
5896:
5895:
5887:
5885:
5876:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5854:
5847:
5839:
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5810:
5808:
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5800:
5798:
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5710:
5708:
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5694:
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5659:
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5648:
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5640:
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5624:
5620:
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5605:
5597:
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5589:
5583:
5579:
5572:
5564:
5557:
5555:
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5549:
5547:
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5539:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5506:0-252-06549-2
5503:
5499:
5493:
5491:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5470:0-252-06549-2
5467:
5463:
5457:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5437:0-252-06549-2
5434:
5430:
5424:
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5413:
5409:
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5404:0-252-06549-2
5401:
5397:
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5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5371:0-252-06549-2
5368:
5364:
5358:
5350:
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5342:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5297:0-252-06549-2
5294:
5290:
5284:
5277:
5271:
5262:
5255:
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5247:
5243:
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5235:
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5227:
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5213:
5209:
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5203:0-252-06549-2
5199:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5160:0-252-06549-2
5157:
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5147:
5140:
5134:
5127:
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5113:
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5089:
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5024:
5010:
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5000:
4993:
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4948:
4941:
4935:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4912:
4911:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4886:0-252-06549-2
4882:
4878:
4871:
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4867:
4859:
4853:
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4774:
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4703:
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4633:
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4618:
4610:
4604:
4596:
4594:0-292-70970-6
4590:
4586:
4579:
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4575:
4573:
4571:
4561:
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4539:
4532:
4528:
4524:
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4507:
4500:
4494:
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4407:
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4400:
4396:
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4390:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4347:Lang, James.
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:Boxer, C. R.
4301:
4298:
4295:Boxer, C. R.
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4258:
4255:
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4250:
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4237:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
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4218:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4200:
4196:
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4190:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
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4156:
4153:
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4146:
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4138:
4134:
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4128:
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4120:
4115:
4109:
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4101:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
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4063:
4060:
4057:
4052:
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4037:
4034:
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4006:
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3994:
3989:
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3961:
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3947:
3942:
3933:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3902:
3892:
3887:
3884:This section
3882:
3873:
3872:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3811:Paço Imperial
3807:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3752:
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3746:
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3733:
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3697:
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3639:
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3599:
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3563:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3505:Pedro Américo
3502:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3457:Florianópolis
3454:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3422:Florianópolis
3418:
3408:
3398:
3392:
3389:This article
3387:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3309:trade deficit
3306:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3247:
3246:Xica da Silva
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3178:
3169:
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3141:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3090:bandeirantes'
3086:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3035:export colony
3031:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2975:
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2968:
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2813:
2808:
2804:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2736:Nieuw Holland
2734:. During the
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2651:Iberian Union
2642:
2640:
2639:Iberian Union
2636:
2632:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:Guanabara Bay
2405:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2220:Belém do Pará
2217:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2181:Estácio de Sá
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2071:Duarte Coelho
2066:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2050:Luís Teixeira
2046:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:Tomé de Sousa
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:Vasco da Gama
1899:
1895:
1890:
1889:it is debated
1886:
1882:
1873:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1850:South America
1846:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:globalization
1737:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:Football Team
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
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1579:
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1552:
1549:
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1544:
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1539:
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1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
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1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1266:Plano Trienal
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
996:Uruguayan War
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
960:
957:
956:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
915:
912:
911:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
875:
872:
871:
868:
863:
862:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
833:
828:
827:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
798:
793:
792:
785:
782:
776:
771:
768:
767:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
714:
711:
710:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
677:
674:
673:
667:
664:
663:
662:
659:
657:
654:
650:
645:
642:
641:
638:
635:
634:
628:
625:
624:
623:
620:
619:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
604:
599:
598:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:Pre-Cabraline
564:
563:
558:
554:
549:
545:
544:
541:
538:
537:
533:
529:
528:
520:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:(Mexico) and
471:
467:
466:viceroyalties
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
416:
412:
409:
407:Today part of
405:
389:
387:
384:
383:
380:
374:
371:
364:
363:
360:
359:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
340:
337:
333:
329:
323:
318:
314:
310:
307:
301:
298:22 April 1500
297:
294:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
264:
258:
251:
250:Tomé de Sousa
248:
242:
238:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
211:
207:
204:
198:
194:
190:
188:
184:
181:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
135:
132:
128:
123:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
87:
77:
67:
57:
50:
45:
40:
31:
19:
9555:
9494:
9447:19th century
9446:
9444:
9404:18th century
9403:
9401:
9373:17th century
9372:
9370:
9273:
9262:16th century
9261:
9259:
9225:
9182:16th century
9181:
9179:
9167:
9166:
9153:
9152:
9141:15th century
9140:
9138:
9093:
9070:20th century
9069:
9067:
9025:19th century
9024:
9022:
8993:17th century
8992:
8990:
8883:16th century
8882:
8880:
8846:
8826:18th century
8825:
8823:
8803:17th century
8802:
8800:
8501:(Nagapatnam)
8421:16th century
8420:
8418:
8394:15th century
8393:
8391:
8357:
8259:17th century
8258:
8256:
8228:Tarut Island
8099:16th century
8098:
8096:
8084:Middle East
8050:Anosy Region
8027:
7999:19th century
7998:
7996:
7965:18th century
7964:
7962:
7922:17th century
7921:
7919:
7823:Saint Helena
7791:16th century
7790:
7788:
7678:15th century
7677:
7675:
7632:
7533:16th century
7532:
7530:
7428:15th century
7427:
7425:
7413:North Africa
7069:Unemployment
7019:Demographics
6897:Central Bank
6804:Human rights
6784:Constitution
6654:Amazon basin
6596:
6524:
6523:Vol. III of
6520:
6505:
6496:
6487:
6481:Bibliography
6470:
6465:
6457:
6452:
6425:
6419:
6392:
6386:
6345:
6341:
6305:
6269:
6263:
6236:
6198:
6148:
6144:
6104:
6085:
6080:
6064:
6059:
6052:
6047:
6017:(1): 59–83.
6014:
6010:
6004:
5996:
5991:
5971:
5964:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5893:
5874:
5852:
5846:
5819:
5698:
5693:
5664:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5577:
5571:
5562:
5497:
5481:
5461:
5456:
5448:
5428:
5423:
5415:
5395:
5390:
5382:
5362:
5357:
5330:
5324:
5308:
5288:
5283:
5275:
5270:
5261:
5245:
5225:
5220:
5193:
5187:
5171:
5151:
5146:
5138:
5133:
5107:
5087:
5078:
5069:
5060:
5052:
5051:C.R. Boxer,
5047:
5036:. Retrieved
5032:
5023:
5012:. Retrieved
5008:
4999:
4991:
4986:
4978:
4973:
4965:
4960:
4952:
4947:
4939:
4934:
4926:
4908:
4903:
4876:
4857:
4852:
4825:
4808:
4803:
4795:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4765:
4760:
4751:
4741:
4733:
4726:The Americas
4725:
4720:
4711:
4702:
4693:
4684:
4675:
4667:
4662:
4653:
4644:
4631:
4608:
4603:
4584:
4560:
4551:
4546:, pp. 26–27.
4543:
4538:
4530:
4518:
4506:
4498:
4493:
4481:
4465:The Americas
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4287:Boxer, C. R.
4280:
4270:
4235:
4234:
4208:Colonization
4207:
4206:
4197:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4021:
3982:
3921:
3896:
3891:lead section
3885:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3784:
3778:
3767:
3764:
3753:
3738:
3698:
3694:
3686:
3676:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3624:
3620:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3572:
3570:
3558:
3545:
3525:
3523:
3512:
3475:
3469:
3465:Porto Alegre
3446:
3442:Buenos Aires
3429:
3427:
3402:
3390:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3313:
3293:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3232:, construct
3226:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3175:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:detribalized
3127:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3089:
3087:
3077:bandeirantes
3076:
3071:
3067:bandeirantes
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3017:
2993:Bandeirantes
2985:
2981:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2959:Minas Gerais
2956:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2881:
2877:
2857:
2853:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2800:
2774:
2767:
2728:Dutch Brazil
2717:
2714:Dutch Brazil
2677:
2628:
2617:
2602:
2599:, Frans Post
2575:
2571:
2560:
2545:
2537:
2517:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2470:
2454:
2448:
2416:
2400:
2373:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2323:in southern
2312:
2298:
2275:
2271:
2241:
2239:
2226:
2224:
2213:
2207:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2162:
2150:
2110:
2079:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2013:
1997:
1985:
1968:
1952:João Ramalho
1948:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1925:
1910:
1894:Porto Seguro
1878:
1847:
1836:
1816:
1810:
1798:
1769:divided the
1764:
1756:shipbuilding
1745:
1596:Constitution
1481:Minas Gerais
1360:Plano Collor
1334:New Republic
1226:World War II
1092:Belle Époque
1080:Navy Revolts
1075:Encilhamento
1044:Old Republic
976:Coffee cycle
921:April Revolt
832:Independence
713:Dutch Brazil
688:Bandeirantes
602:
557:Miller Atlas
552:
509:independence
506:
494:
492:and mines.
459:
422:
421:
355:Succeeded by
354:
349:
326:• Total
9577: /
9485:Upper Peru
9459:Cisplatina
9217:Nova Scotia
9194:Terra Nova
8783:(Sri Lanka)
8674:Cranganore
8533:(Kozhikode)
8486:Pallipuram
8271:Khor Fakkan
8224:1521?–1551?
8048:A factory (
7586:(El Jadida)
7560:(Essaouira)
7488:(El Jadida)
7228:Catholicism
7142:Malandragem
7107:Archaeology
7034:Immigration
6940:Stock index
6882:Agriculture
6681:Environment
5877:. SR Books.
5681:|work=
5088:histclo.com
5009:histclo.com
4085:(1772–1775)
4079:(1772–1775)
4073:(1751–1772)
4067:(1621–1751)
4061:(1621–1815)
3861:Dom Pedro I
3856:Dia do Fico
3799:Dom João VI
3702:colonialism
3490:Guaraní War
3434:River Plate
3372:Guaraní War
3280:, in 1789.
3192:garimpeiros
3188:faiscadores
2870:Ganga Zumba
2850:West Indies
2803:slave labor
2748:Mauritstaad
2678:In 1580, a
2635:Inquisition
2597: 1660
2528:slave ships
2524:West Africa
2501:casa-grande
2466:Sebastian I
2367:to abandon
2353: [
2301:Catholicism
2034:Captaincies
2009:São Vicente
1976:São Vicente
1752:cartography
1661:Transgender
1641:Nationality
1471:Mato Grosso
1341:Lost Decade
1202:Estado Novo
1147:World War I
1064: [
1016:Grande Seca
986:Platine War
931:Malê Revolt
839:Dia do Fico
773: [
750:Guaraní War
730:Mascate War
666:Slave trade
656:Sugar cycle
647: [
637:Captaincies
488:working on
482:New Granada
447:sugar cycle
350:Preceded by
124:(1763–1815)
118:(1549–1763)
9592:Categories
9565:38°30′39″W
9562:12°58′15″S
9213:1516–1579?
9203:1500–1579?
9190:1500–1579?
9061:Ilha Verde
9011:East Timor
8697:Tuticorin
8593:Chittagong
8499:Negapatam
8450:Cannanore
8379:South Asia
8214:1521–1529?
8183:1515–1633?
8059:from 1879.
8042:from 1753.
7934:Ziguinchor
7866:Madagascar
7700:Cape Verde
7599:(Azemmour)
7267:Antiochian
7192:Television
7162:Newspapers
7137:Literature
7009:Corruption
7004:Censorship
6929:(currency)
6799:Government
6444:1048765486
6411:1048765486
6151:(2): 125.
6123:1048765486
5838:1048765486
5617:(2): 124.
5596:1026039080
5349:1048765486
5242:1048765486
5038:2021-12-16
5014:2021-12-16
4844:1026039080
4473:References
3939:Two states
3899:March 2014
3706:capitalism
3690:Guarapuava
3654:vagabundos
3630:Ouro Preto
3595:ant genus
3554:Ouro Preto
3501:Tiradentes
3461:Rio Grande
3405:March 2014
3370:See also:
3344:Tiradentes
3298:while the
3242:Diamantina
3221:Ouro Preto
3209:See also:
2997:See also:
2917:and other
2697:privateers
2513:Frans Post
2433:See also:
2317:reductions
2163:The third
2101:See also:
2005:Pernambuco
1940:degredados
1935:degredados
1832:plantation
1501:Pernambuco
1380:Plano Real
1321:Diretas Já
1165:Vargas Era
1102:Coronelism
720:Gold cycle
451:gold cycle
443:brazilwood
427:Portuguese
176:Government
159:(official)
136:(official)
134:Portuguese
9487:(Bolivia)
9468:1809–1817
9461:(Uruguay)
9455:1808–1822
9432:1772–1775
9422:1772–1775
9412:1751–1772
9391:1680–1777
9381:1621–1751
9358:1536–1620
9270:1500–1822
9086:(Hengqin)
9001:1642–1975
8980:1580–1586
8970:1557–1999
8964:Larantuka
8960:1515–1859
8950:1512–1665
8901:1512–1621
8891:1511–1641
8790:1558–1573
8777:1518–1658
8767:1518–1521
8720:Mangalore
8547:(Pulicat)
8465:1659–1661
8402:1498–1545
8337:1624–1648
8287:1621–1622
8244:1588–1648
8234:1550–1551
8193:1521–1602
8163:1515–1650
8143:1515–1648
8130:1515–1622
8120:1507–1643
8107:1506–1615
8017:1885–1974
8007:1879–1974
7986:1753–1975
7979:(Mombasa)
7977:Mombassa
7973:1728–1729
7950:1687–1974
7940:1680–1961
7930:1645–1888
7910:(Mombasa)
7908:Mombassa
7904:1593–1698
7892:1588–1974
7882:1575–1975
7872:1557–1578
7862:1508–1547
7852:1506–1511
7839:1505–1512
7829:1503–1698
7819:1502–1659
7809:1501–1975
7799:1500–1630
7776:1498–1540
7766:1482–1642
7753:1482–1637
7740:1478–1778
7730:1474–1778
7718:1471–1975
7706:1470–1975
7696:1462–1975
7686:1455–1633
7619:1577–1589
7606:1515–1541
7593:1513–1541
7580:1506–1769
7567:1506–1525
7554:1506–1525
7541:1505–1541
7505:1488–1541
7482:1485–1550
7472:1471–1662
7459:1471–1550
7446:1458–1550
7436:1415–1640
7312:Quimbanda
7307:Candomblé
7177:Sculpture
7152:Mythology
7102:Animation
7044:Languages
7024:Education
6965:Transport
6826:Judiciary
6789:Elections
6738:Time Zone
6713:Mountains
6676:Coastline
6642:Geography
6378:156161425
6362:1053-4180
6181:156161425
6165:1053-4180
6039:153680164
6031:0022-0507
5956:153680164
5940:0022-0507
5926:(1): 64.
5683:ignored (
5673:cite book
5647:156161425
5631:1053-4180
5514:857899745
5478:857899745
5445:857899745
5412:857899745
5379:857899745
5305:857899745
5212:857899745
5168:857899745
4994:, p. 250.
4929:, p. 221.
4895:857899745
3625:tropeiros
3397:talk page
3305:Port wine
3144:quilombos
3140:quilombos
3094:gold rush
3062:Paulistas
3058:bandeiras
3050:bandeiras
2986:bandeiras
2974:Santidade
2963:quilombos
2948:quilombos
2943:Quilombos
2927:Quilombos
2923:Quilombos
2919:quilombos
2914:quilombos
2898:quilombos
2878:quilombo,
2858:quilombos
2854:quilombos
2835:quilombos
2828:quilombos
2823:Quilombos
2817:quilombos
2776:quilombos
2732:Amsterdam
2688:Philip II
2665:inserting
2553:olive oil
2365:mulattoes
2290:São Paulo
2188:Philip II
2173:Huguenots
2169:Mem de Sá
2014:In 1549,
1964:Tupinambá
1956:São Paulo
1811:feitorias
1771:New World
1686:Conflicts
1656:Socialism
1611:Etymology
1581:Animation
1576:Anarchism
1551:Tocantins
1541:São Paulo
936:Cabanagem
517:Lusophone
470:New Spain
153:Religion
143:Nheengatu
47:1500–1815
9385:Maranhão
9362:Barbados
9207:Labrador
8984:Nagasaki
8954:Makassar
8817:Mylapore
8794:Maldives
8771:Maldives
8640:(Mumbai)
8582:Mylapore
8452:(Kannur)
8202:Muharraq
8062:Part of
8055:Part of
8045:Or 1600.
8038:Part of
7833:Zanzibar
7723:Príncipe
7711:São Tomé
7625:(Asilah)
7612:(Mehdya)
7584:Mazagan
7558:Mogador
7547:(Agadir)
7522:Graciosa
7486:Mazagan
7465:(Asilah)
7354:Category
7292:Hinduism
7241:Maronite
7220:Buddhism
7202:Religion
7167:Painting
7117:Carnaval
6999:Abortion
6945:Taxation
6917:Industry
6841:Military
6767:Politics
6748:Wildlife
6718:Pantanal
6587:Timeline
6571:articles
6324:43476630
6288:43476630
6255:43476630
6217:43476630
4636:Archived
4203:See also
3692:plains.
3638:Paulista
3463:(1736),
3459:(1675),
3455:(1668),
3453:Curitiba
3340:Pitangui
3338:(1714),
3330:(1713),
3219:View of
3149:quilombo
3082:peabirus
3072:Banderia
3054:entradas
3048:and the
3046:entradas
3026:(now in
2982:entradas
2967:quilombo
2931:quilombo
2906:mocambos
2894:Quilombo
2860:was the
2841:palenque
2812:mocambos
2807:sabotage
2789:Quilombo
2684:Habsburg
2618:engenhos
2612:(1545),
2578:Antilles
2557:textiles
2476:mameluco
2423:São Luís
2361:mestizos
2227:Vice-rei
2204:São Luís
2199:Maranhão
2141:Salvador
2118:Salvador
2080:engenhos
2062:John III
2024:missions
1990:and the
1960:Caramuru
1881:Manuel I
1828:São Tomé
1681:Timeline
1674:Research
1636:Military
1616:Football
1526:Rondônia
1466:Maranhão
1436:Amazonas
1385:Mensalão
1370:Mercosul
946:Balaiada
585:Kuhikugu
532:a series
530:Part of
498:Salvador
335:Currency
231:Governor
206:Manuel I
157:Catholic
116:Salvador
9474:(Amapá)
9155:Madeira
9041:Coloane
8918:Ternate
8661:Baçaím
8651:Ponnani
8638:Bombay
8530:Calicut
8439:(Kochi)
8437:Cochim
8347:1624?–?
8311:Libedia
8277:1621?–?
8197:Bahrain
8173:1515?–?
8147:Quriyat
8136:(Ormus)
8134:Hormuz
7856:Socotra
7845:(Kilwa)
7843:Quíloa
7803:Malindi
7757:Elmina
7746:(Bioko)
7734:Annobón
7623:Arzila
7597:Azamor
7499:Ouadane
7476:Tangier
7463:Arzila
7338:Outline
7317:Umbanda
7297:Judaism
7248:Melkite
7132:Cuisine
7094:Culture
7079:Welfare
6987:Society
6955:Tourism
6912:Exports
6870:Economy
6728:Regions
6703:Islands
6698:Geology
6664:Climate
6579:History
6370:3984562
6173:3984562
5948:2119446
5639:3984562
4453:. 1992.
4408:. 1975.
4401:. 1992.
4378:. 1968.
4358:. 1991.
4351:. 1979.
4323:. 1978.
4283:. 1987.
4273:. 1968.
3749:Maria I
3546:derrama
3530:liberal
3324:Mariana
3296:British
3234:Baroque
3128:caboclo
3119:aldeias
3028:Bolivia
2952:mulatto
2939:senzala
2866:Alagoas
2724:Paraíba
2614:Vitória
2562:cachaça
2505:senzala
2488:Baroque
2486:Golden
2471:sertões
2457:Tobacco
2449:engenho
2381:slavery
2342:aldeias
2334:aldeias
2330:aldeias
2313:aldeias
2309:Coimbra
2231:Viceroy
1839:Castile
1824:Madeira
1606:Ethanol
1601:Economy
1546:Sergipe
1531:Roraima
1491:Paraíba
1426:Alagoas
661:Slavery
415:Uruguay
304:•
291:•
278:History
219:Maria I
208:(first)
187:Monarch
166:Judaism
145:, many
112:Capital
104:of the
9495:
9352:Brazil
9349:
9339:Brazil
9336:
9323:
9310:
9300:Brazil
9297:
9284:
9274:Brazil
9226:
9169:Azores
9094:
8944:Tidore
8941:
8928:
8915:
8905:Maluku
8847:
8732:
8570:
8522:
8471:Quilon
8463:
8358:
8327:1624–?
8317:1624–?
8307:1623–?
8301:Khasab
8297:1623–?
8281:As Sib
8267:1620–?
8248:Matrah
8206:Manama
8167:Muscat
8157:Qalhat
8153:1515–?
8111:Gamru
8028:
7955:Bissau
7897:Cacheu
7690:Arguim
7633:
7511:(Safi)
7509:Safim
7359:Portal
7215:Baháʼí
7187:Sports
7127:Comics
7122:Cinema
7054:People
7029:Health
6922:Mining
6907:Energy
6733:Rivers
6569:
6567:Brazil
6527:1984.
6442:
6432:
6409:
6399:
6376:
6368:
6360:
6322:
6312:
6286:
6276:
6253:
6243:
6215:
6205:
6179:
6171:
6163:
6121:
6111:
6071:
6037:
6029:
5979:
5954:
5946:
5938:
5901:
5836:
5826:
5645:
5637:
5629:
5594:
5584:
5512:
5504:
5484:28(3).
5476:
5468:
5451:28(3).
5443:
5435:
5418:28(3).
5410:
5402:
5385:28(3).
5377:
5369:
5347:
5337:
5317:180194
5315:
5303:
5295:
5240:
5232:
5210:
5200:
5166:
5158:
5122:
4893:
4883:
4842:
4832:
4591:
4279:, ed.
4125:), or
3847:Cortes
3836:Cortes
3648:vadios
3564:, but
3562:Angola
3552:, and
3507:(1893)
3320:Sabará
3270:quinto
3262:quinto
3258:quinto
3230:John V
3154:aldeia
3114:Caiapo
3052:. The
3024:Potosí
3020:silver
3001:, and
2846:maroon
2720:Recife
2673:Aragon
2610:Santos
2541:manioc
2461:cotton
2346:aldeia
2338:aldeia
2193:Brasil
2075:Olinda
2020:Jesuit
1826:, and
1820:Azores
1646:Postal
1564:Topics
1496:Paraná
559:, 1519
534:on the
411:Brazil
281:
235:
221:(last)
191:
102:Colony
98:Status
9313:Bahia
9051:Taipa
8974:Macau
8931:Ambon
8744:Hugli
8687:Surat
8618:Chalé
8608:Chaul
8558:Chaul
8331:Madha
8321:Kalba
8291:Qeshm
8238:Qatif
8218:Qatif
8177:Barka
8124:Sohar
7876:Accra
7571:Aguz
7440:Ceuta
7345:Index
7287:Islam
7147:Music
7084:Youth
7014:Crime
6927:Real
6374:S2CID
6366:JSTOR
6177:S2CID
6169:JSTOR
6035:S2CID
5952:S2CID
5944:JSTOR
5643:S2CID
5635:JSTOR
5313:JSTOR
3843:Pedro
3677:saúva
3668:saúva
3665:, or
3336:Caeté
3332:Serro
3160:word
2874:Zumbi
2686:king
2357:]
2158:Caeté
2122:Bahia
1988:Aztec
1896:, in
1805:Ceuta
1506:Piauí
1461:Goiás
1446:Ceará
1441:Bahia
1431:Amapá
1068:]
777:]
651:]
580:Luzia
9481:1822
9163:1432
9149:1420
8524:1750
7518:1489
7112:Arts
6814:LGBT
6440:OCLC
6430:ISBN
6407:OCLC
6397:ISBN
6358:ISSN
6320:OCLC
6310:ISBN
6284:OCLC
6274:ISBN
6251:OCLC
6241:ISBN
6213:OCLC
6203:ISBN
6161:ISSN
6119:OCLC
6109:ISBN
6069:ISBN
6027:ISSN
5977:ISBN
5936:ISSN
5899:ISBN
5834:OCLC
5824:ISBN
5685:help
5627:ISSN
5592:OCLC
5582:ISBN
5510:OCLC
5502:ISBN
5474:OCLC
5466:ISBN
5441:OCLC
5433:ISBN
5408:OCLC
5400:ISBN
5375:OCLC
5367:ISBN
5345:OCLC
5335:ISBN
5301:OCLC
5293:ISBN
5238:OCLC
5230:ISBN
5208:OCLC
5198:ISBN
5164:OCLC
5156:ISBN
5120:ISBN
4891:OCLC
4881:ISBN
4840:OCLC
4830:ISBN
4589:ISBN
4525:and
4010:1822
3979:1817
3965:1750
3951:1709
3937:1573
3919:1534
3809:The
3745:John
3704:and
3673:Tupi
3671:(in
3602:Atta
3597:Atta
3322:and
3162:fubá
2984:and
2815:and
2712:and
2671:and
2549:wine
2459:and
2437:and
2395:and
2325:Peru
2305:Tupi
2212:and
2167:was
2105:and
2095:and
2007:and
1992:Inca
1758:and
1626:LGBT
1586:Book
1486:Pará
1421:Acre
474:Peru
320:Area
8512:Goa
7275:LDS
6831:Law
6350:doi
6153:doi
6019:doi
5928:doi
5619:doi
5250:doi
5176:doi
5112:doi
5033:obo
4133:).
3651:or
3190:or
2957:In
2933:of
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