532:... the facts show the demand on the militia to give up their arms was made by persons without lawful authority to enforce such demand or to receive the arms had they been surrendered; that the attack on the militia to compel a compliance with this demand was without lawful excuse or justification; and that after there had been some twenty or twenty-five prisoners captured and completely in the power of their captors, five of them were deliberately shot to death and three more severely wounded. It further appears that not content with thus satisfying their vengeance, many of the crowd added to their guilt the crime of robbery of defenceless people, and were only prevented from arson by the efforts of their own leaders. (Allen 1888, 317)
132:
467:, who later went on serve a 24-year career in the United States Senate and whose term was marked by enacting racist legislation, instigated confrontations with the black citizens by claiming that said freedmen intentionally blocked passage of public roads and denied passage to any white man. Alternate sources say that a carriage of white men intentionally drove up against the head of the column to cause a civil disturbance. In any case, after an exchange of words, the Red Shirts, also called "white planters", passed through the ranks of the black parade.
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631:, for the Democratic nomination. Tillman had been indicted by the coroner's jury for his involvement and had become recognized in the area for his role in the Hamburg Massacre. He continued to boast of the "stirring events" of 1876, referring to this more than a decade later during his 1890 campaign for governor of South Carolina. As he put it on the floor of the U.S. Senate:
645:, one of South Carolina's public universities, renamed its main hall in Tillman's honor. Only after events in 2015, when a white supremacist named Dylann Roof murdered nine black church members during their prayer service, did Clemson vote to distance themselves from Tillman's "campaign of terror." In 2020, trustees of the university asked to rename the hall.
482:, appeared as the planters' counsel. (Of the many men surnamed Butler who were involved in the incident, he was referred to as 'General' Butler, based on his service in the Confederate Army.) Despite the lack of any official standing, M. C. Butler demanded for the Hamburg company to disband and turn their guns over to him personally.
640:
Butler and
Tillman argued vehemently during the 1894 campaign about which of them had participated more in the Hamburg massacre. In South Carolina politics at that time, it was seen as heroic for a white man to have participated in the event. In 1940, the state legislature of South Carolina erected a
509:
and bridge. There, the whites formed what was later called the "Dead Ring" and debated the fate of the black men. The whites picked out four men and, going around the ring, murdered them one at a time; these men were as follows: Allan
Attaway, David Phillips, Hampton Stephens, and Albert Myniart. The
596:
Following the violent and bitterly contested 1876 election campaign, with suppression of black voting by actions of the Red Shirts and charges of fraud, white
Democrats gained undivided control of the South Carolina legislature and narrowly won the Governor's office. They passed laws during the next
365:
at the armory, killing two as they tried to leave that night. Later that night, the Red Shirts tortured and murdered four of the militia while holding them as prisoners, and wounded several others. In total, the events in
Hamburg resulted in the death of one white man and six black men with several
635:
s white men we are not sorry for it, and we do not propose to apologize for anything we have done in connection with it. We took the government away from them in 1876. We did take it. If no other
Senator has come here previous to this time who would acknowledge it, more is the pity. We have had no
510:
Sweetwater Sabre
Company, led by Ben Tillman, was chosen to execute black state legislator Simon Coker of Barnwell. After being told of his impending execution, Coker asked the unit to give instructions to his wife regarding cotton-ginning and that month's rent. He was then executed mid-prayer.
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513:
Several others were wounded either during their escape or in a general fusillade as the ring broke up. According to the State
Attorney General's report, freedman Moses Parks was also killed here; the US Senate investigation said he had been killed earlier near Cook.
501:
Outnumbered, running out of ammunition, and upon learning that the whites had brought a small cannon to the city from
Augusta, the militia in the armory slipped away into the night. James Cook, Hamburg's Town Marshal, was shot and killed in the street.
657:, but Hamburg was left unprotected. Disastrous floods in 1927 and following seasons finally forced out the last residents in 1929. In the 21st century, no visible remains exist of the former town of Hamburg, and it is largely covered by a golf course.
440:. (It had been made obsolete by the expansion of the South Carolina Railroad into Augusta.) Many blacks in the postwar period moved from rural areas to cities to escape white violence and gain safety in their own communities.
618:
M. C. Butler's expectations and extent of involvement in the later events have not been proven. He was not conclusively placed in the "Dead Ring", but his association with the massacre damaged his later career in the
489:
bridge. The white militia surrounded the building. Perhaps 25 black militia and 15 others were in the building when firing began. In the exchange of gunfire, McKie
Meriwether, a local white farmer, was killed.
474:. The case was continued until the afternoon of July 8. More than 100 whites from Edgefield and Aiken counties arrived at court, armed with "shotguns, revolvers, hoes, axes and pitchforks." At that time,
356:
Beginning with a dispute over free passage on a public road, the massacre was rooted in racial hatred and political motives. A court hearing attracted armed white "rifle clubs," colloquially called the
451:, two white planters drove in a carriage down Hamburg's wide Market Street, where they encountered a local militia company, which was drilling (or parading) under command of Captain D. L. "Doc" Adams.
558:
Republicans were stunned by the massacre at
Hamburg. The event deflated the "Co-operationist" faction of the Democratic party, which had anticipated a fusion with the reforming Republican Governor
562:. Democratic support crystallized around the uncompromising "Straight-Outs," who had already launched the terrorist "Edgefield Plan," devised by General Martin W. Gary for South Carolina's
593:, near Charleston, resulting in the deaths of one black man and three to six whites, the only such confrontation that year in South Carolina in which more whites died than blacks.
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361:". Desiring to regain control of state governments and eradicate the civil rights of black Americans, over 100 white men attacked about 30 black servicemen of the
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525:, A. P. Butler, and others of the most prominent men in Aiken and Edgefield Counties, South Carolina, and Richmond County, Georgia." They were never prosecuted.
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As Democrats sought to regain control of the state legislature, their leaders planned to disrupt Republican events, as outlined in Confederate veteran General
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The Red Shirts then went to the local court, where, at a hearing on July 6, they accused the militia with obstruction of a public road before Trial Justice
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The white supremacist militia rounded up around two dozen black citizens, some from the militia, and at about 2 a.m, took them to a spot near the
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As armed white men gathered in the vicinity, the militia company refused to disarm and took refuge in the armory in the Sibley building near the
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377:. There were other episodes of violence in the months before the election, including an estimated 100 blacks killed during several days in
194:
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After these events, many blacks left Hamburg and it began to decline once more. After a 1911 flood, Augusta began construction of a river
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589:, also in Aiken County, with estimates of 100 freedmen killed and a few whites. In October 1876, there was a political conflict in
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with a new state constitution adopted in 1895. This exclusion of blacks from the political system was effectively maintained
985:
Mark M. Smith, "'All Is Not Quiet in Our Hellish County': Facts, Fiction, Politics, and Race – The Ellenton Riot of 1876,"
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3509:
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1957:
1917:
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432:. Aiken was the only county in the state to have been organized during the Reconstruction era. Following the end of the
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as governor. During the remainder of the century, they passed laws to establish single-party white rule, impose legal
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585:). A much larger massacre of freedmen by white paramilitary groups took place from September 15 to 21 in the town of
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2013:
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This refers to Colonel A.P. Butler (1826–1902), seated as State Senator from Aiken County in 1877, not U.S. Senator
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Outrage at the events led to the US Senate calling for an investigation. It gathered testimony in hearings held at
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342:
338:
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121:
703:, Papers of Martin Witherspoon Gary, South Caroliniana Library, Columbia, South Carolina, accessed 26 October 2014
693:
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1095:. Institute for Southern Studies. South Caroliniana Society. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press.
20:
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1965:
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fraud in our elections in South Carolina since 1884. There has been no organized Republican party in the State.
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Governor Chamberlain's Administration in South Carolina, A Chapter of Reconstruction in the Southern States
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Governor Chamberlain's administration in South Carolina; a chapter of reconstruction in the Southern states
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Melinda Meeks Hennessy, "Racial Violence During Reconstruction: The 1876 Riots in Charleston and Cainhoy"
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1949:
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Southern hero : Matthew Calbraith Butler, Confederate general, Hampton Red Shirt, and U.S. senator
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Ehren K. Foley, "Sites of Violence: Cainhoy Riot," Citations: "Plan of the Campaign of 1876"
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8:
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2005:
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1180:"Clemson removes John C. Calhoun's name from Honors College, asks to rename Tillman Hall"
259:
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The official report by the Attorney General of South Carolina ends with this statement:
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447:'s "Plan of the Campaign of 1876" (also known as the Edgefield Plan). On July 4, 1876,
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37:
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Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction
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919:. Poole, W. Scott. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 58–59.
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270:
116:
97:
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718:
Aiken County : the only South Carolina County founded during Reconstruction
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more blacks being wounded. Although 94 white men were indicted for murder by a
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601:, and, in 1895, adopted a new constitution, which effectively achieved black
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and disrupting Republican meetings, through actual and threatened violence.
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South Carolina in 1876, U.S. Congressional Serial Set, 44th–2nd S.misdoc 48
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South Carolina in 1876, U.S. Congressional Serial Set, 44th–2nd S.misdoc 48
620:
346:
237:
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Aiken County: The Only South Carolina County Founded During Reconstruction
517:
A coroner's jury indicted ninety-four white men in the attack, including "
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The events were a catalyst in the overarching violence in the volatile
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The men in the Hamburg Company militia were entirely black and mostly
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254:
493:
3356:
863:
Ninety Years of Aiken County Memoirs of Aiken County and Its People
598:
570:
460:
437:
398:
1090:
627:, who led an Edgefield County "Rifle Club," which was part of the
548:
345:
Edgefield District, with the goal of suppressing black Americans'
45:
1478:
100:
1271:, Attorney General of South Carolina, 1876. Accessed March 2015
748:
329:, in July 1876, leading up to the last election season of the
3456:
917:
The Palmetto State : the making of modern South Carolina
654:
623:. However, during the 1894 Senatorial campaign, Butler faced
420:
was a market town populated by a majority of freed blacks in
3425:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
1202:
1331:. Burrows Brothers and various reprints. pp. 122–156.
711:
709:
463:. A white supremacist group called the Red Shirts, led by
806:
641:
statue honoring Tillman on the capital grounds. In 1946,
706:
3642:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
1328:
The Hayes-Tilden Disputed Presidential Election of 1876
1081:, 21 May 2000, includes Chapter One of the book online.
751:
The Hayes-Tilden disputed presidential election of 1876
209:
3973:
Riots and civil disorder during the Reconstruction Era
867:, hosted at Genealogy Trails, accessed 27 October 2014
865:(1958), Chapter IV: The Red Shirts and Reconstruction"
3993:
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
3866:
1071:
Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy
50:
Harper's Weekly cartoon decrying the Hamburg massacre
881:
1366:
1350:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 173–207.
1465:
1021:
497:Map for the Hamburg massacre. From Budiansky, 231
3934:
3086:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
1432:Report of the official U.S. Senate investigation
1148:Congressional Record, 56th Congress, 1st Session
966:Report of the official U.S. Senate investigation
884:The bloody shirt : terror after Appomattox
1425:
1207:. Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Co. p. 210.
959:
1480:List of lynching victims in the United States
1451:
436:, the defunct market town was repopulated by
195:
1288:. Negro University Press. pp. 307–330.
1235:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1152:Document Sets for the South in U. S. History
1123:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
839:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
781:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3516:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
1406:
1091:Simkins, Francis Butler, 1897–1966 (2002).
1062:
715:
573:attracted nationwide attention (such as in
3988:Riots and civil disorder in South Carolina
3487:
3332:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
3062:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
1458:
1444:
1269:"Official Report of the Battle of Hamburg"
1239:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1127:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1054:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
843:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
785:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
325:) was a riot in the United States town of
202:
188:
3968:White American riots in the United States
3808:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
3268:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
2046:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
1430:. Government Printing Office, Washington.
1308:The Bloody Shirt: Terror After Appomattox
1302:
964:. Government Printing Office, Washington.
597:two decades to impose legal segregation,
292:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
1166:Pitchfork Ben Tillman: South Carolinian,
749:Haworth, Paul Leland, 1876–1936 (1906).
689:
687:
547:
492:
487:Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Railroad
82:Political scandal and continued violence
4018:Electoral violence in the United States
3637:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
1390:Pitchfork Ben Tillman, South Carolinian
1387:
1369:Southern Hero: Matthew Calbraith Butler
1324:
1144:"Speech of Senator Benjamin R. Tillman"
1141:
1093:Pitchfork Ben Tillman, South Carolinian
856:
854:
385:. The Southern Democrats succeeded in "
3935:
1392:. University of South Carolina Press.
1364:
1325:Haworth, Paul (1906). "Chapter VIII".
1282:Allen, Walter (1969) . "Chapter XIX".
1009:Vol. 86, No. 2, (April 1985), 104–106
811:. New York: Negro Universities Press.
540:, and published its findings in 1877.
3274:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
3180:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
2871:
1477:
1439:
1281:
1203:Cashin, Edward J., 1927–2007 (1991).
1177:
1150:. (Reprinted in Richard Purday, ed.,
1069:Kantrowitz, Stephen. "Book Review of
1026:(First ed.). Mechanicsburg, PA.
996:
989:Vol. 95, No. 2 (April 1994), 142–155
978:
953:
684:
183:
3849:Lynching deaths in the United States
2979:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
2872:
1345:
1310:. Viking Penguin. pp. 221–254.
1142:Tillman, Benjamin (March 23, 1900).
914:
877:
875:
873:
851:
802:
800:
798:
796:
389:" the state government and electing
3998:Anti-black racism in South Carolina
3510:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
3286:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
3068:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
1007:South Carolina Historical Magazine,
987:South Carolina Historical Magazine,
667:List of massacres in South Carolina
648:
13:
1346:Holt, Thomas (1979). "Chapter 8".
1275:
807:Allen, Walter, 1840–1907. (1888).
148:South Carolina Army National Guard
14:
4034:
3943:1876 murders in the United States
3410:American Crusade Against Lynching
3056:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
1388:Simkins, Francis Butler (2002) .
1262:
870:
793:
720:. Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Co.
337:planned and carried out by white
4013:Edgefield County, South Carolina
3888:
3876:
3622:America's Black Holocaust Museum
3405:American anti-lynching activists
3377:Nadir of American race relations
2967:Steve Long and two half-brothers
2903:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
1164:Simkins, Francis Butler (1945).
130:
44:
16:U.S. incident of racial violence
3828:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
3462:National Conference on Lynching
3020:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
2897:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
2238:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
1247:
1196:
1171:
1158:
1154:, p. 147.). pp. 3223–3224.
1135:
1084:
1015:
969:
753:. Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger.
3978:Massacres in the United States
2944:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
1411:. Reprint Company Publishers.
941:
908:
742:
335:a series of civil disturbances
1:
3844:Lynching in the United States
3145:Springfield race riot of 1908
1563:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
1467:Lynching in the United States
677:
412:
4023:Torture in the United States
4003:Aiken County, South Carolina
3738:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
3669:And you are lynching Negroes
3521:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
3256:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
3162:Harris County, GA, lynchings
3104:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
2950:New Orleans massacre of 1866
1407:Vandervelde, Isabel (1999).
882:Budiansky, Stephen. (2008).
716:Vandervelde, Isabel (1998).
608:
543:
233:New Orleans massacre of 1866
7:
3647:Southern Poverty Law Center
3292:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
2920:? Lachenais and four others
2358:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
1675:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
660:
613:
10:
4039:
3128:1906 Atlanta race massacre
3098:Phoenix, SC, election riot
3074:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
3026:Benjamin and Mollie French
1365:Martin, Samuel J. (2001).
1022:Martin, Samuel J. (2001).
579:, August 12, 1876, and in
266:Meridian race riot of 1871
18:
3836:
3655:
3614:
3533:
3435:William O'Connell Bradley
3395:
3349:
3345:
3174:East St. Louis, IL, riots
2926:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
2909:New York City draft riots
2878:
2867:
2616:
1885:
1490:
1486:
1473:
454:
222:
165:
90:
54:
43:
35:
30:
3983:Murder in South Carolina
3699:Deaths in police custody
3186:Jenkins County, GA, riot
2997:Chinese massacre of 1871
2915:Detroit race riot (1863)
2550:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
2342:Dick Rowland (attempted)
538:Columbia, South Carolina
476:Matthew Calbraith Butler
379:Ellenton, South Carolina
370:, none were prosecuted.
117:Local white supremacists
3680:Battle of Liberty Place
3675:Attack on John Shillady
3663:James Allen (collector)
3496:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
3280:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
3204:Omaha race riot of 1919
3192:Longview, TX, race riot
3168:Newberry, FL, lynchings
3110:Julia and Frazier Baker
3092:Porter and Spencer (MS)
3044:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
3002:Meridian, MS, race riot
2985:Opelousas, LA, massacre
1958:Paul Reed and Will Cato
1643:Big Nose George Parrott
1426:U. S. Congress (1877).
1254:Location on Google Maps
1011:(subscription required)
991:(subscription required)
960:U. S. Congress (1877).
861:Gasper Loren Toole II,
507:South Carolina Railroad
327:Hamburg, South Carolina
281:Battle of Liberty Place
153:Local African Americans
72:Hamburg, South Carolina
3948:1876 in South Carolina
3814:United States v. Shipp
3566:Rebecca Latimer Felton
3397:Anti-lynching movement
3314:Freedom Summer Murders
3244:Rosewood, FL, massacre
3209:Knoxville riot of 1919
2078:Laura and L. D. Nelson
1306:(2008). "Section VI".
638:
555:
534:
498:
375:1876 election campaign
341:in the majority-black
333:. It was the first of
3785:Summer in Mississippi
3732:Mississippi Cold Case
3686:The Birth of a Nation
3627:Civil Rights Memorial
3556:Sidney Johnston Catts
3534:Defenders of lynching
3220:Duluth, MN, lynchings
3198:Elaine, AR, race riot
3156:Laura and L.D. Nelson
3122:Watkinsville lynching
3080:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
3038:Hamburg, SC, massacre
3014:Election riot of 1874
2961:Camilla, GA, massacre
2883:Death of Joseph Smith
1507:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
633:
625:Benjamin Ryan Tillman
560:Daniel H. Chamberlain
551:
530:
496:
403:disenfranchise blacks
228:Memphis riots of 1866
166:Casualties and losses
3503:Costigan-Wagner Bill
3440:Ella Barksdale Brown
3238:Perry, FL, race riot
3150:Slocum, TX, massacre
3050:Mart and Tom Horrell
3008:Colfax, LA, massacre
2991:Bear River City riot
2841:James Craig Anderson
2641:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
2246:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
1205:The story of Augusta
975:Holt (1979), 173–207
886:. New York: Viking.
19:For other uses, see
3915: /
3745:The Ox-Bow Incident
3725:Mississippi Burning
3576:John Trotwood Moore
3232:Tulsa race massacre
3226:Ocoee, FL, massacre
2721:Mack Charles Parker
2649:Willie James Howard
1373:. Stackpole Books.
1184:The Greenville News
915:Bass, Jack (2009).
478:, an attorney from
407:into the late 1960s
3759:Reconstruction era
3571:John Temple Graves
3415:Jessie Daniel Ames
3362:Indiana White Caps
3032:Ellenton, SC, riot
2955:Reno Brothers Gang
2705:Judge Edward Aaron
1902:Ballie Crutchfield
1304:Budiansky, Stephen
1078:The New York Times
699:2014-11-05 at the
672:Freedmen massacres
643:Clemson University
603:disenfranchisement
582:The New York Times
556:
499:
331:Reconstruction Era
319:Red Shirt Massacre
286:Vicksburg massacre
250:Barber–Mizell feud
244:Opelousas massacre
214:Reconstruction era
38:Reconstruction Era
3963:Massacres in 1876
3919:33.481°N 81.950°W
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3802:They Won't Forget
3719:Lynching postcard
3632:The Legacy Museum
3601:James K. Vardaman
3541:Theodore G. Bilbo
3529:
3528:
3420:Martin C. Ansorge
3341:
3340:
3326:Michael Schwerner
3133:Kemper County, MS
2973:Pulaski, TN, riot
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2566:Shedrick Thompson
2446:Bernice Raspberry
2166:Name unknown (MS)
2070:Name unknown (TX)
1691:Joseph Vermillion
1659:John Wesley Heath
1317:978-0-670-01840-6
1033:978-0-8117-5357-9
926:978-1-57003-814-3
893:978-0-670-01840-6
760:978-0-548-22467-0
308:
307:
276:Brooks–Baxter War
211:Conflicts of the
178:
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86:
85:
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4008:Benjamin Tillman
3958:July 1876 events
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3656:Related articles
3606:Thomas E. Watson
3596:Benjamin Tillman
3561:Thomas Dixon Jr.
3485:
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3346:
3250:Jim and Mark Fox
2938:Memphis massacre
2873:Multiple victims
2869:
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2049:
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2009:
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1998:Earnest Williams
1993:
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1961:
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649:Fate of the town
553:Benjamin Tillman
465:Benjamin Tillman
449:Independence Day
430:Augusta, Georgia
391:Wade Hampton III
315:Hamburg Massacre
297:Hamburg massacre
217:
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3302:Harriette Moore
3262:Tate County, MS
2874:
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2809:Arthur McDuffie
2807:
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2118:George Saunders
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576:Harper's Weekly
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271:Colfax massacre
260:Kirk–Holden war
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143:Court officials
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3895:South Carolina
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3116:Pana, IL, riot
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363:National Guard
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3713:Hang 'Em High
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3473:Strange Fruit
3470:
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3445:Father Divine
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3367:Jim Crow laws
3365:
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3333:
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3139:Walker family
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2877:
2870:
2866:
2850:
2849:Ahmaud Arbery
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:Yusef Hawkins
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2801:Betty Gardner
2798:
2794:
2793:Marian Pyszko
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2777:Carol Jenkins
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2761:Vernon Dahmer
2758:
2754:
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2734:
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2710:
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2698:
2694:
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2689:George W. Lee
2686:
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2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:James Cameron
2539:
2535:
2534:George Hughes
2531:
2527:
2526:J. C. Collins
2523:
2519:
2518:Leonard Woods
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
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2471:
2467:
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2459:
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2454:Owen Flemming
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:Fred N. Selak
2403:
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2271:
2267:
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2255:
2254:George Taylor
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:Robert Prager
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:Charles Jones
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
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2167:
2163:
2159:
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2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
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2035:
2031:
2030:"Mose" Creole
2027:
2023:
2022:Matthew Chase
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:William Burns
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
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1899:
1895:
1894:Fred Rochelle
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:F. W. Stewart
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:John Anderson
1840:
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1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
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1779:Alfred Blount
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1771:John Peterson
1768:
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1627:Michael Green
1624:
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1536:
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1523:Pancho Daniel
1520:
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1418:0-87152-517-8
1414:
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1399:1-57003-477-X
1395:
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1380:0-8117-0899-3
1376:
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1370:
1363:
1359:
1357:0-252-00775-1
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1338:0-548-22467-6
1334:
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1295:0-8371-1537-X
1291:
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1199:
1185:
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1102:1-57003-477-X
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1029:
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944:
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932:
928:
922:
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911:
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889:
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878:
876:
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864:
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836:
828:
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818:0-8371-1537-X
814:
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788:
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766:
762:
756:
752:
745:
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733:
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727:0-87152-517-8
723:
719:
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541:
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526:
524:
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491:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
472:Prince Rivers
468:
466:
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452:
450:
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441:
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435:
431:
427:
424:, across the
423:
419:
410:
408:
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396:
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388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
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364:
360:
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352:
351:voting rights
348:
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340:
336:
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328:
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316:
298:
295:
294:
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137:United States
127:
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89:
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42:
39:
34:
29:
22:
3900:
3863:
3820:
3812:
3800:
3791:Sundown town
3783:
3751:
3743:
3730:
3723:
3711:
3704:
3693:The Clansman
3691:
3684:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3479:Ida B. Wells
3467:Paul Robeson
3372:Ku Klux Klan
3318:James Chaney
3308:Anniston, AL
3037:
2932:Plummer Gang
2887:Joseph Smith
2785:Henry Marrow
2745:Frank Morris
2673:Willie Earle
2582:Cordie Cheek
2510:Henry Choate
2430:Dan Anderson
2390:Raymond Byrd
2374:Samuel Smith
2326:Willie Baird
2206:Frank Little
2198:Paulo Boleta
2126:Robert Perry
2102:Mary Jackson
2062:King Johnson
2014:James Hodges
1934:George White
1918:Walker Davis
1819:Jacob Henson
1747:Robert Lewis
1707:Ellen Watson
1595:Jim Williams
1571:Wyatt Outlaw
1427:
1408:
1389:
1368:
1347:
1327:
1307:
1284:
1249:
1204:
1198:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:
1173:
1165:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1092:
1086:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1023:
1017:
1006:
998:
986:
980:
971:
961:
955:
943:
916:
910:
883:
862:
808:
750:
744:
717:
652:
639:
634:
621:U. S. Senate
617:
595:
580:
574:
568:
557:
535:
531:
527:
519:M. C. Butler
516:
512:
504:
500:
484:
469:
458:
442:
422:Aiken County
416:
383:Aiken County
372:
355:
347:civil rights
323:Hamburg riot
322:
318:
314:
312:
296:
238:Pulaski riot
128:
96:
91:Belligerents
36:Part of the
3922: /
3823:(1999 film)
3707:(1936 film)
3586:James Rolph
3488:Legislation
3451:Flag Salute
2891:Hyrum Smith
2737:Lemuel Penn
2729:Louis Allen
2697:Emmett Till
2681:Lamar Smith
2657:Recy Taylor
2590:Claude Neal
2438:Will Sherod
2422:John Carter
2398:James Clark
2350:Henry Lowry
2222:Ell Persons
2110:Rob Edwards
2086:Will Porter
1942:David Wyatt
1910:George Ward
1787:Henry Smith
1683:Amos Miller
1667:Eliza Woods
1603:David Jones
1547:Bill Sketoe
1531:Joshua Boyd
1491:Before 1900
395:segregation
288:(1874–1875)
158:Republicans
3953:1876 riots
3937:Categories
3910:81°57′00″W
3907:33°28′52″N
3837:Categories
3764:Red Summer
3457:N.A.A.C.P.
3382:Red Shirts
3214:Red Summer
2753:James Reeb
2625:Felix Hall
2617:After 1940
2366:Joe Pullen
2334:Roy Belton
2286:Will Brown
2190:Jeff Brown
2150:John Evans
2134:? Anderson
2038:"Pie" Hill
2006:Jim Miller
1982:Slab Pitts
1974:Ed Johnson
1811:Amos Hicks
1731:Dick Lundy
1723:Jim Taylor
1189:2020-12-13
678:References
629:Red Shirts
564:Redemption
413:Background
381:, also in
359:Red Shirts
343:Republican
107:Red Shirts
3754:(musical)
2470:Joe Smith
2414:Tom Payne
2382:L. Q. Ivy
2310:Jay Lynch
2158:Leo Frank
1886:1900–1940
1231:cite book
1119:cite book
1050:cite book
1042:884726010
935:290459602
902:173350931
835:cite book
777:cite book
769:172978575
609:Aftermath
544:Reactions
480:Edgefield
387:redeeming
339:Democrats
255:Lowry War
122:Democrats
62:July 1876
3883:Politics
3821:Vendetta
3357:Lynching
3328:) (1964)
2893:) (1844)
1867:Sam Hose
1223:24068684
1111:49976599
736:39763469
697:Archived
661:See also
614:Politics
599:Jim Crow
587:Ellenton
571:massacre
461:freedmen
438:freedmen
399:Jim Crow
112:Planters
67:Location
3869:Portals
3350:General
1739:Joe Coe
1611:Jo Reed
1168:p. 270.
591:Cainhoy
418:Hamburg
401:," and
101:militia
3752:Parade
3740:(1965)
3615:Memory
3334:(1964)
3310:(1961)
3304:(1952)
3294:(1946)
3288:(1945)
3282:(1943)
3276:(1937)
3270:(1933)
3264:(1932)
3258:(1930)
3252:(1927)
3246:(1923)
3240:(1922)
3234:(1921)
3228:(1920)
3222:(1920)
3216:(1919)
3200:(1919)
3194:(1919)
3188:(1919)
3182:(1918)
3176:(1917)
3170:(1916)
3164:(1912)
3158:(1911)
3152:(1910)
3141:(1908)
3135:(1906)
3124:(1905)
3118:(1899)
3112:(1898)
3106:(1898)
3100:(1898)
3094:(1897)
3088:(1892)
3082:(1892)
3076:(1891)
3070:(1880)
3064:(1879)
3058:(1879)
3052:(1878)
3046:(1878)
3040:(1876)
3034:(1876)
3028:(1876)
3022:(1874)
3010:(1873)
3004:(1871)
2993:(1868)
2987:(1868)
2981:(1868)
2975:(1868)
2969:(1868)
2963:(1868)
2957:(1868)
2946:(1866)
2940:(1866)
2934:(1864)
2928:(1864)
2922:(1863)
2911:(1863)
2905:(1862)
2899:(1858)
2851:(2020)
2843:(2011)
2835:(1998)
2827:(1989)
2819:(1981)
2811:(1979)
2803:(1978)
2795:(1975)
2787:(1970)
2779:(1968)
2771:(1967)
2763:(1966)
2755:(1965)
2747:(1964)
2739:(1964)
2731:(1964)
2723:(1959)
2715:(1957)
2707:(1957)
2699:(1955)
2691:(1955)
2683:(1955)
2675:(1947)
2667:(1946)
2659:(1944)
2651:(1944)
2643:(1943)
2635:(1943)
2627:(1941)
2608:(1940)
2600:(1940)
2592:(1934)
2584:(1933)
2576:(1933)
2568:(1932)
2560:(1931)
2552:(1931)
2544:(1930)
2536:(1930)
2528:(1928)
2520:(1927)
2512:(1927)
2504:(1927)
2496:(1927)
2488:(1927)
2480:(1927)
2472:(1927)
2464:(1927)
2456:(1927)
2448:(1927)
2440:(1927)
2432:(1927)
2424:(1927)
2416:(1927)
2408:(1926)
2400:(1926)
2392:(1926)
2384:(1925)
2376:(1924)
2368:(1923)
2360:(1922)
2352:(1921)
2344:(1921)
2336:(1920)
2328:(1920)
2320:(1919)
2312:(1919)
2304:(1919)
2296:(1919)
2288:(1919)
2280:(1919)
2272:(1918)
2264:(1918)
2256:(1918)
2248:(1918)
2240:(1918)
2232:(1918)
2224:(1917)
2216:(1917)
2208:(1917)
2200:(1916)
2192:(1916)
2184:(1916)
2176:(1916)
2168:(1915)
2160:(1915)
2152:(1914)
2144:(1914)
2136:(1913)
2128:(1913)
2120:(1912)
2112:(1912)
2104:(1912)
2096:(1911)
2088:(1911)
2080:(1911)
2072:(1911)
2064:(1911)
2056:(1910)
2048:(1909)
2040:(1909)
2032:(1909)
2024:(1909)
2016:(1909)
2008:(1909)
2000:(1907)
1992:(1907)
1984:(1906)
1976:(1906)
1968:(1906)
1960:(1904)
1952:(1904)
1944:(1903)
1936:(1903)
1928:(1903)
1920:(1903)
1912:(1901)
1904:(1901)
1896:(1901)
1877:(1899)
1869:(1899)
1861:(1898)
1853:(1898)
1845:(1898)
1837:(1897)
1829:(1897)
1821:(1896)
1813:(1894)
1805:(1894)
1797:(1894)
1789:(1893)
1781:(1893)
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