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94:
31:
588:
actually followed the standard structure. In order to improve organization, a central wireless station was built in
Nanjing and smaller relay posts throughout occupied China were also established to improve communications between the general staff and outlying units. By January 1943 it was reported that the units in and around Nanjing were organized into a "Metropolitan Defense Army" of some 30,000 men, consisting of the three Guards divisions. Reports from October 1943 claimed that the strength of the Nanjing Army in south and central China was 42 divisions, 5 independent brigades, and 15 independent regiments. Information regarding the Nanjing Army is incomplete and creating a full picture of the Wang Jingwei regime's order of battle is impossible. There were different estimates for their total troop numbers, ranging from 300,000 to as much as 683,000.
213:
551:
weapons, and uniforms, with a personal loyalty to Wang himself. The
Taxation Police Corps was created in Shanghai by Finance Minister Zhou Fohai for his own protection and owed its loyalty to him, and he sought to raise its quality to that of a regular IJA division. It increased in size from 3,000 to around 20,000 men. They, like Wang's Capital Guard divisions, received some of the best supplies and were highly regarded as among the Nanjing regime's best units. They were later moved out of Shanghai and were used for fighting guerillas. Morale and reliability of the average Nanjing Army units was a matter of their location. Intelligence reports from 1944 indicate that those units who were stationed near Nanjing and took orders from Wang Jingwei's government were more effective and motivated than those who were further away and commanded by others.
2572:
517:
1231:
Japanese. It was recorded of having committed many crimes and was encouraged to rob citizens of their money because they were paid almost nothing. The police often looked the other way when crimes were being committed by others in return for bribes. Efforts to improve its performance included the setting up of a cadet training course which took in 300 cadets. It grew from an initial strength of 64 men upon its creation in 1938 to 6,125 personnel by
February 1939, and had 11 branch bureaus, 5 police stations, and 8 special units, including a training center, river police corps, and a hospital. The Shanghai police continued to function after the creation of Wang Jingwei's government and the dissolution of the Great Way municipal authority, and further increased to 7,501 as of January 1941.
635:, a former Nationalist officer, and included 800 cadets divided into two battalions. The academy was issued with some of the best equipment by the Japanese and was intended to allow for the rapid expansion of the Nanjing Army. In September 1941 a Central Military Academy was established in Nanjing with and initial enrollment of one thousand cadets between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five. The training course was provided for two years before they were intended to join the army as junior officers, and Wang hired reserve Japanese officers to serve as instructors. US intelligence reports indicate that later on they formed a branch of the Central Military Academy in
711:
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113:
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at
Weihaiwei. A Naval Academy was also set up in Shanghai. The navy uniform was that of the IJN. Ratings wore white jumpers, trousers and cap with the jumper having a large blue collar with a white border, and the name of the sailor's ship in Chinese. Officers wore white jackets and trousers with a white peaked cap. High-ranking officers wore black tunics. That was worn with black trousers and black peaked cap with gold trimming and a woven cap badge. The badge was a wreath with a gold anchor along with a blue sky and sun badge above that.
652:
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592:
607:. In 1940, it was reported that the total strength of the units in North China was 22 regiments, along with 8 independent and training regiments. As a result of a recruitment drive in November 1940, the North China Political Council's army increased from 26,000 to 41,000 men. The number of collaborationist police in the region was about 135,000 and local militia numbered about 200,000. Following a reform in 1942, the army increased to 30 regiments. The regimental structure of the North China Council forces was as follows:
468:. Wang initially recruited his troops from former Nationalist soldiers and the collaborationist troops that had previously served the Provisional and Reformed Governments, which were both united under Wang's command. In the "Japan–China Military Affairs Agreement" signed by Japan and the Reorganized National Government, the Japanese agreed to train and equip an unspecified number of divisions for the Nanjing Army. They were provided with mostly captured Nationalist equipment along with small amounts of Japanese weapons.
767:
580:
374:
879:
1178:
960:
918:
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430:'s Yangtze Squadron. A water police training school was established with 150 cadets trained by 30 Japanese and 30 Chinese instructors. However, it had few vessels to carry out its duty with. There were also plans to form an air force and several training gliders were purchased from Japan, but these plans never came to fruition by the time the Reformed Government was merged with the newly-formed Reorganized National Government of China as the Nanjing Army in 1940.
2535:
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2415:
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2439:
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better equipment. These troops were mostly used for defending important locations and for combating
Communist partisans. In addition, many local irregular units were raised as well, including militias, volunteer and rural guards, which were mainly formed in order to counter guerrilla fighters. However, their quality was very low due to their limited training and lack of arms, and they were regarded as unreliable.
1148:
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police which consisted of 72,000 men, or about 200 per district, although its role was ambiguous. Sources report that different militias reached a total strength of about 200,000 in north China, although they were very poorly armed. Other militias included rural and volunteer guards, which were collectively known as the "Peace
Preservation Corps".
757:
At that time, it was reported that the total strength of the
Nanjing Navy was 19 warships, 12 gunboats, 24 special gunboats, and 6 survey craft. There were also 37 small vessels that were under construction since 1942. The navy also included two regiments of marines, one based at Canton and the other
529:
that he knew he would fight after Japan's defeat. As a result, the
Nanjing Army was never fully trusted due to its suspect loyalties and therefore received limited heavy weapons, but the worsening war situation for Japan meant that they had to rely on it more often and thus Nanjing units were granted
524:
Among those targeted for recruitment by the
Nanjing Nationalist Government and Japanese were former warlord officers of the 1911–1928 period. Due to the personal loyalty of Chinese troops to their commanders, several Nationalist Chinese generals that defected brought their armies over with them. Many
484:
in 1941 so that the Wang
Jingwei regime would have at least a token armored force. Records indicate that the Nanjing Army was also given 20 armored cars and 24 motorcycles. Since there were few factories in the Nanjing Government's territory, it had to rely on weapons captured from Nationalist troops
393:
announced that the army consisted of 10,000 troops. A military academy was established with 320 cadets between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five, with the intent of creating a new officer class "untainted" by prior service in the Nationalist Army and loyal to the Reformed Government. The year-long
672:
and gave the insurgents heavy casualties before they retreated out of the area. By fall, it was considered a success. From 1941 to 1944 the troops of Wang's military fought with Japanese forces in a campaign to eliminate Nationalist insurgents in the area between Hangzhou and the Yangtze River. Late
479:
Their Japanese advisors viewed the army as a strictly infantry force, providing it only with minimal artillery and armor, and what little they did receive was mostly used by Wang's three Capital Guard divisions. The main type of artillery in use by the Nanjing Army were medium mortars, with 31 field
837:
An entirely new uniform was designed for the Air Force but were restricted to the officers in command positions. It consisted of a khaki peaked cap, wool jacket with open collar worn with a white shirt and a black tie, along with khaki wool slacks worn with leather shoes. The peaked cap had a gold
814:
fighters. However, the Japanese did not trust the Nanjing Air Force enough to give them any combat aircraft, worrying that the pilots might defect to the Nationalists along with them. Morale was reportedly low and a number of Nanjing Air Force pilots made contacts with the Nationalist intelligence
455:
fielded a force that was estimated by Western sources to have been between 300,000 and 500,000 strong. Wang Jingwei initially planned to raise a force of twelve divisions under his personal command, although most Nanjing Government troops were only under his nominal control throughout the war. All
292:
with one thousand cadets undergoing a six-month course. The target strength the Provisional Government wanted to reach was 13,200 men divided into 8 infantry regiments, with six of them being formed into brigades, commanded by a Chinese major general and a Japanese advisor. Along with graduates of
663:
troops to fight on more important fronts. One of their main tasks was to combat Communist guerrillas fighting in occupied zones. The other main task was to provide support for Japanese army units during their campaigns. Information on the exact details of their operations remain vague and hard to
550:
and were loyal to him. The Capital Guards Divisions were formed from an independent brigade created in May 1941 in Nanjing, which was considered a success and raised to the size of a division. Shortly afterwards another two divisions were created. These Guards units were given the best equipment,
287:
to have an army of its own and instead relied on a police force of 5,000 men for security. In May 1938 steps were taken towards forming an actual army for his government by opening a military academy in Beijing, with an initial intake of a hundred cadets for a one-year course. In February 1939, a
1206:
The Japanese raised various local police and militia units to maintain order. Many of these organizations were given names such as "pacification committee" or others. In northern China, there were 63,000 local police officers, or about 130 per district. In addition there was an internal security
1230:
provincial police commander. Taxes were levied on imports and exports to provide the funding for this new force. This new Shanghai police force accepted anyone, including former criminals that had been released by the retreating Nationalists, and thus it was considered totally unreliable by the
587:
However, this structure was rarely followed and there was a disparity in the sizes of different units. For example, some units referred to as "armies" had a strength of a few thousand men while others that were called "divisions" had more than 6,000. Only the elite Guards divisions in Nanjing
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training course was given by Japanese officers. However, their training was cut short as the expanded army, which numbered 30,000 men by November 1939, needed officers. Its quality was low, as reports indicated that Reformed Government troops fled from guerillas that they engaged.
456:
military matters were theoretically managed by the Central Military Commission, but in reality the body was largely symbolic and had little authority. The Nanjing Army commanders were able to operate without much interference from Wang's government and in many cases were former
689:
and pro-Chiang Kai-shek factions. Most Nanjing units, however, surrendered peacefully and joined the Nationalists. Reportedly, the Guards Divisions and some of the cadets from the Shanghai Naval Academy later distinguished themselves fighting for the Nationalists during the
2379:
2372:
684:
After the surrender of Japan in August 1945, the Nanjing Government fell quickly and few military units remained loyal to it. Among those were Central Military Academy cadets, who built fortifications in Nanjing before fights broke out between the
664:
find, however it was known that they took part in several major actions during the war against both Communist partisans and the Nationalist Army. Their first major pacification operation occurred to the east and northeast of
541:
The units that were considered to be the most reliable and loyal by Wang Jingwei included the three Guards divisions in Nanjing (about 10,000 men per division), the 1st Front Army (about 20,000 men), based throughout the
513:. Even when Nanjing troops were decently armed, the amount of ammunition they received was limited, but later in the war the Nanjing regime was producing some equipment in its own factories.
2491:
600:
2818:
284:
249:
782:
The air force of the Nanjing Government was first formed in May 1941 with the founding of an Aviation School that took in a hundred cadets, and its first aircraft–three
2813:
485:
and those provided by Japan. Due to this the quality and quantity of small arms used by the Nanjing Army varied greatly. Two of the most widely used rifles were the
1758:
723:
452:
2145:
2798:
72:
2803:
35:
1857:
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were given to the Nanjing Navy by Japan and were commissioned in a large ceremony, becoming useful propaganda tools. They were used until 1943 when the
2307:
1767:
718:
The Navy of the Reorganized National Government was first created on 13 December 1940 by the Japanese, with an inauguration ceremony taking place in
389:, which managed the occupied zones in central China, raised a minimal armed force of generally poor quality. In December 1938, Pacification Minister
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2230:
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2133:
2116:
1223:
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827:
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823:
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In addition, a 'water patrol corps' was created in June 1939 to police the coastline and inland waterways. It was commanded by Vice Admiral
2624:
2503:
2312:
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1751:
386:
253:
85:
1955:
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In effect, most military forces in north China that were part of the Nanjing Army were really under the authority of the semi-autonomous
2734:
2722:
2138:
2123:
30:
2329:
1820:
1260:
There were numerous other collaborationist units that operated in other parts of China under the Japanese. The most notable were the
822:
bombers which had been flown by defecting Nationalist pilots. In September 1940 another one defected, piloted by the crew of Captain
212:
659:
The majority of the work undertaken by the Nanjing Army was guard and police duty in the occupied territories, in order to free up
516:
2287:
1744:
2760:
1294:
643:, the latter of which probably was used to prepare officers for the units under the North China Political Council's authority.
271:. In total, it was estimated that all pro-Japanese collaborationist Chinese forces combined had a strength of around 683,000.
2661:
583:
Wang Jingwei inspecting an honor guard during a parade, 1942. Note the officers holding swords as per the Japanese tradition
2324:
1255:
301:, there were also former Nationalist and warlord officers. In addition, there was also a 400-man bodyguard unit for Wang.
2636:
2111:
2073:
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rifles which were issued to the best Nanjing Army units. Various machine gun models were also used, including the Czech
2455:
2443:
2272:
1705:
1218:" set up its own police force to keep public order in the city following the retreat of the Nationalist Army after the
2793:
2746:
1827:
1771:
1727:
58:
1736:
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2674:
2431:
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2220:
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2302:
1935:
952:
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1900:
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Nationalist units defected on orders of Chiang Kai-shek in order to preserve them for the later war against the
2205:
1672:
1653:
1289:
810:
eight-passenger planes. Wang Jingwei planned to expand the air force and to form a fighter squadron with some
497:, though various other kinds also found their way to the army. In 1941 the Japanese sold some 15,000 captured
2648:
2267:
1280:(which was made an autonomous region of the Reorganized National Government, but was de facto independent).
2765:
2710:
2182:
2150:
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267:
but went under different names during their history depending on the specific unit and allegiance, such as
2247:
2698:
2600:
2225:
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guns (including Model 1917 mountain guns) being in use by the Guards divisions. The Japanese provided 18
465:
427:
2564:
2349:
2317:
2282:
2026:
537:
A line-up of Type 94 tankettes during a parade, identified by the blue and white sun emblem on the side
2336:
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2058:
2048:
1665:
Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria
864:
710:
627:
The first Nanjing Army military academy was actually established before the government, in 1939 near
750:
took them for its own use. By 1944, the Nanjing Navy was under the direct command of Naval Minister
2527:
2344:
2083:
1945:
1890:
1885:
1810:
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736:
510:
289:
241:
144:
702:
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2210:
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2053:
2038:
1986:
1918:
1880:
1842:
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1261:
1243:
726:, along with the commander of the Japanese naval forces operating in north China. Several former
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in the war, with the defeat of Japan inevitable, several army units redeployed themselves in the
526:
1862:
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791:
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2068:
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Soldiers during the third anniversary parade of the founding of the Nanjing government, 1943
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Soldiers during the first anniversary parade of the founding of the Nanjing government, 1941
373:
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2033:
2021:
2011:
1905:
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vessels were handed over by Japan, along with several naval bases, including Weihaiwei and
8:
2515:
2165:
2078:
2006:
1930:
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trainers–were received around that time. The Japanese eventually provided more Ki-9s and
257:
99:
838:
band round it and a golden woven cap badge with a winged propeller mounted on a wreath.
815:
service. Some defections by pilots also took place, though the exact number is unknown.
651:
631:, to train the forces of earlier puppet governments. The academy was first commanded by
443:
1940:
1682:
1304:
1219:
1103:
982:
803:
774:
546:, and the Taxation Police Corps (about 3,000 men), which had been raised personally by
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1701:
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in May 1941. They fought in support of Japanese forces against the Communist
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1667:. 26 Willow Rd., Solihull, West Midlands, England: Helion & Co. Ltd.
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678:
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The standard divisional organization of the Nanjing Army was as follows:
457:
390:
176:
1646:
Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–1945: The Limits of Accommodation
871:
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The only offensive craft that the Nanjing Air Force possessed were two
790:
advanced trainers in 1942, in addition to some transports, including a
604:
547:
494:
378:
294:
280:
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1272:(1935–37, later merged with the Provisional Government Army), and the
834:. They were given a substantial monetary reward for their defections.
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2467:
2419:
2215:
2175:
2170:
2001:
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1265:
722:. It was attended by officials, including vice chief of naval staff,
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1991:
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1720:
The Shanghai Badlands: Wartime Terrorism and Urban Crime, 1937–1941
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The Provisional Government Army's order of battle was as follows:
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502:
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406:
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The Reformed Government Army was initially organized as follows:
354:
339:
324:
309:
192:
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5th Pacification District – regions north of the Yangtze River
2016:
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1086:
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1026:
995:
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361:
1222:. The first police were established under the leadership of
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2nd, 3rd, and 4th Pacification Districts – regions south of
770:
A Ki-9 trainer aircraft of the Nanjing Government Air Force
2395:
States and territories in the sphere of influence of the
734:. There are reports that the former Nationalist cruisers
258:
Reorganized National Governments of the Republic of China
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A light machine gun crew armed with a Czechoslovak ZB-26
453:
Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China
566:
3 infantry regiments (3 battalions of 3 companies each)
1234:
A Gendarmerie Command was also organized in Beijing.
802:
light transports. Along with them there were also an
2819:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
377:
Reformed Government troops undergoing training with
260:(1940–1945), which absorbed the former two regimes.
794:as Wang Jingwei's personal transport, and several
2814:Military units and formations established in 1937
754:and mostly functioned as a coastal patrol force.
2785:
285:Provisional Government of the Republic of China
1896:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
1768:Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy
1256:Collaboration with Imperial Japan § China
603:, led by former Provisional Government leader
2799:Military history of China during World War II
2380:
1752:
2804:Kuomintang collaborators with Imperial Japan
1534:
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1519:
1517:
1268:, along with minor units, such as the early
714:Naval Jack of the Nanjing Regime (1940-1945)
387:Reformed Government of the Republic of China
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778:Air force pilots during a graduation parade
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293:the academies, who were given the rank of
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279:Originally, the Japanese did not allow
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36:Flag of the Wang Jingwei Nanjing Regime
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2761:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
2468:Mengjiang United Autonomous Government
1295:Autonomous Government of Eastern Hebei
368:
16:1937–1945 pro-Japanese military forces
2368:
1740:
898:Flown by defecting Nationalist crews
706:A cadet of the Shanghai naval academy
433:
228:refers to the military forces of the
2552:Provisional Government of Free India
263:Those forces were commonly known as
2074:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
13:
2456:South Chahar Autonomous Government
2444:North Shanxi Autonomous Government
639:, and another military academy in
14:
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1828:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
248:. They include the armies of the
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1924:Russian Liberation People's Army
1714:
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1264:of the separate puppet state of
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1936:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group
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520:Wang Jingwei with army officers
288:Training School was opened for
1722:. Cambridge University Press.
1700:. Cambridge University Press.
1695:
1496:
1422:
1290:Hebei-Chahar Political Council
677:region on orders of President
426:, the former commander of the
1:
2480:Shanghai Great Way Government
1997:Collaborationist Chinese Army
1648:. Stanford University Press.
1310:
646:
601:North China Political Council
595:A soldier of the Nanjing Army
226:Collaborationist Chinese Army
23:Collaborationist Chinese Army
2766:Greater East Asia Conference
2504:Reformed Government of China
1698:The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949
1315:
761:
569:1 mountain artillery battery
401:1st Pacification District –
327:' (Maj. Gen. Huang Nanbeng)
7:
2565:Republic of the Philippines
1838:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan
1663:Jowett, Phillip S. (2004).
1283:
381:under a Japanese instructor
342:' (Maj. Gen. Lu Zhensheng)
10:
2837:
2625:Occupied Dutch East Indies
2027:First Indian National Army
1637:
1241:
451:During its existence, the
360:8th Independent Regiment '
353:7th Independent Regiment '
333:4th Regiment (Chengtingfu)
312:' (Maj. Gen. Liu Fengzhi)
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1976:
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28:
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2794:Second Sino-Japanese War
2735:Occupied Solomon Islands
2723:Occupied Gilbert Islands
2613:Kingdom of Luang Prabang
1946:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
1891:National Republican Army
1886:Latvian Auxiliary Police
1811:Albanian Fascist Militia
1687:: CS1 maint: location (
511:Type 3 heavy machine gun
330:3rd Regiment (Paotingfu)
242:Second Sino-Japanese War
145:Second Sino-Japanese War
2662:Occupied British Borneo
2064:Royal Thai Armed Forces
2054:Manchukuo Imperial Army
2039:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
1987:Burma Independence Army
1919:Russian Liberation Army
1881:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps
1843:Belarusian Home Defence
1807:Albanian collaborators
1300:Manchukuo Imperial Army
1244:Manchukuo Imperial Army
697:
438:
348:6th Regiment (Tangshan)
318:2nd Regiment (Tongzhou)
2809:Disbanded armed forces
2049:Malayan Volunteer Army
1915:Russian collaborators
1863:Finnish Defence Forces
1696:Paine, S.C.M. (2014).
1644:Barett, David (2002).
911:Fokker Super Universal
792:Fokker Super Universal
779:
771:
748:Imperial Japanese Navy
715:
707:
661:Imperial Japanese Army
656:
596:
584:
563:1 headquarters company
538:
521:
509:light machine gun and
501:rifles and 30,000 new
476:
448:
382:
345:5th Regiment (Kaiping)
275:Provisional Government
128:300,000–683,000 troops
73:Provisional Government
2637:Occupied West Sumatra
2069:Russian Fascist Party
1858:Croatian Armed Forces
777:
769:
713:
705:
654:
614:1 machine gun company
611:3 infantry battalions
594:
582:
536:
519:
474:
446:
385:The poorly-organized
376:
357:' (Col. Sun Zhizhang)
315:1st Regiment (Peking)
160:Ceremonial chief
2601:Kingdom of Kampuchea
2034:Inner Mongolian Army
2022:Indian National Army
1906:Royal Hungarian Army
1901:Romanian Land Forces
1716:Wakeman, Frederic Jr
1274:Inner Mongolian Army
1252:Inner Mongolian Army
1238:Other military units
1216:Great Way Government
136:Blue, red, and white
2747:Occupied New Guinea
2528:Kingdom of Thailand
2079:Takasago Volunteers
2007:Gando Special Force
1931:Security Battalions
369:Reformed Government
100:Wang Jingwei regime
86:Reformed Government
2687:Occupied Singapore
2675:Occupied Hong Kong
1941:Slovene Home Guard
1305:Kuomintang-Nanjing
1220:Battle of Shanghai
983:Showa/Nakajima L2D
780:
772:
716:
708:
657:
597:
585:
572:1 engineer company
539:
527:Chinese Communists
522:
477:
449:
434:Nanjing Government
383:
364:' (Col. Ma Wenzhi)
230:puppet governments
2779:
2778:
2589:Empire of Vietnam
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2341:
2197:
2092:
2091:
1980:collaborationists
1956:Wehrmacht foreign
1951:Waffen-SS foreign
1867:
1801:collaborationists
1199:
1198:
1158:advanced trainer
692:Chinese Civil War
482:Type 94 tankettes
379:Hanyang 88 rifles
299:second lieutenant
219:
218:
59:Republic of China
41:
2826:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2577:French Indochina
2575:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2339:
2195:
1911:Royal Iraqi Army
1865:
1790:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1711:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1659:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1557:
1551:
1542:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1405:
1399:
1388:
1382:
1361:
1355:
1340:
1334:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1014:Mitsubishi Ki-57
994:
992:
991:
964:
962:
961:
934:
932:
931:
922:
920:
919:
883:
881:
880:
841:
840:
826:and Lieutenants
800:Tachikawa Ki-54c
796:Mitsubishi Ki-57
728:Nationalist navy
623:1 signal company
617:1 mortar company
466:Nationalist Army
428:Nationalist navy
256:(1938–1940) and
215:
117:
115:
114:
102:
98:
96:
95:
84:
83:
82:
75:
71:
69:
68:
39:
33:
19:
18:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2656:
2654:
2649:Occupied Malaya
2643:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2558:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2397:Empire of Japan
2393:
2363:
2354:
2117:Italian Albania
2088:
1972:
1797:
1774:
1765:
1730:
1708:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1656:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1391:
1383:
1364:
1356:
1343:
1335:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1286:
1270:East Hebei Army
1258:
1248:East Hebei Army
1242:Main articles:
1240:
1204:
1177:
1175:
1147:
1145:
1141:Tachikawa Ki-55
1117:
1115:
1080:
1078:
1074:Tachikawa Ki-54
1050:
1048:
1020:
1018:
989:
987:
959:
957:
929:
927:
926:
917:
915:
878:
876:
865:Combat Aircraft
788:Tachikawa Ki-55
764:
700:
670:New Fourth Army
649:
620:1 cavalry troop
557:
487:Chinese version
462:Chiang Kai-shek
460:or officers of
441:
436:
371:
277:
222:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
172:
147:
119:Empire of Japan
112:
110:
93:
91:
88:
80:
78:
76:
66:
64:
61:
42:
38:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2834:
2833:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2711:Occupied Nauru
2701:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2554:
2542:
2540:State of Burma
2530:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2112:German Albania
2103:
2101:
2099:Axis countries
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2084:Vanguard Youth
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1833:Armistice Army
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1816:Balli Kombëtar
1813:
1804:
1802:
1787:
1776:
1775:
1772:Imperial Japan
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1712:
1707:978-1107697478
1706:
1693:
1673:
1660:
1654:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1581:Wakeman (2002)
1573:
1558:
1543:
1528:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1450:
1433:
1421:
1406:
1389:
1362:
1341:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1239:
1236:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:United Kingdom
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1113:
1111:Tachikawa Ki-9
1107:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1046:
1044:Nakajima Ki-34
1040:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
985:
979:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
955:
949:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
913:
907:
906:
900:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
874:
868:
867:
861:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
812:Nakajima Ki-27
808:Nakajima Ki-34
806:transport and
784:Tachikawa Ki-9
763:
760:
699:
696:
648:
645:
625:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
577:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
556:
553:
440:
437:
435:
432:
420:
419:
416:
410:
370:
367:
366:
365:
358:
351:
350:
349:
346:
336:
335:
334:
331:
321:
320:
319:
316:
276:
273:
238:mainland China
234:Imperial Japan
220:
217:
216:
209:
205:
204:
200:
199:
174:
168:
167:
161:
157:
156:
152:
151:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
108:
104:
103:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2832:
2831:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2782:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2699:Occupied Guam
2690:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2666:
2663:
2652:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2555:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:Baltic states
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Golden Square
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:Golden Square
1869:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:Blue Division
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1821:Cham Albanian
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1731:
1729:0-521-52871-2
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1630:
1629:Jowett (2004)
1625:
1618:
1617:Jowett (2004)
1613:
1606:
1605:Jowett (2004)
1601:
1594:
1593:Jowett (2004)
1589:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1569:Jowett (2004)
1565:
1563:
1555:
1554:Jowett (2004)
1550:
1548:
1540:
1539:Jowett (2004)
1535:
1533:
1526:, pp. 103–104
1525:
1524:Jowett (2004)
1520:
1518:
1510:
1509:Jowett (2004)
1505:
1499:, pp. 166–167
1498:
1493:
1486:
1485:Barret (2002)
1481:
1474:
1473:Jowett (2004)
1469:
1462:
1461:Jowett (2004)
1457:
1455:
1447:
1446:Jowett (2004)
1442:
1440:
1438:
1430:
1429:Jowett (2004)
1425:
1418:
1417:Jowett (2004)
1413:
1411:
1403:
1402:Jowett (2004)
1398:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1385:Barett (2002)
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1358:Jowett (2004)
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1338:
1337:Jowett (2004)
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:, the former
1225:
1224:Zhang Songlin
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
997:
986:
984:
981:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
966:United States
956:
954:
953:Beechcraft-17
951:
950:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
925:
924:United States
914:
912:
909:
908:
905:
901:
897:
894:
891:
888:
886:
875:
873:
870:
869:
866:
862:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
842:
839:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
776:
768:
759:
755:
753:
749:
745:
744:
739:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
712:
704:
695:
693:
688:
682:
680:
676:
675:Lower Yangtze
671:
667:
662:
653:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
609:
608:
606:
602:
593:
589:
581:
575:1 signal unit
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
561:
560:
552:
549:
545:
544:Lower Yangtze
535:
531:
528:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:Karabiner 98k
488:
483:
473:
469:
467:
463:
459:
454:
445:
431:
429:
425:
417:
415:
414:Yangtze River
411:
408:
404:
400:
399:
398:
395:
392:
388:
380:
375:
363:
359:
356:
352:
347:
344:
343:
341:
338:3rd Brigade '
337:
332:
329:
328:
326:
323:2nd Brigade '
322:
317:
314:
313:
311:
308:1st Brigade '
307:
306:
305:
302:
300:
296:
291:
286:
282:
272:
270:
266:
265:puppet troops
261:
259:
255:
252:(1937–1940),
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
221:Military unit
214:
210:
206:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
169:
166:
162:
158:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
109:
105:
101:
87:
74:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
27:
20:
2781:
2401:World War II
2308:Soviet Union
2196:(until 1944)
1996:
1961:Afrika Korps
1866:(until 1944)
1719:
1697:
1664:
1645:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1504:
1497:Paine (2014)
1492:
1480:
1468:
1424:
1387:, pp. 109–11
1262:armed forces
1259:
1233:
1209:
1205:
885:Soviet Union
836:
832:Liang Wenhua
828:Tang Houlian
817:
781:
756:
741:
735:
724:Zhang Xiyuan
717:
683:
658:
626:
598:
586:
558:
555:Organization
540:
523:
478:
450:
421:
396:
384:
303:
278:
269:Nanjing Army
268:
264:
262:
246:World War II
225:
223:
197:Sun Dianying
181:Xiao Shuxuan
165:Wang Jingwei
149:World War II
2771:Pacific War
2313:Byelorussia
2283:Philippines
2273:Netherlands
1966:Ostlegionen
1785:Axis forces
1619:, pp. 42–44
1571:, pp. 58–61
1556:, pp. 94–96
1475:, pp. 77–78
1463:, pp. 85–87
1448:, pp. 80–82
1431:, pp. 69–70
1419:, pp. 75–77
1404:, pp. 65–67
1360:, pp. 44–49
1339:, pp. 71–72
856:In service
824:Zhang Diqin
798:medium and
752:Ren Yuandao
687:Chen Gongbo
679:Chen Gongbo
424:Xu Jianding
391:Ren Yuandao
250:Provisional
240:during the
232:founded by
177:Ren Yuandao
141:Engagements
40:(1940–1943)
2788:Categories
2263:Luxembourg
1674:1874622213
1655:0804737681
1631:, pp 88–89
1583:, pp. 9–12
1311:References
1091:transport
1061:transport
1031:transport
1000:transport
970:transport
940:transport
872:Tupolev SB
820:Tupolev SB
647:Operations
605:Wang Kemin
548:Zhou Fohai
495:Hanyang 88
295:lieutenant
281:Wang Kemin
189:Yang Kuiyi
185:Bao Wenyue
173:commanders
163:President
155:Commanders
107:Allegiance
2420:Manchukuo
2340:(limited)
2243:Indonesia
2221:Indochina
2171:Manchukuo
2139:Lithuania
2097:Lists by
2002:Gakutotai
1783:Lists by
1683:cite book
1316:Citations
1278:Mengjiang
1266:Manchukuo
904:Transport
844:Aircraft
762:Air force
720:Weihaiwei
409:provinces
224:The term
50:1937–1945
2345:Thailand
2325:Chechnya
2303:Slovakia
2226:Cambodia
2176:Mongolia
2151:Bulgaria
2044:Makapili
1992:Chinilpa
1978:Japanese
1853:Chetniks
1718:(2002).
1595:, p. 130
1541:, p. 124
1487:, p. 108
1284:See also
1212:Shanghai
1188:trainer
1171:Avro 504
1128:trainer
853:Variant
743:Ping Hai
737:Ning Hai
629:Shanghai
493:and the
458:warlords
403:Zhejiang
254:Reformed
203:Insignia
2399:during
2330:Ukraine
2318:Belarus
2293:Romania
2236:Vietnam
2211:Hungary
2193:Finland
2188:Denmark
2183:Croatia
2146:Belgium
2129:Estonia
2107:Albania
1799:Italian
1638:Sources
1511:, p. 74
1228:Jiangsu
1214:, the "
1104:Trainer
889:bomber
847:Origin
732:Qingdao
641:Beijing
633:Ye Peng
503:Arisaka
499:Carcano
489:of the
407:Jiangxi
355:Tianjin
340:Kaiping
325:Baoding
310:Beijing
208:Roundel
193:Ye Peng
171:Notable
55:Country
2562:
2350:Taiwan
2298:Serbia
2288:Poland
2278:Norway
2268:Malaya
2206:Greece
2201:France
2161:Ceylon
2134:Latvia
1794:German
1726:
1704:
1671:
1652:
1607:, p. 7
1254:, and
1202:Police
1181:
1151:
1121:
1084:
1054:
1024:
993:
963:
936:Canada
933:
921:
882:
859:Notes
666:Suzhou
637:Canton
133:Colors
116:
97:
70:
47:Active
2337:Spain
2258:Korea
2253:Italy
2216:India
2166:China
2156:Burma
2017:Heiho
1154:Japan
1124:Japan
1087:Japan
1057:Japan
1027:Japan
1003:L2D3
996:Japan
892:SB-2
850:Type
507:ZB-26
362:Jinan
2248:Iraq
2231:Laos
2059:PETA
1876:Hiwi
1770:and
1724:ISBN
1702:ISBN
1689:link
1669:ISBN
1650:ISBN
830:and
804:L2D3
740:and
698:Navy
685:pro-
439:Army
405:and
244:and
125:Size
1796:and
1210:In
1193:1+
1163:1+
1066:1+
1036:1+
464:'s
297:or
283:'s
236:in
2790::
1685:}}
1681:{{
1561:^
1546:^
1531:^
1516:^
1453:^
1436:^
1409:^
1392:^
1365:^
1344:^
1323:^
1250:,
1246:,
1133:3
1096:3
1006:1
975:1
945:1
895:2
694:.
681:.
89:→
77:→
62:→
2388:e
2381:t
2374:v
1760:e
1753:t
1746:v
1732:.
1710:.
1691:)
1677:.
1658:.
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