250:, drawing upon resentments among frontier settlers about poor land and the colonial government's protection of allied Indian nations who raided frontier settlements in retaliation for their land grabs. Cockacoeske soon after heard from Governor Berkeley's faction as he sought help from the Pamunkey in this new conflict. So she went to the statehouse in Jamestown to answer the request, dressed in her finest state regalia: wampum, a fringed deerskin mantle, and accompanied by an interpreter and several retainers, including her son. Cockacoeske's response when told she must honor treaty obligations by supplying warriors for Berkeley, she played the consummate diplomat:
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the treaty, which had designated the colonial government the arbiters of inter-tribal grievances, when they would just as rather allow them to "weaken themselves... by their
Intestine Broyls." Cockacoeske tried to utilize colonial arbitration several times in 1678 to enforce the tribute clauses of the Treaty of 1677, but it appears that the Chicahominys and Rappahonnocks successfully rejected her claims of sovereignty over them, much as they had done to the Powhatan in the years of his chieftaincy.
28:
277:. As Cockacoeske and her people abandoned their camp, they were chased by Bacon's followers, who captured one of the Queen's attendants and tried to coerce her to bring them to the Pamunkey, but she led them astray, and they killed her. Cockacoeske asked for help from the Governor's Council, and eventually the Assembly sent an unsuccessful naval expedition against Bacon's camp in Maryland. After Bacon died of disease, the rebellion gradually fizzled out.
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314:. The full list of signatories includes Peracuta, King of Appomattux; Pattanochus, King of Nansaticoen; Shurenough, King of the Manakina; Mastegone, young King of the Sappones; Tachapoake, Chiefe man of the Sappones; Tachapoake, Chief man of the Meherians; Norehannah, next Chiefe man of the Meherians. Given Cockacoeske's prominence,
321:
The treaty text shows that
Cockacoeske intended to take on a role more than just as Queen of the Pamunkey. She influenced the wording of Article 12, which stated that "each Indian King and Queen have equal power to govern their owne people and none to have greater power than other except the Queen of
301:
with new
Virginia Governor Jeffreys on May 29, 1677, forged after almost a month of negotiations that commenced on May 5. In the treaty, Indian leaders like Cockacoeske accepted their de facto position as subjects of the Crown, and gave up their remaining claims to their ancestral land, in return for
302:
protection from the remaining hostile
Indians and a guarantee of a limited amount of reserved land. Yet the treaty also strengthened alliances between Indian groups fractured by the wars, and dictated rights and responsibilities of the English colonists in return. Cockacoaeske, called "Queen of the
263:
In other words, Queen
Cockacoeske successfully shamed her audience for their inattention to her own people's survival. As Martha McCartney asserted, this was "a reminder to the council that it was in identical circumstances that her husband and a hundred of his bowmen had lost their lives, for which
231:(Chief) of the Pamunkey and the colonial government of Virginia recognized her as the "Queen" of Pamunkey. She remained in power for nearly thirty years, living in the land between the Pamunkey and Mattaponi Rivers on land ceded to them after the end of the war in 1646 (land later designated as the
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with grave courtlike gestures and a majestick air in her face, she walk'd up our long room to the lower end of the table, where after a few intreaties she sat down... being againe urged she after a little musing with an earnest passionate countenance as if tears were ready to gush out and a fervent
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resisted
Cockacoeske's demands for tribute and obedience, asserting they had not paid such tribute for many years, and complaining that she had executed some Chickahominys. Virginia officials nonetheless expressed confidence in Cockacoeske's leadership, although they complained about Article 18 of
306:," was the first signatory, a reflection of her strong negotiating position and ability to claim other tributary groups under her leadership. (Only four people's marks were included in the printed version of the treaty published in London, including Cockacoeske's son John West, the Queen of the
268:
the same question "what
Indians will you now contribute, &c.? of this disregard she signified her resentment by a disdainfull aspect, and turning her head half aside, sate mute till that same question being press'd, a third time, she not returning her face to the board, answered with a low
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officials appointed a commission which criticized both parties for their mistreatment of the
Pamunkey and other friendly Indian tribes, and stressed the importance of restoring peace to the region.
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slighting voice in her own language "twelve, tho' she then had a hundred and fifty Indian men, in her town, and so rose up and gravely walked away, as not pleased with her treatment.
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359:, born probably around 1656–57 and "reputed the son of an English colonel." On the basis of his name, and birth after her husband's death, he has often been considered the son of
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only referred to him the "king of the
Pamunkeys," not "king of the Indians," as they had earlier paramount chiefs. Totopotomoi was killed in what was later called the
2020:
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sort of expression made a harangue about a quarter of an hour often, interlacing (with a high shrill voice and vehement passion) these words "Tatapatamoi
Chepiack" (
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created and sustained by Powhatan and Opechancanough, and historians believe that the several "scattered nations" Cockacoeske claimed as tributary were the
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Pamunkey to whom several scattered Indian Nations doe now againe owne their antient subjection...." This "ancient subjection" was an allusion to the
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Martha McCartney, "Cockacoeske, Queen of Pamunkey: Diplomat and Suzeraine", in Peter H. Wood, Gregory A. Waselkov, and M. Thomas Hatley (eds.),
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and maintain peaceful unity among the several tribes under her leadership. She was the first of the tribal leaders to sign the Virginia-Indian
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Frederick W. Gleach, Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia: Conflict in Cultures (Lincoln and London: The University of Nebraska Press, 1997)
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371:. The Virginia-Indian Treaty of 1677/1680, which this youth signed, identified him as "Cap't John West, sonne to the Queen of Pamunkey."
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Martha M. McCartney, "Cockacoeske, Queen of Pamunkey: Diplomat and Suzeraine." In Gregory A. Waselkov (ed.),
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had a medal fashioned specifically for her to be worn in recognition of her help securing the treaty.
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The Beginning, Progress, and Conclusion of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia, In the Years 1675 and 1676
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at the confluence of the Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers, where they form the York River), or his son
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591:"Cockacoeske, Weroansqua of the Pamunkeys, and Indian Resistance in Seventeenth-Century Virginia"
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246:. Although of the wealthy planter class, Bacon competed for power with Gov.
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in 1646 led to the disintegration of the confederacy built by his brother
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734:""Executive Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia", Vol. 1, p. 78"
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487:. British Academy., Oxford University Press. (Online ed.). Oxford.
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A descendant of Opechancanough herself, Cockacoeske became the solitary
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University of Nebraska Press. Revised and Expanded Edition: 243–66.
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Bacon's first attacks were against the Pamunkey, who fled into the
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https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/articles-of-peace-1677/
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411:"Monument features the first female leader of Pamunkey Tribe"
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sacrifice there had been no compensation." When asked again
168:. During her thirty-year reign, she worked with the English
773:
The Powhatan Indians of Virginia: Their Traditional Culture
238:
The biggest threat to peace during her rule came during
455:"Virginia Women in History: Cockacoeske (1656 - 1686)"
242:, a multiracial uprising of disaffected groups led by
768:, (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1989)
544:
Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast.
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Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast
775:. (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989).
644:, American Memory Collections, Library of Congress
293:Signatures to the Treaty of Middle Plantation 1677
355:Cockacoeske's only documented child was her son,
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588:
363:, who established a plantation (now the town of
180:. In 2004 Cockacoeske was honored as one of the
172:, trying to recapture the former power of past
695:Powhatan Museum of Indigenous Arts and Culture
284:
889:
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389:Cockacoeske died in 1686, and, as this was a
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297:Cockacoeske and her son John West signed the
393:society, was succeeded by her niece, Betty.
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557:"Richmond Story: the Battle of Bloody Run"
141:(pronounced Coke a cow ski) (also spelled
26:
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485:Oxford dictionary of national biography
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32:Statue of Cockacoeske included in the
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2146:17th-century Native American leaders
1113:Annabelle Ravenscroft Gibson Jenkins
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1307:Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell
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156:) was a 17th-century leader of the
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2106:People of the Powhatan Confederacy
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1631:Elizabeth Ambler Brent Carrington
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2126:Native American women in warfare
2011:Elizabeth Dabney Langhorne Lewis
1753:Elizabeth Bray Allen Smith Stith
1554:Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell
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378:believe she had a daughter with
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465:from the original on 2020-02-21
216:, while fighting alongside the
1353:Providencia Velazquez Gonzalez
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615:10.5250/amerindiquar.36.3.0288
607:10.5250/amerindiquar.36.3.0288
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2111:Women in 17th-century warfare
2101:Women Native American leaders
1983:
1911:Temperance Flowerdew Yeardley
1779:Mary Elizabeth Nottingham Day
1672:Mary Berkeley Minor Blackford
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691:"Powhatan Historic Documents"
396:
210:English colonists in Virginia
146:
1906:Mary Aydelotte Rice Marshall
1251:John-Geline MacDonald Bowman
436:"Articles of Peace (1677),"
7:
2151:17th-century American women
2116:17th-century women monarchs
2041:Maggie Lena Mitchell Walker
1789:Edwilda Gustava Allen Isaac
1738:Dorothy Shoemaker McDiarmid
1580:Christiana Burdett Campbell
1302:Laura Lu Scherer Copenhaver
299:Treaty of Middle Plantation
285:Treaty of Middle Plantation
233:Pamunkey Indian Reservation
208:became leader in 1649, but
178:Treaty of Middle Plantation
10:
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673:"Articles of Peace (1677)"
351:Descendants and succession
2067:Lillie Louise Boone Lucas
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589:Ethan A. Schmidt (2012).
204:. Cockacoeske's husband
186:Virginia Women in History
160:tribe in what is now the
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1947:Georgeanna Seegar Jones
1590:Elizabeth Peet McIntosh
1256:Benita Fitzgerald-Brown
1195:Clara Leach Adams-Ender
1128:Annie Bannister Spencer
461:. Library of Virginia.
125:First signatory of the
89:Pamunkey Neck, Virginia
2026:Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon
1891:Marii Kyogoku Hasegawa
1850:Louise Harrison McCraw
1830:Corazon Sandoval Foley
1799:Ana Ines Barragan King
1723:Nancy Melvina Caldwell
1682:Elizabeth Ashburn Duke
1103:Anna Whitehead Bodeker
515:: CS1 maint: others (
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1656:Eva Mae Fleming Scott
1595:Orelena Hawks Puckett
1549:Felicia Warburg Rogan
1503:Marian Van Landingham
1276:Mary Virginia Terhune
1205:Bessie Blount Griffin
1067:Lillian Ward McDaniel
1016:Sally Louisa Tompkins
803:Encyclopedia Virginia
720:Encyclopedia Virginia
677:Encyclopedia Virginia
459:Virginia Changemakers
438:Encyclopedia Virginia
292:
266:
252:
182:Library of Virginia's
2036:Lila Meade Valentine
1962:Kate Peters Sturgill
1876:Gaye Todd Adegbalola
1840:Cynthia Eppes Hudson
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1605:Alice Jackson Stuart
1585:Betty Sams Christian
1493:Jean Miller Skipwith
1399:Caroline Bradby Cook
1317:Sheila Crump Johnson
1215:Barbara Johns Powell
1047:Janie Porter Barrett
970:Lila Meade Valentine
794:at Wikimedia Commons
310:and the king of the
214:Battle of Bloody Run
1957:Lucy Randolph Mason
1937:Claudia Lane Dodson
1845:Mary Virginia Jones
1774:Flora D. Crittenden
1529:Emily White Fleming
1468:Mollie Holmes Adams
1241:Kate Waller Barrett
1159:Anne Makemie Holden
771:Helen C. Rountree,
716:"Pamunkey Frontlet"
653:Cave at pp. 159–161
444:Accessed 11/3/2021.
334:, perhaps also the
192:Early life and rule
2072:Evelyn Reid Syphax
2016:Sophie G. Meredith
1901:Barbara Kingsolver
1855:Undine Smith Moore
1488:Kate Mason Rowland
1478:Edythe C. Harrison
1414:Joann Hess Grayson
1373:Isabel Wood Rogers
1271:G. Anne Richardson
1246:Marie Majella Berg
1164:Mary Draper Ingles
1123:Anne Dobie Peebles
996:Elizabeth Campbell
925:Mary Julia Baldwin
814:2021-05-07 at the
563:. 25 November 2020
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170:colony of Virginia
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1733:Ruth Coles Harris
1621:Mary C. Alexander
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1424:Virginia Randolph
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1292:Mary Willing Byrd
1179:Martha Washington
1077:Jessie M. Rattley
1057:Hannah Lee Corbin
1021:Elizabeth Van Lew
1006:Elizabeth Keckley
991:Rosa Dixon Bowser
920:Ella Graham Agnew
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849:Succeeded by
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257:Tatapamoi is dead
240:Bacon's Rebellion
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1322:Opossunoquonuske
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1758:Karenne Wood
1519:Lucy Addison
1483:Janis Martin
1473:Ethel Furman
1378:Edith Turner
1261:Grace Hopper
1174:Annie Snyder
1154:Katie Couric
1148:
1144:Grace Arents
1098:Pearl Bailey
1026:Edith Wilson
935:Willa Cather
836:
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742:. Retrieved
738:the original
728:
719:
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698:. Retrieved
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565:. Retrieved
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469:19 September
467:. Retrieved
458:
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418:. Retrieved
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320:
296:
275:Dragon Swamp
272:
267:
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237:
226:
195:
143:Cockacoeskie
142:
138:
137:
64:Succeeded by
20:Cockacoeskie
2121:1686 deaths
1748:Vivian Pinn
1702:Debbie Ryan
1651:Inez Pruitt
1646:Cleo Powell
1636:Ann Compton
1200:Caitlyn Day
1149:Cockacoeske
1093:Nancy Astor
1052:Patsy Cline
940:Jennie Dean
831:Totopotomoi
809:Cockacoeske
798:Cockacoeske
792:Cockacoeske
700:November 1,
415:Indianz.Com
391:matrilineal
380:Totopotomoi
374:The modern
229:Werowansqua
206:Totopotomoi
154: 1686
150: 1640
139:Cockacoeske
106:Totopotomoi
57:Totopotomoi
52:Preceded by
2095:Categories
960:Pocahontas
838:Weroansqua
744:2012-02-28
567:January 3,
420:2023-09-15
397:References
365:West Point
336:Chiskiacks
312:Nansemonds
162:U.S. state
152: – c.
1984:2020–2029
1932:Queen Ann
1881:Rita Dove
1451:2010–2019
1220:Lee Smith
903:2000–2009
623:154137199
511:cite book
369:John West
361:John West
357:John West
308:Weyanokes
224:Indians.
122:Known for
116:John West
1534:Pearl Fu
842:Pamunkey
812:Archived
503:56568095
463:Archived
304:Pamunkey
248:Berkeley
202:Powhatan
166:Virginia
158:Pamunkey
112:Children
87:ca. 1640
840:of the
621:
613:
501:
491:
102:Spouse
852:Betty
619:S2CID
611:JSTOR
279:Crown
222:Westo
69:Betty
2050:2021
1994:2020
1920:2019
1869:2018
1818:2017
1767:2016
1716:2015
1665:2014
1614:2013
1563:2012
1512:2011
1461:2010
1387:2009
1336:2008
1285:2007
1234:2006
1188:2005
1137:2004
1086:2003
1035:2002
984:2001
913:2000
702:2022
569:2023
517:link
499:OCLC
489:ISBN
471:2021
342:and
330:and
97:1686
94:Died
84:Born
818:at
800:at
603:doi
235:).
188:".
164:of
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184:"
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
