Colfax massacre - Knowledge

804:, but Kellogg had the state militia seize dozens of leaders of McEnery's faction and control New Orleans, where the state government was located. McEnery returned to try to take control with a private paramilitary group. In September 1873 his forces, more than 8,000 strong, entered the city and defeated the city/state militia of about 3500 in New Orleans. The Democrats took control of the state house, armory and police stations, where the state government was then located, in what was known as the Battle of Jackson Square. His forces held those buildings for three days before retreating before Federal troops arrived. Warmoth was subsequently impeached by the state legislature due to a bribery scandal resulting from his actions in the 1872 election. 950:

back of the head or the neck. They described that one body was charred, another man's head beaten beyond recognition, and another had a slashed throat. Surviving Blacks told DeKlyne and Wright that Blacks dug a trench around the courthouse to protect it from what they saw as an attempt by White Democrats to steal an election. They were attacked by Whites armed with rifles, revolvers and a small cannon. When Blacks refused to leave, the courthouse was burned, and the Black defenders were shot down. While the Whites accused Blacks of violating a flag of truce and rioting, Black Republicans said that none of this was true. They accused Whites of marching captured prisoners away in pairs and shooting them in the back of the head.

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was considered to be a violation of the rights of states to manage their own (non-federal-office) elections. Thus, investigating committees of both chambers of the federal Congress in Washington were critical of the Kellogg choice. The House majority ruled Durell's action illegal and the Senate majority concluded that the Kellogg regime was "not much better than a successful conspiracy". In 1874 a House investigating committee in Washington recommended that Judge Durell be impeached for corruption and illegally interfering in the Louisiana 1872 state elections, but the judge resigned in order to avoid impeachment.

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the courthouse. They rode down and killed those attempting to flee. They dumped some bodies into the Red River. About 50 Blacks survived the afternoon and were taken prisoner. Later that night they were summarily killed by their captors, who had been drinking alcohol. Only one Black man from the group, Levi Nelson, survived. He was shot by Cruikshank but managed to crawl away unnoticed. He later served as one of the Federal government's chief witnesses against those who were

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that former slaves did not have birth certificates. In Grant Parish, one plantation owner threatened to expel Black people from homes they rented on his land if they voted Republican. Fusionists also tampered with ballot boxes on election day. One was found with a hole in it, apparently used for stuffing the ballot box. As a result, Grant Parish Fusionists claimed a landslide victory, even though Black voters outnumbered Whites by 776 to 630.

596: 1138: 1088:). This meant that the Federal government could not prosecute cases such as the Colfax killings. The court said plaintiffs who believed their rights were abridged had to seek protection from the state. Louisiana did not prosecute any of the perpetrators of the Colfax massacre; most southern states would not prosecute White men for attacks against freedmen. Thus, enforcement of criminal sanctions under the act ended. 835:

freedmen had been slaves of the plantation. The parish also included the less-developed hill country. The total population had a narrow majority of 2400 freedmen, who mostly voted Republican, and 2200 Whites, who voted as Democrats. Statewide political tensions were represented in the rumors going around each community, often about White fears of attacks or outrage from Black people, which added to local tensions.

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addition, he oversaw the submission of 150 Black votes from freedmen on his plantation land. The Republicans received 318 votes, and the Democrats received 49. A group of Whites threw the ballot box into the Red River, and Democrats arrested Calhoun, alleging election fraud. With the original ballot box gone, Democrat Michael Ryan went on to claim a landslide victory.

1510: 789:, one of Louisiana's U.S. Senators. Voting on November 4, 1872, resulted in dual governments, as a Fusionist (Liberal Republicans and Democrat)-dominated returning board declared McEnery the winner while a faction of the board proclaimed Kellogg the winner. Both administrations held inaugural ceremonies and certified their lists of local candidates. 1246:." The marker was removed on May 15, 2021, for eventual placement in a museum. On April 13, 2023, the 150th anniversary of the Colfax massacre, the removed marker was replaced by a seven-foot granite monument that lists 57 Black people confirmed to have been killed in the massacre and has artwork about the experience of Black people during 1190:." The marker was removed on May 15, 2021, for eventual placement in a museum. On April 13, 2023, the 150th anniversary of the Colfax massacre, the removed marker was replaced by a seven-foot granite monument that lists 57 Black people confirmed to have been killed in the massacre and has artwork about the experience of Black people during 1177:

In 1920, a committee met in Colfax to purchase a monument to memorialize the three White men who died. This monument stands in the Colfax Cemetery and it reads "Erected to the memory of the Heroes, / Stephen Decatur Parish / James West Hadnot / Sidney Harris / Who fell in the Colfax Riot fighting for

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In the aftermath of Hadnot's shooting, the White paramilitary group reacted with mass murders of the Black men. As more than 40 times as many Black people died as did White people, historians generally describe the event as a massacre. The White paramilitary group killed unarmed men trying to hide in

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Warmoth appointed Democrats as parish registrars, and they ensured the voter rolls included as many Whites and as few freedmen as possible. A number of registrars changed the registration site without notifying Black residents. They also required Black voters to prove they were over 21, while knowing

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in Colfax. Most of the freedmen were killed after surrendering, and nearly another 50 were killed later that night after being held as prisoners for several hours. Estimates of the number of dead have varied over the years, ranging from 62 to 153; three Whites died but the number of Black victims was

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the six Whites before they left the state, and killing five to 15 freedmen who were witnesses. Four of the White men killed were related to the state representative from the area. Such violence served to intimidate voters and officeholders; it was one of the methods that White Democrats used to gain

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presided over the first trial and was sympathetic to the prosecution. Had the men been convicted, they would not have been able to appeal their decision to any appellate court according to the laws of the time. However, Beckwith was unable to secure a conviction—one man was acquitted, and a mistrial

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The Red River area of Winn and Rapides parishes was a combination of large plantations and subsistence farmers; before the war, African Americans had worked as slaves on the plantations. William Smith Calhoun, a major planter, had inherited a 14,000-acre (57 km) plantation in the area. A former

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In 2021, a state highway marker which had been erected in Louisiana in 1950 was removed, the marker read that the event of 1873 was "the Colfax Riot," as the event was traditionally known in the White community. The marker states, "On this site occurred the Colfax Riot, in which three white men and

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In 1950, Louisiana erected a state highway marker which read that the event of 1873 was "the Colfax Riot," as the event was traditionally known in the White community. The marker states, "On this site occurred the Colfax Riot, in which three white men and 150 negroes were slain. This event on April

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Paramilitary groups used violence and murder to terrorize leaders among the freedmen and White Republicans, as well as to repress voting among freedmen during the 1870s. Black American citizens had little recourse. In August 1874, for instance, the White League threw out Republican officeholders in

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veteran, raided the homes of the opposition leaders: Judge William R. Rutland, Bill Cruikshank, and Jim Hadnot. Gunfire erupted between White and Black militias on April 2 and again on April 5, but the shotguns were too inaccurate to do any harm. The two sides arranged for peace negotiations. Peace

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On March 28, Nash, Cazabat, Hadnot and other White Fusionists called for armed Whites to retake the courthouse on April 1. Whites were recruited from nearby Winn and surrounding parishes to join their effort. The Republicans Shaw, Register, and Flowers and others began to recruit armed Black men to

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that day, in which armed Southern White Democrats attacked Black Americans who had a parade in support of the convention. Anticipating trouble, the mayor of New Orleans had asked the local military commander to police the city and protect the convention. The U. S. Army failed to respond promptly to

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The Black defenders refused to leave although threatened by parties of armed Whites commanded by Nash. To recruit men during the rising political tensions, Nash had contributed to lurid rumors that Black men were preparing to kill all the White men and take the White women as their own. On April 8

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to intervene and order that Kellogg and the Stalwart Republican-majority legislature were to be seated, and for Grant to authorize U.S. army troops to protect Kellogg's government. This action was widely criticized across the nation by Democrats and both factions of the Republican Party because it

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Kellogg sent state militia colonels Theodore DeKlyne and William Wright to Colfax with warrants to arrest 50 White men and to install a new, compromise slate of parish officers. DeKlyne and Wright found the smoking ruins of the courthouse at Colfax, and many bodies of men who had been shot in the

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parishes. He did not move his forces toward the courthouse until noon on Easter Sunday, April 13. Nash commanded more than 300 armed White men, most on horseback and armed with rifles. Nash reportedly ordered the defenders of the courthouse to leave. When that failed, Nash gave women and children

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parishes, which passed the Republican legislature; as a major planter, Calhoun thought he would have more political influence in the new parish, which had a Black majority. Other new parishes were created by the Republican state legislature to try to develop areas of Republican political control.

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By April 1868, a biracial coalition in Louisiana had elected a Republican-majority state legislature, but violence increased before the fall election. Almost all of the victims were Black and some White Republicans who were protecting the Black Republican freedmen. Insurgents also attacked people

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in 1875 identified 81 Black men by name who had been killed, and also estimated that between 15 and 20 bodies had been thrown into the Red River, and another 18 were secretly buried, for a grand total of "at least 105"; a state historical marker from 1950 noted fatalities as three Whites and 150

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or the hills. The officers filed a military report in which they identified by name three Whites and 105 Blacks who had died, plus noted they had recovered 15–20 unidentified Blacks from the river. They also noted the savage nature of many of the killings, suggesting an out-of-control situation.

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Nash's group approached and called for those surrendering to throw down their weapons and come outside. What happened next is disputed. According to the reports of some Whites, James Hadnot was shot and wounded by someone from the courthouse. "In the Negro version, the men in the courthouse were

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William Pitt Kellogg issued commissions to the Republican slate for Grant Parish on January 17 and 18. By then Nash and Cazabat controlled the small, primitive courthouse. Republican Robert C. Register insisted that he, not Alphonse Cazabat, was the parish judge and that Republican Daniel Wesley

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ended when a White man shot and killed a Black bystander named Jesse McKinney. Another armed conflict on April 6 ended with the White militia fleeing from armed Black militia. With the threat of violence in the community, Black women and children joined the men at the courthouse for protection.

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On election day in November 1868, Calhoun led a group of freedmen to vote. The ballot box was originally at a store owned by John Hooe, who had threatened to whip freedmen "if they voted Republican". Calhoun arranged for the ballot box to be moved to a plantation store owned by a Republican. In

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About 60 defenders ran into nearby woods and jumped into the river. Nash sent men on horseback after the fleeing Black Republicans, and his paramilitary group killed most of them on the spot. Soon Nash's forces directed a Black captive to set the courthouse roof afire. The defenders displayed

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Grant Parish was one of a number of new parishes created by the Republican government in an effort to increase local control in the state. Both the land and its people were originally associated with the Calhoun family, whose plantation had covered more than the borders of the new parish. The

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from his paramilitary group, and chapters soon were formed in other areas of Louisiana, as well as the southern parts of nearby states. Unlike the former KKK, they operated openly and often curried publicity. One historian described them as "the military arm of the Democratic Party." Other

982:, the Colfax massacre taught many lessons, including the lengths to which some opponents of Reconstruction would go to regain their accustomed authority. Among Blacks in Louisiana, the incident was long remembered as proof that in any large confrontation, they stood at a fatal disadvantage. 776:

policies) in 1872. Warmoth previously supported a constitutional amendment that allowed former Confederates, who had been denied the right to vote, to be re-enfranchised. A "Fusionist" coalition of Liberal Republicans and Democrats nominated ex-Confederate battalion commander and Democrat

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camped outside the courthouse thirty minutes to leave. After they left, the shooting began. The fighting continued for several hours with few casualties. When Nash's paramilitary maneuvered the cannon behind the building, some of the defenders panicked and left the courthouse.

756:'s surrender. About 1870 he came to Grant Parish, where he had a friend. He quickly became active among local Black Republican Party members. After his appointment to the militia, Ward recruited other freedmen for his forces, several of whom were veterans of the war. 1229:

In 2007, the Red River Heritage Association, Inc. was formed as a group which intended to construct a museum in Colfax, collect materials and store them in the museum, and interpret the history of Reconstruction in Louisiana, especially in the Red River area.

1081:(1875). The Supreme Court ruled that the Enforcement Act of 1870 (which was based on the Bill of Rights and 14th Amendment) applied only to actions committed by the state and that it did not apply to actions committed by individuals or private conspiracies ( 512:, which had chapters forming across Louisiana beginning in 1874. Intimidation, murders, and Black voter suppression by such paramilitary groups were instrumental to the Democratic Party regaining political control of the state legislature by the late 1870s. 843:

Fearful that the Democrats might try to control the local parish government, Black people started to create trenches around the courthouse and drilled to keep alert. The Republican officeholders stayed there overnight. They held the town for three weeks.

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In 2008, on the 135th anniversary of the Colfax massacre, an interracial group commemorated the event. It laid flowers on the place where some of the victims had fallen and it also held a forum in an attempt to discuss the history of the massacre.

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In his book, Lane addressed the political and legal implications of the Supreme Court case, which were derived from the prosecution of several men who were member of the White paramilitary groups. In addition, a film documentary is in preparation.

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Such news attracted more Whites from the region to Grant Parish to join Nash; all were experienced Confederate veterans. They acquired a four-pound cannon that could fire iron slugs. As the Klansman Dave Paul said, "Boys, this is a struggle for

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physically or burned their homes to discourage them from voting. President Johnson, a Democrat, prevented the Republican governor of Louisiana from using either the state militia or U.S. forces to suppress the insurgent groups, such as the

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veteran, as commanding officer of Company A, 6th Infantry Regiment, Louisiana State Militia, a new unit to be based in Grant Parish to help control the violence there and in other Red River parishes. Ward, born a slave in 1840 in

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On April 14 some of Governor Kellogg's new police force arrived from New Orleans. Several days later, two companies of Federal troops arrived. They searched for White paramilitary members, but many had already fled to

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Shaw, not Nash, was to be the sheriff. On the night of March 25, the Republicans seized the empty courthouse and took their oaths of office. They sent their oaths to the Kellogg administration in New Orleans.

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In Louisiana as well as in the rest of the United States, the scale of the massacre and the political conflict which it represents are significant in relation to the history of Reconstruction, the history of

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stacking their guns when the White men approached, and Hadnot was shot from behind by an overexcited member of his own force." Hadnot died later, after being taken downstream by a passing steamboat.

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from the parish on the Republican ticket. He wrote to Governor Kellogg seeking U.S. troops for reinforcement and gave the letter to William Smith Calhoun for delivery. Calhoun took the steamboat

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The election was also marked by violence. Election commissioner Hal Frazier, a Black Republican, was murdered by Whites. After this, Calhoun drafted a bill to create a new parish out of parts of

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the mayor's request and a group of White residents attacked numerous unarmed Black residents, resulting in 38 deaths, 34 Black and four White, and more than 40 wounded, most of them Black folks.

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Former historical marker in Colfax. Erected in 1950, the marker was removed in May 2021 due to allegedly biased language (it uses the term "riot" and refers to the incident as "the end of

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on Republican agitation, a popular national reaction against Johnson's policies resulting in national voters electing a majority Republican Congress in 1866. It passed the

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woman as his common-law wife and had come to favor Black political equality, encouraging the political organization of the local African-American-based Republican party.

7547: 2562: 901:, on April 11 the militia captain Ward took a steamboat downriver to New Orleans to seek armed help directly from Kellogg. He was not there for the following events. 8126: 7883: 7527: 1004: 266: 7251: 4773: 2589: 2292: 8194: 8086: 7988: 7522: 7071: 7041: 6801: 5154: 4980: 4830: 4824: 1264: 1028: 571: 497: 827:). Cazabat and Nash took their oaths of office in the Colfax courthouse on January 2, 1873. They dispatched the documents to Governor McEnery in New Orleans. 500:

did not apply to persons acting individually, but only to the actions of state governments. After this ruling, the federal government could no longer use the

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down the Red River but was captured by Paul Hooe, Hadnot, and Cruikshank. They ordered Calhoun to tell the Black community members to leave the courthouse.

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which prohibited groups of people from banding together to violate citizens' constitutional rights. Soon afterwards on April 20, 1871, Congress passed the

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During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, historians have given renewed attention to the events at Colfax and the resulting Supreme Court case.

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The men were charged with one murder, and charges related to a conspiracy against the rights of freedmen. There were two succeeding trials in 1874.

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William Ward, the commanding officer of Company A, 6th Infantry Regiment, Louisiana State Militia, headquartered in Grant Parish, had been elected

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and late 19th-century American history which have received renewed national attention during the early 21st century, as much attention as the

1141:“Liberty Monument”, a piece of pottery which was created in 1873 by White artists Wallace and Cornwall Kirkpatrick, owners of Anna Pottery in 7733: 7056: 7020: 6811: 6485: 5129: 4223: 4187: 4122: 2611: 8101: 5017: 2550: 1323: 259: 4647: 2582: 6556: 6546: 6396: 6262: 6247: 6108: 5974: 5964: 5825: 5778: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 4926: 216: 199: 7578: 6566: 6526: 6433: 6361: 6294: 6272: 6227: 6150: 6118: 6078: 6006: 5984: 5944: 5872: 5850: 5810: 5758: 5731: 5721: 5706: 5669: 5639: 5629: 5124: 4536: 4445: 1274: 356: 412:. An estimated 62–153 Black militia men were murdered while surrendering to a mob of former Confederate soldiers and members of the 183: 8045: 6551: 6458: 6257: 6252: 6180: 6103: 6036: 6031: 5835: 5649: 5466: 5447: 5432: 5413: 5389: 4387: 2950: 769: 78: 8254: 8244: 8224: 8219: 7066: 6734: 6418: 6346: 6309: 6284: 6202: 6135: 6068: 6021: 5996: 5919: 5867: 5800: 5743: 5681: 5619: 5404: 5399: 4768: 3489: 979: 773: 252: 7760: 6806: 6413: 6381: 6170: 6130: 5969: 5862: 5768: 5614: 4975: 4157: 2575: 8249: 6681: 6521: 6463: 6448: 6329: 6304: 6222: 6185: 6165: 6051: 6016: 5939: 5902: 5887: 5788: 5763: 5753: 5696: 5664: 5654: 5634: 4317: 1158: 1008: 420: 7646: 7152: 6652: 6541: 6536: 6506: 6480: 6438: 6428: 6376: 6371: 6351: 6324: 6242: 6237: 6212: 6155: 6145: 6093: 6088: 6073: 6041: 5959: 5954: 5929: 5877: 5820: 5805: 5716: 5711: 5701: 5686: 5624: 5491: 5486: 1214:

received near the end of the 20th century. In 2007 and 2008, two new books about the topic were published: Leeanna Keith's

467:. Foner wrote, "...every election between 1868 and 1876 was marked by rampant violence and pervasive fraud". Although the 8008: 7210: 7139: 7134: 7061: 6561: 6511: 6501: 6475: 6401: 6341: 6267: 6217: 6207: 6197: 6113: 6063: 6046: 5979: 5934: 5924: 5914: 5897: 5845: 5783: 5748: 5726: 5691: 5659: 5609: 5476: 5471: 5442: 5437: 5423: 5418: 5394: 5360: 5198: 4753: 4641: 4241: 3089: 3049: 1101: 472: 8050: 7809: 6911: 6516: 6391: 6386: 6356: 6098: 5830: 5481: 4287: 3209: 2487: 2451: 1867: 1755: 1641: 1600: 860: 487: 7291: 6998: 6978: 6531: 6443: 6366: 6319: 6299: 6232: 6160: 6083: 6011: 5949: 5882: 5840: 5815: 4541: 2718: 635: 3345: 3273: 3265: 3257: 3249: 3233: 3201: 3169: 3161: 3153: 3145: 2014: 6845: 6840: 6749: 6453: 6423: 6314: 6289: 6175: 6140: 6026: 6001: 5892: 5773: 5644: 5010: 4508: 4211: 2531: 2431: 1167: 613: 464: 460: 155: 7847: 7778: 7720: 7630: 7557: 7347: 7179: 7118: 7025: 6860: 6785: 6759: 6668: 4939: 4593: 4235: 3852: 3780: 1562: 781:

to succeed him as governor. In return, Democrats and Liberal Republicans were to send Warmoth to Washington as a

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struggled to maintain political balance in Louisiana. Among his appointments, he installed William Ward, a Black

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the victor. A Republican federal judge in New Orleans ruled that the Republican-majority legislature be seated.

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despite Andrew Johnson's veto. Earlier, the Freedmen's Bureau and the occupation armies had prevented Southern

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After failing to win their case in state court, the Kellogg forces appealed to federal judge Edward Durell in

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The publicity about the Colfax Massacre and subsequent Supreme Court ruling encouraged the growth of White

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of 1873 when the sun went down that night, it went down on the corpses of two hundred and eighty negroes."

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control of the state legislature in the 1876 elections and ultimately to end Reconstruction in Louisiana.

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The Colfax massacre : the untold story of Black power, White terror, and the death of Reconstruction

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The Colfax massacre : the untold story of Black power, White terror, and the death of Reconstruction

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and his Democratic slate the winners, the board eventually divided, with a faction declaring Republican

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that restricted rights of freedmen, Wells began to favor allowing Black people to vote and temporarily

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William Briggs and Jon Krakauer (August 28, 2020). "The Massacre That Emboldened White Supremacists".

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The Colfax Massacre: The Untold Story of Black Power, White Terror, & The Death of Reconstruction

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The Colfax Massacre: The Untold Story of Black Power, White Terror, & The Death of Reconstruction

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ex-Confederates. To accomplish this, he scheduled a new constitutional convention for July 30, 1866.

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The Colfax Massacre: The Untold Story of Black Power, White Terror, and the Death of Reconstruction

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In the second trial, three men were found guilty of sixteen charges. However, the presiding judge,

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The historian Eric Foner, a specialist in the Civil War and Reconstruction, wrote about the event:

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The Day Freedom Died: The Colfax Massacre, the Supreme Court, and the Betrayal of Reconstruction

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The Day Freedom Died: The Colfax Massacre, the Supreme Court, and the Betrayal of Reconstruction

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Cazabat had directed Nash as sheriff to end what he called a riot. Nash gathered an armed White

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and sent federal troops to South Carolina, a state with particularly egregious Klan activity.

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for surrender: one made from a shirt, the other from a page of a book. The shooting stopped.

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Uncivil War: Five New Orleans Street Battle and the Rise and Fall of Radical Reconstruction

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newspaper of New Orleans inflamed tensions and distorted events by the following headline:

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THE RIOT IN GRANT PARISH. FEARFUL ATROCITIES BY THE NEGROES. NO RESPECT SHOWN TO THE DEAD.

8: 8179: 7943: 7870: 7804: 7765: 7682: 7605: 7393: 7220: 7167: 7101: 7015: 6993: 6973: 6775: 6708: 5119: 5067: 4959: 4876: 4856: 4707: 4363: 3137: 2870: 2742: 2269: 1838:

James K. Hogue, "The Battle of Colfax: Paramilitarism and Counterrevolution in Louisiana"

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When the federal government appealed the case, it was heard by the US Supreme Court as

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at the top, it depicts the Colfax massacre as its main scene, and it also depicts

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The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution

7836: 7726: 7661: 7552: 7398: 7332: 6850: 5301: 5052: 4900: 4433: 4369: 3737: 3657: 2790: 2782: 2774: 2766: 2686: 2554: 2496: 2408: 2401: 1327: 1150: 1055: 887: 816: 745: 706: 2567: 2293:"Removing the White Supremacy Marker at Colfax, Louisiana: A 2021 Success Story" 851:

Black Republicans Lewis Meekins and state militia captain William Ward, a Black

7995: 7819: 7144: 5333: 5323: 5057: 4722: 4712: 4682: 4677: 4561: 4429: 4417: 4357: 4051: 3764: 3433: 3425: 3393: 2646: 2203: 1697:"Our Documents – 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Voting Rights (1870)" 1142: 1105: 1047: 873: 694: 665: 547: 2417:

Reconstruction & Black Suffrage: Losing the Vote in Reese & Cruikshank

2142:

But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction

1072:, he ordered that the men be released on bail, and they promptly disappeared. 8168: 8096: 8060: 7961: 7656: 7439: 7403: 7363: 5338: 5188: 4905: 4604: 4576: 4498: 4281: 4163: 4063: 3892: 3820: 3361: 3025: 2670: 2654: 992: 753: 715: 397: 93: 80: 2325:"A deadly massacre of the post-slavery era finally gets a suitable memorial" 376: 8136: 8106: 7898: 7537: 7449: 7225: 6988: 6865: 5343: 5281: 5266: 5261: 4922: 4610: 4598: 4503: 4449: 4104: 4018: 3473: 2838: 2702: 2519: 2207: 1239: 1183: 1096: 1024: 910: 894: 782: 686: 509: 413: 381: 302: 482:

Federal prosecution and conviction of a few perpetrators at Colfax by the

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Keith, LeeAnna. (April 17, 2008) "History is a Gift: The Colfax Massacre"

1496: 1109: 1059: 793: 702: 661: 405: 1575: 1238:

150 negroes were slain. This event on April 13, 1873, marked the end of

689:(KKK) continued violent attacks and killed scores of Black residents in 8055: 7911: 4895: 4345: 4098: 3884: 3756: 3497: 3465: 2806: 2694: 2396: 1299: 1068: 1062:

doctrine, failed to prove a racial rationale for the massacre, or were

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Warmoth issued commissions to Fusionist Democrats Alphonse Cazabat and

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described the massacre as the worst instance of racial violence during

452: 440: 1011:. The massacre in Colfax gained headlines of national newspapers from 427:

and local offices, a group of White men armed with rifles and a small

7322: 5276: 4995: 4247: 4151: 4086: 3289: 2300: 2238: 2119: 1032: 319: 595: 8121: 5271: 5249: 4488: 1058:), dismissed the convictions, ruling that the charges violated the 991:

later remarked. "They attempted in Colfax. The result was that on

690: 551: 432: 2610: 1137: 1016: 566:, also despite Johnson's veto. On March 2, 1867, they passed the 436: 38: 6907:

Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866

2055:

Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism (1950).

800:

McEnery's faction tried to take control of the state arsenal at

705:

and elsewhere. In response, on May 31, 1870, Congress passed an

527:

became governor. As the Democratic-dominated legislature passed

444:

difficult to determine because many bodies were thrown into the

1401: 1012: 428: 16:

1873 murder of black men by white militia in Colfax, Louisiana

5150:

United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction

4588: 1800:

Charles Lane, "The Green Bag", "Edward Henry Durell," 167–168

955: 4557:

Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching

824: 43:

Gathering the dead after the Colfax massacre, published in

7918:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

2403:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

2359: 1370:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

1305:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

740:, had learned to read and write as a valet to a master in 8127:

Technological and industrial history of the United States

1831: 1363: 1361: 1023:. It had been designed to provide federal protection for 4774:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

1321:, People and Events: "The Colfax Massacre", PBS Website 978:

The bloodiest single instance of racial carnage in the

274: 8230:

Riots and civil disorder during the Reconstruction Era

8087:

African American founding fathers of the United States

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The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan

5155:

United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction

1358: 1265:

List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States

416:. Three White men also died during the confrontation. 8205:

Racially motivated violence against African Americans

2548:, People and Events: "The Colfax Massacre", 1997–2001 1773: 6661:

The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women

1731:"U.S. Senate: The Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871" 1095:. In May 1874, Nash formed the first chapter of the 962:

The exact number of dead was never established: two

681:became President in 1869, he "lobbied hard for the 6912:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 2471: 2400: 1851: 1650: 1542: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1289: 6703:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act 2597: 2335: 1609: 8166: 4218:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN) 2347: 2008: 1511:"U.S. Senate: The Civil War: The Senate's Story" 518: 448:or removed for burial, possibly at mass graves. 2463:, 46th Congress, 2d Session, Senate Report 693. 1791:William Hesseltine, "Grant the Politician", 344 1286: 672: 7047:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 2290: 1043:was declared in the cases of the other eight. 8195:History of voting rights in the United States 7021:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 5011: 2612:List of lynching victims in the United States 2583: 1858:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1490: 1456: 838: 759: 722: 585: 260: 2501:Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War 2291:Barber, Tom; Crawford, Jeff (July 6, 2021). 2092:Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War 1965:Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War 1756:"The Ku Klux Klan and Violence at the Polls" 1202:The Colfax massacre is one of the events of 8260:Democratic backsliding in the United States 4648:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act 2036: 5018: 5004: 4619: 4464:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore 4194:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken 2590: 2576: 2563:State Highway Marker on Google Street View 1457:Simkins, Francis; Roland, Charles (1947). 713:, which Grant used to suspend the writ of 267: 253: 8235:White American riots in the United States 8200:Political repression in the United States 7579:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 4940:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain) 4400:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes 3178:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner 1461:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 262. 1275:Mass racial violence in the United States 636:Learn how and when to remove this message 357:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 8210:History of African-American civil rights 8102:History of the United States (1865–1917) 2319: 2317: 2258: 2256: 2229: 2227: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2108: 2106: 2104: 1136: 772:(a group that opposed President Grant's 375: 4769:National Memorial for Peace and Justice 2217: 2215: 2113:Velez, Denise Oliver (April 12, 2020). 1533: 1531: 223: 190: 8167: 7761:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era 6807:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln 5025: 2015:"Military Report on Colfax Riot, 1875" 1491:Randall, J. G.; Donald, David (1961). 1437: 490:. In a major case, the court ruled in 8215:Riots and civil disorder in Louisiana 8190:African-American history of Louisiana 8046:Women's suffrage in the United States 6735:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction 4999: 4406:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels 4312:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA 4003: 2609: 2571: 2437: 2395: 2341: 2314: 2253: 2224: 2221:Keith (2007), Colfax Massacre, p. 169 2175: 2164: 2112: 2101: 1849: 1627: 1586: 1471: 1397: 1395: 1159:Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library 1157:scandal. This photo was taken at the 1153:, criticizing his involvement in the 248: 7153:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 6841:Confederates surrender at Appomattox 6653:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 4981:Lynching deaths in the United States 4111:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman 4004: 2466: 2365: 2353: 2262: 2212: 2069: 2042: 2030: 1993: 1951: 1939: 1927: 1900: 1809: 1779: 1656: 1615: 1548: 1537: 1528: 1418: 1386: 1197: 618:adding citations to reliable sources 589: 8009:United Daughters of the Confederacy 7140:American Woman Suffrage Association 7135:National Woman Suffrage Association 7062:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson 5361:Women during the Reconstruction era 4642:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act 4418:O'Day Short, wife, and two children 4200:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey 2176:Rubin, Richard (July–August 2003). 231:Colfax massacre (the United States) 13: 8051:Labor history of the United States 7087:South Carolina readmitted to Union 7084:North Carolina readmitted to Union 7067:Impeachment managers investigation 7006:Constitutional conventions of 1867 6682:National Women's Rights Convention 2528:Louisiana Reconstructed, 1863–1877 1392: 785:. Opposing McEnery was Republican 764:In Louisiana, Republican governor 14: 8276: 7292:United States expedition to Korea 6999:Reconstruction military districts 4542:American Crusade Against Lynching 4188:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer 2538: 744:. In 1864 he escaped and went to 6846:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 5140:African-American representatives 4754:America's Black Holocaust Museum 4537:American anti-lynching activists 4509:Nadir of American race relations 4099:Steve Long and two half-brothers 4035:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX 2532:Louisiana State University Press 2432:Louisiana State University Press 2297:The Journal of the Civil War Era 1840:, 2006, accessed August 15, 2008 1493:The Civil War and Reconstruction 1168:racism against African Americans 1100:paramilitary groups such as the 913:group and veteran officers from 594: 538:It was postponed because of the 523:In March 1865, Unionist planter 222: 215: 189: 182: 37: 7848:Black Reconstruction in America 7721:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 7631:1876 State of the Union Address 7558:1875 State of the Union Address 7485:1874 State of the Union Address 7409:1873 State of the Union Address 7348:1872 State of the Union Address 7297:1871 State of the Union Address 7236:1870 State of the Union Address 7185:1869 State of the Union Address 7180:First transcontinental railroad 7119:1868 State of the Union Address 7026:1867 State of the Union Address 6861:1865 State of the Union Address 6786:1864 State of the Union Address 6760:1863 State of the Union Address 6669:Woman in the Nineteenth Century 4960:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 4594:National Conference on Lynching 4152:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya 4029:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre 3370:Mary Turner and her unborn baby 2371: 2284: 2197: 2151: 2134: 2084: 2075: 2063: 2057:"Colfax Riot Historical Marker" 2048: 2024: 1999: 1987: 1974: 1957: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1906: 1894: 1885: 1876: 1843: 1822: 1803: 1794: 1785: 1748: 1723: 1714: 1689: 1680: 1671: 1662: 1621: 1580: 1563:The Journal of American History 1554: 1503: 1484: 1465: 1132: 752:and served until after General 605:needs additional citations for 574:before admission to the Union. 496:(1876) that protections of the 392:, sometimes referred to as the 8255:History of racism in Louisiana 8245:Anti-black racism in Louisiana 8225:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 8220:Massacres in the United States 6921:Petition for Universal Freedom 6902:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 4076:Gallatin County, KY, race riot 2263:Lane, Charles (June 9, 2021). 1450: 1431: 1412: 1380: 1333: 1311: 1270:List of massacres in Louisiana 1260:African Americans in Louisiana 1: 7968:A Visit from the Old Mistress 7667:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 7533:Specie Payment Resumption Act 7158:Board of Indian Commissioners 7090:Louisiana readmitted to Union 7052:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 6916:Tennessee readmitted to Union 6750:Women's Loyal National League 5453:Straight-Out Democratic Party 5224:Confederate States of America 4976:Lynching in the United States 4277:Springfield race riot of 1908 2695:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer 2599:Lynching in the United States 2389: 649:slaveholder, he lived with a 519:State and national background 234:Show map of the United States 8250:Lynching deaths in Louisiana 7594:Battle of the Little Bighorn 7078:Arkansas readmitted to Union 6984:Knights of the White Camelia 6946:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 6892:New Orleans Massacre of 1866 6866:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan 6824:Special Field Orders No. 15 6647:Slavery in the United States 4870:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson 4801:And you are lynching Negroes 4653:Emmett Till Antilynching Act 4388:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith 4294:Harris County, GA, lynchings 4236:Wilmington, NC, insurrection 4082:New Orleans massacre of 1866 1182:13, 1873, marked the end of 999: 673:Enforcement against the Klan 580:Knights of the White Camelia 298:New Orleans massacre of 1866 7: 8112:Race (human categorization) 7502:United States v. Cruikshank 7093:Alabama readmitted to Union 7081:Florida readmitted to Union 4779:Southern Poverty Law Center 4424:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings 4052:? Lachenais and four others 3490:James Harvey and Joe Jordan 2807:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson 2415:Goldman, Robert M. (2--1), 2383:,; accessed August 13, 2008 2146:University of Georgia Press 2096:Farrar, Straus & Giroux 1969:Farrar, Straus & Giroux 1444:Holt, Rinehart, and Winston 1345:Southern Poverty Law Center 1253: 1172:racism in the United States 1078:United States v. Cruikshank 1052:United States Supreme Court 904: 493:United States v. Cruikshank 439:occupying the Grant Parish 10: 8281: 7313:General Mining Act of 1872 7282:New York custom house ring 7272:Meridian race riot of 1871 7216:Naturalization Act of 1870 4260:1906 Atlanta race massacre 4230:Phoenix, SC, election riot 4206:New Orleans 1891 lynchings 4158:Benjamin and Mollie French 2558:Public Broadcasting System 2530:, Baton Rouge. Louisiana: 2421:University Press of Kansas 2407:(1st ed.). New York: 1425:University Press of Kansas 1104:also arose, especially in 1093:paramilitary organizations 839:Colfax courthouse conflict 760:Louisiana election of 1872 738:Charleston, South Carolina 723:Louisiana and Grant Parish 586:Background in Grant Parish 331:Meridian race riot of 1871 8149: 8079: 8038: 7954: 7905:Been in the Storm So Long 7825:William Archibald Dunning 7785:The American Commonwealth 7753: 7746: 7675: 7639: 7566: 7493: 7455:Election Massacre of 1874 7417: 7356: 7305: 7244: 7193: 7163:Public Credit Act of 1869 7127: 7102:Fourth Reconstruction Act 7034: 7011:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 6961: 6874: 6794: 6768: 6755:New York City draft riots 6725:Emancipation Proclamation 6717: 6634: 6627: 6577: 5599: 5553: 5507: 5400:National Union Convention 5380: 5373: 5232: 5209: 5145:Reconstruction Amendments 5135:African-American senators 5040: 5033: 4968: 4787: 4746: 4665: 4567:William O'Connell Bradley 4527: 4481: 4477: 4306:East St. Louis, IL, riots 4058:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre 4041:New York City draft riots 4010: 3999: 3748: 3017: 2622: 2618: 2605: 2505:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2090:Lemann, Nicholas. (2006) 2021:], accessed April 6, 2008 2005:Lane 2008, pp. 14, 20-21. 1035:groups such as the Klan. 813:Christopher Columbus Nash 677:According to Lane, after 287: 203:Location within Louisiana 176: 163: 142:Nash's white paramilitary 128: 54: 36: 28: 23: 7621:Safe burglary conspiracy 7508:Civil Rights Act of 1875 7287:Civil service commission 6887:Memphis massacre of 1866 6882:Civil Rights Act of 1866 6698:Confiscation Act of 1862 6693:Confiscation Act of 1861 5448:Liberal Republican Party 5130:Conservative Republicans 4831:Deaths in police custody 4318:Jenkins County, GA, riot 4129:Chinese massacre of 1871 4047:Detroit race riot (1863) 3682:Lynching of Raymond Gunn 3474:Dick Rowland (attempted) 2480:Henry Holt & Company 2140:Rable, George C. (1984) 1971:, paperback, 2007, p. 18 1812:General James Longstreet 1760:Bill of Rights Institute 1330:, accessed April 6, 2008 1280: 556:Civil Rights Act of 1866 504:to prosecute actions by 118:Attackers later released 8117:Reconstruction Treaties 7936:A Nation Under Our Feet 7884:From Slavery to Freedom 7714:Williams v. Mississippi 7698:United States v. Harris 7589:Great Sioux War of 1876 7528:Yazoo City Riot of 1875 7430:Battle of Liberty Place 7318:Crédit Mobilier scandal 7267:Alcorn State University 7206:Enforcement Act of 1870 7072:Articles of impeachment 6979:Indian Peace Commission 6897:Swing Around the Circle 6834:Freedmen's Bureau bills 6676:Seneca Falls Convention 5405:Radical Democracy Party 5356:Freedman's Savings Bank 4812:Battle of Liberty Place 4807:Attack on John Shillady 4795:James Allen (collector) 4628:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill 4412:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot 4336:Omaha race riot of 1919 4324:Longview, TX, race riot 4300:Newberry, FL, lynchings 4242:Julia and Frazier Baker 4224:Porter and Spencer (MS) 4176:Thibodeax, LA, massacre 4134:Meridian, MS, race riot 4117:Opelousas, LA, massacre 3090:Paul Reed and Will Cato 2775:Big Nose George Parrott 2553:April 21, 2004, at the 2444:Oxford University Press 2438:Keith, Leeanna (2007). 2381:Oxford University Press 1850:Keith, LeeAnna (2008). 1634:Oxford University Press 1593:Oxford University Press 1587:Keith, LeeAnna (2008). 1326:April 21, 2004, at the 1021:Enforcement Act of 1870 848:defend the courthouse. 502:Enforcement Act of 1870 384:misrule in the South"). 346:Battle of Liberty Place 172:Between 62 and 153 dead 8092:Forty acres and a mule 7815:Walter Lynwood Fleming 7600:United States v. Reese 7257:Second Enforcement Act 5487:Prohibition Convention 5219:Southern United States 4946:United States v. Shipp 4698:Rebecca Latimer Felton 4529:Anti-lynching movement 4446:Freedom Summer Murders 4376:Rosewood, FL, massacre 4341:Knoxville riot of 1919 3210:Laura and L. D. Nelson 2526:Taylor, Joe G. (1974) 2368:, pp. 242 et seq. 2081:Lane 2008, pp. 209-10. 1628:Keith, LeeAnn (2008). 1459:A History of the South 1438:Craven, Avery (1969). 1419:Holt, Michael (2008). 1162: 1005:James Roswell Beckwith 997: 984: 883: 748:, where he joined the 385: 115:Attackers put on trial 8066:Civil rights movement 8002:The Birth of a Nation 7611:Centennial Exposition 7465:Black Hills Gold Rush 7380:Slaughter-House Cases 7252:Ku Klux Klan hearings 6730:General Order No. 143 5349:James Mitchell Ashley 4917:Summer in Mississippi 4864:Mississippi Cold Case 4818:The Birth of a Nation 4759:Civil Rights Memorial 4688:Sidney Johnston Catts 4666:Defenders of lynching 4352:Duluth, MN, lynchings 4330:Elaine, AR, race riot 4288:Laura and L.D. Nelson 4254:Watkinsville lynching 4212:Ruggles Brothers (CA) 4170:Hamburg, SC, massacre 4146:Election riot of 1874 4093:Camilla, GA, massacre 4015:Death of Joseph Smith 2639:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 1810:Wert, Jeffry (1993). 1218:, and Charles Lane's 1140: 1086:Morrison Remick Waite 1040:William Burnham Woods 1009:U.S. Attorney General 985: 976: 879: 425:governor of Louisiana 400:, April 13, 1873, in 379: 293:Memphis riots of 1866 206:Show map of Louisiana 164:Casualties and losses 148:Courthouse occupiers 135:Courthouse attackers 94:31.51691°N 92.71175°W 7647:Electoral Commission 7523:Clifton Riot of 1875 7277:Treaty of Washington 6969:Tenure of Office Act 6927:National Labor Union 6642:American Indian Wars 5492:Electoral Commission 5482:Greenback Convention 5245:Free people of color 5185:Federal bureaucracy 5125:Moderate Republicans 4635:Costigan-Wagner Bill 4572:Ella Barksdale Brown 4370:Perry, FL, race riot 4282:Slocum, TX, massacre 4182:Mart and Tom Horrell 4140:Colfax, LA, massacre 4123:Bear River City riot 3973:James Craig Anderson 3773:Robert "Bobbie" Hall 3378:Hazel "Hayes" Turner 2204:Colfax Riot Memorial 2183:The Atlantic Monthly 2019:Congressional Record 1816:Simon & Schuster 1701:www.ourdocuments.gov 1576:10.2307/25095698< 1560:Fellman, M. (2008). 1478:Macmillan Publishers 1474:The South Since 1865 1472:Ezell, John (1975). 1423:. Lawrence, Kansas: 1367:Foner, Eric. (1989) 1029:Fourteenth Amendment 871:the anti-Republican 861:state representative 787:William Pitt Kellogg 614:improve this article 572:Fourteenth Amendment 540:New Orleans Massacre 498:Fourteenth Amendment 486:was appealed to the 419:After the contested 200:class=notpageimage| 156:Republican officials 7996:D. W. Griffith 7981:The Leopard's Spots 7871:The American Crisis 7805:Columbia University 7772:The Prostrate State 7766:James Shepherd Pike 7683:Posse Comitatus Act 7606:Trader post scandal 7394:Coinage Act of 1873 7168:Black Friday (1869) 7016:Peonage Act of 1867 6994:Reconstruction Acts 6974:Command of Army Act 6709:Militia Act of 1862 5120:Radical Republicans 5068:Rutherford B. Hayes 4877:The Ox-Bow Incident 4857:Mississippi Burning 4708:John Trotwood Moore 4364:Tulsa race massacre 4358:Ocoee, FL, massacre 3853:Mack Charles Parker 3781:Willie James Howard 2534:, pp. 268–270. 2270:The Washington Post 2241:on November 9, 2020 2157:Eric Foner (2002), 2144:, Athens, Georgia: 1915:The Colfax Massacre 1499:. pp. 633–634. 1446:. pp. 186–187. 1427:. pp. 195–196. 1170:and the history of 1031:against actions by 1027:of freedmen by the 770:Liberal Republicans 683:Fifteenth Amendment 525:James Madison Wells 506:paramilitary groups 99:31.51691; -92.71175 90: / 8015:Gone with the Wind 7878:John Hope Franklin 7734:Disenfranchisement 7706:Plessy v. Ferguson 7690:Civil Rights Cases 7652:Compromise of 1877 7543:Wheeler Compromise 7460:Vicksburg massacre 7445:Timber Culture Act 7435:Coushatta massacre 7374:Timber Culture Act 7328:Star Route scandal 7211:Justice Department 7108:Georgia v. Stanton 7097:Opelousas massacre 6688:American Civil War 5497:Compromise of 1877 5199:Justice Department 5163:Federal judiciary 5042:Federal government 5027:Reconstruction era 4891:Reconstruction era 4703:John Temple Graves 4547:Jessie Daniel Ames 4494:Indiana White Caps 4164:Ellenton, SC, riot 4087:Reno Brothers Gang 3837:Judge Edward Aaron 3034:Ballie Crutchfield 2503:1st ed. New York: 2045:, pp. 265–266 1882:Lane 2008, pp70-71 1677:Lane 2008, pp. 41f 1405:The New York Times 1178:White Supremacy." 1163: 1064:void for vagueness 980:Reconstruction era 766:Henry Clay Warmoth 742:Richmond, Virginia 729:Henry Clay Warmoth 568:Reconstruction Act 477:William P. Kellogg 431:overpowered Black 386: 351:Vicksburg massacre 315:Barber–Mizell feud 309:Opelousas massacre 279:Reconstruction era 31:Reconstruction era 8265:Colfax, Louisiana 8240:April 1873 events 8185:Massacres in 1873 8175:1873 in Louisiana 8162: 8161: 8145: 8144: 8071:American frontier 7925:Kenneth M. Stampp 7742: 7741: 7584:Ellenton massacre 7425:Brooks–Baxter War 7174:Ex parte McCardle 6940:Ex parte Milligan 6829:Freedmen's Bureau 6745:National Bank Act 6623: 6622: 5458:Victoria Woodhull 5369: 5368: 5240:African Americans 5211:State governments 5194:Freedmen's Bureau 4993: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4934:They Won't Forget 4851:Lynching postcard 4764:The Legacy Museum 4733:James K. Vardaman 4673:Theodore G. Bilbo 4661: 4660: 4552:Martin C. Ansorge 4473: 4472: 4458:Michael Schwerner 4265:Kemper County, MS 4105:Pulaski, TN, riot 3995: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3698:Shedrick Thompson 3578:Bernice Raspberry 3298:Name unknown (MS) 3202:Name unknown (TX) 2823:Joseph Vermillion 2791:John Wesley Heath 2515:"The Colfax Riot" 2513:. (Jul/Aug 2003) 2426:Hogue, James K., 2331:. April 14, 2023. 2178:"The Colfax Riot" 1963:Nicholas Lemann, 1891:Lane 2008, p. 154 1782:, pp. 44–56. 1720:Lane 2008, p. 3f 1686:Lane 2008, p. 1f 1480:. pp. 47–48. 1375:Perennial Library 1212:Rosewood, Florida 1198:Renewed attention 946:for the attacks. 646: 645: 638: 564:Freedmen's Bureau 402:Colfax, Louisiana 373: 372: 341:Brooks–Baxter War 276:Conflicts of the 243: 242: 124: 123: 72:Colfax, Louisiana 8272: 8028:Race and Reunion 7975:Thomas Dixon Jr. 7865:William R. Brock 7855:C. Vann Woodward 7842:W. E. B. Du Bois 7832:Charles A. Beard 7792:Claude G. Bowers 7751: 7750: 7574:Hamburg massacre 7553:Pratt & Boyd 7518:Mississippi Plan 7475:Anti-Moiety Acts 7470:Sanborn incident 7262:Ku Klux Klan Act 6933:Ex parte Garland 6740:Ten percent plan 6632: 6631: 5378: 5377: 5329:Thaddeus Stevens 5314:Republican Party 5307:Samuel J. Tilden 5297:Bourbon Democrat 5292:Democratic Party 5063:Ulysses S. Grant 5038: 5037: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4997: 4996: 4788:Related articles 4738:Thomas E. Watson 4728:Benjamin Tillman 4693:Thomas Dixon Jr. 4617: 4616: 4479: 4478: 4382:Jim and Mark Fox 4070:Memphis massacre 4005:Multiple victims 4001: 4000: 3984: 3976: 3968: 3960: 3952: 3944: 3936: 3928: 3920: 3912: 3904: 3901:Wharlest Jackson 3896: 3888: 3880: 3872: 3864: 3856: 3848: 3840: 3832: 3824: 3816: 3808: 3800: 3797:John Cecil Jones 3792: 3784: 3776: 3768: 3760: 3741: 3733: 3725: 3717: 3709: 3701: 3693: 3690:Matthew Williams 3685: 3677: 3669: 3661: 3653: 3645: 3637: 3629: 3621: 3613: 3605: 3597: 3589: 3581: 3573: 3565: 3557: 3549: 3541: 3533: 3525: 3517: 3509: 3501: 3493: 3485: 3477: 3469: 3461: 3453: 3450:Berry Washington 3445: 3437: 3429: 3421: 3413: 3405: 3397: 3389: 3381: 3373: 3365: 3357: 3349: 3341: 3333: 3325: 3317: 3314:Anthony Crawford 3309: 3306:Jesse Washington 3301: 3293: 3285: 3277: 3269: 3261: 3253: 3245: 3237: 3229: 3226:Zachariah Walker 3221: 3213: 3205: 3197: 3189: 3186:Grant Richardson 3181: 3173: 3165: 3157: 3149: 3141: 3133: 3130:Earnest Williams 3125: 3117: 3109: 3101: 3093: 3085: 3077: 3069: 3061: 3053: 3045: 3037: 3029: 3010: 3002: 2994: 2986: 2983:John Henry James 2978: 2970: 2962: 2954: 2946: 2938: 2935:Stephen Williams 2930: 2922: 2914: 2906: 2898: 2890: 2887:Ephraim Grizzard 2882: 2874: 2866: 2858: 2850: 2847:Brown Washington 2842: 2834: 2826: 2818: 2810: 2802: 2794: 2786: 2778: 2770: 2762: 2754: 2751:Arthur St. Clair 2746: 2738: 2730: 2722: 2714: 2711:John W. Stephens 2706: 2698: 2690: 2682: 2674: 2666: 2658: 2650: 2642: 2634: 2631:Francis McIntosh 2620: 2619: 2607: 2606: 2592: 2585: 2578: 2569: 2568: 2546:Ulysses S. Grant 2497:Lemann, Nicholas 2493: 2477: 2457: 2412: 2409:Harper & Row 2406: 2384: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2321: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2237:. Archived from 2231: 2222: 2219: 2210: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2173: 2162: 2155: 2149: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2110: 2099: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1978: 1972: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1857: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1828:Lane 2008, p. 70 1826: 1820: 1819: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1669: 1668:Lane 2008, p. 41 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1584: 1578: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1535: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1399: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1365: 1356: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1337: 1331: 1319:Ulysses S. Grant 1315: 1309: 1297: 1122:Red River Parish 821:Johnson's Island 768:defected to the 711:Ku Klux Klan Act 679:Ulysses S. Grant 641: 634: 630: 627: 621: 598: 590: 533:disenfranchising 484:Enforcement Acts 362:Hamburg massacre 282: 280: 269: 262: 255: 246: 245: 235: 226: 225: 219: 207: 193: 192: 186: 105: 104: 102: 101: 100: 95: 91: 88: 87: 86: 83: 56: 55: 41: 21: 20: 8280: 8279: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8141: 8132:White supremacy 8075: 8034: 8022:David W. Blight 7950: 7860:Joel Williamson 7837:Howard K. Beale 7738: 7727:Giles v. Harris 7671: 7662:Desert Land Act 7635: 7562: 7489: 7413: 7399:Long Depression 7369:Colfax massacre 7352: 7333:Salary Grab Act 7301: 7240: 7221:Kirk–Holden war 7189: 7123: 7030: 6957: 6870: 6851:Shaw University 6790: 6776:Wade–Davis Bill 6764: 6713: 6619: 6573: 5595: 5549: 5503: 5383: 5365: 5302:Horatio Seymour 5228: 5212: 5205: 5053:Abraham Lincoln 5043: 5029: 5024: 4994: 4985: 4964: 4901:Scottsboro Boys 4783: 4742: 4657: 4615: 4523: 4469: 4434:Harriette Moore 4394:Tate County, MS 4006: 3987: 3979: 3971: 3963: 3955: 3947: 3941:Arthur McDuffie 3939: 3931: 3923: 3915: 3907: 3899: 3891: 3883: 3875: 3867: 3859: 3851: 3843: 3835: 3827: 3819: 3811: 3803: 3795: 3787: 3779: 3771: 3763: 3755: 3744: 3738:Elbert Williams 3736: 3730:Austin Callaway 3728: 3720: 3712: 3704: 3696: 3688: 3680: 3672: 3664: 3656: 3648: 3640: 3634:Thomas Williams 3632: 3624: 3618:Thomas Bradshaw 3616: 3610:Albert Williams 3608: 3600: 3594:Joseph Upchurch 3592: 3584: 3576: 3568: 3560: 3552: 3544: 3536: 3528: 3520: 3512: 3504: 3496: 3488: 3480: 3472: 3464: 3456: 3448: 3440: 3432: 3424: 3416: 3408: 3400: 3392: 3384: 3376: 3368: 3360: 3352: 3344: 3336: 3328: 3320: 3312: 3304: 3296: 3288: 3280: 3272: 3264: 3256: 3250:George Saunders 3248: 3240: 3232: 3224: 3216: 3208: 3200: 3192: 3184: 3176: 3168: 3160: 3152: 3144: 3136: 3128: 3120: 3112: 3104: 3098:Bunk Richardson 3096: 3088: 3080: 3072: 3064: 3056: 3048: 3040: 3032: 3024: 3013: 3007:Benjamin Thomas 3005: 2997: 2989: 2981: 2973: 2967:Joseph H. McCoy 2965: 2959:William Andrews 2957: 2949: 2941: 2933: 2927:Richard Puryear 2925: 2917: 2909: 2901: 2893: 2885: 2877: 2869: 2861: 2853: 2845: 2837: 2829: 2821: 2813: 2805: 2797: 2789: 2783:Charles Thurber 2781: 2773: 2767:Joseph Standing 2765: 2757: 2749: 2741: 2733: 2725: 2717: 2709: 2701: 2693: 2687:Clubfoot George 2685: 2677: 2669: 2661: 2653: 2645: 2637: 2629: 2614: 2601: 2596: 2555:Wayback Machine 2541: 2490: 2454: 2430:, Baton Rouge: 2392: 2387: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2323: 2322: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2289: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2261: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2233: 2232: 2225: 2220: 2213: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2152: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2111: 2102: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1980:Lemann (2007), 1979: 1975: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1911: 1907: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1795: 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6963: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6953:1866 elections 6949: 6948: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6924: 6917: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6804: 6802:13th Amendment 6798: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6781:1864 elections 6778: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6665: 6657: 6649: 6644: 6638: 6636: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6581: 6579: 6578:U.S. elections 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6491: 6483: 6478: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6322: 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5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5334:Lyman Trumbull 5331: 5326: 5324:Charles Sumner 5321: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5058:Andrew Johnson 5055: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5023: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5000: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4949: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4920: 4913: 4911:Stone Mountain 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4880: 4873: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4848: 4841: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4723:Goodloe Sutton 4720: 4715: 4713:John T. Morgan 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4683:Julian S. Carr 4680: 4678:Cole L. Blease 4675: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4621: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4562:Flossie Bailey 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4485: 4483: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4461: 4454:Andrew Goodman 4443: 4437: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4248:Pana, IL, riot 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4011: 4008: 4007: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3977: 3969: 3965:James Byrd Jr. 3961: 3953: 3949:Michael Donald 3945: 3937: 3929: 3921: 3913: 3905: 3897: 3889: 3881: 3873: 3865: 3857: 3849: 3845:Willie Edwards 3841: 3833: 3825: 3817: 3809: 3801: 3793: 3785: 3777: 3769: 3765:Johannes Kunze 3761: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3734: 3726: 3718: 3710: 3706:George Armwood 3702: 3694: 3686: 3678: 3670: 3662: 3654: 3646: 3638: 3630: 3626:Winston Pounds 3622: 3614: 3606: 3598: 3590: 3582: 3574: 3566: 3558: 3550: 3542: 3534: 3526: 3518: 3510: 3502: 3494: 3486: 3478: 3470: 3462: 3454: 3446: 3438: 3434:John Hartfield 3430: 3426:Wesley Everest 3422: 3414: 3410:Wallace Baynes 3406: 3402:Olli Kinkkonen 3398: 3394:Jim McIlherron 3390: 3382: 3374: 3366: 3358: 3350: 3342: 3334: 3326: 3318: 3310: 3302: 3294: 3286: 3278: 3274:Charles Fisher 3270: 3262: 3254: 3246: 3238: 3230: 3222: 3214: 3206: 3198: 3190: 3182: 3174: 3166: 3158: 3150: 3142: 3134: 3126: 3118: 3110: 3102: 3094: 3086: 3082:Marie Thompson 3078: 3070: 3062: 3058:J. D. Mayfield 3054: 3046: 3038: 3030: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3011: 3003: 2995: 2987: 2979: 2971: 2963: 2955: 2947: 2939: 2931: 2923: 2915: 2907: 2899: 2895:Samuel J. Bush 2891: 2883: 2875: 2867: 2859: 2851: 2843: 2835: 2831:George Meadows 2827: 2819: 2811: 2803: 2795: 2787: 2779: 2771: 2763: 2755: 2747: 2739: 2731: 2723: 2719:Alexander Boyd 2715: 2707: 2699: 2691: 2683: 2675: 2667: 2659: 2651: 2647:Josefa Segovia 2643: 2635: 2626: 2624: 2616: 2615: 2603: 2602: 2595: 2594: 2587: 2580: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2540: 2539:External links 2537: 2536: 2535: 2524: 2511:Rubin, Richard 2508: 2494: 2489:978-1429936781 2488: 2464: 2458: 2453:978-0195393088 2452: 2435: 2424: 2413: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2385: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2334: 2313: 2283: 2252: 2223: 2211: 2196: 2163: 2159:Reconstruction 2150: 2133: 2100: 2083: 2074: 2062: 2047: 2035: 2023: 2007: 1998: 1986: 1973: 1956: 1944: 1932: 1920: 1913:Keith (2007), 1905: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1869:978-0195310269 1868: 1842: 1830: 1821: 1818:. p. 416. 1802: 1793: 1784: 1772: 1747: 1735:www.senate.gov 1722: 1713: 1688: 1679: 1670: 1661: 1649: 1643:978-0195310269 1642: 1636:. p. 60. 1620: 1608: 1602:978-0195310269 1601: 1595:. p. 60. 1579: 1570:(2), 550–551. 1553: 1541: 1527: 1515:www.senate.gov 1502: 1483: 1464: 1449: 1440:Reconstruction 1430: 1411: 1391: 1379: 1357: 1332: 1310: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1255: 1252: 1248:Reconstruction 1204:Reconstruction 1199: 1196: 1192:Reconstruction 1143:Anna, Illinois 1134: 1131: 1106:South Carolina 1056:riding circuit 1048:Joseph Bradley 1001: 998: 906: 903: 874:Daily Picayune 840: 837: 802:Jackson Square 774:Reconstruction 761: 758: 724: 721: 695:South Carolina 674: 671: 644: 643: 602: 600: 593: 587: 584: 548:Andrew Johnson 520: 517: 457:Reconstruction 396:, occurred on 371: 370: 367: 366: 365: 364: 354: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 322: 317: 312: 306: 300: 295: 289: 288: 285: 284: 272: 271: 264: 257: 249: 241: 240: 230: 221: 220: 214: 213: 212: 211: 198: 197: 188: 187: 181: 180: 179: 178: 177: 174: 173: 170: 166: 165: 161: 160: 159: 158: 153: 145: 144: 143: 140: 131: 130: 126: 125: 122: 121: 120: 119: 116: 111: 107: 106: 70: 68: 64: 63: 62:April 13, 1873 60: 52: 51: 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8277: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8097:Habeas corpus 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8030: 8029: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8003: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7965: 7963: 7962:Winslow Homer 7960: 7959: 7957: 7953: 7946: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7892:After Slavery 7889: 7886: 7885: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7745: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7657:Nez Perce War 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7548:Delano affair 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7440:Red River War 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7404:Comstock laws 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7364:Panic of 1873 7362: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7092: 7089: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6856:New Departure 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600:Gubernatorial 5598: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5339:Benjamin Wade 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5262:Carpetbaggers 5260: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5208: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5189:Edwin Stanton 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5016: 5014: 5009: 5007: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4906:Silent Parade 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4845:Hang 'Em High 4842: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4605:Strange Fruit 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4578: 4577:Father Divine 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4499:Jim Crow laws 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4271:Walker family 4269: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4002: 3998: 3982: 3981:Ahmaud Arbery 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3957:Yusef Hawkins 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3933:Betty Gardner 3930: 3926: 3925:Marian Pyszko 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3909:Carol Jenkins 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3893:Vernon Dahmer 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3821:George W. Lee 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3674:James Cameron 3671: 3667: 3666:George Hughes 3663: 3659: 3658:J. C. Collins 3655: 3651: 3650:Leonard Woods 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3586:Owen Flemming 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3538:Fred N. Selak 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3386:George Taylor 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3362:Robert Prager 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3346:Charles Jones 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3162:"Mose" Creole 3159: 3155: 3154:Matthew Chase 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3122:William Burns 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3026:Fred Rochelle 3023: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2991:F. W. Stewart 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2975:John Anderson 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911:Alfred Blount 2908: 2904: 2903:John Peterson 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2759:Michael Green 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2671:Henry Plummer 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655:Pancho Daniel 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2475: 2469: 2468:Lane, Charles 2465: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2404: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2382: 2379: 2374: 2367: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2306:September 14, 2302: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2259: 2257: 2240: 2236: 2235:"Colfax Riot" 2230: 2228: 2218: 2216: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2160: 2154: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2078: 2071: 2066: 2058: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2033:, p. 265 2032: 2027: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2002: 1996:, p. 124 1995: 1990: 1983: 1977: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1953: 1948: 1941: 1936: 1929: 1924: 1917: 1916: 1909: 1902: 1897: 1888: 1879: 1871: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1846: 1839: 1834: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1806: 1797: 1788: 1781: 1776: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1736: 1732: 1726: 1717: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1683: 1674: 1665: 1659:, p. 28. 1658: 1653: 1645: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1617: 1612: 1604: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1583: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1557: 1551:, p. 25. 1550: 1545: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1479: 1475: 1468: 1460: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1426: 1422: 1415: 1407: 1406: 1398: 1396: 1389:, p. b13 1388: 1383: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1364: 1362: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1314: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1285: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1208:1923 massacre 1205: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1145:. It depicts 1144: 1139: 1130: 1127: 1126:assassinating 1123: 1119: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1073: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 996: 994: 993:Easter Sunday 990: 989:John G. Lewis 983: 981: 975: 972: 969: 965: 964:U.S. Marshals 960: 957: 951: 947: 945: 939: 935: 933: 927: 924: 920: 916: 912: 902: 900: 896: 891: 889: 882: 878: 876: 875: 868: 866: 862: 857: 854: 849: 845: 836: 832: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 809: 805: 803: 798: 795: 790: 788: 784: 780: 775: 771: 767: 757: 755: 754:Robert E. 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Wells 4599:Paul Robeson 4504:Ku Klux Klan 4450:James Chaney 4440:Anniston, AL 4139: 4064:Plummer Gang 4019:Joseph Smith 3917:Henry Marrow 3877:Frank Morris 3805:Willie Earle 3714:Cordie Cheek 3642:Henry Choate 3562:Dan Anderson 3522:Raymond Byrd 3506:Samuel Smith 3458:Willie Baird 3338:Frank Little 3330:Paulo Boleta 3258:Robert Perry 3234:Mary Jackson 3194:King Johnson 3146:James Hodges 3066:George White 3050:Walker Davis 2951:Jacob Henson 2879:Robert Lewis 2839:Ellen Watson 2727:Jim Williams 2703:Wyatt Outlaw 2545: 2527: 2520:The Atlantic 2518: 2500: 2478:. New York: 2473: 2461:KKK Hearings 2460: 2442:. New York: 2439: 2427: 2419:, Lawrence: 2416: 2402: 2373: 2361: 2349: 2337: 2328: 2304:. Retrieved 2296: 2286: 2274:. Retrieved 2268: 2243:. Retrieved 2239:the original 2208:Find a Grave 2199: 2187:. Retrieved 2181: 2158: 2153: 2141: 2136: 2124:. 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C. Heath 1421:By One Vote 1242:misrule in 1186:misrule in 1110:Mississippi 1060:state actor 932:white flags 794:New Orleans 703:Mississippi 560:Black Codes 550:blamed the 529:Black Codes 461:Republicans 406:parish seat 394:Colfax riot 353:(1874–1875) 97: / 8180:1873 riots 8169:Categories 8056:Gilded Age 7912:Eric Foner 7616:Cattellism 7513:Red Shirts 6628:Key events 5554:U.S. House 5287:Red Shirts 4969:Categories 4896:Red Summer 4589:N.A.A.C.P. 4514:Red Shirts 4346:Red Summer 3885:James Reeb 3757:Felix Hall 3749:After 1940 3498:Joe Pullen 3466:Roy Belton 3418:Will Brown 3322:Jeff Brown 3282:John Evans 3266:? Anderson 3170:"Pie" Hill 3138:Jim Miller 3114:Slab Pitts 3106:Ed Johnson 2943:Amos Hicks 2863:Dick Lundy 2855:Jim Taylor 2499:. (2006) 2390:References 2342:Keith 2007 2329:Yahoo News 1495:. Boston: 1442:. 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Ivy 3442:Jay Lynch 3290:Leo Frank 3018:1900–1940 2366:Lane 2008 2354:Lane 2008 2301:UNC Press 2126:April 13, 2120:Daily Kos 2070:Lane 2008 2043:Lane 2008 2031:Lane 2008 1994:Lane 2008 1952:Lane 2008 1940:Lane 2008 1928:Lane 2008 1901:Lane 2008 1780:Lane 2008 1657:Lane 2008 1616:Lane 2008 1549:Lane 2008 1538:Lane 2008 1387:Lane 2008 1244:the South 1240:carpetbag 1188:the South 1184:carpetbag 1118:Coushatta 1033:terrorist 1000:Aftermath 923:Catahoula 727:Governor 469:Fusionist 465:Democrats 446:Red River 382:carpetbag 320:Lowry War 8154:Category 8122:Suffrage 7057:Timeline 5272:Scalawag 5250:Freedman 4953:Vendetta 4489:Lynching 4460:) (1964) 4025:) (1844) 2999:Sam Hose 2551:Archived 2470:(2008). 2399:(1988). 2189:June 10, 2161:, p. 551 1918:, p. 117 1765:March 2, 1740:March 2, 1706:March 2, 1520:March 2, 1350:March 2, 1324:Archived 1308:, p. 437 1254:See also 1161:in 2022. 971:Blacks. 968:Congress 944:indicted 905:Massacre 691:Arkansas 552:massacre 433:freedmen 67:Location 7747:Aspects 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