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these worlds may have been able to utilize the tremendous amounts of power required to bridge the space between the stars ...". Tombaugh stated that he had observed celestial phenomena which he could not explain, but had seen none personally since 1951 or 1952. "These things, which do appear to be directed, are unlike any other phenomena I ever observed. Their apparent lack of obedience to the ordinary laws of celestial motion gives credence."
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858:, Commander Robert McLaughlin, that he had seen a bright flash on Mars on August 27, 1941, which he now attributed to an atomic blast. Tombaugh also noted that the first atomic bomb tested in New Mexico would have lit up the dark side of the Earth like a neon sign and that Mars was coincidentally quite close at the time, the implication apparently being that the atomic test would have been visible from Mars.
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I had never been much interested in Pluto—too few facts and too much speculation, too far away and not desirable real estate. By comparison the Moon was a choice residential suburb. Professor
Tombaugh (the one the station was named for) was working on a giant electronic telescope to photograph it,
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titled "Celestial
Visitors May Be Invading Earth's Atmosphere", Tombaugh was again quoted on his sightings and opinion about them. "Although our own solar system is believed to support no other life than on Earth, other stars in the galaxy may have hundreds of thousands of habitable worlds. Races on
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spacecraft. The container includes the inscription: "Interred herein are remains of
American Clyde W. Tombaugh, discoverer of Pluto and the Solar System's 'third zone'. Adelle and Muron's boy, Patricia's husband, Annette and Alden's father, astronomer, teacher, punster and friend: Clyde W. Tombaugh
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by himself. To better test his telescope mirrors, Tombaugh, with just a pick and shovel, dug a pit 24 feet long, 8 feet deep, and 7 feet wide. This provided a constant air temperature, free of air currents, and was also used by the family as a root cellar and emergency shelter. He sent drawings of
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in 1922. As the family had moved to the farm in August 1922 and the crops needed to be prepared urgently, Tombaugh had to drop out of high school for a year to help his father prepare the crops on the family farm. Tombaugh graduated from high school in 1925. Tombaugh's plans for attending college
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reported on August 29 that "a source close to the O. O. R. unit here described as 'quite accurate' the report in the magazine
Aviation Week that two previously unobserved satellites had been spotted and identified by Dr. Lincoln LaPaz of the University of New Mexico as natural and not artificial
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magazine stated that two satellites had been found only 400 and 600 miles out. They were termed "natural satellites" and implied that they had been recently captured, despite this being a virtual impossibility. The next day, the story was in many major newspapers. Dr. LaPaz was implicated in the
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Tombaugh's widow
Patricia stated after the IAU's decision that while he might have been disappointed with the change since he had resisted attempts to remove Pluto's planetary status in his lifetime, he would have accepted the decision now if he were alive. She noted that he "was a scientist. He
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Following the discovery, it was recognized that Pluto wasn't massive enough to be the expected ninth planet, and some astronomers began to consider it the first of a new class of object – and indeed
Tombaugh searched for additional trans-Neptunian objects for years, though due to the lack of any
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to compare the different images. When he shifted between the two images, a moving object, such as a planet, would appear to jump from one position to another, while the more distant objects such as stars would appear stationary. Tombaugh noticed such a moving object in his search, near the place
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magazine reported: "Professor
Tombaugh is closemouthed about his results. He won't say whether or not any small natural satellites have been discovered. He does say, however, that newspaper reports of 18 months ago announcing the discovery of natural satellites at 400 and 600 miles out are not
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From my own studies of the solar system I cannot entertain any serious possibility for intelligent life on other planets, not even for Mars... The logistics of visitations from planets revolving around the nearer stars is staggering. In consideration of the hundreds of millions of years in the
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Another sighting by
Tombaugh a year or two later while at a White Sands observatory was of an object of −6 magnitude, four times brighter than Venus at its brightest, going from the zenith to the southern horizon in about 3 seconds. The object executed the same maneuvers as in Tombaugh's first
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A much more likely source of explanation is some natural optical phenomenon in our own atmosphere. In my 1949 sightings the faintness of the object, together with the manner of fading in intensity as it traveled away from the zenith towards the southeastern horizon, is quite suggestive of a
787:. He described them as six to eight rectangular lights, stating: "I doubt that the phenomenon was any terrestrial reflection, because... nothing of the kind has ever appeared before or since... I was so unprepared for such a strange sight that I was really petrified with astonishment.".
763:, discovered in 1931, is named after him. He discovered hundreds of asteroids, beginning with 2839 Annette in 1929, mostly as a by-product of his search for Pluto and his searches for other celestial objects. Tombaugh named some of them after his wife, children and grandchildren. The
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I have never seen anything like it before or since, and I have spent a lot of time where the night sky could be seen well. This suggests that the phenomenon involves a comparatively rare set of conditions or circumstances to produce it, but nothing like the odds of an interstellar
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At a meteor conference in Los
Angeles in 1957, Tombaugh reiterated that his four-year search for "natural satellites" had been unsuccessful. In 1959, Tombaugh was to issue a final report stating that nothing had been found in his search. His personal 16-inch
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My family moved to Kansas in August 1922. A great deal of urgent work had to be done in preparing over 250 acres of ground for the fall seeding of wheat. It was necessary for me to drop out of high school for one year to assist my father in this
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when he was 12 years old in 1918. His uncle Lee also helped spark his interest in astronomy as he was an amateur astronomer who used a 3-inch (76 mm) diameter non-achromatic refractor telescope and gave him several astronomy-related books.
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scientist Robert
Staehle called Tombaugh, requesting permission to visit his planet. "I told him he was welcome to it," Tombaugh later remembered, "though he's got to go one long, cold trip." The call eventually led to the launch of the
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during his search for Pluto and years of follow-up searches looking for another candidate for the postulated Planet X. Tombaugh is also credited with the discovery of periodic comet 274P/Tombaugh–Tenagra. He also discovered hundreds of
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in 1924 by an amateur astronomer named Latimer J. Wilson, titled "The Drift of Jupiter's Markings" showing sketches of Jupiter and decided he wanted to make his own telescope so he could see the features shown on Jupiter in sketches.
885:, first announced in late 1953 and sponsored by the Army Office of Ordnance Research. Another public statement was made on the search in March 1954, emphasizing the rationale that such an orbiting object would serve as a natural
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By May 1954, Keyhoe was making public statements that his sources told him the search had indeed been successful, and either one or two objects had been found. However, the story did not break until August 23, 1954, when
437:. However, Minerva was already in use and the primary supporter of Cronus was widely disliked, leaving Pluto as the front-runner. Outside of Lowell staff, it was first proposed by an 11-year-old English schoolgirl,
2438:"Awards Council member Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg presents the Academy's Golden Plate Award to Clyde W. Tombaugh, eminent astronomer who discovered Pluto, at 1991 American Academy of Achievement Summit in New York City"
422:. This ruled out classification as an asteroid, and they decided this was the ninth planet that Lowell had predicted. The discovery was made on Tuesday, February 18, 1930, using images taken the previous month.
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objects in the late 1990s, which showed that it did not orbit alone but was at best the largest of a number of icy bodies in its region of space. After it was shown that at least one such body, dubbed
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of the University of New Mexico, told Hynek about their sightings. Tombaugh also told Hynek that his telescopes were at the Air Force's disposal for taking photos of UFOs, if he was properly alerted.
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seconds. He never supported the interpretation as a spaceship that has often been attributed to him. He considered other possibilities, with a temperature inversion as the most likely cause.
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years after Clyde followed by his brother Roy in 1912, Charles in 1914, Robert in 1923 and Anita Rachel in 1929. Tombaugh's interest in astronomy appears to have begun when he visited the
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UFO study, secretly conducted a survey of fellow astronomers on UFO sightings and attitudes while attending an astronomy convention. Tombaugh and four other astronomers, including Dr.
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897:(NICAP), the real reason for the sudden search was because two near-Earth orbiting objects had been picked up on new long-range radar in the summer of 1953, according to his
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544:. In the fourteen years of looking for planets, until he was drafted in July 1943, Tombaugh looked for motion in 90 million star images (two each of 45 million stars).
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Tombaugh continued searching for over a decade after the discovery of Pluto, and the lack of further discoveries left him satisfied that no other object of a comparable
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geologic time scale when such visits may have possibly occurred, the odds of a single visit in a given century or millennium are overwhelmingly against such an event.
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further discoveries he concluded that Pluto was indeed a planet. The idea that Pluto was not a true planet remained a minority position until the discovery of other
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offered this perspective on Tombaugh's place in history: "Clyde Tombaugh discovered the Kuiper Belt. That's a helluva lot more interesting than the ninth planet."
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reports." However, in the October 10 issue, LaPaz said the magazine article was "false in every particular, in so far as reference to me is concerned."
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It was at Lowell in 1930 that Tombaugh discovered Pluto. Following his discovery, Tombaugh earned bachelor's and master's degrees in astronomy from the
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Illinois proposes a Pluto Day and reinstate Pluto as a Planet in honor of C. Tombaugh: Illinois General Assembly, Senate Resolution SR0046 2/26/2009
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descent, and his wife Adella Pearl Chritton on February 4, 1906. He was the first of six children in the family with his sister, Esther being born
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Clyde Tombaugh's fame for his discovery of Pluto was enough for him to qualify as a contestant on the October 24, 1956, episode of the game show
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The Discoverer of Pluto plaque begins, "On this spot in 1906 stood the boyhood home of Dr. Clyde Tombaugh, discoverer of the planet Pluto..."
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reported that Tombaugh "... never observed an unexplainable aerial object despite his continuous and extensive observations of the sky."
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The family's poor finances, due to years of bad weather on the farm and a bad corn harvest in 1921, caused them to move to a new farm in
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528:, but at the time of Tombaugh's discovery of Pluto, Makemake was only a few degrees from the ecliptic, near the border of
2309:"Prospecting for Buried Meteorites Suggested: Nickel, Platinum and Cobalt Believed to Abound in Deposits, Society Told"
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discovery in addition to Tombaugh. LaPaz had earlier conducted secret investigations on behalf of the Air Force on the
833:, which suddenly appeared over New Mexico in late 1948 and continued at least through the early 1950s. A researcher on
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correct. He adds that there is no connection between the search program and the reports of so-called flying saucers."
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Tombaugh is officially credited by the Minor Planet Center with discovering 15 asteroids, and he observed nearly 800
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would understand they had a real problem when they start finding several of these things flying around the place."
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Clyde Tombaugh had five siblings. Through the daughter of his youngest brother, Robert, he is the great-uncle of
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features a scientific base on Earth's moon called Tombaugh Station. When the hero arrives on Pluto, he reflects:
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reflection from an optical boundary or surface of slight contrast in refractive index, as in an inversion layer.
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540:, making it almost impossible to find such an object within the dense concentration of background stars of the
1089:(1906–1997)". Tombaugh was survived by his wife, Patricia (1912–2012), and their children, Annette and Alden.
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Both LaPaz and Tombaugh were to issue public denials that anything had been found. The October 1955 issue of
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based on Minor Planet Center online Minor Planet Ephemeris Service: March 1, 1930: RA: 05h51m, Dec: +29.0
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objects. This source also said there was absolutely no connection between the reported satellites and
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under a Guggenheim grant, but he had a special interest; he discovered Pluto years before I was born.
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Three classical mythological names were about equally popular among proposals for the new planet:
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Tombaugh observed these rectangles of light for about 3 seconds and his wife saw them for about
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predicted by Lowell, and subsequent observations showed it to have an orbit beyond that of
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It begins to look as if the earth has no such satellite, or certainly very few, if any
1989:
The World of Flying Saucers: A scientific examination of a major myth of the space age
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2794:"Clyde Tombaugh (1906–97) Astronomer who discovered the Solar System's ninth planet"
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called Tombaugh one of two great living experienced visual observers as talented as
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to take photographs of the same section of sky several nights apart. He then used a
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in 1930, the first object to be discovered in what would later be identified as the
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1613:"Meet the unknown female mathematician whose calculations helped discover Pluto"
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Starting April 6, 1929, Tombaugh used the observatory's 13-inch (330 mm)
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was able to render himself invisible, and that its first two letters formed
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featured a visit to a memorial marking the site of Tombaugh's boyhood home.
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Tombaugh was probably the most eminent astronomer to have reported seeing
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Tombaugh created his photographic plates using this 13-inch (330 mm)
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from 1955 until his retirement in 1973. In 1980 he was inducted into the
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in June 1928 ruined his family's farm crops. Tombaugh read an article in
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1286:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. pp. 19 & 20.
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Tombaugh compared his photographic plates using this blink comparator.
236:(February 4, 1906 – January 17, 1997) was an American
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865:, an astronomer acting as a scientific consultant to the Air Force's
783:. On August 20, 1949, Tombaugh saw several unidentified objects near
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39:
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2542:"Clayton Kershaw disses International Astronomers Union over Pluto"
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I graduated from the small high school in Burdett, Kansas, in 1925.
1241:"I was born on a farm near Streator, Illinois, on 4 February 1906."
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Ley, Willy; Menzel, Donald H.; Richardson, Robert S. (June 1965).
386:, Tombaugh was given the job to perform a systematic search for a
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Tombaugh's offer may have led to his involvement in a search for
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Tombaugh Station – Lunar base named for the discoverer of Pluto.
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Tombaugh at his family's farm with his homemade telescope (1928)
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In 1949, Tombaugh had also told the Naval missile director at
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based on calculations performed by his student mathematician
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1432:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. p. 26.
1313:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. p. 20.
1259:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. p. 14.
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Direct visual observation became rare in astronomy. By 1965
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Tombaugh later reported having seen three of the mysterious
1115:
contains an instrumental track titled "For Clyde Tombaugh".
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in 1936 and 1938. While a young researcher working for the
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2187:"1 or 2 Artificial Satellites Circling Earth, Says Expert"
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1402:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. p. 19.
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and other unidentified aerial phenomena over New Mexico.
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2659:
https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/9195-the-avalanche/
1712:. CTV. Associated Press. August 25, 2006. Archived from
945:
was reassembled and dedicated on September 17, 2009, at
2713:"A Heinlein Concordance: Have Space Suit – Will Travel"
2341:"Editors dedicate Astronomy magazine's new observatory"
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space probe to Pluto in 2006. Following the passage of
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Biography, Interviews, Photo Gallery of Clyde Tombaugh
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David Levy's Guide to Observing and Discovering Comets
1561:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. pp.
1225:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. pp.
1147:, Have Space Suit – Will Travel, Ace paperback, p. 113
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Robert Heinlein's 1958 juvenile science fiction novel
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Golden Plate Award presented by Awards Council member
3385:
2629:"Tombaugh Family Donates Astronomer's Papers to NMSU"
1647:. The Columbia University Press. 2015. Archived from
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1504:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 19 & 22.
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National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena
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Clyde Tombaugh papers at New Mexico State University
2760:(Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 1991).
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Rancho Hidalgo, New Mexico (near Animas, New Mexico)
260:, and called for the serious scientific research of
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16:
American astronomer (1906–1997), discoverer of Pluto
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1336:"Clyde W. Tombaugh: Farm Boy Reached for the Stars"
248:. At the time of discovery, Pluto was considered a
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213:
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2098:"Letter from Robert McLaughlin to James Van Allen"
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481:(IAU) reclassified Pluto on August 24, 2006, as a
2599:
1041:on July 14, 2015, the "Heart of Pluto" was named
524:was discovered. It has a relatively high orbital
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2604:. JHU Applied Physics Laboratory. Archived from
1710:"Pluto Discoverer Saw It Coming, Says His Widow"
1548:
1396:Tombaugh, Clyde William; Moore, Patrick (1980).
1365:Tombaugh, Clyde William; Moore, Patrick (1980).
2338:
1949:
1333:
19:"Tombaugh" redirects here. For other uses, see
2768:; also Sky Publishing Corporation, March 2006.
2758:Clyde Tombaugh: Discoverer of the Planet Pluto
1340:EPCC Library Services: Library Research Guides
520:However, in 2005 the relatively bright object
3512:American people of Pennsylvania Dutch descent
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2157:"Armed Forces Seeks "Steppingstone to Stars""
1395:
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485:, leaving eight planets in the Solar System.
2784:Many biographical articles on Clyde Tombaugh
2600:Buckley, M.; Alan Stern (February 3, 2006).
2456:
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1587:"BBC Sky at Night episode on Clyde Tombaugh"
1200:. Tombaugh Publishing House (published 1978)
976:in the early 1950s, and taught astronomy at
276:, son of Muron Dealvo Tombaugh, a farmer of
2482:Tombaugh, Clyde W.; Moore, Patrick (1980).
840:Shortly after this, in January 1957, in an
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1983:
1943:
1695:Patrick Moore & Clyde Tombaugh (1980)
1671:"Kansas State Historical Society portrait"
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1429:Clyde Tombaugh: discoverer of planet Pluto
1310:Clyde Tombaugh: discoverer of planet Pluto
1283:Clyde Tombaugh: discoverer of planet Pluto
1257:Clyde Tombaugh: discoverer of planet Pluto
1118:The ninth episode of the fourth season of
38:
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2747:Falk, Dan, "More than a one-hit wonder",
2502:
2371:
1807:
2575:"He found a planet and founded a church"
2404:"Clyde Tombaugh Biography and Interview"
2276:Stimson, Jr., Thomas E. (October 1955).
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1501:Clyde Tombaugh: Discover of planet Pluto
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968:he taught naval personnel navigation at
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1979:
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1973:
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1555:Tombaugh, Clyde; Patrick Moore (1980).
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1219:Tombaugh, Clyde; Patrick Moore (1980).
256:in 2006. Tombaugh also discovered many
3527:Discoverers of trans-Neptunian objects
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2719:. The Heinlein Society. Archived from
2689:from the original on November 17, 2020
2602:"Happy 100th Birthday, Clyde Tombaugh"
2581:from the original on February 29, 2016
2572:
2384:from the original on February 12, 2019
2339:David J. Eicher (September 18, 2009).
1894:from the original on February 23, 2006
1623:from the original on February 18, 2020
1593:from the original on December 28, 2017
1078:Tombaugh died on January 17, 1997, in
2849:
2788:
2485:Out of the Darkness: The Planet Pluto
2353:from the original on January 22, 2019
2306:
2288:from the original on February 5, 2012
2197:from the original on February 5, 2012
2167:from the original on February 5, 2012
2104:from the original on February 8, 2007
2080:
1819:"Tombaugh, Clyde William (1906–1997)"
1697:Out of the darkness: the planet Pluto
1558:Out of the Darkness: The Planet Pluto
1536:from the original on January 29, 2023
1399:Out of the darkness, the planet Pluto
1368:Out of the darkness, the planet Pluto
1222:Out of the Darkness: The Planet Pluto
1092:
1018:Out of the Darkness: The Planet Pluto
876:
585:Minor planets discovered by Tombaugh
441:. In its favor was that the Pluto of
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2539:
2217:"Earth 'Satellites' Spur Army Study"
1970:
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1823:The Internet Encyclopedia of Science
1786:from the original on August 17, 2016
1497:
1425:
1346:from the original on January 2, 2024
1306:
1279:
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330:Beginning in 1926, he built several
3532:New Mexico State University faculty
2677:Schager, Nick (November 16, 2020).
2372:McClellan, Doug (October 5, 1980).
2307:Berry, Graham (September 4, 1957).
2096:McLaughlin, Robert (May 12, 1949).
1931:from the original on August 5, 2020
1813:
1768:
1479:from the original on August 5, 2020
496:
477:, was more massive than Pluto, the
325:
13:
3547:People from Las Cruces, New Mexico
3537:Northern Arizona University alumni
2554:from the original on April 9, 2015
2247:"Scientist denies space base find"
1829:from the original on July 17, 2017
1677:from the original on June 13, 2010
14:
3593:
3552:People from Pawnee County, Kansas
2772:
2710:
2679:"Fargo recap: The future is now!"
2521:from the original on July 3, 2018
2444:from the original on July 5, 2022
2418:from the original on July 5, 2022
2257:from the original on May 24, 2005
2227:from the original on May 24, 2005
2062:from the original on May 19, 2024
2056:"Final report of Project Twinkle"
1868:from the original on May 19, 2024
1735:Robert Irion (February 5, 2014).
986:American Academy of Achievement's
959:
240:. He discovered the ninth planet
3517:American Unitarian Universalists
3479:
3467:
3455:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3395:
3151:
3145:
3139:
2374:"Space Hall of Fame Honors Four"
1644:The Columbia Encyclopedia 6th Ed
1048:
982:International Space Hall of Fame
479:International Astronomical Union
209:
2704:
2670:
2647:
2620:
2593:
2566:
2533:
2475:
2430:
2412:American Academy of Achievement
2396:
2365:
2332:
2300:
2269:
2239:
2223:. August 29, 1954. p. 35.
2209:
2179:
2149:
2116:
2089:
2074:
2048:
2015:
1906:
1880:
1798:
1759:
1728:
1702:
1689:
1663:
1605:
1579:
1518:
1491:
1473:American Academy of Achievement
1371:. Stackpole Books. p. 19.
394:), which had been predicted by
3557:People from Streator, Illinois
3542:People from Flagstaff, Arizona
2573:French, Kimberly (Fall 2005).
2380:. El Paso, Texas. p. 1B.
2317:. Vol. 76. part III, p. 9
1854:. Cambridge University Press.
1419:
1389:
1381:– via Internet Archive.
1358:
1327:
1300:
1273:
1244:
1212:
1185:
1:
3562:American planetary scientists
2465:"The Observatory on the Moon"
2131:. Ballantine Books. pp.
1914:"Jackson-Gwilt Medal Winners"
1514:– via Internet Archive.
1442:– via Internet Archive.
1334:O'Hara, Elva R. (2006–2007).
1323:– via Internet Archive.
1296:– via Internet Archive.
1269:– via Internet Archive.
1179:
1130:Have Space Suit – Will Travel
995:
451:American Astronomical Society
267:
2655:Sufjan Stevens The Avalanche
2653:Dahlen, C. (July 11, 2006).
2193:. May 14, 1954. p. 14.
2030:. Ballantine Books. p.
547:
252:, but was reclassified as a
7:
3577:University of Kansas alumni
2540:Berg, Ted (July 30, 2013).
2392:– via Newspapers.com.
2085:. Vol. 2. p. 896.
1465:"A Man of Universal Wonder"
1152:
984:. In 1991, he received the
978:New Mexico State University
970:Northern Arizona University
781:unidentified flying objects
262:unidentified flying objects
183:New Mexico State University
10:
3598:
3296:
2741:
2631:. Panorama. Archived from
2627:Hill, Karl (Summer 2001).
2440:. Academy of Achievement.
1953:Ufo Sightings of 2006–2009
1925:Royal Astronomical Society
1530:New Mexico Archives Online
1526:"Latimer J. Wilson papers"
1192:Tombaugh, Reno G. (1930).
765:Royal Astronomical Society
455:Royal Astronomical Society
18:
3357:
3312:
3274:
3248:
3227:
3220:
3200:
3160:
3137:
3119:
3103:
3085:
3069:
3021:
2921:
2906:
2883:
2875:
1956:. iUniverse. p. 88.
1890:. Asteroid Dynamic Site.
1780:JPL Solar System Dynamics
1198:genealogy.fulco.lib.in.us
974:White Sands Missile Range
856:White Sands Missile Range
744:
727:
717:
707:
697:
687:
677:
667:
657:
647:
637:
627:
617:
607:
597:
592:
589:
167:
141:
133:
125:
114:
104:
94:
75:
49:
37:
30:
21:Tombaugh (disambiguation)
3522:Discoverers of asteroids
3240:IAU definition of planet
2685:. Entertainment Weekly.
2467:. For Your Information.
2278:"He Spies on Satellites"
1987:; Boyd, Lyle G. (1963).
1950:Scott C. Waring (2010).
1776:"Horizons Web-Interface"
1073:
1012:. In 1980, Tombaugh and
893:, later director of the
889:. However, according to
358:
2751:, February 2006, 40–45.
2664:March 16, 2021, at the
1498:Levy, David H. (1991).
1426:Levy, David H. (1991).
1307:Levy, David H. (1991).
1280:Levy, David H. (1991).
1251:Levy, David H. (1991).
1066:Tombaugh was an active
774:
511:trans-Neptunian objects
311:were frustrated when a
185:Board of Regents Medal
3567:Scientists from Kansas
3340:Trans-Neptunian object
3041:Coleta de Dados Colles
2469:Galaxy Science Fiction
2191:San Francisco Examiner
2123:Steiger, Brad (1976).
2022:Steiger, Brad (1976).
1150:
1080:Las Cruces, New Mexico
1068:Unitarian Universalist
823:
817:
811:
785:Las Cruces, New Mexico
557:
513:were discovered until
465:
371:
300:Lake Geneva, Wisconsin
206:Clyde William Tombaugh
87:Las Cruces, New Mexico
54:Clyde William Tombaugh
2792:(February 27, 1997).
2081:Clark, Jerry (1997).
1619:. February 18, 2020.
1475:. September 9, 2006.
1136:
1010:Giovanni Schiaparelli
847:Alamogordo Daily News
818:
812:
806:
555:
463:
366:
272:Tombaugh was born in
3235:Definition of planet
3228:Official definitions
2998:Tombaugh "The Heart"
2253:. October 10, 1954.
1995:. pp. 266–270.
1848:Levy, David (2003).
1651:on November 16, 2018
1002:Robert S. Richardson
390:planet (also called
376:University of Kansas
99:University of Kansas
3266:Neil deGrasse Tyson
2810:1997Natur.385..778S
2717:HeinleinSociety.org
2509:Dava Sobel (1993).
2488:. Stackpole Books.
2471:. pp. 132–150.
2408:www.achievement.org
1804:Tombaugh (1980:172)
1747:on February 5, 2014
1469:www.achievement.org
1253:"The Educated Ones"
1159:List of astronomers
1055:Los Angeles Dodgers
956:s new observatory.
769:Jackson-Gwilt Medal
703:September 16, 1936
586:
175:Jackson-Gwilt Medal
3287:Lowell Observatory
3249:Scientist opinions
1716:on August 30, 2006
1194:"Tombaugh History"
1145:Robert A. Heinlein
1111:by musical artist
1093:In popular culture
1020:. In August 1992,
919:The New York Times
883:Near-Earth objects
877:Near-Earth objects
861:In June 1952, Dr.
673:December 13, 1930
613:December 24, 1930
584:
558:
503:apparent magnitude
466:
400:Elizabeth Williams
384:Flagstaff, Arizona
380:Lowell Observatory
372:
353:Lowell Observatory
296:Yerkes Observatory
278:Pennsylvania Dutch
274:Streator, Illinois
68:Streator, Illinois
3383:
3382:
3353:
3352:
3135:
3134:
3036:Challenger Colles
2837:, achievement.org
2723:on April 27, 2017
2608:on April 15, 2007
2515:Discover magazine
2314:Los Angeles Times
2282:Popular Mechanics
2163:. March 4, 1954.
2161:Los Angeles Times
2127:Project Blue Book
2100:. Roswell Proof.
2026:Project Blue Book
1985:Menzel, Donald H.
1888:"(1604) Tombaugh"
1511:978-0-8165-1148-8
1439:978-0-8165-1148-8
1409:978-0-8117-1163-0
1378:978-0-8117-1163-0
1320:978-0-8165-1148-8
1293:978-0-8165-1148-8
1266:978-0-8165-1148-8
1164:Tombaugh (crater)
1107:The 2006 release
1101:I've Got A Secret
933:Popular Mechanics
867:Project Blue Book
754:
753:
750:January 23, 1930
740:October 10, 1931
723:October 11, 1929
713:October 17, 1930
693:November 3, 1929
505:existed near the
404:William Pickering
318:Popular Astronomy
203:
202:
196:
192:Rittenhouse Medal
188:
179:
137:Annette and Alden
3589:
3484:
3483:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3261:Michael E. Brown
3225:
3224:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3077:Sputnik Planitia
2919:
2918:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2831:
2821:
2819:10.1038/385778a0
2736:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2674:
2668:
2651:
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2588:
2586:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2511:"The last world"
2506:
2500:
2499:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2434:
2428:
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2174:
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2153:
2147:
2146:
2130:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2083:UFO Encyclopedia
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2029:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1981:
1968:
1967:
1947:
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1940:
1938:
1936:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1884:
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1811:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1743:. Archived from
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1667:
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1522:
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1484:
1461:
1444:
1443:
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1393:
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1362:
1356:
1355:
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1325:
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1304:
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1271:
1270:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1189:
1148:
990:Glenn T. Seaborg
955:
842:Associated Press
803:
802:
798:
795:
767:awarded him the
737:
735:
734:
683:October 6, 1931
663:October 5, 1929
653:October 6, 1931
633:October 5, 1929
623:October 9, 1931
603:October 5, 1929
587:
583:
538:galactic equator
497:Further research
415:blink comparator
326:Astronomy career
293:
292:
288:
285:
235:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
194:
186:
177:
157:Richard Tombaugh
154:Matthew Tombaugh
82:
79:January 17, 1997
64:February 4, 1906
63:
61:
42:
28:
27:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3349:
3308:
3292:Percival Lowell
3270:
3244:
3216:
3196:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3131:
3115:
3099:
3087:
3081:
3065:
3023:
3017:
2910:
2902:
2879:
2874:
2775:
2744:
2739:
2726:
2724:
2709:
2705:
2692:
2690:
2675:
2671:
2666:Wayback Machine
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2635:on July 3, 2001
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
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2320:
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2291:
2289:
2284:. p. 106.
2274:
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2240:
2230:
2228:
2215:
2214:
2210:
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2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
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2079:
2075:
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2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2020:
2016:
1982:
1971:
1964:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
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1911:
1907:
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1379:
1363:
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1347:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1169:Tombaugh Cliffs
1155:
1149:
1143:
1095:
1076:
1061:Clayton Kershaw
1051:
1006:Percival Lowell
998:
972:. He worked at
962:
953:
914:green fireballs
879:
844:article in the
835:Project Twinkle
831:green fireballs
800:
796:
793:
791:
777:
732:
731:
728:
643:March 16, 1931
577:, and a galaxy
575:galaxy clusters
550:
499:
447:Percival Lowell
443:Roman mythology
396:Percival Lowell
388:trans-Neptunian
361:
328:
308:Burdett, Kansas
290:
286:
283:
281:
270:
212:
208:
199:
163:
149:Clayton Kershaw
95:Alma mater
90:
84:
80:
71:
65:
59:
57:
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45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3489:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3375:Venetia Burney
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3297:Clyde Tombaugh
3294:
3284:
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3276:
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3258:
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3056:Tenzing Montes
3053:
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3046:Hillary Montes
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2790:Stern, S. Alan
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2773:External links
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2251:New York Times
2238:
2221:New York Times
2208:
2178:
2148:
2142:978-0345345257
2141:
2115:
2088:
2073:
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2041:978-0345345257
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2014:
1969:
1963:978-1450232395
1962:
1942:
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1861:978-0521520515
1860:
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1815:Darling, David
1806:
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1113:Sufjan Stevens
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1043:Tombaugh Regio
997:
994:
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960:Other ventures
958:
949:, adjacent to
878:
875:
863:J. Allen Hynek
776:
773:
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738:
730:(8778) 1931 TD
725:
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699:6618 Jimsimons
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605:
604:
601:
595:
594:
591:
567:variable stars
549:
546:
498:
495:
439:Venetia Burney
360:
357:
327:
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269:
266:
201:
200:
198:
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189:
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151:(great-nephew)
145:
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115:Known for
112:
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102:
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96:
92:
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85:
83:(aged 90)
77:
73:
72:
66:
53:
51:
47:
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43:
35:
34:
32:Clyde Tombaugh
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3594:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Space burials
3570:
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3414:United States
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3320:Double planet
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3096:
3095:Adlivun Cavus
3093:
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2811:
2807:
2804:(6619): 778.
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:David H. Levy
2753:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2734:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2688:
2684:
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2663:
2660:
2657:. Pitchfork.
2656:
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2379:
2378:El Paso Times
2375:
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2316:
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2103:
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2084:
2077:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
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1698:
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1617:www.space.com
1614:
1608:
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1140:
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1123:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:The Avalanche
1106:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1049:Personal life
1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1016:wrote a book
1015:
1014:Patrick Moore
1011:
1007:
1003:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
957:
952:
948:
944:
938:
935:
934:
928:
926:
925:flying saucer
921:
920:
915:
910:
909:
908:Aviation Week
902:
900:
896:
892:
891:Donald Keyhoe
888:
887:space station
884:
874:
872:
871:Lincoln LaPaz
868:
864:
859:
857:
852:
849:
848:
843:
838:
836:
832:
827:
822:
816:
810:
805:
788:
786:
782:
772:
770:
766:
762:
761:1604 Tombaugh
759:
749:
747:
743:
739:
736:
726:
722:
720:
719:7150 McKellar
716:
712:
710:
709:7101 Haritina
706:
702:
700:
696:
692:
690:
686:
682:
680:
676:
672:
670:
666:
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660:
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639:3754 Kathleen
636:
632:
630:
626:
622:
620:
616:
612:
610:
606:
602:
600:
596:
588:
582:
580:
576:
572:
571:star clusters
569:, as well as
568:
563:
554:
545:
543:
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535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
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166:
159:
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147:
146:
144:
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136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
118:Discovery of
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
88:
78:
74:
69:
52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
3474:Solar System
3325:Dwarf planet
3302:Roger Putnam
3211:New Horizons
3209:
3169:
3051:Piccard Mons
3031:Baret Montes
2801:
2797:
2757:
2748:
2732:
2725:. Retrieved
2721:the original
2716:
2711:Cowan, M.E.
2706:
2698:
2693:November 17,
2691:. Retrieved
2682:
2672:
2654:
2649:
2639:February 28,
2637:. Retrieved
2633:the original
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:the original
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2577:. UU World.
2568:
2556:. Retrieved
2545:
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2514:
2504:
2484:
2477:
2468:
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2407:
2398:
2388:February 10,
2386:. Retrieved
2377:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2344:
2334:
2326:
2319:. Retrieved
2312:
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
2281:
2271:
2259:. Retrieved
2250:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2220:
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2190:
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2160:
2151:
2126:
2118:
2108:February 28,
2106:. Retrieved
2091:
2082:
2076:
2066:December 11,
2064:. Retrieved
2050:
2025:
2017:
1988:
1952:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1920:
1908:
1898:February 28,
1896:. Retrieved
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1850:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1822:
1809:
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1770:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:the original
1740:
1737:"Pluto Wins"
1730:
1720:February 28,
1718:. Retrieved
1714:the original
1704:
1696:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1665:
1655:February 24,
1653:. Retrieved
1649:the original
1643:
1637:
1627:February 19,
1625:. Retrieved
1616:
1607:
1597:February 14,
1595:. Retrieved
1581:
1557:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1529:
1520:
1500:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1468:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1367:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1339:
1329:
1309:
1302:
1282:
1275:
1256:
1246:
1221:
1214:
1204:September 5,
1202:. Retrieved
1197:
1187:
1137:
1128:
1120:
1108:
1099:
1085:New Horizons
1083:
1077:
1065:
1052:
1038:New Horizons
1036:
1028:New Horizons
1026:
1017:
999:
966:World War II
963:
950:
939:
931:
929:
917:
906:
903:
880:
860:
853:
845:
839:
828:
824:
819:
813:
807:
789:
778:
755:
746:134340 Pluto
689:5701 Baltuck
629:3583 Burdett
599:2839 Annette
590:Designation
579:supercluster
559:
519:
515:15760 Albion
500:
487:
483:dwarf planet
467:
424:
408:
373:
329:
317:
305:
271:
254:dwarf planet
205:
204:
81:(1997-01-17)
25:
3507:1997 deaths
3502:1906 births
3462:Outer space
3450:Spaceflight
3345:Kuiper belt
3202:Exploration
3088:depressions
3086:Valleys and
3061:Wright Mons
2727:January 15,
2585:January 10,
2357:January 22,
1921:RAS website
1872:December 9,
1751:February 6,
1681:January 23,
821:visitation.
669:4510 Shawna
526:inclination
517:, in 1992.
491:Hal Levison
471:Kuiper belt
246:Kuiper belt
3496:Categories
3256:Alan Stern
3111:Luna Linea
2951:Vucub-Came
2946:Harrington
2888:Atmosphere
2766:0816511489
2495:0811711633
1540:January 2,
1350:January 2,
1180:References
996:Later life
826:sighting.
679:4755 Nicky
619:3310 Patsy
609:2941 Alden
593:Discovery
509:. No more
411:astrograph
369:astrograph
332:telescopes
268:Early life
238:astronomer
160:5 siblings
109:Astronomer
105:Occupation
60:1906-02-04
3426:Astronomy
3402:Biography
3370:Mythology
3275:Discovery
3221:Astronomy
3024:mountains
3022:Hills and
2908:Geography
2749:Astronomy
2558:August 1,
2547:USA Today
2525:April 13,
2346:Astronomy
1993:Doubleday
1833:April 25,
1699:, p. 136.
1483:April 25,
951:Astronomy
943:telescope
771:in 1931.
562:asteroids
548:Asteroids
542:Milky Way
313:hailstorm
258:asteroids
142:Relatives
3282:Planet X
3182:Kerberos
2978:Hayabusa
2956:Hun-Came
2936:Safronov
2913:features
2687:Archived
2662:Archived
2579:Archived
2552:Archived
2519:Archived
2442:Archived
2416:Archived
2382:Archived
2351:Archived
2286:Archived
2255:Archived
2225:Archived
2195:Archived
2165:Archived
2102:Archived
2060:Archived
2001:63012989
1935:July 14,
1929:Archived
1892:Archived
1866:Archived
1827:Archived
1784:Archived
1675:Archived
1621:Archived
1591:Archived
1534:Archived
1477:Archived
1344:Archived
1153:See also
1142:—
901:source.
899:Pentagon
758:asteroid
522:Makemake
507:ecliptic
453:and the
392:Planet X
134:Children
129:Patricia
3486:Science
3388:Portals
3365:Fiction
3358:Related
3335:Plutino
3313:General
3120:Craters
3013:Voyager
2993:Pioneer
2988:Morgoth
2922:Regions
2898:Geology
2893:Climate
2828:4351231
2806:Bibcode
2742:Sources
2612:May 19,
2448:June 7,
2422:June 7,
2321:May 19,
2292:May 12,
2261:May 12,
2231:May 12,
2201:May 12,
2171:May 12,
2133:268–285
2009:1285191
1790:July 1,
1058:pitcher
964:During
799:⁄
427:Minerva
420:Neptune
351:to the
345:Jupiter
340:mirrors
289:⁄
3330:Planet
3171:Charon
3127:Burney
3104:Lineae
3070:Plains
3008:Viking
3003:Venera
2983:Lowell
2973:Cadejo
2968:Belton
2941:Sharaf
2826:
2798:Nature
2764:
2683:EW.com
2492:
2139:
2038:
2007:
1999:
1960:
1858:
1569:
1508:
1436:
1406:
1375:
1317:
1290:
1263:
1233:
534:Auriga
530:Taurus
431:Cronus
336:lenses
250:planet
195:(1990)
187:(1980)
178:(1931)
168:Awards
126:Spouse
89:, U.S.
70:, U.S.
3582:Pluto
3438:Stars
3177:Hydra
3162:Moons
2877:Pluto
2824:S2CID
1917:(PDF)
1741:Slate
1384:work.
1121:Fargo
1074:Death
1033:Pluto
954:'
464:Pluto
435:Pluto
359:Pluto
334:with
242:Pluto
120:Pluto
3192:Styx
2762:ISBN
2729:2021
2695:2020
2641:2007
2614:2009
2587:2016
2560:2013
2527:2007
2490:ISBN
2450:2022
2424:2022
2390:2019
2359:2019
2323:2024
2294:2005
2263:2005
2233:2005
2203:2005
2173:2005
2137:ISBN
2110:2007
2068:2005
2036:ISBN
2005:OCLC
1997:LCCN
1958:ISBN
1937:2015
1900:2007
1874:2020
1856:ISBN
1835:2010
1792:2008
1753:2014
1722:2007
1683:2010
1657:2016
1629:2020
1599:2018
1567:ISBN
1542:2023
1506:ISBN
1485:2010
1434:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1373:ISBN
1352:2024
1315:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1206:2024
775:UFOs
756:The
532:and
475:Eris
433:and
402:and
349:Mars
347:and
338:and
76:Died
50:Born
3187:Nix
2814:doi
2802:385
2032:280
1035:by
1022:JPL
1008:or
382:in
298:in
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2822:.
2812:.
2800:.
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2731:.
2715:.
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1972:^
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1467:.
1448:^
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2011:.
1966:.
1939:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
