2029:
1916:
Participants reported no perceived differences between the uncompressed, MP3, AAC, ACER high quality, and ACER medium quality compressed audio in terms of noise and distortions but that the ACER low quality format was perceived as being of lower quality. However, in terms of participants’ perceptions
101:
In an ABC/HR test, C is the original which is always available for reference. A and B are the original and the encoded version in randomized order. The listener must first distinguish the encoded version from the original (which is the Hidden
Reference that the "HR" in ABC/HR stands for), prior to
116:
In MUSHRA (MUltiple
Stimuli with Hidden Reference and Anchor), the listener is presented with the reference (labeled as such), a certain number of test samples, a hidden version of the reference and one or more anchors. The purpose of the anchor(s) is to make the scale be closer to an "absolute
78:
In an ABX test, the listener has to identify an unknown sample X as being A or B, with A (usually the original) and B (usually the encoded version) available for reference. The outcome of a test must be statistically significant. This setup ensures that the listener is not biased by their
1209:
The author selected each participating encoder by pitting multiple encoders against one another in an initial "Darwinian phase." For example, LAME was chosen as the representative MP3 encoder because it clearly outperformed four other MP3 encoders on a subset of the full sample corpus.
125:
Many double-blind music listening tests have been carried out. The following table lists the results of several listening tests that have been published online. To obtain meaningful results, listening tests must compare codecs' performance at similar or identical
1565:"The quality at 128 kbps is very good and MP3 encoders improved a lot since the last test." Also notes that Fraunhofer and Helix codecs are several times faster at encoding than LAME, although virtually identical in terms of perceived audio quality.
1844:
Opus is clear winner, Apple AAC is second, Ogg Vorbis and higher-bitrate LAME MP3 are statistically tied in joint third place. FAAC, known to be inferior in advance, was used to discard bad results and as quality scale anchor.
134:
encoder will be trivially improved by increasing the bitrate. If listeners cannot consistently distinguish a lossy encoder's output from the uncompressed original audio, then it may be concluded that the codec has achieved
1281:"I think this test shows that with the current encoders, the quality at 128 kbit/s is very good... It's time to move to bitrates like 96 kbit/s or even lower (64 kbit/s)."
1360:"... it seems that overall, plain HE-AAC might be better than HE-AAC v2 at this bitrate, but a lot more samples would be needed to be able to draw definitive conclusions regarding this.
87:
cannot be rejected and it cannot be proved that there is a perceptible difference between samples A and B. This usually indicates that the encoded version will actually be
1767:
Most impairment grades rated between 4 (perceptible but not annoying) and 5 (imperceptible). Both speech samples transparent (p<0.02) except for the low anchor.
338:
streaming 128, equalization disabled, dynamics disabled, dual mono encoding disabled, audio bandwidth overridden by the program, set at 17995 Hz
263:
streaming 128, equalization disabled, dynamics disabled, dual mono encoding disabled, audio bandwidth overridden by the program, set at 17995 Hz
760:
The author noted that the results may have been affected by the use of an outdated version of the Xing encoder and non-optimal settings for ITunes.
724:
102:
assigning a score as a subjective judgment of the quality. Different encoded versions can be compared against each other using these scores.
1570:
59:". There are various software packages available for individuals to perform this type of testing themselves with minimal assistance.
79:
expectations, and that the outcome is not likely to be the result of chance. If sample X cannot be determined reliably with a low
838:
765:
526:
1917:
of the stereo field, all formats under test performed as well as each other, with no statistically significant differences.
455:
151:
687:
1964:
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182:
formats appear in some tests, despite much lower adoption as of 2007. Many encoder and decoder implementations (both
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1126:"Vorbis is now –thanks to Aoyumi – an excellent audio format for 180 kbit/s encodings (and classical music)."
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601:
384:
136:
89:
232:
2005:"Subjective Evaluation of Music Compressed with the ACER Codec Compared to AAC, MP3, and Uncompressed PCM"
1493:
1215:
1438:
1365:
1124:
The author reflects on substantial improvements in Vorbis encoding since his previous test (above):
1639:
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1984:
1969:
1199:
773:
463:
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147:
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112 kbit/s, VBR, highest quality, joint stereo, smart encoding, filter below 10 Hz
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187:
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8:
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589:
163:
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34:
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WMAv8: Windows Media Player 7.1 (version 7.01.00.3055); Wmadmoe.dll version 8.0.0.0371
273:
WMAv8: Windows Media Player 7.1 (version 7.01.00.3055); Wmadmoe.dll version 8.0.0.0371
681:"No codec delivers the marketing plot of same quality as MP3 at half the bitrates."
1286:
2016:
1979:
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scale", making sure that minor artifacts are not rated as having very bad quality.
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84:
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671:
This test showed that listeners preferred 128 kbit/s MP3 audio encoded by
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194:, which is the oldest and best-known format still in widespread use today.
48:
1809:
VBR, -V 5 (~130 kbps, a well-known comparison but at higher bitrate)
632:
VBR quality 40, Current Codec, allow M/S and IS, allow narrowing, no CRC
2052:
679:
the tested codecs at 64 kbit/s, with greater than 99% confidence:
27:
24:
1084:. Release date: June 2005. Setting: -streaming (high/default encoder).
517:
332:
128 kbit/s, high frequency mode disabled, simple stereo disabled
257:
128 kbit/s, high frequency mode disabled, simple stereo disabled
1772:
1050:
905:
583:
370:
294:
159:
127:
73:
52:
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16:
Scientific study designed to compare two or more lossy audio codecs
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112 kbit/s VBR, Highest quality, joint stereo, smart encoding
2032:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
175:
80:
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593:
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375:
179:
171:
155:
111:
56:
2028:
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901:
354:
Vorbis: **Oggdrop pre-RC3 for
Windows 32; from CVS (10/26/01)
131:
37:
31:
1599:
830:
755:
672:
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251:--abr 134 -h --nspsytune—athtype 2 --lowpass 16—ns-bass -8
695:
191:
143:
2009:
International
Journal of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting
2034:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1170:
Ogg Vorbis: aoTuV / LANCER beta 4 based on SVN 1.1.1
2002:
620:VBR profile Streaming :: Medium, high quality
2060:
1773:HydrogenAudio user Kamedo2 (July/September 2014)
1096:. Release date: march 2005. Setting: --quality 5
142:Popular formats compared in these tests include
51:comparison. Commonly used methods are known as "
1090:. Release date: July 2005. Setting: -V2—vbr-new
326:--abr 134 -h --nspsytune—athtype 2 --ns-bass -8
1789:AAC Apple QuickTime iTunes 11.2.2 (qaac 2.4.1)
83:in a predetermined number of trials, then the
2055:site, host of most non-commercial ABX testing
1791:constrained VBR, high quality, 96 kbit/s
1670:constrained VBR, high quality, 96 kbit/s
1640:HydrogenAudio user IgorC (July - August 2011)
1595:constrained VBR, high quality, 64 kbit/s
1913:5-way tie (WAV, MP3, AAC, ACER HQ, ACER MQ)
1234:VBR/Stereo - Streaming, 100-120 kbit/s
1078:. Release date: end 2004 (?). Setting: -q175
2003:Cunningham, Stuart; McGregor, Iain (2019).
1571:HydrogenAudio user IgorC (March/April 2011)
963:32 kbit/s at 32 kHz, Quality mode
833:codec improved greatly since previous test
636:Real Audio Gecko (from Real Producer 9.0.1)
1528:Fraunhofer IIS mp3surround CL encoder v1.5
1102:. Release date: July 2005. Setting: -q6,00
808:Real Producer 10 beta (CodingTechnologies)
569:bitrate-managed 2-pass VBR 128 kbit/s
450:Both Vorbis variants were a close second.
130:, since the audio quality produced by any
2020:
1315:Coding Technologies - Winamp 5.2 beta 393
1309:Coding Technologies - Winamp 5.2 beta 393
336:AAC: Liquifier Pro 5.0.0 Beta 2, Build 24
261:AAC: Liquifier Pro 5.0.0 Beta 2, Build 24
1100:Ogg Vorbis: aoTuV beta 4 based on 1.1.1
714:VBR quality 40, "Current - Best" codec.
712:FhG MP3 encoder from Adobe Audition 1.0
2061:
1664:true VBR, high quality, 96 kbit/s
279:Ogg Vorbis: Oggdrop RC2 for Windows 32
1680:Coding Technologies (via Winamp 5.61)
1082:AAC: Nero Digital aacenc32 v.3.2.0.15
1634:, its name when later standardized.
431:AAC Low complexity at 64 kbit/s
344:-radio -ltq_gain 10 -tmn 12 -nmt 4.8
269:-radio -ltq_gain 10 -tmn 12 -nmt 4.8
40:, usually with respect to perceived
1603:complexity 10, VBR 67.5 kbit/s
1152:AAC-LC: iTunes 4.9 / QuickTime 7.02
948:--managed -b 32 resampled with SSRC
786:-internet profile, high quality, LC
503:-a 64 (64 kbit/s/channel, ABR)
13:
1965:Comparison of audio coding formats
954:32 kbit/s stereo music codec
790:Apple iTunes 4.2 (Apple/QuickTime)
330:MP3: Xing within AudioCatalyst 2.1
255:MP3: Xing within AudioCatalyst 2.1
190:) exist for some formats, such as
62:
14:
2080:
2042:
495:Apple QuickTime 6.3 (Apple/Dolby)
485:128 kbit/s CBR, high quality
2027:
1674:Fraunhofer IIS (via Winamp 5.62)
630:mp3PRO (from Adobe Audition 1.0)
30:designed to compare two or more
1813:AAC FAAC v1.28 (Mid-low Anchor)
1060:HydrogenAudio user "guruboolez"
1004:HydrogenAudio user "guruboolez"
975:32 kbit/s at 32 kHz,
942:32 kbit/s CBR High Quality
887:Std Bitrate VBR 128 kbit/s
796:Compaact! 1.2beta3 (zPlane/HHI)
543:Apple QuickTime 6.3 MP4 encoder
1996:
489:Sorenson Squeeze 3.5 (FhG Pro)
342:MPC: mppenc.exe version 1.7.9c
267:MPC: mppenc.exe version 1.7.9c
96:
47:Most tests take the form of a
1:
1990:
1970:High fidelity listening tests
1278:4-way tie (all except Shine)
1166:--xlevel—quality 3 (or—thumb)
969:32 kbit/s at 32 kHz
1704:HydrogenAudio user "Kamedo2"
784:Ahead/Nero AAC-enc v 2.6.2.0
735:128 kbit/s High Quality
650:64 kbit/s, Best Quality
545:128 kbit/s high quality
497:128 kbit/s high quality
312:2001 October - 2002 January
7:
1958:
1819:AAC FAAC v1.28 (Low Anchor)
1329:48 kbit/s ABR HEv2-AAC
1317:48 kbit/s CBR HEv2-AAC
67:
44:or compression efficiency.
10:
2085:
1587:Ogg Vorbis AoTuV 6.02 Beta
1530:-br 0 -m 4 -q 1 -vbri -ofl
1463:1-pass CBR, 64 kbit/s
1390:1-pass CBR, 48 kbit/s
1250:Ogg Vorbis AoTuV 4.51 Beta
1189:150 classical, 35 various
867:Ogg Vorbis aoTuV tuning b2
618:Ahead/Nero 6.0.0.15 HE AAC
567:Windows Media Audio v9 PRO
120:
109:
71:
1801:Ogg Vorbis aoTuV Beta6.03
1630:, CELT is referred to as
1339:LAME 3.97b2 (High Anchor)
1333:iTunes 6.0.2 (Low Anchor)
1323:48 kbit/s ABR HE-AAC
1311:48 kbit/s CBR HE-AAC
1034:-q 6,00; -q 6,99; -q 5,50
961:QDesign Music Codec 2 Pro
421:at 64 kbit/s (using
105:
1853:Cunningham and McGregor
1540:l3enc 0.99a (Low Anchor)
1394:Nero HE-AAC May 26, 2006
1262:Shine 0.1.4 (Low Anchor)
946:Ogg Vorbis post-1.0.1CVS
733:Audioactive Encoder 2.04
1467:Nero HE-AAC Jul 20 2007
1455:Ogg Vorbis AoTuV 5 Beta
1382:Ogg Vorbis AoTuV 5 Beta
1158:MP3: LAME 3.97 alpha 11
1088:MP3: LAME 3.97 alpha 11
857:-V5—athaa-sensitivity 1
798:VBR 5, high quality, LC
624:Ogg Vorbis post-1.0 CVS
561:Ogg Vorbis post-1.0 CVS
549:LAME MP3 Encoder 3.90.3
1985:Noise reduction system
1803:-q 2.2 (~96 kbps)
1777:2014 July - September
1402:Quality-Based VBR, Q10
1258:Quality-Based VBR, Q50
642:Windows Media Audio v9
596:tied for close second
1821:-q 30 (~52 kbps)
1762:(all except BladeEnc
1744:BladeEnc (Low Anchor)
1668:Apple QuickTime 7.6.9
1662:Apple QuickTime 7.6.9
1534:Helix v5.1 2005.08.09
1486:and WMA Professional
1429:WMA Professional and
1357:(all except anchors)
1327:Nero Digital 4.9.9.96
1321:Nero Digital 4.9.9.95
1176:WMA Standard: WMA 9.1
977:in Adobe Audition 1.5
875:--quality 4.15—xlevel
2022:10.1155/2019/8265301
1256:WMA Professional 9.1
1240:128 kbit/s, VBR
1026:MP3: LAME 3.97 alpha
956:in Helix Producer 10
940:Nero Ahead HE AAC+PS
739:Xing MP3 Encoder 1.5
718:Apple iTunes 4.2 MP3
648:QuickTime 6.3 AAC LC
557:--quality 4 --xlevel
483:Ahead/Nero 5.5.10.35
429:QuickTime 6.0 MPEG-4
21:codec listening test
1899:~1233 kbps VBR
1893:~1130 kbps VBR
1891:ACER medium quality
1887:~1023 kbps VBR
1797:VBR, 96 kbit/s
1461:WMA Professional 10
1408:48 kbit/s, CBR
1406:iTunes AAC 7.0.2.16
1388:WMA Professional 10
1226:~140 (nominal 128)
1032:Ogg Vorbis: megamix
863:128 kbit/s AAC
477:Psytel AAC-enc 2.15
1335:48 kbit/s CBR
1305:48 kbit/s CBR
1238:iTunes AAC 6.0.1.3
1202:tied (classical),
967:Microsoft WMA9 Std
741:VBR quality normal
324:MP3: Lame 3.89beta
249:MP3: Lame 3.89beta
55:" or "ABC/HR" or "
1980:Audible artifacts
1956:
1955:
1934:Bitrate (kbit/s)
1897:ACER high quality
1881:192 kbps CBR
1875:CBR 192 kbps
1746:-quit -nocfg -224
1682:CBR 100 kbps
1644:2011 July/August
1542:-br 128000 -mod 1
1094:MPC: mppenc 1.15v
855:LAME encoder 3.96
706:LAME encoder 3.95
209:Bitrate (kbit/s)
93:to the listener.
2076:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2000:
1885:ACER low quality
1868:Uncompressed WAV
1807:MP3 LAME 3.99.5
1696:Apple QuickTime
1433:tied for second
1400:WMA Standard 9.2
1244:LAME 3.97 Beta 2
1232:Nero AAC 3.1.0.2
1164:MPC: mppenc 1.14
1137:
1076:AAC: Faac 1.24.1
861:Apple iTunes 4.2
551:--alt-preset 128
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491:128 kbit/s
413:MMJB 7.2 mp3PRO
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1740:-X2 -U2 -V146
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1020:MPC: musepack
1018:
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904:(Vorbis) and
903:
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868:
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719:
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692:2004 January
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579:
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555:Musepack 1.14
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
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403:-b 64—managed
402:
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54:
50:
45:
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39:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
2051:- Community
2012:
2008:
1998:
1949:Best Result
1918:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1867:
1846:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1764:low anchor)
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1656:Nero 1.5.4.0
1655:
1623:CELT / Opus
1607:Nero HE-AAC
1606:
1598:
1593:Apple HE-AAC
1592:
1586:
1558:(all except
1539:
1536:-X2 -U2 -V60
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1510:LAME 3.98.2
1509:
1484:Nero Digital
1466:
1460:
1454:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1287:Mp3-tech.org
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1140:2005 August
1125:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1064:2005 August
1031:
1025:
1019:
976:
972:
966:
960:
955:
951:
945:
939:
934:LAME encoder
933:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
829:Open-source
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
738:
732:
725:GOGO-no-coda
723:
717:
711:
708:--preset 128
705:
680:
676:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
566:
560:
554:
548:
542:
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
428:
422:
418:
412:
406:
400:
353:
347:
341:
335:
329:
323:
278:
272:
266:
260:
254:
248:
224:Best Result
141:
137:transparency
124:
115:
100:
88:
77:
49:double-blind
46:
20:
18:
1862:192 - 1411
1734:-q 0 -b 224
1732:LAME 3.98.4
1726:LAME 3.99.5
1575:2011 March
1518:-V5—vbr-new
1291:2006 March
1246:-V5—vbr-new
1136:(in French)
1133:gURuBoOleZZ
879:Sony Atrac3
802:FAAC 1.23.5
188:open source
184:proprietary
97:ABC/HR test
90:transparent
2053:audiophile
1991:References
1946:Listeners
1760:4-way tie
1738:Helix v5.1
1556:5-way tie
1443:2007 July
1355:5-way tie
1303:3gpp 6.3.0
1206:(various)
1186:, various
1028:-V 3; -V 2
1008:2004 July
952:Real Audio
936:3.96 -b 32
919:2004 June
531:2003 July
501:FAAC 1.17b
460:2003 June
425:to encode)
389:2002 July
221:Listeners
152:extensions
25:scientific
1952:Comments
1859:multiple
1780:multiple
1720:Lame3100i
1708:2013 May
1578:multiple
1516:LAME 3.97
1446:multiple
1373:multiple
1223:multiple
1143:multiple
1121:(Vorbis)
1108:Classical
1067:multiple
1040:Classical
1022:-standard
1011:multiple
922:multiple
846:multiple
843:2004 May
609:multiple
534:multiple
518:QuickTime
392:multiple
315:multiple
240:multiple
227:Comments
2063:Category
2015:: 1–16.
1959:See also
1943:Samples
1931:Formats
1826:Various
1795:Opus 1.1
1751:Various
1687:Various
1658:-q 0.345
1614:Various
1609:-q 0.245
1547:Various
1474:Various
1413:Various
1346:Various
1269:Various
1160:--abr 99
1051:Musepack
983:Various
906:Musepack
892:Various
815:Various
746:Various
655:Various
584:Musepack
574:Various
508:Various
436:Various
371:Musepack
361:Various
295:Musepack
218:Samples
206:Formats
160:Musepack
128:bitrates
74:ABX test
68:ABX test
42:fidelity
1937:Codecs
1925:Source
1842:results
1647:LC-AAC
1628:results
1469:-q 0.24
1252:-q 4.25
1184:Classic
869:-q 4.35
563:-q 4.25
479:-br 128
423:WMP 7.1
212:Codecs
200:Source
176:QDesign
121:Results
81:p-value
1928:Dates
1620:25-13
1589:-q 0.1
1553:26-39
1480:21-33
1425:HE-AAC
1419:22-34
1396:-q 0.2
1352:10-20
1275:18-30
1264:-b 128
1178:CBR 96
1172:-q2,00
1154:CBR 96
995:HE-AAC
989:47-77
973:mp3PRO
898:12-27
825:iTunes
821:19-29
804:-q 115
752:11-22
667:HE-AAC
661:30-43
594:Vorbis
592:, and
580:14-24
514:11-18
446:mp3PRO
442:24-41
376:Vorbis
367:25-28
203:Dates
180:mp3PRO
178:, and
172:ATRAC3
166:. The
162:, and
156:Vorbis
112:MUSHRA
106:MUSHRA
57:MUSHRA
38:codecs
1815:-b 96
1714:~224
1676:VBR 3
1560:L3enc
1512:-V5.7
1504:~128
1431:aoTuV
1423:Nero
1384:-q -1
1204:aoTuV
1196:aoTuV
1119:aoTuV
1070:~180
1014:~175
993:Nero
902:aoTuV
849:~128
778:~128
700:~128
665:Nero
588:AAC,
537:~128
385:ff123
318:~128
308:ff123
243:~128
237:2001
233:ff123
150:(and
132:lossy
35:audio
32:lossy
28:study
23:is a
2013:2019
1910:100
1904:Pop
1836:Opus
1783:~96
1722:-V2+
1711:MP3
1650:~96
1632:Opus
1600:CELT
1581:~64
1501:MP3
1457:-q 0
1449:~64
1376:~48
1294:AAC
1198:and
1146:~96
831:FAAC
756:LAME
727:3.12
673:LAME
626:-q 0
612:~64
468:128
419:WMA8
409:-q 0
395:~64
297:and
186:and
2017:doi
1907:10
1879:AAC
1873:MP3
1840:In
1832:33
1829:40
1754:25
1728:-V1
1693:25
1690:20
1626:In
1617:30
1550:14
1477:18
1416:20
1349:18
1341:-V5
1297:48
1272:18
1200:AAC
1112:18
1044:18
986:18
927:CBR
925:32
895:18
818:12
774:AAC
749:12
696:MP3
677:all
675:to
658:12
590:WMA
577:12
511:10
470:CBR
464:AAC
439:12
374:or
299:AAC
291:16
192:MP3
164:WMA
154:),
148:AAC
144:MP3
53:ABX
2065::
2011:.
2007:.
1757:1
1562:)
1192:1
1115:1
1047:1
415:64
364:3
288:1
174:,
170:,
158:,
146:,
139:.
19:A
2036:.
2025:.
2019::
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