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1175:, similar to other steam turbine power plants, can be fitted with extractions in the turbines to bleed partially expanded steam to a heating system. With a heating system temperature of 95 °C it is possible to extract about 10 MW heat for every MW electricity lost. With a temperature of 130 °C the gain is slightly smaller, about 7 MW for every MWe lost. A review of cogeneration options is in Czech research team proposed a "Teplator" system where heat from spent fuel rods is recovered for the purpose of residential heating.
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country's electricity to 25% of the country's electricity by 2020 and has passed supporting legislation accordingly. The UK is also actively supporting combined heat and power. In light of UK's goal to achieve a 60% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, the government has set the target to source at least 15% of its government electricity use from CHP by 2010. Other UK measures to encourage CHP growth are financial incentives, grant support, a greater regulatory framework, and government leadership and partnership.
810:
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848:, distillation columns, steam driers and other uses. This heat, which is usually used in the form of steam, can be generated at the typically low pressures used in heating, or can be generated at much higher pressure and passed through a turbine first to generate electricity. In the turbine the steam pressure and temperature is lowered as the internal energy of the steam is converted to work. The lower-pressure steam leaving the turbine can then be used for process heat.
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1291:. One author indicated in 2008 that MicroCHP based on Stirling engines is the most cost-effective of the so-called microgeneration technologies in abating carbon emissions. A 2013 UK report from Ecuity Consulting stated that MCHP is the most cost-effective method of using gas to generate energy at the domestic level. However, advances in reciprocation engine technology are adding efficiency to CHP plants, particularly in the
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31:
2190:.” Energy efficiency and cogeneration are recognized in the opening paragraphs of the European Union's Cogeneration Directive 2004/08/EC. This directive intends to support cogeneration and establish a method for calculating cogeneration abilities per country. The development of cogeneration has been very uneven over the years and has been dominated throughout the last decades by national circumstances.
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2304:(combined heat and power, waste heat recovery, and district energy) technologies as viable energy options and reduce any perceived risks associated with their implementation. The focus of the Application Centers is to provide an outreach and technology deployment program for end users, policymakers, utilities, and industry stakeholders.
1391:, refineries and chemical plants. In this "industrial cogeneration/CHP", the heat is typically recovered at higher temperatures (above 100 °C) and used for process steam or drying duties. This is more valuable and flexible than low-grade waste heat, but there is a slight loss of power generation. The increased focus on
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has an aggressive goal of having CHP constitute 20% of generation capacity by 2030. Eight Clean Energy
Application Centers have been established across the nation. Their mission is to develop the required technology application knowledge and educational infrastructure necessary to lead "clean energy"
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The viability of CHP (sometimes termed utilisation factor), especially in smaller CHP installations, depends on a good baseload of operation, both in terms of an on-site (or near site) electrical demand and heat demand. In practice, an exact match between the heat and electricity needs rarely exists.
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For cogeneration to be practical power generation and end use of heat must be in relatively close proximity (<2 km typically). Even though the efficiency of a small distributed electrical generator may be lower than a large central power plant, the use of its waste heat for local heating and
1117:. These plants are generally manufactured as fully packaged units that can be installed within a plantroom or external plant compound with simple connections to the site's gas supply, electrical distribution network and heating systems. Typical outputs and efficiencies see Typical large example see
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power plants operate at up to 60% efficiency. In the case of conventional power plants, approximately 10-15% of this heat is lost up the stack of the boiler. Most of the remaining heat emerges from the turbines as low-grade waste heat with no significant local uses, so it is usually rejected to the
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and warm water, the same water may even serve as both a "dump" for the waste heat rejected by a/c units and as a "source" for heat pumps providing warm water. Those considerations are behind what is sometimes called "cold district heating" using a "heat" source whose temperature is well below those
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It is also possible to run a heat driven operation combined with a heat pump, where the excess electricity (as heat demand is the defining factor on se) is used to drive a heat pump. As heat demand increases, more electricity is generated to drive the heat pump, with the waste heat also heating the
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a heat pump were used to provide the same heat by taking electrical power from the generator running at lower output temperature and higher efficiency. Typically for every unit of electrical power lost, then about 6 units of heat are made available at about 90 °C (194 °F). Thus CHP has an
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Energy cogeneration in sugarcane industries located in Brazil is a practice that has been growing in last years. With the adoption of energy cogeneration in the sugar and alcohol sector, the sugarcane industries are able to supply the electric energy demand needed to operate, and generate a surplus
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The
European Union generates 11% of its electricity using cogeneration. However, there is large difference between Member States with variations of the energy savings between 2% and 60%. Europe has the three countries with the world's most intensive cogeneration economies: Denmark, the Netherlands
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of steam that is not recovered when a turbine exhausts its low temperature and pressure steam to a condenser. (Typical steam to condenser would be at a few millimeters absolute pressure and on the order of 5 °C (41 °F) hotter than the cooling water temperature, depending on the condenser
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Cogeneration plants face possible contamination of returned condensate. Because boiler feed water from cogeneration plants has much lower return rates than 100% condensing power plants, industries usually have to treat proportionately more boiler make up water. Boiler feed water must be completely
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As the efficiency of heat pumps depends on the difference between hot end and cold end temperature (efficiency rises as the difference decreases) it may be worthwhile to combine even relatively low grade waste heat otherwise unsuitable for home heating with heat pumps. For example, a large enough
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compared to a heat pump of 6. However, for a remotely operated heat pump, losses in the electrical distribution network would need to be considered, of the order of 6%. Because the losses are proportional to the square of the current, during peak periods losses are much higher than this and it is
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Cogeneration was practiced in some of the earliest installations of electrical generation. Before central stations distributed power, industries generating their own power used exhaust steam for process heating. Large office and apartment buildings, hotels, and stores commonly generated their own
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By the early 1900s, regulations emerged to promote rural electrification through the construction of centralized plants managed by regional utilities. These regulations not only promoted electrification throughout the countryside, but they also discouraged decentralized power generation, such as
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scheme regulates the combined production of heat and power. It was introduced in 1996. It defines, through calculation of inputs and outputs, "Good
Quality CHP" in terms of the achievement of primary energy savings against conventional separate generation of heat and electricity. Compliance with
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CHP is most efficient when heat can be used on-site or very close to it. Overall efficiency is reduced when the heat must be transported over longer distances. This requires heavily insulated pipes, which are expensive and inefficient; whereas electricity can be transmitted along a comparatively
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may have extraction pressures of 160 and 60 psi (1.10 and 0.41 MPa). A typical back pressure may be 60 psi (0.41 MPa). In practice these pressures are custom designed for each facility. Conversely, simply generating process steam for industrial purposes instead of high enough
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Other
European countries are also making great efforts to increase efficiency. Germany reported that at present, over 50% of the country's total electricity demand could be provided through cogeneration. So far, Germany has set the target to double its electricity cogeneration from 12.5% of the
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with some use of its waste heat, the latter being less advantageous in terms of its utilisation factor and thus its overall efficiency. The viability can be greatly increased where opportunities for trigeneration exist. In such cases, the heat from the CHP plant is also used as a primary energy
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reduction from buildings, where more than 14% of emissions can be saved using CHP in buildings. The
University of Cambridge reported a cost-effective steam engine MicroCHP prototype in 2017 which has the potential to be commercially competitive in the following decades. Quite recently, in some
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is used for both heating and cooling, typically in an absorption refrigerator. Combined cooling, heat, and power systems can attain higher overall efficiencies than cogeneration or traditional power plants. In the United States, the application of trigeneration in buildings is called building
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According to the IEA 2008 modeling of cogeneration expansion for the G8 countries, the expansion of cogeneration in France, Germany, Italy and the UK alone would effectively double the existing primary fuel savings by 2030. This would increase Europe's savings from today's 155.69 Twh to
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Most industrial countries generate the majority of their electrical power needs in large centralized facilities with capacity for large electrical power output. These plants benefit from economy of scale, but may need to transmit electricity across long distances causing transmission losses.
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In addition to the environmental advantages, cogeneration using sugarcane bagasse presents advantages in terms of efficiency comparing to thermoelectric generation, through the final destination of the energy produced. While in thermoelectric generation, part of the heat produced is lost, in
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in a house or small business. Instead of burning fuel to merely heat space or water, some of the energy is converted to electricity in addition to heat. This electricity can be used within the home or business or, if permitted by the grid management, sold back into the electric power grid.
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consumption and thus reduced carbon emissions. These plants are generally manufactured as fully packaged units that can be installed within a plantroom or external plant compound with simple connections to the site's electrical distribution and heating systems. Another variant is the
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environment, typically to cooling water passing through a condenser. Because turbine exhaust is normally just above ambient temperature, some potential power generation is sacrificed in rejecting higher-temperature steam from the turbine for cogeneration purposes.
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Cogeneration or trigeneration production is subject to limitations in the local demand and thus may sometimes need to reduce (e.g., heat or cooling production to match the demand). An example of cogeneration with trigeneration applications in a major city is the
2281:, the world's first commercial power plant, was a combined heat and power plant, producing both electricity and thermal energy while using waste heat to warm neighboring buildings. Recycling allowed Edison's plant to achieve approximately 50 percent efficiency.
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system with a secondary heat exchanger that allows heat to be extracted from combustion products down to the ambient temperature along with recovering heat from the water vapor. The chimney is replaced by a water drain and vent to the side of the building.
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Another MicroCHP example is a natural gas or propane fueled
Electricity Producing Condensing Furnace. It combines the fuel saving technique of cogeneration meaning producing electric power and useful heat from a single source of combustion. The condensing
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Cogeneration plants proliferated, soon producing about 8% of all energy in the United States. However, the bill left implementation and enforcement up to individual states, resulting in little or nothing being done in many parts of the country.
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may be compared with a CHP unit as follows. If, to supply thermal energy, the exhaust steam from the turbo-generator must be taken at a higher temperature than the system would produce most electricity at, the lost electrical generation is
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1474:
Since the temperature difference between the hot gases and the fluid to be heated (steam or water) is low, and with the heat transmission coefficient being low as well, the evaporator and economizer are designed with plate fin heat
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After each reaction, chlorine starts a destructive cycle with another ozone molecule. In this way, a single chlorine atom can destroy thousands of ozone molecules. As these molecules are being broken, they are unable to absorb the
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A car engine becomes a CHP plant in winter when the reject heat is useful for warming the interior of the vehicle. The example illustrates the point that deployment of CHP depends on heat uses in the vicinity of the heat engine.
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Due to this absorption, when the sugarcane bagasse is burned in the power cogeneration, dioxins and methyl chloride ends up being emitted. In the case of dioxins, these substances are considered very toxic and cancerous.
984:(TEOR) plants often produce a substantial amount of excess electricity. After generating electricity, these plants pump leftover steam into heavy oil wells so that the oil will flow more easily, increasing production.
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of some steam at lower pressures after it has passed through a number of turbine stages, with the un-extracted steam going on through the turbine to a condenser. In this case, the extracted steam causes a mechanical
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are normally designed to be fed high-pressure steam, which exits the turbine at a condenser operating a few degrees above ambient temperature and at a few millimeters of mercury absolute pressure. (This is called a
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boiler feeds an electrical plant. Bottoming cycle plants are only used in industrial processes that require very high temperatures such as furnaces for glass and metal manufacturing, so they are less common.
3218:"Best Value CHP, Combined Heat & Power and Cogeneration - Alfagy - Profitable Greener Energy via CHP, Cogen and Biomass Boiler using Wood, Biogas, Natural Gas, Biodiesel, Vegetable Oil, Syngas and Straw"
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units, which shut down at night, this equates to an estimated lifetime of between ten and fifteen years. For a price of $ 22,600 before installation. For 2013 a state subsidy for 50,000 units is in place.
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Utilities are less likely to have sharp load swings than industrial operations, which deal with shutting down or starting up units that may represent a significant percent of either steam or power demand.
1187:. The heat is removed from the exhaust and radiator. The systems are popular in small sizes because small gas and diesel engines are less expensive than small gas- or oil-fired steam-electric plants.
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Tomaz W. L, Gordono F. S, Da Silva F. P, De Castro M. D. C, Esperidião M. (2015). "Cogeração de energia a partir do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar: estudo de caso múltiplo no setor sucroalcoleiro".
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who serve as an information hub for the most recent updates within Europe's energy policy. COGEN is Europe's umbrella organization representing the interests of the cogeneration industry.
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2186:. In September 2008 at a hearing of the European Parliament's Urban Lodgment Intergroup, Energy Commissioner Andris Piebalgs is quoted as saying, “security of supply really starts with
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Smaller industrial co-generation units have an output capacity of 5–25 MW and represent a viable off-grid option for a variety of remote applications to reduce carbon emissions.
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power and used waste steam for building heat. Due to the high cost of early purchased power, these CHP operations continued for many years after utility electricity became available.
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Topping cycle plants primarily produce electricity from a steam turbine. Partly expanded steam is then condensed in a heating condensor at a temperature level that is suitable e.g.
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systems of larger buildings (e.g. hospitals, hotels, prisons) and are commonly used in the industry in thermal production processes for process water, cooling, steam production or
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1312:(see reaction) but (temporarily) running on this can be a good solution until the point where the hydrogen is starting to be distributed through the (natural gas) piping system.
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likely that widespread (i.e. citywide application of heat pumps) would cause overloading of the distribution and transmission grids unless they were substantially reinforced.
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952:, whose exhaust powers a steam plant, whose condensate provides heat. Cogeneration plants based on a combined cycle power unit can have thermal efficiencies above 80%.
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Pearce, J. M. (2009). "Expanding
Photovoltaic Penetration with Residential Distributed Generation from Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic + Combined Heat and Power Systems".
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1127:, depending upon which biofuel is being used, and are otherwise very similar in design to a Gas engine CHP plant. The advantage of using a biofuel is one of reduced
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Oliveira, A.C.; Afonso, C.; Matos, J.; Riffat, S.; Nguyen, M.; Doherty, P. (2002). "A Combined Heat and Power System for
Buildings driven by Solar Energy and Gas".
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The exhaust gas velocity is limited by the need to keep head losses down. Thus, the transmission coefficient is low, which calls for a large heating surface area.
1957:{\displaystyle \eta _{th}\equiv {\frac {W_{out}}{Q_{in}}}\equiv {\frac {\text{Electrical power output + Heat output + Cooling output}}{\text{Total heat input}}}}
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Typically, for a gas-fired plant the fully installed cost per kW electrical is around £400/kW (US$ 577), which is comparable with large central power stations.
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generation to further improve technical and environmental performance. Such hybrid systems can be scaled down to the building level and even individual homes.
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873:(non-condensing). The extracted or exhaust steam is used for process heating. Steam at ordinary process heating conditions still has a considerable amount of
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CHP plants use a reciprocating gas engine, which is generally more competitive than a gas turbine up to about 5 MW. The gaseous fuel used is normally
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1027:) refers to the simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heating and cooling from the combustion of a fuel or a solar heat collector. The terms
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capacity.) In cogeneration this steam exits the turbine at a higher temperature where it may be used for process heat, building heat or cooling with an
4427:
4186:
761:-powered generator. The resulting low-temperature waste heat is then used for water or space heating. At smaller scales (typically below 1 MW), a
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turbine.) For all practical purposes this steam has negligible useful energy before it is condensed. Steam turbines for cogeneration are designed for
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and
Finland. Of the 28.46 TWh of electrical power generated by conventional thermal power plants in Finland in 2012, 81.80% was cogeneration.
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reservoir of cooling water at 15 °C (59 °F) can significantly improve efficiency of heat pumps drawing from such a reservoir compared to
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Análise da
Viabilidade Econômica Financeira de Projetos de Cogeração de Energia Através do Bagaço de Cana-de-Açúcar em Quatro Usinas em São Paulo
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Combined Heat and Power Quality Assurance is required for cogeneration installations to be eligible for government subsidies and tax incentives.
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cooling can result in an overall use of the primary fuel supply as great as 80%. This provides substantial financial and environmental benefits.
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1766:{\displaystyle \eta _{th}\equiv {\frac {W_{out}}{Q_{in}}}\equiv {\frac {\text{Electrical power output + Heat output}}{\text{Total heat input}}}}
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Heat output may also be used for cooling (for example, in summer), thanks to an absorption chiller. If cooling is achieved in the same time,
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A growing sector in the use of biomass for power generation is the sugar and alcohol sector, which mainly uses sugarcane bagasse as fuel for
3053:
1375:
distributes 66 billion kilograms of 350 °F (177 °C) steam each year through its seven cogeneration plants to 100,000 buildings in
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Typical cogeneration models have losses as in any system. The energy distribution below is represented as a percent of total input energy:
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cooling, heating, and power. Heating and cooling output may operate concurrently or alternately depending on need and system construction.
691:
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893:). The capital and operating cost of high-pressure boilers, turbines, and generators is substantial. This equipment is normally operated
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By 1978, Congress recognized that efficiency at central power plants had stagnated and sought to encourage improved efficiency with the
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cogeneration this heat has the possibility of being used in the production processes, increasing the overall efficiency of the process.
3099:"Launch of New 'Ene-Farm' Home Fuel Cell Product More Affordable and Easier to Install - Headquarters News - Panasonic Newsroom Global"
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High electric rates in New England and the Middle Atlantic make these areas of the United States the most beneficial for cogeneration.
1379:—the biggest steam district in the United States. The peak delivery is 10 million pounds per hour (or approximately 2.5 GW).
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heated a boiler for a conventional steam powerplant, whose condensate was then used for space heat. A more modern system might use a
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layer, since chlorine when combined with the ozone molecule generates a catalytic reaction leading to the breakdown of ozone links.
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can now be found, which can operate on hydrogen, or other fuels as natural gas or LPG. When running on natural gas, it relies on
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Large cogeneration systems provide heating water and power for an industrial site or an entire town. Common CHP plant types are:
3992:
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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (1998). "Public health statement chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs)".
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A plant producing electricity, heat and cold is called a trigeneration or polygeneration plant. Cogeneration systems linked to
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465 Twh in 2030. It would also result in a 16% to 29% increase in each country's total cogenerated electricity by 2030.
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The HRSG is designed based upon the specific features of the gas turbine or reciprocating engine that it will be coupled to.
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in gas turbine with steam turbine plants. Most of the efficiency loss with steam power generation is associated with the
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and safety considerations have often kept them further from population centers than comparable chemical power plants and
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from electricity generation is put to some productive use. Combined heat and power (CHP) plants recover otherwise wasted
1569:(KCl). Considering that KCl is applied in huge quantities, sugarcane ends up absorbing high concentrations of chlorine.
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928:(in which several thermodynamic cycles produce electricity), may also be used to extract heat using a heating system as
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Conventional central coal- or nuclear-powered power stations convert about 33–45% of their input heat to electricity.
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Utilities are typically larger scale power than industry, which helps offset the higher capital costs of high pressure.
17:
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refers to any plant or animal matter in which it is possible to be reused as a source of heat or electricity, such as
1410:
Industrial cogeneration plants normally operate at much lower boiler pressures than utilities. Among the reasons are:
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can also be applied to the power systems simultaneously generating electricity, heat, and industrial chemicals (e.g.,
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HRSGs used in the CHP industry are distinguished from conventional steam generators by the following main features:
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oxygen free and de-mineralized, and the higher the pressure the more critical the level of purity of the feed water.
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field. As both MiniCHP and CHP have been shown to reduce emissions they could play a large role in the field of CO
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Yagoub, W.; Doherty, P.; Riffat, S. B. (2006). "Solar energy-gas driven micro-CHP system for an office building".
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Yive, N. S. C. K., Tiroumalechetty, M. (2008). "Dioxin levels in fly ash coming from the combustion of bagasse".
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in the downstream stages of the turbine. Or they are designed, with or without extraction, for final exhaust at
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Any of the following conventional power plants may be converted to a combined cooling, heat and power system:
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of natural gas to convert the natural gas to hydrogen prior to use in the fuel cell. This hence still emits CO
1202:). Some CHP plants use waste gas as the fuel for electricity and heat generation. Waste gases can be gas from
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4081:"Energy Efficiency Industrial Forum Position Paper: energy efficiency – a vital component of energy security"
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2885:"High cogeneration performance by innovative steam turbine for biomass-fired CHP plant in Iislami, Finland"
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drawing from cold air during a −20 °C (−4 °F) night. In the summer when there's both demand for
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micro-combined heat and power passed the conventional systems in sales in 2012. 20,000 units were sold in
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partially offsetting their low (single digit percent) efficiency in converting thermal to electric energy
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Pehnt, M (2008). "Environmental impacts of distributed energy systems—The case of micro cogeneration".
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Since the exhaust gas temperature is relatively low, heat transmission is accomplished mainly through
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in a zero oxygen high temperature environment; the resulting gas is then used to power the gas engine.
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4098:"2011 - Cogen -Experts discuss the central role cogeneration has to play in shaping EU energy policy"
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3286:"Combined Heat and Power (CHP or Cogeneration) for Saving Energy and Carbon in Commercial Buildings."
1542:, the energy generation using sugarcane bagasse has environmental advantages due to the reduction of
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industries. Brazil is now considered a world reference in terms of energy generation from biomass.
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742:. This is also called combined heat and power district heating. Small CHP plants are an example of
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3526:. Utilização de resíduos sucro-alcooleiros na fabricação de fibrocimento pelo processo de extrusão
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compared to generating steam or burning fuel on-site and importing electric power from the grid.
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A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730-1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power
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Gestão ambiental em usinas do setor sucroalcooleiro: fatores de influência e práticas adotadas
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In sugarcane cultivation, is usually used potassium source's containing high concentration of
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residue of sugar refining, which is burned to produce steam. Some steam can be sent through a
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CHP plants using the waste heat in the flue gas of gas turbines. The fuel used is typically
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Lowe, R. (2011). "Combined heat and power considered as a virtual steam cycle heat pump".
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project ene.field deploys in 2017 up 1,000 residential fuel cell Combined Heat and Power (
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XU, J., YE, Y., HUANG, F., CHEN, H., WU, HAN., HUANG, J., HU, J., XIA, D., WU, Y (2016).
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A cogeração de energia e sua importância do ponto de vista técnico, econômico e ambiental
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Elsevier Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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3722:"Global chlorine emissions from biomass burning: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory"
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2365:
2329:
1880:
1689:
1679:
1566:
1079:
966:
782:
308:
136:
46:
3297:
2965:
2806:
Locatelli, Giorgio; Fiordaliso, Andrea; Boarin, Sara; Ricotti, Marco E. (2017-05-01).
2251:
5134:
5014:
4619:
4403:
3981:
3850:
3683:
3585:(Dissertação) (in Portuguese). Faculdade de Tecnologia, Ciências e Educação - FATECE.
3193:
3037:
2672:
2665:
2132:
2128:
866:
382:
298:
5083:
5024:
4728:
4723:
4700:
4609:
4549:
3949:
3840:
3832:
3744:
3675:
3643:
3321:
3309:
3298:"Cost Effective Grid-Connected Inverter for a Micro Combined Heat and Power System"
3252:
3025:
2988:
2961:
2822:
2498:
2361:
2270:
2226:) installations in 12 states. Per 2012 the first 2 installations have taken place.
1636:
1589:
1396:
1362:
1305:
1075:
988:
878:
845:
821:
794:
489:
484:
318:
303:
264:
216:
191:
131:
3910:"Why Heat From CHP is Renewable - based on paper presented at IAEE Vilnius (2010)"
3679:
2826:
2795:
http://www.elforsk.se/nyhet/seminarie/Elforskdagen%20_10/webb_varme/d_welander.pdf
5114:
5073:
5051:
4932:
4902:
4867:
4827:
4629:
4290:
4272:
3432:
3256:
3160:
3057:
3029:
2856:"Czech researchers develop revolutionary nuclear heating plant | DW | 07.04.2021"
2693:"Consider Installing High-Pressure Boilers With Back Pressure Turbine-Generators"
2566:
2510:
2495: – Decentralised electricity generation (more general term encompassing CHP)
1280:
1184:
1085:
1005:
992:
933:
241:
196:
126:
3953:
3813:"Association between dioxin and cancer incidence and mortality: a meta analysis"
3642:(Dissertação) (in Portuguese). Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) de Bauru.
3346:
2808:"Cogeneration: An option to facilitate load following in Small Modular Reactors"
797:
is less efficient in lower population density areas due to transmission losses.
5139:
5129:
4927:
4539:
2692:
2536:
2462:
2411:
2404:
2235:
2179:
1597:
1576:
In the case of methyl chloride, when this substance is emitted and reaches the
1543:
1535:
1534:
In comparison with the electric power generation by means of fossil fuel-based
1503:
1392:
1321:
1143:
996:
925:
829:
774:
735:
611:
584:
557:
525:
508:
387:
176:
146:
2557: – Model that is used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems
2292:(PURPA), which encouraged utilities to buy power from other energy producers.
5237:
5159:
4947:
4832:
4812:
4743:
4733:
4690:
4574:
4529:
4055:"38% HHV Caterpillar Bio-gas Engine Fitted to Sewage Works - Claverton Group"
3313:
2554:
2480:
2474:
2439:
2415:
2356:
2274:
2183:
2088:
1670:
1666:
1451:
1368:
1350:
1272:
1264:
1169:
1159:
1133:
1124:
937:
900:
889:
pressure to generate power at the top end also has an opportunity cost (See:
809:
785:
for electricity generation at all. Cogeneration is less commonly employed in
766:
758:
720:
623:
589:
496:
479:
360:
350:
201:
3125:"What is Microgeneration? And what is the most cost effective in terms of CO
2205:
Governments are being assisted in their CHP endeavors by organizations like
1556:
5179:
5154:
5019:
4988:
4604:
4134:"COGEN Europe: Cogeneration in the European Union's Energy Supply Security"
3854:
3687:
3271:"Buying CHP and Cogeneration - the Process - Alfagy CHP & Cogeneration"
2468:
2206:
1662:
1593:
1577:
1284:
1260:
1222:
1207:
1203:
1199:
841:
833:
820:. This station burns straw as fuel. The adjacent greenhouses are heated by
778:
562:
447:
116:
5004:
4972:
4765:
4753:
4673:
4599:
4589:
4519:
3749:
2344:
2334:
1661:
Every heat engine is subject to the theoretical efficiency limits of the
1539:
1529:
1492:
1439:
1435:
1128:
1114:
1104:
1100:
961:
949:
945:
754:
716:
567:
442:
392:
355:
338:
323:
141:
2778:"Complete 7 MWe Deutz ( 2 x 3.5MWe) gas engine CHP power plant for sale"
2123:
730:
Cogeneration is a more efficient use of fuel or heat, because otherwise-
4967:
4962:
4775:
4758:
4614:
4469:
3648:
2489: – Comparison of costs of different electricity generation sources
1465:
1215:
1110:
1040:
897:, which usually limits self-generated power to large-scale operations.
885:
837:
762:
731:
577:
402:
397:
365:
328:
313:
96:
3836:
3665:
2182:
has actively incorporated cogeneration into its energy policy via the
1333:
1251:
Delta-ee consultants stated in 2013 that with 64% of global sales the
1088:
plants produce high temperature heat for industrial processes, then a
973:
simple wire, and over much longer distances for the same energy loss.
813:
34:
Diagram comparing losses from conventional generation vs. cogeneration
4683:
4678:
4564:
4524:
2400:
2339:
2223:
1609:
1509:
1488:
1405:
1395:
has made industrial CHP more attractive, as it substantially reduces
1376:
1288:
1252:
432:
412:
181:
91:
2447:
1491:, vegetable oils, wood, organic waste and residues from the food or
659:
4797:
2519: – Legislation in the area of energetics in the European Union
2397:
2256:
1562:
1211:
1137:
1064:
917:
874:
739:
572:
457:
452:
106:
101:
71:
3174:"Micro CHP report powers heated discussion about UK energy future"
1012:, a bituminous coal-fired combined heat and power plant in Germany
4718:
4708:
3884:"Dioxins & Furans: The Most Toxic Chemicals Known to Science"
2433:
1519:
1515:
1484:
1191:
1120:
1068:
913:
817:
594:
552:
288:
271:
2805:
877:
that could be used for power generation, so cogeneration has an
4713:
4333:"World's First Commercial Power Plant Was a Cogeneration Plant"
4044:
See Mechanical or Chemical Engineering texts on Thermodynamics.
3883:
2578:
1292:
941:
916:
as an energy source, providing electricity and heat for 30,000
909:
283:
30:
4266:
European-wide field trials for residential fuel cell micro-CHP
3496:"Micro CHP (Combined Heat & Power) – Cogeneration Systems"
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
1052:
2136:
1581:
1447:
1256:
1163:
790:
518:
4668:
4302:
3881:
2721:
2324:
2310:
1356:
1060:
905:
616:
3720:
Lobert, Jurgen; Keene, Willian; Yevich, Jennifer (1999).
3570:(Dissertação) (in Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo.
3528:(Dissertação) (in Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo.
3217:
2951:
1557:
Disadvantages of the cogeneration using sugarcane bagasse
1514:
In the sugarcane industry, cogeneration is fueled by the
2513: – Process of changing something to use electricity
1271:
MicroCHP installations use five different technologies:
1136:
CHP plant whereby a wood pellet or wood chip biofuel is
3397:"Clarke Energy - Fuel-Efficient Distributed Generation"
2532:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1039:). Trigeneration differs from cogeneration in that the
4240:
2539: – Gaseous materials produced for use in industry
2483: – EU Directive on cogeneration of heat and power
1947:
Electrical power output + Heat output + Cooling output
1530:
Advantages of the cogeneration using sugarcane bagasse
1454:
or is used in industrial processes that require heat.
1123:
CHP plants use an adapted reciprocating gas engine or
27:
Simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heat
4303:"Combined Heat and Power Quality Assurance Programme"
2662:
2229:
2042:
2007:
1975:
1891:
1851:
1816:
1784:
1700:
1596:
is more intense on Earth and there is a worsening of
4047:
4021:"DOE – Fossil Energy: How Turbine Power Plants Work"
3067:
3065:
2563: – Variation on the Rankine thermodynamic cycle
2429:
2246:
1259:
in 2012 overall within the Ene Farm project. With a
1240:(DER). The installation is usually less than 5
2978:
2917:"Transforming Greenhouse Gas Emissions into Energy"
753:The supply of high-temperature heat first drives a
4187:"DEFRA Action in the UK - Combined Heat and Power"
2926:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2014.
2664:
2598:(35 ed.). Babcock & Wilson Company. 1913.
2058:
2026:
1991:
1956:
1867:
1835:
1800:
1765:
1522:that turns a generator, producing electric power.
1510:Power cogeneration in the sugar and alcohol sector
1406:Utility pressures versus self generated industrial
4205:"5th stakeholders general assembly of the FCH JU"
3719:
3062:
1425:
5235:
4408:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2551: – District heating system in New York City
2545: – Small-scale generation of heat and power
4416:
3523:
2671:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: MIT Press.
2617:"How Does Cogeneration Provide Heat and Power?"
1221:Some cogeneration plants combine gas and solar
956:A CHP plant can either meet the need for heat (
4461:Renewable and efficient electric power systems
2853:
2581: – Closed vessel in which fluid is heated
2523:Environmental impact of electricity generation
2507: – Process of generating electrical power
1603:
1162:CHP plants that use the heating system as the
1156:have a hot exhaust, very suitable for heating.
769:may be used. Cogeneration is also common with
4485:
4015:
4013:
3154:The role of micro CHP in a smart energy world
2569: – Closed-cycle regenerative heat engine
1669:in the case of steam turbine power plants or
1479:
1446:in a CHP plant to heat up water and generate
685:
4434:
3867:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3729:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
3700:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3565:
3198:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3073:"Latest Developments in the Ene-Farm Scheme"
2752:"Finning Caterpillar Gas Engine CHP Ratings"
2575: – Refrigerator that uses a heat source
2501: – Centralized heat distribution system
3302:IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
3295:
2648:. The Decentralised Energy Knowledge Base.
5249:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
4492:
4478:
4391:. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15
4350:
4010:
3468:
3202:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2663:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991).
987:Cogeneration plants are commonly found in
692:
678:
53:
4151:"Electricity Generation by Energy Source"
3844:
3748:
3647:
3620:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3019:
2240:Combined Heat and Power Quality Assurance
2217:Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking
2118:
1883:in a trigeneration system is defined as:
1643:
965:source to deliver cooling by means of an
4499:
4389:"Eight Clean Energy Application Centers"
2311:Applications in power generation systems
2250:
2122:
1692:in a cogeneration system is defined as:
1682:. The majority of this heat is from the
1580:, it ends up being very harmful for the
1357:Combined heat and power district heating
1332:
1218:, and combustible industrial waste gas.
1051:
1004:
912:. The 45 MW boiler uses waste wood
899:
884:A typical power generation turbine in a
808:
29:
4458:
3982:"Trigeneration Systems with Fuel Cells"
3968:"Was bedeutet kalte Nahwärme? (Update)"
3882:Environmental Justice Activists (ed.).
3715:
3713:
3711:
3661:
3659:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3580:
2530: – European bioenergy organization
1434:(HRSG) is a steam boiler that uses hot
1236:or 'Micro cogeneration" is a so-called
14:
5236:
4358:"World Survey of Decentralized Energy"
3005:
2999:
2371:Radioisotope thermoelectric generators
2290:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
2127:A cogeneration thermal power plant in
1640:usually employed in district heating.
1190:Some cogeneration plants are fired by
187:List of low-energy building techniques
4473:
4221:from the original on 10 November 2013
3915:. 2011-09-14. p. 4 paragraph 4.
3546:from the original on 22 December 2018
3296:Du, Ruoyang; Robertson, Paul (2017).
3242:
2709:from the original on 21 December 2016
2471: – Idealized thermodynamic cycle
1756:Electrical power output + Heat output
1656:
1179:Smaller cogeneration units may use a
781:may be necessary to reach acceptable
4313:from the original on 30 October 2014
3939:
3760:from the original on 26 October 2019
3708:
3656:
3628:
2993:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.11.021
2141:
4247:from the original on 2 October 2016
4023:. Fossil.energy.gov. Archived from
3998:from the original on 6 October 2011
2780:. Claverton Energy Research Group.
2517:Energy policy of the European Union
2477: – Energy allocation procedure
891:Steam supply and exhaust conditions
24:
5170:Renewable energy commercialization
3890:from the original on 19 March 2019
3566:Dantas Filho, Paulo Lucas (2009).
3542:. Empresa de Pesquisa Energética.
3540:"Balanço energético nacional 2018"
3245:Environmental Science & Policy
3224:from the original on 23 April 2015
3180:from the original on 20 March 2016
3079:from the original on 14 April 2016
3051:The fuel cell industry review 2013
2933:from the original on 13 April 2015
2586:
2301:United States Department of Energy
2230:Cogeneration in the United Kingdom
2066:= Total heat input into the system
2034:= Total work output by all systems
1875:= Total heat input into the system
1843:= Total work output by all systems
1047:
727:and useful heat at the same time.
25:
5275:
4114:from the original on 20 June 2017
3524:Soares Teixeira, Ronaldo (2010).
3135:from the original on 11 July 2015
3105:from the original on 10 July 2014
2897:from the original on 15 July 2011
2247:Cogeneration in the United States
1382:
828:Many process industries, such as
773:as they often produce relatively
5218:
5217:
4638:
4448:from the original on 2015-01-23.
4430:from the original on 2015-05-31.
3581:Barbeli, Marcelo Carlos (2015).
3407:from the original on 19 May 2015
2784:from the original on 2013-09-30.
2758:from the original on 18 May 2015
2652:from the original on 2008-12-10.
2446:
2432:
2269:Perhaps the first modern use of
2146:
1620:Coefficient of Performance (COP)
1387:Cogeneration is still common in
1328:
1021:combined cooling, heat and power
658:
645:
644:
122:Energy efficiency implementation
4452:
4381:
4370:from the original on 2009-01-06
4325:
4295:
4277:
4259:
4233:
4197:
4179:
4161:
4143:
4126:
4090:
4073:
4038:
3974:
3960:
3933:
3922:from the original on 2017-09-21
3902:
3875:
3804:
3772:
3589:
3574:
3559:
3532:
3517:
3506:from the original on 2021-06-24
3488:
3477:from the original on 2007-08-13
3469:Bevelhymer, Carl (2003-11-10).
3462:
3451:from the original on 2007-08-21
3437:
3419:
3389:
3378:from the original on 2019-10-23
3364:
3353:from the original on 2019-11-06
3339:
3328:from the original on 2020-02-23
3289:
3277:from the original on 2012-11-03
3263:
3236:
3210:
3165:
3147:
3117:
3091:
3044:
2972:
2945:
2909:
2877:
2866:from the original on 2021-06-09
2847:
2836:from the original on 2018-07-24
2646:"What is Decentralised Energy?"
2627:from the original on 2019-11-27
1450:. The steam, in turn, drives a
1166:condenser for the steam turbine
378:Ocean thermal energy conversion
3668:Journal of Hazardous Materials
3372:"Fuel cell micro Cogeneration"
2854:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
2799:
2788:
2770:
2744:
2685:
2656:
2638:
2609:
1426:Heat recovery steam generators
13:
1:
5165:Renewable Energy Certificates
5125:Cost of electricity by source
5047:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
4923:High-voltage shore connection
4463:. New York: Wiley-IEEE Press.
3680:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.045
2966:10.1016/S1359-4311(01)00110-7
2924:WIPO Green Case Studies, 2014
2827:10.1016/j.pnucene.2016.12.012
2740:. Babcock & Wilcox. 1913.
2603:
2595:Steam, Its Generation and Use
2543:Micro combined heat and power
2487:Cost of electricity by source
2420:compressed air energy storage
2106:Cost of electricity by source
1432:heat recovery steam generator
1234:Micro combined heat and power
207:Passive solar building design
5180:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
4978:Transmission system operator
4938:Mains electricity by country
4515:Automatic generation control
3257:10.1016/j.envsci.2007.07.001
3030:10.1016/j.energy.2009.08.012
2737:Steam-its generation and use
2528:European Biomass Association
2381:
2260:Kendall Cogeneration Station
1526:that can be commercialized.
1263:of around 60,000 hours. For
1146:power plants adapted for CHP
1063:cogeneration power plant in
7:
5205:List of electricity sectors
5200:Electric energy consumption
4918:High-voltage direct current
4893:Electric power transmission
4883:Electric power distribution
4560:Energy return on investment
3954:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.05.007
2981:Applied Thermal Engineering
2954:Applied Thermal Engineering
2425:
2220:Seventh Framework Programme
2083:Electrical line losses = 2%
1684:latent heat of vaporization
1675:latent heat of vaporization
1604:Comparison with a heat pump
1238:distributed energy resource
1228:
1150:Molten-carbonate fuel cells
840:, require large amounts of
804:
665:Renewable energy portal
383:Renewable energy transition
10:
5280:
5120:Carbon offsets and credits
4838:Three-phase electric power
4289:November 10, 2013, at the
2815:Progress in Nuclear Energy
2549:New York City steam system
2350:
2214:public–private partnership
2113:
2103:
1992:{\displaystyle \eta _{th}}
1801:{\displaystyle \eta _{th}}
1686:when the steam condenses.
1651:New York City steam system
1480:Cogeneration using biomass
1360:
1302:fuel cell micro-CHP plants
5213:
5188:
5175:Renewable Energy Payments
5098:
5035:
4997:
4851:
4788:
4699:
4664:Fossil fuel power station
4654:
4647:
4636:
4507:
4459:Masters, Gilbert (2004).
4284:ene.field Grant No 303462
2375:Radioisotope heater units
2315:
2155:This section needs to be
936:. For example, the RU-25
227:Sustainable refurbishment
5259:Sustainable technologies
4958:Single-wire earth return
4898:Electrical busbar system
4555:Energy demand management
3735:(D7). Wiley: 8373–8389.
3638:Ribeiro, Silvio (2010).
3314:10.1109/TIE.2017.2677340
2465: – Chemical process
2264:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2099:
904:A cogeneration plant in
748:absorption refrigerators
212:Sustainable architecture
167:Glass in green buildings
157:Environmental technology
87:Compact fluorescent lamp
5089:Residual-current device
5079:Power system protection
5069:Generator interlock kit
2573:Absorption refrigerator
2454:Renewable energy portal
2027:{\displaystyle W_{out}}
1836:{\displaystyle W_{out}}
844:for such operations as
771:geothermal power plants
709:combined heat and power
533:Human-powered transport
237:Tropical green building
172:Green building and wood
4873:Distributed generation
4545:Electric power quality
3792:Cite journal requires
3609:Cite journal requires
3500:Vista Projects Limited
2505:Electricity generation
2493:Distributed generation
2266:
2139:
2119:Cogeneration in Europe
2060:
2059:{\displaystyle Q_{in}}
2028:
1993:
1958:
1869:
1868:{\displaystyle Q_{in}}
1837:
1802:
1767:
1644:Distributed generation
1338:
1154:solid oxide fuel cells
1071:
1013:
921:
853:thermal power stations
825:
629:Personal rapid transit
371:Tidal stream generator
232:Thermal energy storage
152:Environmental planning
35:
5145:Fossil fuel phase-out
4913:Electricity retailing
4908:Electrical substation
4888:Electric power system
3431:May 18, 2012, at the
3347:"Fuel Cell micro CHP"
2561:Organic Rankine cycle
2254:
2126:
2061:
2029:
1994:
1959:
1870:
1838:
1803:
1768:
1633:air source heat pumps
1444:reciprocating engines
1336:
1196:municipal solid waste
1057:Hanasaari Power Plant
1055:
1010:Rostock Power Station
1008:
982:enhanced oil recovery
958:heat driven operation
932:of the power plant's
903:
816:CHP power station in
812:
473:Sustainable transport
418:Floating wind turbine
247:Zero heating building
162:Fossil fuel phase-out
33:
4501:Electricity delivery
4442:"New England Energy"
3750:10.1029/1998JD100077
2279:Pearl Street Station
2077:Heat + Cooling = 40%
2040:
2005:
1999:= Thermal efficiency
1973:
1889:
1849:
1814:
1808:= Thermal efficiency
1782:
1698:
1389:pulp and paper mills
1194:, or industrial and
1181:reciprocating engine
787:nuclear power plants
744:decentralized energy
725:generate electricity
607:Personal transporter
502:Wind-powered vehicle
346:Marine current power
252:Zero-energy building
112:Efficient energy use
5110:Availability factor
5062:Sulfur hexafluoride
4943:Overhead power line
4843:Virtual power plant
4818:Induction generator
4771:Sustainable biofuel
4580:Home energy storage
4570:Grid energy storage
4535:Droop speed control
3829:2016NatSR...638012X
3741:1999JGR...104.8373L
2621:Scientific American
1592:. As a result, the
1373:Consolidated Edison
1349:use waste heat for
1347:adsorption chillers
1343:absorption chillers
1337:Trigeneration cycle
1277:internal combustion
1212:gas from coal mines
1090:waste heat recovery
991:systems of cities,
294:Carbon-neutral fuel
222:Sustainable habitat
77:Building insulation
65:Energy conservation
41:Part of a series on
4984:Transmission tower
4595:Nameplate capacity
4424:"Electricity Data"
4271:2016-11-09 at the
3970:. 17 January 2018.
3817:Scientific Reports
3473:. Gotham Gazette.
3426:Fuel Cells and CHP
3159:2016-03-04 at the
3056:2016-04-14 at the
2366:geothermal heating
2267:
2140:
2056:
2024:
1989:
1954:
1881:thermal efficiency
1865:
1833:
1798:
1763:
1690:Thermal efficiency
1680:absorption chiller
1657:Thermal efficiency
1567:potassium chloride
1339:
1080:water desalination
1072:
1014:
967:absorption chiller
922:
851:Steam turbines at
826:
783:thermal efficiency
715:) is the use of a
309:Geothermal heating
137:Energy saving lamp
47:Sustainable energy
36:
18:Cogeneration plant
5254:Energy conversion
5231:
5230:
5135:Environmental tax
5015:Cascading failure
4784:
4783:
4620:Utility frequency
4061:on 19 August 2019
3837:10.1038/srep38012
3502:. 18 March 2020.
3445:"Newsroom: Steam"
3014:(11): 1947–1954.
2987:(14): 1604–1610.
2678:978-0-262-08198-6
2345:Small gas turbine
2188:energy efficiency
2176:
2175:
2129:Ferrera Erbognone
2080:Heat losses = 13%
2074:Electricity = 45%
1952:
1951:
1948:
1939:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1748:
960:) or be run as a
846:chemical reactors
702:
701:
299:Geothermal energy
16:(Redirected from
5271:
5264:Renewable energy
5221:
5220:
5130:Energy subsidies
5084:Protective relay
5025:Rolling blackout
4652:
4651:
4642:
4610:Power-flow study
4550:Electrical fault
4494:
4487:
4480:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4407:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4369:
4362:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4335:. Archived from
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4299:
4293:
4281:
4275:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4220:
4209:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4189:. Archived from
4183:
4177:
4176:
4171:. Archived from
4165:
4159:
4158:
4153:. Archived from
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4113:
4102:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4057:. Archived from
4051:
4045:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4017:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3986:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3948:(9): 5528–5534.
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3914:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3866:
3858:
3848:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3795:
3790:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3752:
3726:
3717:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3691:
3674:(1–2): 179–182.
3663:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3618:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3441:
3435:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3308:(7): 5360–5367.
3293:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3169:
3163:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3069:
3060:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3023:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2812:
2803:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2697:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2670:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2613:
2599:
2533:
2499:District heating
2456:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2373:often double as
2362:Geothermal power
2271:energy recycling
2171:
2168:
2162:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2022:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1950:Total heat input
1949:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1925:
1924:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1759:Total heat input
1758:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1734:
1733:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1637:air conditioning
1590:ultraviolet rays
1538:plants, such as
1397:carbon footprint
1363:District heating
1281:stirling engines
1076:district heating
989:district heating
879:opportunity cost
822:district heating
795:district heating
694:
687:
680:
667:
663:
662:
653:
648:
647:
485:Electric vehicle
334:Run-of-the-river
319:Hydroelectricity
304:Geothermal power
265:Renewable energy
217:Sustainable city
192:Low-energy house
132:Energy recycling
57:
38:
37:
21:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5209:
5193:
5191:
5184:
5115:Capacity factor
5103:
5101:
5094:
5074:Numerical relay
5052:Circuit breaker
5040:
5038:
5031:
4993:
4933:Load management
4903:Electrical grid
4868:Demand response
4861:
4856:
4847:
4828:Microgeneration
4780:
4695:
4643:
4634:
4630:Vehicle-to-grid
4503:
4498:
4468:
4457:
4453:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4401:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4342:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4291:Wayback Machine
4282:
4278:
4273:Wayback Machine
4264:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4030:
4028:
4027:on May 27, 2010
4019:
4018:
4011:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3938:
3934:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3880:
3876:
3860:
3859:
3809:
3805:
3793:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3724:
3718:
3709:
3693:
3692:
3664:
3657:
3636:
3629:
3619:
3610:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3579:
3575:
3564:
3560:
3549:
3547:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3522:
3518:
3509:
3507:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3480:
3478:
3467:
3463:
3454:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3433:Wayback Machine
3424:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3381:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3356:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3331:
3329:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3170:
3166:
3161:Wayback Machine
3152:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3058:Wayback Machine
3049:
3045:
3021:10.1.1.593.8182
3004:
3000:
2977:
2973:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2869:
2867:
2852:
2848:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2789:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2734:
2733:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2661:
2657:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2592:
2589:
2587:Further reading
2584:
2567:Stirling engine
2531:
2511:Electrification
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2384:
2353:
2318:
2313:
2249:
2232:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2151:
2147:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2102:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1944:
1930:
1926:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1753:
1739:
1735:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1659:
1646:
1627:heating fluid.
1606:
1559:
1547:
1532:
1512:
1482:
1428:
1408:
1385:
1365:
1359:
1331:
1311:
1306:steam reforming
1300:private homes,
1298:
1283:, closed-cycle
1245:
1231:
1185:Stirling engine
1086:Bottoming cycle
1050:
1048:Types of plants
1002:fertilization.
1000:
993:central heating
934:bottoming cycle
830:chemical plants
824:from the plant.
807:
698:
657:
656:
643:
636:
635:
475:
465:
464:
267:
257:
256:
242:Waste-to-energy
197:Microgeneration
127:Energy recovery
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5277:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5190:Statistics and
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5140:Feed-in tariff
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5106:
5104:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5049:
5043:
5041:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4928:Interconnector
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4878:Dynamic demand
4875:
4870:
4864:
4862:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4808:Combined cycle
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4705:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4660:
4658:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4585:Load-following
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4540:Electric power
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4497:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4474:
4467:
4466:
4451:
4433:
4415:
4380:
4349:
4324:
4294:
4276:
4258:
4232:
4196:
4193:on 2010-06-12.
4178:
4175:on 2014-02-02.
4160:
4157:on 2014-02-20.
4142:
4125:
4105:cogeneurope.eu
4089:
4072:
4046:
4037:
4009:
3989:Research Paper
3973:
3959:
3932:
3901:
3874:
3803:
3794:|journal=
3771:
3707:
3655:
3627:
3611:|journal=
3588:
3573:
3558:
3531:
3516:
3487:
3461:
3436:
3418:
3388:
3363:
3338:
3288:
3262:
3235:
3209:
3164:
3146:
3126:
3116:
3090:
3061:
3043:
2998:
2971:
2960:(6): 587–593.
2944:
2908:
2876:
2846:
2798:
2787:
2769:
2743:
2720:
2684:
2677:
2655:
2637:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2537:Industrial gas
2534:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2463:Air separation
2459:
2458:
2457:
2443:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2408:
2405:green hydrogen
2395:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2285:cogeneration.
2248:
2245:
2236:United Kingdom
2231:
2228:
2174:
2173:
2154:
2152:
2145:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2101:
2098:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2068:
2067:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2035:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2000:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1877:
1876:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1844:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1809:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1658:
1655:
1645:
1642:
1605:
1602:
1598:global warming
1558:
1555:
1545:
1536:thermoelectric
1531:
1528:
1511:
1508:
1504:electric power
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1462:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1407:
1404:
1393:sustainability
1384:
1383:Industrial CHP
1381:
1358:
1355:
1330:
1327:
1322:forced-air gas
1309:
1296:
1243:
1230:
1227:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1144:Combined cycle
1141:
1121:Biofuel engine
1118:
1108:
1049:
1046:
998:
926:combined cycle
834:oil refineries
806:
803:
775:low grade heat
736:thermal energy
700:
699:
697:
696:
689:
682:
674:
671:
670:
669:
668:
654:
638:
637:
634:
633:
632:
631:
621:
620:
619:
612:Rail transport
609:
604:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
585:Roller skating
582:
581:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
558:Cycle rickshaw
555:
545:
540:
530:
529:
528:
523:
522:
521:
514:Human-electric
509:Hybrid vehicle
506:
505:
504:
499:
494:
493:
492:
476:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
400:
395:
390:
388:Renewable heat
385:
380:
375:
374:
373:
368:
363:
353:
348:
343:
342:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
280:
279:
268:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
177:Green building
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
147:Energy storage
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
68:
63:
62:
59:
58:
50:
49:
43:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5276:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5224:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5187:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5160:Pigouvian tax
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5097:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:Earth-leakage
5055:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5034:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:Failure modes
4996:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4948:Power station
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4833:Rankine cycle
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4813:Cooling tower
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4656:Non-renewable
4653:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4575:Grid strength
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4530:Demand factor
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4490:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4411:
4405:
4390:
4384:
4366:
4359:
4353:
4339:on 2008-04-25
4338:
4334:
4328:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4262:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4135:
4129:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4093:
4082:
4076:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4041:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4014:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3977:
3969:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3942:Energy Policy
3936:
3918:
3911:
3905:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3786:
3775:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3703:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3660:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3632:
3623:
3616:
3603:
3592:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3562:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3527:
3520:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3450:
3447:. ConEdison.
3446:
3440:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3406:
3402:
3401:Clarke Energy
3398:
3392:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2893:
2886:
2880:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2796:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2555:Rankine cycle
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:CHP Directive
2479:
2476:
2475:Carnot method
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2440:Energy portal
2435:
2430:
2421:
2418:, such as in
2417:
2416:turboexpander
2413:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Solar thermal
2386:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Nuclear power
2355:
2354:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:Thomas Edison
2272:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2255:The 250
2253:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:The European
2210:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:CHP Directive
2181:
2170:
2158:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:Brayton cycle
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1882:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1671:Brayton cycle
1668:
1667:Rankine cycle
1664:
1654:
1652:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1452:steam turbine
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:exhaust gases
1433:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:United States
1364:
1354:
1352:
1351:refrigeration
1348:
1344:
1335:
1329:Trigeneration
1326:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:steam engines
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:microturbines
1269:
1266:
1265:PEM fuel cell
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1171:
1170:Nuclear power
1168:
1165:
1161:
1160:Steam turbine
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:wood gasifier
1130:
1126:
1125:diesel engine
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:trigeneration
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:Trigeneration
1011:
1007:
1003:
1001:
994:
990:
985:
983:
978:
974:
970:
968:
963:
959:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:MHD generator
935:
931:
927:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
898:
896:
892:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
871:back pressure
868:
863:
859:
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
836:and pulp and
835:
831:
823:
819:
815:
811:
802:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:Binary cycles
776:
772:
768:
767:diesel engine
764:
760:
759:steam turbine
756:
751:
750:for cooling.
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
721:power station
718:
714:
710:
706:
695:
690:
688:
683:
681:
676:
675:
673:
672:
666:
661:
655:
652:
642:
641:
640:
639:
630:
627:
626:
625:
624:Rapid transit
622:
618:
615:
614:
613:
610:
608:
605:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
590:Skateboarding
588:
586:
583:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
511:
510:
507:
503:
500:
498:
497:Solar vehicle
495:
491:
488:
487:
486:
483:
482:
481:
480:Green vehicle
478:
477:
474:
469:
468:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
361:Tidal barrage
359:
358:
357:
354:
352:
351:Marine energy
349:
347:
344:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
261:
260:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
202:Passive house
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
66:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
45:
44:
40:
39:
32:
19:
5244:Cogeneration
5155:Net metering
5102:and policies
5020:Power outage
4989:Utility pole
4953:Pumped hydro
4859:distribution
4854:Transmission
4803:Cogeneration
4802:
4605:Power factor
4460:
4454:
4436:
4418:
4393:. Retrieved
4383:
4372:. Retrieved
4363:. May 2006.
4352:
4341:. Retrieved
4337:the original
4327:
4315:. Retrieved
4306:
4297:
4279:
4261:
4249:. Retrieved
4235:
4223:. Retrieved
4211:
4199:
4191:the original
4181:
4173:the original
4163:
4155:the original
4145:
4128:
4116:. Retrieved
4104:
4092:
4075:
4063:. Retrieved
4059:the original
4049:
4040:
4029:. Retrieved
4025:the original
4000:. Retrieved
3988:
3976:
3962:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3924:. Retrieved
3904:
3892:. Retrieved
3877:
3863:cite journal
3820:
3816:
3806:
3785:cite journal
3774:
3762:. Retrieved
3732:
3728:
3696:cite journal
3671:
3667:
3639:
3602:cite journal
3591:
3582:
3576:
3567:
3561:
3548:. Retrieved
3534:
3525:
3519:
3508:. Retrieved
3499:
3490:
3479:. Retrieved
3464:
3453:. Retrieved
3439:
3421:
3409:. Retrieved
3400:
3391:
3380:. Retrieved
3366:
3355:. Retrieved
3341:
3330:. Retrieved
3305:
3301:
3291:
3279:. Retrieved
3265:
3251:(1): 25–37.
3248:
3244:
3238:
3226:. Retrieved
3212:
3182:. Retrieved
3167:
3149:
3137:. Retrieved
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3046:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2923:
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2879:
2868:. Retrieved
2859:
2849:
2838:. Retrieved
2818:
2814:
2801:
2790:
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2746:
2736:
2711:. Retrieved
2699:
2687:
2666:
2658:
2640:
2629:. Retrieved
2620:
2611:
2594:
2469:Carnot cycle
2410:Any type of
2330:Microturbine
2319:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2283:
2273:was done by
2268:
2239:
2233:
2211:
2207:COGEN Europe
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2177:
2164:
2156:
2109:
2094:
2086:
2069:
1965:
1885:
1878:
1774:
1694:
1688:
1663:Carnot cycle
1660:
1647:
1629:
1625:
1614:
1607:
1594:UV radiation
1586:
1578:stratosphere
1575:
1571:
1560:
1551:
1533:
1524:
1513:
1506:generation.
1497:
1493:agricultural
1483:
1456:
1440:gas turbines
1429:
1409:
1401:
1386:
1366:
1340:
1314:
1270:
1250:
1232:
1223:photovoltaic
1220:
1208:landfill gas
1204:animal waste
1200:incineration
1189:
1178:
1095:
1084:
1073:
1032:
1029:cogeneration
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
986:
979:
975:
971:
957:
954:
923:
895:continuously
883:
870:
861:
857:
850:
842:process heat
827:
799:
752:
729:
712:
708:
705:Cogeneration
704:
703:
563:Kick scooter
548:Land vehicle
117:Energy audit
82:Cogeneration
81:
5150:Load factor
5005:Black start
4973:Transformer
4674:Natural gas
4625:Variability
4600:Peak demand
4590:Merit order
4520:Backfeeding
4307:decc.gov.uk
4241:"ene.field"
4169:"KWKG 2002"
3649:11449/92984
2821:: 153–161.
2335:Natural gas
2277:. His 1882
1549:emissions.
1540:natural gas
1475:exchangers.
1129:fossil fuel
1115:natural gas
1105:natural gas
1101:Gas turbine
962:power plant
950:natural gas
948:powered by
946:gas turbine
838:paper mills
732:wasted heat
717:heat engine
568:Quadracycle
423:Forecasting
356:Tidal power
339:Small hydro
324:Micro hydro
277:Sustainable
142:Energy Star
5238:Categories
5192:production
5037:Protective
4968:Super grid
4963:Smart grid
4790:Generation
4724:Geothermal
4615:Repowering
4395:2010-02-24
4374:2008-07-27
4343:2008-06-15
4031:2011-09-25
3926:2017-12-25
3510:2021-06-21
3481:2007-07-20
3455:2007-07-20
3382:2019-10-23
3357:2019-10-23
3332:2019-07-07
3281:2012-11-03
3129:reduction"
2870:2021-06-16
2840:2019-07-07
2631:2019-11-27
2604:References
2412:compressor
2104:See also:
1665:or subset
1618:effective
1565:, such as
1466:convection
1361:See also:
1289:fuel cells
1216:sewage gas
1111:Gas engine
1061:coal-fired
1041:waste heat
980:Thermally
886:paper mill
867:power loss
862:extraction
858:condensing
763:gas engine
600:Watercraft
578:Velomobile
538:Helicopter
366:Tidal farm
329:Pico hydro
314:Hydropower
97:Eco-cities
5100:Economics
4823:Micro CHP
4701:Renewable
4684:Petroleum
4679:Oil shale
4565:Grid code
4525:Base load
4212:fch-ju.eu
3823:: 38012.
3038:109780285
3016:CiteSeerX
2401:fuel cell
2382:Renewable
2262:plant in
2224:micro-CHP
1978:η
1942:≡
1906:≡
1894:η
1787:η
1751:≡
1715:≡
1703:η
1610:heat pump
1489:sugarcane
1438:from the
1377:Manhattan
1279:engines,
1253:fuel cell
930:condenser
918:dwellings
543:Hydrofoil
408:Community
182:Heat pump
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5223:Category
5010:Brownout
4798:AC power
4508:Concepts
4446:Archived
4428:Archived
4404:cite web
4365:Archived
4317:28 April
4311:Archived
4287:Archived
4269:Archived
4245:Archived
4225:28 April
4216:Archived
4118:28 April
4109:Archived
4002:18 April
3993:Archived
3917:Archived
3888:Archived
3855:27897234
3764:11 March
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3550:11 March
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3504:Archived
3475:Archived
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3405:Archived
3376:Archived
3351:Archived
3326:Archived
3275:Archived
3222:Archived
3194:cite web
3178:Archived
3157:Archived
3133:Archived
3103:Archived
3077:Archived
3054:Archived
2928:Archived
2901:13 March
2892:Archived
2890:. OPET.
2864:Archived
2831:Archived
2782:Archived
2756:Archived
2713:28 April
2704:Archived
2700:nrel.gov
2650:Archived
2625:Archived
2426:See also
2398:Hydrogen
2167:May 2021
1563:chlorine
1261:Lifetime
1229:MicroCHP
1138:gasified
1065:Helsinki
875:enthalpy
805:Overview
651:Category
573:Tricycle
458:Windpump
453:Windbelt
428:Industry
107:Ecolabel
102:Ecohouse
72:Arcology
5039:devices
4749:Thermal
4744:Osmotic
4739:Current
4719:Biomass
4709:Biofuel
4691:Nuclear
4648:Sources
3894:5 March
3846:5126552
3825:Bibcode
3737:Bibcode
3471:"Steam"
3322:1042325
2937:6 April
2403:(using
2393:Biomass
2351:Nuclear
2234:In the
2157:updated
2114:History
1966:Where:
1775:Where:
1520:turbine
1516:bagasse
1500:thermal
1485:Biomass
1367:In the
1318:furnace
1192:biomass
1069:Finland
914:biomass
818:Denmark
814:Masnedø
740:heating
595:Walking
553:Bicycle
526:Plug-in
490:Bicycle
448:Turbine
438:Outline
289:Biomass
272:Biofuel
4734:Marine
4714:Biogas
4251:15 May
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1287:, and
1173:plants
1037:syngas
942:Moscow
910:France
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284:Biogas
5091:(GFI)
4980:(TSO)
4766:Solar
4754:Tidal
4729:Hydro
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4759:Wave
4669:Coal
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4319:2018
4253:2015
4227:2018
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3896:2019
3869:link
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