1945:
685:
662:
40:
933:
4994:
31:
11477:
4982:
2116:
genetics. Some research has suggested the half-life of clonidine is dose dependent and approximately doubles upon chronic dosing, while other work contradicts this. Following a 0.3 mg oral dose, a small study of five patients by
Dollery et al. (1976) found half-lives ranging between 6.3 and 23.4
1294:
It is classified by the TGA of
Australia as pregnancy category B3, which means that it has shown some detrimental effects on fetal development in animal studies, although the relevance of this to human beings is unknown. Clonidine appears in high concentration in breast milk; a nursing infant's serum
2477:
Following intravenous administration, clonidine displays biphasic disposition with a distribution half-life of about 20 minutes and an elimination half-life ranging from 12 to 16 hours. The half-life increases up to 41 hours in patients with severe impairment of renal function. Clonidine crosses the
2143:
As of June 2017, clonidine was marketed under many brand names worldwide: Arkamin, Aruclonin, Atensina, Catapin, Catapres, Catapresan, Catapressan, Chianda, Chlofazoline, Chlophazolin, Clonid-Ophtal, Clonidin, Clonidina, Clonidinã, Clonidine, Clonidine hydrochloride, Clonidinhydrochlorid, Clonidini,
5037:
Millan MJ, Dekeyne A, Newman-Tancredi A, Cussac D, Audinot V, Milligan G, et al. (December 2000). "S18616, a highly potent, spiroimidazoline agonist at alpha(2)-adrenoceptors: I. Receptor profile, antinociceptive and hypothermic actions in comparison with dexmedetomidine and clonidine".
2011:
adrenergic receptors (akin to clonidine's mechanism of action), inhibiting the release of norepinephrine by that neuron and inducing an inhibitory effect. Because the PFC is required for working memory and attention, it is thought that clonidine's inhibition of PFC neurons helps to eliminate
2144:
Clonidinum, Clonigen, Clonistada, Clonnirit, Clophelinum, Dixarit, Duraclon, Edolglau, Haemiton, Hypodine, Hypolax, Iporel, Isoglaucon, Jenloga, Kapvay, Klofelino, Kochaniin, Lonid, Melzin, Menograine, Normopresan, Paracefan, Pinsanidine, Run Rui, and
Winpress. It was marketed as a
4163:
Ziegenhorn AA, Roepke S, Schommer NC, Merkl A, Danker-Hopfe H, Perschel FH, et al. (April 2009). "Clonidine improves hyperarousal in borderline personality disorder with or without comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial".
2890:
Slowing of the pulse rate has been observed in most patients given clonidine, but the drug does not alter normal hemodynamic response to exercise. Other studies in patients have provided evidence of a reduction in plasma renin activity and in the excretion of aldosterone and
1137:, which confers various benefits, including a reduction or prevention of the blood pressure lowering effects and increased effectiveness against spasticity. The effectiveness of intrathecal clonidine is comparable to that of intrathecal baclofen for spasticity.
2121:
12.7). A similar N=5 study by Davies et al. (1977) found a narrower range of half-lives, between 6.7 and 13 hours (mean 8.6), while an N=8 study by Keraäen et al. that included younger patients found a somewhat shorter mean half-life of 7.5 hours.
5132:
Neve KA, Henningsen RA, Kinzie JM, De Paulis T, Schmidt DE, Kessler RM, et al. (March 1990). "Sodium-dependent isomerization of dopamine D-2 receptors characterized using epidepride, a high-affinity substituted benzamide ligand".
2323:
The pharmacokinetics of clonidine is dose-proportional in the range of 100 to 600 µg.The absolute bioavailability of clonidine on oral administration is 70% to 80%. Peak plasma clonidine levels are attained in approximately 1 to 3
4871:
1157:. In a clonidine suppression test, plasma catecholamine levels are measured before and 3 hours after a 0.3 mg oral test dose has been given to the patient. A positive test occurs if there is no decrease in plasma levels.
1482:
Because clonidine suppresses sympathetic outflow, resulting in lower blood pressure, sudden discontinuation can result in acute hypertension due to a rebound in sympathetic outflow. In extreme cases, this can result in a
3650:
Kukoyi A, Coker S, Lewis L, Nierenberg D (January 2013). "Two cases of acute dexmedetomidine withdrawal syndrome following prolonged infusion in the intensive care unit: Report of cases and review of the literature".
2007:(LC), which secretes norepinephrine into the PFC. Although norepinephrine can also bind to target adrenergic receptors on the downstream neuron (otherwise inducing a stimulatory effect), norepinephrine also binds to α
4639:
Ryan TJ, Holyoak R, Vlok R, Melhuish T, Hodge A, Binks M, et al. (February 2019). "Intra-articular Alpha-2 Agonists as an
Adjunct to Local Anesthetic in Knee Arthroscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
5384:
The antihypertensive effect is reached at plasma concentrations between about 0.2 and 2.0 ng/mL in patients with normal excretory function. A further rise in the plasma levels will not enhance the antihypertensive
4802:
2048:
in human plasma occur within 60–90 minutes for the "immediate release" (IR) version of the drug, which is shorter than the "extended release" (ER/XR) version. Clonidine is fairly lipid soluble with the
5097:
Jasper JR, Lesnick JD, Chang LK, Yamanishi SS, Chang TK, Hsu SA, et al. (April 1998). "Ligand efficacy and potency at recombinant alpha2 adrenergic receptors: agonist-mediated GTPgammaS binding".
5065:
Matsumoto I, Combs MR, Jones DJ (February 1992). "Characterization of 5-hydroxytryptamine1B receptors in rat spinal cord via iodocyanopindolol binding and inhibition of -5-hydroxytryptamine release".
3001:
Daviss WB, Patel NC, Robb AS, McDERMOTT MP, Bukstein OG, Pelham WE, et al. (February 2008). "Clonidine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. ECG changes and adverse events analysis".
1039:, which may be better at bedtime along with an arousing stimulant in the morning. Clonidine has been used to reduce sleep disturbances in ADHD, including to help offset stimulant-associated
1286:
Light-activated derivatives of clonidine (adrenoswitches) have been developed for research purposes and shown to control pupillary reflex with light in blind mice by topical application.
2966:
Palumbo DR, Sallee FR, Pelham WE, Bukstein OG, Daviss WB, McDERMOTT MP (February 2008). "Clonidine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Efficacy and tolerability outcomes".
1992:
of a given neuron, and, when activated by an agonist, the effect on downstream neurons is inhibitory. The inhibition is accomplished by preventing the secretion of the neurotransmitter
286:
4291:
Patel SS, Dunn CJ, Bryson HM (1996). "Epidural clonidine: a review of its pharmacology and efficacy in the management of pain during labour and postoperative and intractable pain".
1031:, has been studied for treatment of ADHD. While not as effective as methylphenidate in treating ADHD, clonidine does offer some benefit; it can also be useful in combination with
8531:
5994:
5252:
Molderings GJ, Donecker K, Burian M, Simon WA, Schröder DW, Göthert M (April 1998). "Characterization of I2 imidazoline and sigma binding sites in the rat and human stomach".
3198:
2073:. About one-fifth of an oral dose will not be absorbed, and is thus excreted in the feces. Work with liver microsomes shows in the liver clonidine is primarily metabolized by
4742:
2441:
Catapres tablets act relatively rapidly. The patient's blood pressure declines within 30 to 60 minutes after an oral dose, the maximum decrease occurring within 2 to 4 hours.
11527:
5371:
2877:
2464:
2428:
2310:
3447:"Elevated Norepinephrine may be a Unifying Etiological Factor in the Abuse of a Broad Range of Substances: Alcohol, Nicotine, Marijuana, Heroin, Cocaine, and Caffeine"
4456:
2259:
Davies DS, Wing AM, Reid JL, Neill DM, Tippett P, Dollery CT (May 1977). "Pharmacokinetics and concentration-effect relationships of intervenous and oral clonidine".
11299:
6783:
6419:
8947:
1043:. Unlike stimulant medications, clonidine is regarded as having no abuse potential, and may even be used to reduce abuse of drugs including nicotine and cocaine.
1019:
Clonidine may improve symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in some people but causes many adverse effects and the beneficial effect is modest. In
7271:
4810:
1295:
clonidine concentration is approximately 2/3 of the mother's. Caution is warranted in women who are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breastfeeding.
4683:
Prischich D, Gomila AM, Milla-Navarro S, Sangüesa G, Diez-Alarcia R, Preda B, et al. (February 2021). "Adrenergic
Modulation With Photochromic Ligands".
241:
4840:
2203:"Catapres-TTS-1- clonidine transdermal system patch; Catapres-TTS-2- clonidine transdermal system patch; Catapres-TTS-3- clonidine transdermal system patch"
1502:
blockers for more urgent situations. Beta blockers should never be used alone to treat clonidine withdrawal as alpha vasoconstriction would still continue.
1209:
episodes. Its epidural use for pain during heart attack, and postoperative and intractable pain has also been studied extensively. Clonidine can be used in
6749:
8524:
7829:
7579:
7354:
6668:
5987:
11340:
9024:
5776:
Dollery CT, Davies DS, Draffan GH, Dargie HJ, Dean CR, Reid JL, et al. (January 1976). "Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of clonidine".
1098:
in infants born to mothers that are using certain drugs, particularly opioids. In infants with neonatal withdrawal syndrome, clonidine may improve the
1494:
from occurring. Treatment of clonidine withdrawal hypertension depends on the severity of the condition. Reintroduction of clonidine for mild cases,
7376:
11537:
6410:
3223:
Nguyen M, Tharani S, Rahmani M, Shapiro M (March 2014). "A review of the use of clonidine as a sleep aid in the child and adolescent population".
2581:
Westfall TC, Macarthur H, Westfall DP (2017). "Chapter 12:Adrenergic
Agonists and Antagonists". In Brunton L, Knollmann B, Hilal-Dandan R (eds.).
5162:"1,3-Di(2-[5-3H]tolyl)guanidine: a selective ligand that labels sigma-type receptors for psychotomimetic opiates and antipsychotic drugs"
9889:
9869:
8517:
7916:
5980:
2398:
11497:
11292:
8302:
6776:
2903:
Connor DF, Fletcher KE, Swanson JM (December 1999). "A meta-analysis of clonidine for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder".
2101:
agonist but is non lipophilic and is not believed to contribute to the effects of clonidine since it does not cross the blood–brain barrier.
107:
4028:
Boehnlein JK, Kinzie JD (March 2007). "Pharmacologic reduction of CNS noradrenergic activity in PTSD: the case for clonidine and prazosin".
8940:
6915:
768:
6737:
5494:
4120:
Najjar F, Weller RA, Weisbrot J, Weller EB (April 2008). "Post-traumatic stress disorder and its treatment in children and adolescents".
2765:
1266:
11370:
6743:
3342:
Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer T (1994). "Clonidine for sleep disturbances associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder".
5525:
Khan ZP, Ferguson CN, Jones RM (February 1999). "alpha-2 and imidazoline receptor agonists. Their pharmacology and therapeutic role".
11415:
11405:
11400:
11380:
11375:
10597:
9924:
9177:
3176:
11285:
11255:
6769:
6662:
6487:
4731:
1957:
945:
843:
1094:. It may also be helpful in aiding smokers to quit. The sedation effect can also be useful. Clonidine may also reduce severity of
11355:
11335:
8933:
7347:
5926:
5363:
2869:
2456:
2420:
2302:
2228:
2202:
11237:
11228:
6731:
2108:
of clonidine vary widely, between 6 and 23 hours, with the half-life being greatly affected by and prolonged in the setting of
11219:
7860:
7298:
4910:
3326:
2947:
2795:
2050:
1899:
in the brain, and it is hypothesized that this effect may contribute to reducing blood pressure by reducing signaling in the
2629:
11542:
8003:
6403:
4780:
4448:
3558:
Streetz VN, Gildon BL, Thompson DF (April 2016). "Role of
Clonidine in Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Systematic Review".
2021:
4334:
2498:
885:
Common side effects include dry mouth, dizziness, headaches, hypotension, and sleepiness. Severe side effects may include
882:
skin patch. Onset of action is typically within an hour with the effects on blood pressure lasting for up to eight hours.
11246:
6673:
4377:
2527:"CYP2D6 mediates 4-hydroxylation of clonidine in vitro: implication for pregnancy-induced changes in clonidine clearance"
2000:
adrenergic receptors in the PFC inhibits the action of downstream neurons by preventing the secretion of norepinephrine.
1117:
Clonidine has some role in the treatment of spasticity, acting principally by inhibiting excessive sensory transmission
11532:
7909:
7420:
7340:
4209:"A comparison of oral clonidine and oral midazolam as preanesthetic medications in the pediatric tonsillectomy patient"
754:
8295:
6713:
5584:
5236:
4553:
Egolf A, Coffey BJ (February 2014). "Current pharmacotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of
Tourette syndrome".
2759:
2662:
2590:
813:
788:
158:
6835:
2012:
irrelevant attention (and subsequent behaviors), improving the person's focus and correcting deficits in attention.
11507:
7877:
7315:
5649:
Skingle M, Hayes AG, Tyers MB (September 1982). "Antinociceptive activity of clonidine in the mouse, rat and dog".
1024:
5897:
4928:"Understanding the Risk of Using Medications for ADHD with Respect to Physical Growth and Cardiovascular Function"
4482:
3266:
Hoban TF (March 2004). "Assessment and treatment of disturbed sleep in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder".
2130:
Clonidine was introduced in 1966. It was first used as a hypertension treatment under the trade name of
Catapres.
7789:
6396:
4832:
1190:
432:
271:
139:
3087:"Clonidine extended-release tablets as add-on therapy to psychostimulants in children and adolescents with ADHD"
1812:, the higher the affinity for that receptor. Reported imidazoline-2 binding is measured in the cortex — I
11264:
8657:
7219:
7080:
6120:
1849:
1186:
6761:
3420:
3377:
Clemow DB, Walker DJ (September 2014). "The potential for misuse and abuse of medications in ADHD: a review".
1948:
Structural comparison between the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and the drug clonidine. Both drugs bind to α
1936:
Plasma concentration of clonidine exceeding 2.0 ng/mL does not provide further blood pressure reduction.
1265:). Clonidine has also had some success in clinical trials for helping to remove or ameliorate the symptoms of
1054:
Clonidine may be used to ease drug withdrawal symptoms associated with abruptly stopping the long-term use of
10255:
8477:
7902:
7196:
5729:"Clonidine kinetics in man--evidence for dose dependency and changed pharmacokinetics during chronic therapy"
3781:
Rémy-Néris O, Denys P, Bussel B (November 2001). "Intrathecal clonidine for controlling spastic hypertonia".
510:
3603:"Pharmacological Treatments for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis"
11557:
11522:
11455:
11210:
8709:
8288:
6882:
6172:
5279:
Reis DJ, Piletz JE (1997). "The imidazoline receptor in control of blood pressure by clonidine and drugs".
5219:
Kenakin T (2009). "Ligand-Receptor
Binding and Tissue Response". In Hacker M, Messer W, Bachmann K (eds.).
1965:
1682:
1664:
1646:
1145:
The reduction in circulating norepinephrine by clonidine was used in the past as an investigatory test for
1099:
680:
561:
6814:
1303:
The principal adverse effects of clonidine are sedation, dry mouth, and hypotension (low blood pressure).
11512:
11385:
10089:
9639:
9379:
8967:
8679:
8509:
8442:
8364:
7024:
6695:
6142:
5972:
4993:. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health.
2174:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
2061:
is 2.0. Less than half of the absorbed portion of an orally administered dose will be metabolized by the
1904:
1841:
1628:
1610:
1592:
1272:
953:
906:
851:
831:
641:
230:
4863:
4590:"Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder: Etiology, Clinical Features, and Therapeutic Perspectives"
1944:
11467:
9544:
8041:
7446:
6707:
4588:
Martinotti G, Santacroce R, Pettorruso M, Montemitro C, Spano MC, Lorusso M, et al. (March 2018).
3309:
Schachar R, Ickowicz A (1999). "Pharmacological Treatment of Attention-Deficit/HyperactivityDisorder".
1900:
1536:
1075:
3821:"Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: how to distinguish true- from false-positive test results"
3743:
Smith HS, Deer TR, Staats PS, Singh V, Sehgal N, Cordner H (March 2008). "Intrathecal drug delivery".
630:
8419:
8210:
6678:
2173:
2029:
920:. In 2021, it was the 80th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 8
2678:
Neil MJ (November 2011). "Clonidine: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use in pain management".
9562:
8737:
8601:
8591:
7727:
6544:
6536:
6200:
6064:
6054:
4902:
4506:"What about clonidine for diarrhoea? A systematic review and meta-analysis of its effect in humans"
3819:
Eisenhofer G, Goldstein DS, Walther MM, Friberg P, Lenders JW, Keiser HR, et al. (June 2003).
2391:
1238:
657:
10210:
5228:
3860:
van der Kolk BA (September–October 1987). "The drug treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder".
3036:
Kornfield R, Watson S, Higashi AS, Conti RM, Dusetzina SB, Garfield CF, et al. (April 2013).
7865:
7641:
7632:
7303:
6450:
2028:. This effect has been used as part of a "growth hormone test," which can assist with diagnosing
1929:
in blood vessels. This hypertensive effect is not usual when clonidine is given orally or by the
1829:
1422:
1323:
206:
195:
97:
5576:
4399:
Campbell CM, Kipnes MS, Stouch BC, Brady KL, Kelly M, Schmidt WK, et al. (September 2012).
2053:(log P) equal to 1.6; to compare, the optimal log P to allow a drug that is active in the human
9975:
9667:
9657:
9228:
8985:
8903:
8843:
8816:
8715:
8452:
8150:
7223:
6430:
6366:
6306:
6279:
6178:
5819:
Keränen A, Nykänen S, Taskinen J (May 1978). "Pharmacokinetics and side-effects of clonidine".
2054:
1877:
1454:
1210:
977:
894:
354:
5486:
3932:"Role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder"
3895:
Sutherland SM, Davidson JR (June 1994). "Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder".
2749:
2490:
1921:. When given intravenously, clonidine can temporarily increase blood pressure by stimulating α
992:
Clonidine may be effective for lowering blood pressure in people with resistant hypertension.
11552:
10174:
9950:
9593:
6996:
6725:
6483:
5451:
Low LC (1991). "Growth hormone-releasing hormone: clinical studies and therapeutic aspects".
3711:
1989:
1802:
610:
501:
5684:
Curtis AL, Marwah J (July 1987). "Alpha adrenoceptor modulation of the jaw-opening reflex".
5568:
5220:
4894:
4401:"Randomized control trial of topical clonidine for treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy"
3601:
Disher T, Gullickson C, Singh B, Cameron C, Boulos L, Beaubien L, et al. (March 2019).
3134:
Jäkälä P, Riekkinen M, Sirviö J, Koivisto E, Kejonen K, Vanhanen M, et al. (May 1999).
2341:
Lowenthal DT, Matzek KM, MacGregor TR (May 1988). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of clonidine".
1490:
Clonidine therapy should generally be gradually tapered when discontinuing therapy to avoid
11517:
11319:
11308:
10833:
8853:
8733:
8558:
8352:
7926:
7682:
7253:
6973:
6940:
6689:
6316:
6196:
6021:
5173:
3136:"Guanfacine, but not clonidine, improves planning and working memory performance in humans"
1952:
adrenergic receptors. Similarities between the two structures are shown highlighted in red.
1892:
1736:
1718:
1700:
1389:
1279:
into the knee joint space, including clonidine, may reduce the severity of knee pain after
1250:
1246:
1170:
1150:
1121:. Its use, however, is mainly as a second or third line agent, due to side effects such as
874:, and certain pain conditions. The drug is often prescribed off-label for tics. It is used
570:
394:
2040:
After being ingested, clonidine is absorbed into the blood stream rapidly with an overall
550:
465:
8:
11547:
10512:
10378:
9854:
9760:
9157:
9063:
8956:
8847:
8833:
8752:
8575:
7939:
7796:
7416:
7402:
7187:
6310:
6296:
6215:
6038:
5221:
4895:
3930:
Southwick SM, Bremner JD, Rasmusson A, Morgan CA, Arnsten A, Charney DS (November 1999).
2153:
2058:
2045:
1973:
1885:
1770:
1755:
1484:
1218:
1095:
961:
875:
859:
456:
210:
202:
5177:
2003:
This mechanism is similar to the brain's physiological inhibition of PFC neurons by the
684:
661:
11311:
8959:
8867:
8665:
8434:
8394:
8219:
8113:
8073:
8035:
8027:
7994:
7973:
6969:
6478:
6330:
6128:
5844:
5801:
5753:
5744:
5728:
5709:
5626:
5601:
5550:
5428:
5403:
5340:
5315:
4952:
4927:
4665:
4616:
4589:
4530:
4505:
4425:
4400:
4308:
4273:
4256:
Giannini AJ, Extein I, Gold MS, Pottash AL, Castellani S (1983). "Clonidine in mania".
4238:
4189:
4145:
4097:
4088:
4072:
4053:
4041:
4010:
3981:"Noradrenergic dysfunction and the psychopharmacology of posttraumatic stress disorder"
3961:
3720:
3695:
3676:
3627:
3602:
3583:
3535:
3510:
3471:
3446:
3402:
3291:
3248:
3111:
3086:
3062:
3037:
2703:
2551:
2526:
2366:
2284:
1242:
1046:
In the US, only the extended-release form of clonidine is approved for ADHD treatment.
917:
916:
Clonidine was patented in 1961 and came into medical use in 1966. It is available as a
218:
169:
7894:
5196:
5161:
5110:
3948:
3931:
3908:
3794:
3152:
3135:
3085:
Kollins SH, Jain R, Brams M, Segal S, Findling RL, Wigal SB, et al. (June 2011).
1217:. It has also been successfully used topically in a clinical trial as a treatment for
11502:
10943:
10918:
10838:
9716:
9466:
9331:
8369:
8189:
8156:
8104:
8049:
8022:
7431:
7407:
7363:
6458:
5922:
5836:
5793:
5758:
5701:
5697:
5666:
5662:
5631:
5580:
5569:
5542:
5538:
5468:
5433:
5345:
5296:
5292:
5261:
5232:
5201:
5142:
5114:
5074:
5047:
4957:
4906:
4772:
4710:
4657:
4621:
4570:
4535:
4430:
4369:
4304:
4230:
4225:
4208:
4181:
4137:
4102:
4045:
4002:
3953:
3912:
3877:
3873:
3842:
3798:
3760:
3725:
3668:
3632:
3618:
3575:
3540:
3476:
3406:
3394:
3359:
3355:
3322:
3283:
3240:
3157:
3116:
3067:
3018:
2983:
2943:
2920:
2916:
2851:
2755:
2695:
2658:
2586:
2556:
2525:
Claessens AJ, Risler LJ, Eyal S, Shen DD, Easterling TR, Hebert MF (September 2010).
2358:
2354:
2276:
1981:
1417:
1258:
1146:
1071:
957:
890:
855:
310:
298:
131:
5848:
5805:
5713:
5554:
4312:
4277:
4242:
4193:
4149:
4014:
3965:
3680:
3587:
3295:
2707:
2370:
39:
10913:
10477:
10320:
10119:
9697:
9459:
9449:
9010:
8251:
8171:
7332:
6818:
6796:
6462:
5871:
5828:
5785:
5748:
5740:
5693:
5658:
5621:
5613:
5534:
5460:
5423:
5415:
5335:
5327:
5288:
5191:
5181:
5106:
4947:
4939:
4700:
4692:
4669:
4649:
4611:
4601:
4562:
4525:
4517:
4420:
4412:
4300:
4265:
4220:
4173:
4129:
4092:
4084:
4057:
4037:
3992:
3943:
3904:
3869:
3832:
3790:
3752:
3715:
3707:
3660:
3622:
3614:
3567:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3466:
3458:
3386:
3351:
3314:
3275:
3232:
3188:
3147:
3106:
3098:
3057:
3049:
3010:
2975:
2912:
2730:
2687:
2546:
2538:
2350:
2288:
2268:
2145:
1861:
1194:
1174:
697:
336:
254:
57:
11277:
4566:
3696:"A Review of Spasticity Treatments: Pharmacological and Interventional Approaches"
3252:
2787:
796:
InChI=1S/C9H9Cl2N3/c10-6-2-1-3-7(11)8(6)14-9-12-4-5-13-9/h1-3H,4-5H2,(H2,12,13,14)
11481:
9711:
9019:
8925:
8357:
7109:
6567:
6473:
6468:
6454:
5316:"Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: a review of current clinical applications"
4177:
3756:
3318:
3014:
2979:
2817:
2621:
2041:
1574:
1556:
1491:
1178:
1154:
1106:
1063:
1028:
949:
847:
490:
384:
364:
344:
117:
8549:
7930:
7367:
6012:
4764:
4326:
10823:
10492:
10457:
10178:
9934:
9844:
9597:
9462:
9182:
9137:
8487:
8404:
8342:
8236:
8166:
7871:
7755:
7309:
7060:
7042:
6791:
6701:
5575:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008. p.
5166:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4416:
2691:
2109:
2025:
2004:
1993:
1881:
1873:
1785:
1182:
1059:
1008:
886:
403:
5419:
5331:
4943:
4357:
4133:
3053:
2478:
placental barrier. It has been shown to cross the blood–brain barrier in rats.
1205:
before surgery or procedures. It has also been studied as a way to calm acute
11491:
11350:
10973:
10813:
10497:
10441:
10398:
10059:
9983:
9849:
9788:
9677:
9566:
9478:
9232:
9152:
9147:
9091:
9078:
8758:
8743:
8724:
8689:
8670:
8642:
8566:
8347:
8332:
8268:
8176:
8146:
7768:
7763:
7740:
7735:
7692:
7545:
7156:
7070:
6981:
6809:
6792:
6646:
6615:
6575:
6221:
6206:
6187:
6152:
6133:
6105:
6029:
5952:
4521:
3664:
3571:
3390:
3279:
3236:
3038:"Effects of FDA advisories on the pharmacologic treatment of ADHD, 2004-2008"
2149:
1926:
1869:
1495:
1470:
1446:
1202:
1166:
1087:
902:
673:
323:
8280:
5862:
Stähle H (June 2000). "A historical perspective: development of clonidine".
5617:
5186:
4606:
2721:
Stähle H (June 2000). "A historical perspective: development of clonidine".
972:, and certain pain conditions. It also sees some use off-label for episodic
932:
10998:
10983:
10928:
10423:
10245:
10190:
10182:
10154:
10114:
10033:
9999:
9814:
9609:
9601:
9582:
9570:
9454:
9323:
9299:
9259:
8894:
8796:
8768:
8729:
8315:
7962:
7819:
7814:
7700:
7555:
7502:
7482:
7436:
7241:
7164:
7050:
6986:
6920:
6900:
6800:
6357:
6259:
6231:
6192:
5875:
5635:
5546:
5437:
5404:"Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"
5349:
5051:
4961:
4776:
4714:
4696:
4661:
4653:
4625:
4574:
4539:
4434:
4373:
4234:
4185:
4141:
4106:
4049:
4006:
3957:
3846:
3837:
3820:
3802:
3764:
3729:
3672:
3636:
3579:
3544:
3480:
3398:
3287:
3244:
3161:
3120:
3102:
3071:
3022:
2987:
2924:
2855:
2734:
2699:
2560:
2542:
2152:
as Arkamin-H, Bemplas, Catapres-DIU, and Clorpres, and in combination with
1499:
1213:. It can also be used to treat facial flushing and redness associated with
1083:
941:
893:, and confusion. If rapidly stopped, withdrawal effects may occur, such as
839:
249:
8539:
6002:
5797:
5762:
5705:
5670:
5602:"Medicinal chemical properties of successful central nervous system drugs"
5472:
5300:
5265:
5205:
5146:
5118:
5078:
4269:
3916:
3881:
3363:
2362:
2272:
22:
11395:
11123:
11098:
11093:
11088:
10978:
10953:
10938:
10923:
10888:
10873:
10853:
10848:
10818:
10798:
10773:
10758:
10703:
10648:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10527:
10522:
10428:
10413:
10383:
10373:
10358:
10329:
10300:
10144:
10134:
10109:
10099:
10064:
10007:
9970:
9899:
9894:
9874:
9839:
9775:
9750:
9740:
9721:
9682:
9552:
9429:
9424:
9384:
9359:
9349:
9339:
9309:
9304:
9279:
9254:
9248:
9213:
9172:
9167:
9132:
9117:
9112:
9058:
9048:
9029:
8990:
8889:
8873:
8839:
8829:
8791:
8748:
8684:
8623:
8586:
8571:
8447:
8424:
8399:
8374:
8263:
8017:
7967:
7804:
7705:
7674:
7664:
7613:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7467:
7279:
7267:
7055:
6991:
6954:
6910:
6890:
6872:
6862:
6625:
6610:
6605:
6590:
6516:
6511:
6446:
6388:
6352:
6336:
6302:
6292:
6254:
6211:
6147:
6086:
6049:
6034:
5840:
5789:
5160:
Weber E, Sonders M, Quarum M, McLean S, Pou S, Keana JF (November 1986).
2942:(2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust.
2280:
1930:
1914:
1853:
1412:
1348:
1280:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1079:
1004:
879:
214:
125:
4833:"Clonidine 25 mcg Tablets BP - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)"
4587:
3462:
3193:
530:
11390:
11365:
11188:
11178:
11168:
11153:
11148:
11133:
11113:
11108:
11083:
11078:
11063:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11003:
10993:
10988:
10958:
10948:
10908:
10898:
10878:
10828:
10808:
10788:
10783:
10763:
10748:
10743:
10733:
10713:
10708:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10668:
10653:
10643:
10623:
10602:
10587:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10537:
10532:
10517:
10502:
10487:
10482:
10472:
10462:
10418:
10403:
10393:
10368:
10363:
10344:
10334:
10315:
10310:
10290:
10285:
10275:
10270:
10260:
10250:
10240:
10230:
10225:
10169:
10159:
10149:
10139:
10079:
10069:
10049:
10044:
10029:
10003:
9995:
9991:
9965:
9960:
9909:
9904:
9884:
9879:
9834:
9824:
9819:
9809:
9770:
9755:
9745:
9706:
9692:
9588:
9578:
9539:
9534:
9524:
9519:
9509:
9494:
9470:
9444:
9434:
9419:
9414:
9404:
9399:
9369:
9354:
9327:
9289:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9244:
9240:
9203:
9162:
9142:
9122:
9107:
9073:
9053:
9005:
9000:
8909:
8899:
8863:
8858:
8806:
8618:
8610:
8457:
8409:
8389:
8384:
8311:
8194:
8128:
8067:
8055:
8012:
7842:
7773:
7745:
7654:
7649:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7550:
7525:
7477:
7472:
7412:
7275:
7249:
7209:
7204:
7141:
7126:
7088:
6959:
6949:
6867:
6857:
6641:
6620:
6600:
6595:
6557:
6526:
6503:
6438:
6372:
6362:
6326:
6321:
6269:
6081:
6073:
5889:
5832:
4978:
4705:
4478:
2066:
1918:
1334:
1328:
1130:
1105:
Clonidine has also been suggested as a treatment for rare instances of
1036:
996:
871:
730:
541:
373:
225:
5464:
3177:"Clonidine and Guanfacine IR vs ER: Old Drugs With "New" Formulations"
11440:
11183:
11173:
11158:
11138:
11128:
11103:
11073:
11053:
11048:
11028:
11023:
11018:
10968:
10963:
10933:
10903:
10893:
10858:
10843:
10803:
10793:
10778:
10768:
10753:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10683:
10678:
10658:
10628:
10592:
10547:
10542:
10507:
10467:
10408:
10388:
10349:
10295:
10280:
10265:
10235:
10196:
10164:
10129:
10124:
10094:
10039:
10021:
10017:
9987:
9979:
9919:
9859:
9829:
9804:
9765:
9731:
9625:
9556:
9548:
9529:
9514:
9504:
9499:
9484:
9474:
9439:
9409:
9394:
9389:
9374:
9364:
9343:
9314:
9294:
9283:
9236:
9223:
9218:
9208:
9198:
9127:
9068:
9039:
8995:
8914:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8647:
8634:
8482:
8467:
8246:
8199:
8161:
8060:
7947:
7837:
7778:
7659:
7565:
7560:
7520:
7385:
7257:
7131:
7121:
7065:
7032:
6925:
6905:
6895:
6852:
6719:
6585:
6580:
6521:
6377:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6110:
6097:
3997:
3980:
2842:
Viera AJ (June 2018). "Hypertension Update: Resistant Hypertension".
2105:
2085:(0–20%) with negligible contributions from the less abundant enzymes
2024:
from the hypothalamus, which in turn stimulates pituitary release of
1865:
1432:
1230:
1226:
1091:
1032:
1020:
965:
898:
863:
476:
411:
111:
4682:
2097:. 4-hydroxyclonidine, the main metabolite of clonidine, is also an α
1976:
that is most principally found in the brain. Within the brain, the α
1960:(ADHD), clonidine's molecular mechanism of action occurs due to its
11425:
11420:
11345:
11068:
11058:
11008:
10883:
10868:
10863:
10673:
10638:
10633:
10607:
10582:
10449:
10339:
10305:
10186:
10084:
10074:
10054:
10025:
10011:
9955:
9929:
9914:
9796:
9726:
9615:
9605:
9489:
9335:
9319:
9263:
9099:
9034:
8695:
8675:
8541:
8462:
8379:
8256:
8241:
8181:
8134:
8094:
8089:
7957:
7952:
7809:
7618:
7426:
7394:
7245:
7146:
7136:
6930:
6683:
6158:
6138:
6004:
5963:
1465:
1427:
1234:
1222:
1198:
1067:
1040:
973:
969:
905:
is not recommended. Clonidine lowers blood pressure by stimulating
867:
590:
521:
153:
5036:
4897:
Goodman & Gilman's - the pharmacological basis of therapeutics
3694:
Chang E, Ghosh N, Yanni D, Lee S, Alexandru D, Mozaffar T (2013).
3344:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
3003:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
2968:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
2961:
2959:
2905:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
1035:
medications. Some studies show clonidine to be more sedating than
753:
11435:
11163:
11143:
11118:
11013:
10738:
10663:
10104:
9672:
9620:
9574:
8801:
8472:
8324:
7710:
7459:
6264:
4207:
Fazi L, Jantzen EC, Rose JB, Kurth CD, Watcha MF (January 2001).
3818:
2070:
1961:
1254:
1214:
1055:
981:
6420:
2229:"Onyda XR- clonidine hydrochloride suspension, extended release"
1816:
receptor bindings measured in stomach membranes are much lower.
1023:, clonidine is an accepted but not approved use for ADHD by the
10433:
9780:
9662:
9083:
8545:
8492:
8140:
7793:
6008:
5957:
3929:
2956:
2113:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
621:
377:
2583:
Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
2069:, with roughly the other half being excreted unchanged by the
81:
8414:
7512:
5890:"Clonidine: Drug Uses, Dosage & Side Effects - Drugs.com"
5251:
5131:
4452:
4162:
4073:"Neuropsychiatric consequences of cardiovascular medications"
3783:
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
3498:(2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Practice Management Information.
3133:
2082:
2062:
1939:
1808:
refers to a drug's affinity for a receptor. The smaller the K
1206:
1000:
744:
601:
416:
369:
3600:
913:
in the brain, which results in relaxation of many arteries.
646:
30:
9864:
5726:
5096:
4893:
Parker K, Brunton L, Goodman LS, Lazo JS, Gilman A (2006).
3222:
3035:
2965:
2118:
2112:. Variations in half-life may be partially attributable to
1262:
1014:
581:
75:
5775:
5401:
4503:
4119:
3649:
1852:, lowering blood pressure. It has specificity towards the
69:
5254:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
5135:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
5067:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
5040:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
4398:
4255:
2580:
2181:
5727:
Frisk-Holmberg M, Paalzow L, Edlund PO (November 1981).
5313:
5159:
4892:
3700:
Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
3000:
2657:(76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. p. 144.
2340:
1245:, diabetes, diarrhea associated with opioid withdrawal,
7924:
5402:
Cinnamon Bidwell L, Dew RE, Kollins SH (October 2010).
4638:
4358:"Rosacea: a common, yet commonly overlooked, condition"
2524:
5818:
4741:. Boehringer Ingelheim Pty Limited. 28 February 2013.
3341:
11465:
5864:
Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
3780:
3557:
3174:
3084:
2902:
2723:
Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
84:
72:
63:
7362:
6750:
Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor
4206:
3825:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
3742:
3508:
3302:
1840:
Clonidine treats high blood pressure by stimulating
78:
66:
11528:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management
11307:
6669:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management
5520:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5064:
4504:Fragkos KC, Zárate-Lopez N, Frangos CC (May 2016).
2258:
2166:
1267:
hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD).
1233:. Clonidine has also been used to treat refractory
509:
60:
8955:
8004:
5397:
5395:
5393:
3894:
3693:
2585:(13th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education / Medical.
1537:
999:and exerts a reduction of serum concentrations of
5648:
5524:
5493:. Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
5212:
4886:
2628:. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
11489:
5509:
3771:
3736:
3308:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2392:"clonidine (Rx) - Catapres, Catapres-TTS, more."
1090:(excessive sweating), hot and cold flashes, and
489:
5390:
4355:
4290:
4027:
3978:
3814:
3812:
3776:
3774:
3421:"Highlights of Prescribing Information: Kapvay"
3218:
3216:
2747:
464:
7224:
6500:
6431:
5593:
5314:Giovannitti JA, Thoms SM, Crawford JJ (2015).
2451:
2449:
1289:
11293:
8941:
8525:
8310:
8296:
7910:
7348:
6777:
6404:
5988:
5599:
5479:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5032:
2513:
1140:
11320:
7157:Non-selective α-adrenergic receptor blockers
5683:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5012:
4861:
4319:
4070:
3859:
3809:
3376:
3259:
3213:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2413:
1257:. Clonidine can be used in the treatment of
157:
6738:Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
5444:
5356:
5272:
4771:. National Library of Medicine (US). 2006.
4552:
3515:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3335:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2446:
1903:; this effect acts upstream of the central
11300:
11286:
8948:
8934:
8532:
8518:
8303:
8289:
8220:
8114:
8074:
7974:
7917:
7903:
7355:
7341:
6784:
6770:
6744:Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor
6418:
6411:
6397:
5995:
5981:
5364:"CATAPRES- clonidine hydrochloride tablet"
5278:
5085:
4991:Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP)
4732:"CATAPRES® 150 TABLETS CATAPRES® AMPOULES"
3509:Gourlay SG, Stead LF, Benowitz NL (2004).
3444:
3370:
2870:"CATAPRES- clonidine hydrochloride tablet"
2457:"Catapres- clonidine hydrochloride tablet"
2421:"Catapres- clonidine hydrochloride tablet"
2303:"Catapres- clonidine hydrochloride tablet"
2295:
1980:adrenergic receptors are found within the
683:
660:
549:
5917:
5915:
5821:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
5752:
5625:
5561:
5427:
5339:
5195:
5185:
5009:
4951:
4704:
4615:
4605:
4529:
4424:
4224:
4096:
3996:
3947:
3836:
3719:
3626:
3534:
3470:
3311:Handbook of Disruptive Behavior Disorders
3192:
3151:
3110:
3061:
2567:
2550:
987:
569:
6663:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
5855:
5733:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
5720:
5571:Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry
5125:
4925:
4510:Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology
3897:The Psychiatric Clinics of North America
3712:10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.2013007945
3493:
3175:Freeland K, Turner A, Gormley L (2014).
2937:
2862:
2655:British national formulary : BNF 76
2649:
2647:
2599:
2254:
2252:
2250:
1958:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1943:
1940:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1386:Pain below the ear (from salivary gland)
1015:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
946:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
931:
11538:Drugs developed by Boehringer Ingelheim
5218:
4977:
4973:
4971:
4868:Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference
4356:Blount BW, Pelletier AL (August 2002).
3029:
2741:
2622:"Clonidine Monograph for Professionals"
2336:
2334:
2332:
1345:Skin reactions (if given transdermally)
936:Clonidine tablets and transdermal patch
656:
529:
130:
11490:
6732:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
5912:
5861:
5778:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
4769:Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)
4726:
4724:
4441:
4337:from the original on 29 September 2017
4200:
4166:Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
3413:
2754:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 550.
2720:
2261:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2133:
2051:logarithm of its partition coefficient
2015:
1988:adrenergic receptors are found on the
1835:
1823:
674:
304:
11281:
8929:
8513:
8284:
7898:
7336:
6765:
6392:
5976:
5961:
5600:Pajouhesh H, Lenz GR (October 2005).
4997:from the original on 14 November 2022
4862:Brayfield, A, ed. (13 January 2014).
3265:
2841:
2644:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2247:
1891:Clonidine also acts as an agonist at
629:
609:
317:
148:
116:
11498:Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists
5497:from the original on 14 October 2018
4968:
4870:. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press.
4843:from the original on 2 December 2013
4783:from the original on 5 December 2020
4745:from the original on 16 January 2017
4459:from the original on 25 October 2007
2798:from the original on 15 January 2024
2677:
2632:from the original on 3 February 2019
2501:from the original on 12 October 2017
2401:from the original on 4 December 2020
2329:
389:IR: 30–60 minutes after an oral dose
253:
6674:Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation
5450:
4874:from the original on 28 August 2021
4825:
4721:
3653:Human & Experimental Toxicology
2931:
2818:"Clonidine - Drug Usage Statistics"
2035:
1169:, and has been prescribed to treat
589:
480:
349:70–80% (oral), 60–70% (transdermal)
13:
5929:from the original on 6 August 2017
5900:from the original on 14 April 2017
5745:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01284.x
5374:from the original on 4 August 2020
5307:
4901:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
4855:
4485:from the original on 14 April 2017
4077:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
4042:10.1097/01.pra.0000265763.79753.c1
3268:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
3201:from the original on 9 August 2014
2880:from the original on 4 August 2020
2768:from the original on 29 April 2023
2467:from the original on 4 August 2020
2431:from the original on 4 August 2020
2377:
2313:from the original on 4 August 2020
1848:in the brainstem, which decreases
1542:Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter
1298:
1049:
895:a dangerous rise in blood pressure
878:(by mouth), by injection, or as a
102:Catapres, Kapvay, Nexiclon, others
14:
11569:
6714:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
5945:
4932:Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am
4839:. Sandoz Limited. 2 August 2012.
4380:from the original on 26 July 2011
4327:"Treatment and Management of RLS"
3511:"Clonidine for smoking cessation"
3313:. Springer US. pp. 221–254.
1919:signaling through the vagus nerve
1884:which if released would increase
1221:. Clonidine can also be used for
280:
180:
11475:
8177:Hydromorphone (extended-release)
5962:
5539:10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.00659.x
5293:10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.5.R1569
4809:. www.drugsdb.eu. Archived from
4305:10.2165/00023210-199606060-00007
4226:10.1097/00000539-200101000-00011
4089:10.31887/DCNS.2007.9.1/jchuffman
3979:Strawn JR, Geracioti TD (2008).
3619:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5044
3356:10.1097/00004583-199403000-00018
2917:10.1097/00004583-199912000-00017
2355:10.2165/00003088-198814050-00002
2020:Clonidine stimulates release of
1996:. Thus, clonidine's agonism on α
1487:, which is a medical emergency.
1314:Very common (>10% frequency):
1151:catecholamine-synthesizing tumor
1133:. Clonidine can be administered
720:
714:
708:
56:
38:
29:
11256:Monoamine metabolism modulators
8658:acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
8353:Dronabinol/Tetrahydrocannabinol
7220:Endothelin receptor antagonists
7081:Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors
6121:acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
5882:
5812:
5769:
5677:
5642:
5245:
5153:
5058:
4919:
4837:electronic Medicines Compendium
4795:
4757:
4676:
4632:
4581:
4546:
4497:
4471:
4392:
4349:
4284:
4249:
4156:
4113:
4064:
4030:Journal of Psychiatric Practice
4021:
3972:
3923:
3888:
3853:
3687:
3643:
3594:
3551:
3502:
3487:
3438:
3168:
3127:
3078:
2994:
2896:
2835:
2810:
2780:
2748:Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006).
2714:
2671:
2531:Drug Metabolism and Disposition
2483:
1984:(PFC), among other areas. The α
1505:
1191:borderline personality disorder
1102:Network Neurobehavioral Score.
995:Clonidine works by slowing the
927:
801:Key:GJSURZIOUXUGAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
7229:Tooltip Pulmonary hypertension
7197:Serotonin receptor antagonists
6436:Tooltip central nervous system
5281:American Journal of Physiology
3862:Journal of Affective Disorders
3527:10.1002/14651858.CD000058.pub2
3445:Fitzgerald PJ (October 2013).
2221:
2195:
2138:
1917:, theoretically by increasing
1872:effect, suppresses release of
1850:peripheral vascular resistance
1187:post-traumatic stress disorder
702:
406:, 48 hours for repeated dosing
293:
1:
11456:Receptor/signaling modulators
11238:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
11211:Receptor/signaling modulators
8710:Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
8478:Melanin-concentrating hormone
7114:-Adrenergic receptor blockers
6883:Adrenergic release inhibitors
6840:-Adrenergic receptor agonists
6173:Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
5111:10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00631-x
4567:10.1358/dot.2014.50.2.2097801
4071:Huffman JC, Stern TA (2007).
3949:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00219-X
3909:10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30122-9
3795:10.1016/S1047-9651(18)30040-8
3560:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
3153:10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00127-4
2940:Australian Medicines Handbook
2751:Analogue-based Drug Discovery
2680:Current Clinical Pharmacology
2159:
1910:agonist effect of clonidine.
1477:
1160:
1112:
402:IR: 12–16 hours; 41 hours in
11325:Tooltip Imidazoline receptor
7025:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
5698:10.1016/0028-3908(87)90224-3
5663:10.1016/0024-3205(82)90086-8
4178:10.1097/JCP.0b013e31819a4bae
3874:10.1016/0165-0327(87)90024-3
3319:10.1007/978-1-4615-4881-2_10
3015:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815d9ae4
2980:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815d9af7
1397:Uncommon (0.1–1% frequency):
1100:neonatal intensive care unit
1096:neonatal abstinence syndrome
826:, sold under the brand name
443:-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)-4,5--1
7:
11543:Drugs developed by Novartis
10321:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
9698:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
9545:Tetracyclic antidepressants
9011:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
8365:Medroxyprogesterone acetate
8182:Morphine (extended-release)
6696:Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
5491:www.cincinnatichildrens.org
4807:Prescription Marketed Drugs
1290:Pregnancy and breastfeeding
1197:. Clonidine is also a mild
1165:Clonidine also has several
940:Clonidine is used to treat
10:
11574:
11247:Monoamine releasing agents
8225:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist
8119:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist
8079:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist
7979:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist
6708:Norepinephrine transporter
5408:Current Psychiatry Reports
4417:10.1016/j.pain.2012.04.014
4122:Current Psychiatry Reports
2692:10.2174/157488411798375886
2125:
1901:sympathetic nervous system
1462:Colonic pseudo-obstruction
1440:Rare (<0.1% frequency):
1141:Clonidine suppression test
1076:sympathetic nervous system
692:Chemical and physical data
235:-agonist hypotensive agent
11533:Chlorobenzene derivatives
11449:
11318:
11201:
10616:
10218:
10209:
9943:
9650:
9638:
9563:Tricyclic antidepressants
9191:
8978:
8966:
8882:
8815:
8767:
8708:
8656:
8632:
8609:
8600:
8557:
8433:
8323:
8211:Benzodiazepine dependence
8209:
8103:
7993:
7938:
7855:
7828:
7787:
7754:
7728:Tricyclic antidepressants
7726:
7691:
7673:
7640:
7631:
7606:
7578:
7538:
7511:
7458:
7445:
7393:
7384:
7375:
7293:
7218:
7195:
7185:
7155:
7108:
7101:
7079:
7041:
7023:
7016:
7009:
6968:
6939:
6881:
6834:
6827:
6808:
6679:Monoamine releasing agent
6655:
6634:
6566:
6535:
6497:
6429:
6345:
6278:
6230:
6171:
6119:
6095:
6072:
6063:
6020:
5970:
5420:10.1007/s11920-010-0136-4
5332:10.2344/0003-3006-62.1.31
4944:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.010
4362:American Family Physician
4258:Drug Development Research
4134:10.1007/s11920-008-0019-0
3054:10.1176/appi.ps.201200147
2343:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
2030:growth hormone deficiency
1913:Clonidine may also cause
1799:
1368:Sedation (dose-dependent)
1356:Common (1–10% frequency):
1339:Headache (dose-dependent)
1119:below the level of injury
1074:symptoms by reducing the
838:medication used to treat
809:
784:
776:Clc1cccc(Cl)c1N/C2=N/CCN2
764:
742:
729:
696:
691:
672:
640:
620:
600:
580:
560:
540:
520:
500:
475:
455:
428:
423:
410:
393:
383:
363:
353:
343:
335:
270:
265:
240:
224:
194:
168:
138:
124:
106:
96:
51:
46:
37:
28:
7642:Calcium channel blockers
7421:+chlorcyclizine/caffeine
5099:Biochemical Pharmacology
4522:10.1177/1756283X15625586
4213:Anesthesia and Analgesia
3757:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S89
3665:10.1177/0960327112454896
3572:10.1177/1060028015626438
3391:10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2801
3280:10.1586/14737175.4.2.307
3237:10.1177/0009922813502123
1239:irritable bowel syndrome
1027:. Clonidine, along with
11508:Antihypertensive agents
9976:Atypical antipsychotics
9229:Atypical antipsychotics
8817:Prostaglandin analogues
8463:Cortisol/Hydrocortisone
6451:Mixed amphetamine salts
6280:Prostaglandin analogues
5923:"Clonidine brand names"
5618:10.1602/neurorx.2.4.541
5187:10.1073/pnas.83.22.8784
4691:(7). Wiley: 3625–3631.
4607:10.3390/brainsci8030047
3181:Mental Health Clinician
3140:Neuropsychopharmacology
1451:Impaired ability to cry
1324:Orthostatic hypotension
1153:, usually found in the
924:million prescriptions.
10175:Typical antipsychotics
9658:(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
9594:Typical antipsychotics
8453:Agouti-related peptide
6795:(and closely related)
5876:10.1053/bean.2000.0079
4739:TGA eBusiness Services
4697:10.1002/anie.202010553
4654:10.1055/s-0038-1636909
3985:Depression and Anxiety
3838:10.1210/jc.2002-030005
3103:10.1542/peds.2010-1260
2938:Rossi, S, ed. (2013).
2735:10.1053/bean.2000.0079
2543:10.1124/dmd.110.033878
2055:central nervous system
1953:
1828:Clonidine crosses the
1455:Atrioventricular block
1211:restless legs syndrome
988:Resistant hypertension
978:restless-legs syndrome
937:
11265:Monoamine neurotoxins
6974:nicotinic antagonists
6726:Serotonin transporter
6484:Serdexmethylphenidate
5487:"Growth Hormone Test"
4449:"Clonidine Oral Uses"
4270:10.1002/ddr.430030112
3936:Biological Psychiatry
3751:(2 Suppl): S89–S104.
3379:Postgraduate Medicine
2788:"The Top 300 of 2021"
2273:10.1002/cpt1977215593
1972:, the subtype of the
1947:
1868:. This binding has a
1403:Delusional perception
1251:neuroendocrine tumors
1201:, and can be used as
1171:psychiatric disorders
935:
11309:Imidazoline receptor
10834:Dichloroisoprenaline
8854:Latanoprostene bunod
8769:Beta blocking agents
8602:Parasympathomimetics
7683:Flumedroxone acetate
6941:Imidazoline receptor
6690:Dopamine transporter
6635:Miscellaneous/others
6317:Latanoprostene bunod
6232:Beta blocking agents
6065:Parasympathomimetics
5951:Alpha-2 agonists in
5790:10.1002/cpt197619111
5370:. 6 September 2016.
5227:. Elsevier. p.
3494:Giannini AJ (1997).
3042:Psychiatric Services
2876:. 6 September 2016.
2463:. 6 September 2016.
2427:. 6 September 2016.
2309:. 6 September 2016.
2110:poor kidney function
2104:Measurements of the
1690:134.89 – 501.2
1423:Raynaud's phenomenon
1390:Erectile dysfunction
984:, among other uses.
830:among others, is an
11558:Ophthalmology drugs
11523:Appetite stimulants
10513:Phenylpropanolamine
10379:Ethylnorepinephrine
9855:Phenylpropanolamine
9761:Ethylnorepinephrine
9158:Phenylpropanolamine
9064:Ethylnorepinephrine
8957:Adrenergic receptor
8312:Appetite stimulants
8036:General anesthetics
7940:Nicotine dependence
7403:Dihydroergocryptine
6488:+dexmethylphenidate
5320:Anesthesia Progress
5178:1986PNAS...83.8784W
4926:Vitiello B (2008).
3463:10.4137/SART.S13019
3225:Clinical Pediatrics
3194:10.9740/mhc.n186955
2154:bendroflumethiazide
2134:Society and culture
2059:blood brain barrier
2046:Peak concentrations
2016:Growth hormone test
1974:adrenergic receptor
1970:adrenergic receptor
1886:vascular resistance
1836:High blood pressure
1830:blood–brain barrier
1824:Mechanism of action
1672:69.18 – 309.0
1654:35.48 – 61.65
1512:
1485:hypertensive crisis
1219:diabetic neuropathy
1070:. It can alleviate
966:menopausal flushing
942:high blood pressure
864:menopausal flushing
840:high blood pressure
836:-adrenergic agonist
313:(Prescription only)
289:(Prescription only)
25:
16:Pharmaceutical drug
11513:Antimigraine drugs
8443:ACTH/Corticotropin
8395:Omega-3 fatty acid
8190:Opioid antagonists
8050:Opioid antagonists
8028:Hydrogen cyanamide
7995:Alcohol dependence
7882:Never to phase III
7830:CGRP-R antagonists
7580:CGRP-R antagonists
7377:Analgesic/abortive
7320:Never to phase III
6479:Dexmethylphenidate
5833:10.1007/BF00609752
5459:(Suppl 1): 37–40.
5453:Neuroendocrinology
5287:(5): R1569–R1571.
4938:(2): 459–474, xi.
3097:(6): e1406–e1413.
2395:Medscape Reference
1956:In the setting of
1954:
1510:
1261:(specifically for
1247:intestinal failure
1243:fecal incontinence
938:
918:generic medication
231:Centrally acting α
21:
11463:
11462:
11433:Unsorted/unknown:
11275:
11274:
11268:
11259:
11250:
11241:
11232:
11223:
11214:
11197:
11196:
10944:Iodocyanopindolol
10919:Hydroxytertatolol
10839:Dihydroalprenolol
10452:
10444:
10436:
10353:
10205:
10204:
9799:
9791:
9783:
9735:
9717:Dihydroergotamine
9634:
9633:
9467:hydroxynefazodone
9332:dihydroergotamine
9102:
9094:
9086:
9043:
8923:
8922:
8704:
8703:
8544:preparations and
8507:
8506:
8501:
8500:
8493:Orexin/Hypocretin
8370:Megestrol acetate
8278:
8277:
8157:Levacetylmethadol
8105:Opioid dependence
8023:Calcium carbimide
7892:
7891:
7851:
7850:
7627:
7626:
7574:
7573:
7534:
7533:
7432:Methylergometrine
7408:Dihydroergotamine
7330:
7329:
7289:
7288:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7097:
7096:
7005:
7004:
6970:Ganglion-blocking
6797:antihypertensives
6759:
6758:
6459:Dextroamphetamine
6423:pharmacotherapies
6386:
6385:
6167:
6166:
6007:preparations and
5686:Neuropharmacology
5657:(11): 1123–1132.
5465:10.1159/000125793
5172:(22): 8784–8788.
4912:978-0-07-142280-2
4685:Angewandte Chemie
3789:(4): 939–51, ix.
3328:978-1-4613-7214-1
2949:978-0-9805790-9-3
2911:(12): 1551–1559.
2057:to penetrate the
1990:presynaptic cleft
1982:prefrontal cortex
1860:receptors in the
1821:
1820:
1817:
1418:Sinus bradycardia
1277:receptor agonists
1259:Tourette syndrome
1195:anxiety disorders
1147:phaeochromocytoma
1078:response such as
1072:opioid withdrawal
891:heart arrhythmias
821:
820:
755:Interactive image
642:CompTox Dashboard
447:-imidazol-2-amine
321:
308:
296:
284:
184:
151:
11565:
11480:
11479:
11478:
11471:
11341:7-Me-Marsanidine
11326:
11322:
11302:
11295:
11288:
11279:
11278:
11262:
11253:
11244:
11235:
11226:
11217:
11205:
10914:Hydroxycarteolol
10478:Methoxyphenamine
10450:
10442:
10437:-DOPA (levodopa)
10434:
10351:
10325:-methyldopamine)
10216:
10215:
10120:Phenoxybenzamine
9797:
9789:
9784:-DOPA (levodopa)
9781:
9733:
9702:-methyldopamine)
9648:
9647:
9460:Phenylpiperazine
9450:Phenoxybenzamine
9100:
9092:
9087:-DOPA (levodopa)
9084:
9041:
9025:Dexisometheptene
9015:-methyldopamine)
8976:
8975:
8950:
8943:
8936:
8927:
8926:
8607:
8606:
8559:Sympathomimetics
8534:
8527:
8520:
8511:
8510:
8305:
8298:
8291:
8282:
8281:
8252:Chlordiazepoxide
8226:
8222:
8172:Dihydroetorphine
8120:
8116:
8080:
8076:
8006:
7980:
7976:
7919:
7912:
7905:
7896:
7895:
7638:
7637:
7456:
7455:
7391:
7390:
7382:
7381:
7357:
7350:
7343:
7334:
7333:
7230:
7226:
7193:
7192:
7106:
7105:
7021:
7020:
7014:
7013:
6832:
6831:
6825:
6824:
6819:vasoconstriction
6786:
6779:
6772:
6763:
6762:
6656:Related articles
6502:
6463:Lisdexamfetamine
6437:
6433:
6422:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6390:
6389:
6070:
6069:
6022:Sympathomimetics
5997:
5990:
5983:
5974:
5973:
5959:
5958:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5919:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5756:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5629:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5574:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5522:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5431:
5399:
5388:
5387:
5381:
5379:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5343:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5226:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5189:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5141:(3): 1108–1116.
5129:
5123:
5122:
5105:(7): 1035–1043.
5094:
5083:
5082:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5046:(3): 1192–1205.
5034:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4975:
4966:
4965:
4955:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4900:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4813:on 28 March 2012
4799:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4736:
4728:
4719:
4718:
4708:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4619:
4609:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4533:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4428:
4411:(9): 1815–1823.
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4331:www.medscape.org
4323:
4317:
4316:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4228:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4100:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4000:
3998:10.1002/da.20292
3976:
3970:
3969:
3951:
3942:(9): 1192–1204.
3927:
3921:
3920:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3840:
3831:(6): 2656–2666.
3816:
3807:
3806:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3723:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3630:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3538:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3196:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3033:
3027:
3026:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2618:
2597:
2596:
2578:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2537:(9): 1393–1396.
2522:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2388:
2375:
2374:
2338:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2256:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2178:nctr-crs.fda.gov
2170:
2146:combination drug
2036:Pharmacokinetics
1893:imidazoline-1 (I
1862:vasomotor center
1800:
1543:
1539:
1513:
1509:
1383:Weight gain/loss
1331:(dose-dependent)
1237:associated with
1229:associated with
1120:
923:
817:
816:
757:
737:
722:
716:
710:
704:
687:
676:
665:
664:
650:
648:
633:
613:
593:
573:
553:
533:
513:
493:
483:
482:
468:
398:
326:
319:
316:
306:
303:
295:
292:
282:
279:
257:
182:
179:
161:
150:
147:
134:
120:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
42:
33:
26:
24:
20:
11573:
11572:
11568:
11567:
11566:
11564:
11563:
11562:
11488:
11487:
11486:
11476:
11474:
11466:
11464:
11459:
11445:
11324:
11314:
11306:
11276:
11271:
11193:
10612:
10201:
9939:
9712:Dexmedetomidine
9643:
9630:
9463:antidepressants
9187:
9020:Desglymidodrine
8971:
8962:
8954:
8924:
8919:
8878:
8822:
8811:
8763:
8713:
8700:
8652:
8628:
8596:
8553:
8540:Drugs used for
8538:
8508:
8503:
8502:
8497:
8429:
8319:
8309:
8279:
8274:
8237:Benzodiazepines
8224:
8205:
8118:
8099:
8078:
7989:
7978:
7934:
7927:drug dependence
7923:
7893:
7888:
7887:
7872:Clinical trials
7847:
7824:
7783:
7756:Anticonvulsants
7750:
7722:
7687:
7669:
7623:
7602:
7570:
7530:
7507:
7450:
7441:
7371:
7361:
7331:
7326:
7325:
7310:Clinical trials
7285:
7228:
7214:
7169:
7151:
7113:
7093:
7075:
7043:VMAT inhibitors
7037:
7001:
6964:
6935:
6877:
6839:
6817:
6812:
6804:
6790:
6760:
6755:
6651:
6630:
6568:Antidepressants
6562:
6543:
6540:
6531:
6499:
6493:
6474:Methylphenidate
6469:Methamphetamine
6455:Levoamphetamine
6435:
6425:
6417:
6387:
6382:
6341:
6285:
6274:
6226:
6176:
6163:
6115:
6091:
6059:
6016:
6003:Drugs used for
6001:
5966:
5948:
5943:
5942:
5932:
5930:
5921:
5920:
5913:
5903:
5901:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5860:
5856:
5817:
5813:
5774:
5770:
5725:
5721:
5692:(7A): 649–655.
5682:
5678:
5647:
5643:
5598:
5594:
5587:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5523:
5510:
5500:
5498:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5449:
5445:
5400:
5391:
5377:
5375:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5312:
5308:
5277:
5273:
5250:
5246:
5239:
5217:
5213:
5158:
5154:
5130:
5126:
5095:
5086:
5063:
5059:
5035:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4986:
4976:
4969:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4891:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4860:
4856:
4846:
4844:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4816:
4814:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4786:
4784:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4746:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4722:
4681:
4677:
4637:
4633:
4586:
4582:
4551:
4547:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4486:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4462:
4460:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4381:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4289:
4285:
4254:
4250:
4205:
4201:
4161:
4157:
4118:
4114:
4069:
4065:
4026:
4022:
3977:
3973:
3928:
3924:
3893:
3889:
3858:
3854:
3817:
3810:
3779:
3772:
3741:
3737:
3692:
3688:
3648:
3644:
3607:JAMA Pediatrics
3599:
3595:
3556:
3552:
3521:(3): CD000058.
3507:
3503:
3492:
3488:
3451:Substance Abuse
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3375:
3371:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3307:
3303:
3264:
3260:
3221:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3173:
3169:
3132:
3128:
3083:
3079:
3034:
3030:
2999:
2995:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2936:
2932:
2901:
2897:
2891:catecholamines.
2883:
2881:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2762:
2746:
2742:
2719:
2715:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2620:
2619:
2600:
2593:
2579:
2568:
2523:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2470:
2468:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2434:
2432:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2390:
2389:
2378:
2339:
2330:
2316:
2314:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2257:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2209:. 25 March 2023
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2141:
2136:
2128:
2100:
2044:around 70–80%.
2042:bioavailability
2038:
2018:
2010:
1999:
1987:
1979:
1969:
1951:
1942:
1924:
1908:
1896:
1859:
1845:
1838:
1826:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1740:
1722:
1704:
1686:
1668:
1650:
1632:
1614:
1596:
1578:
1560:
1541:
1524:
1508:
1492:rebound effects
1480:
1475:
1437:
1394:
1371:Nausea/vomiting
1353:
1309:
1301:
1299:Adverse effects
1292:
1276:
1179:sleep disorders
1163:
1155:adrenal medulla
1143:
1118:
1115:
1107:dexmedetomidine
1064:benzodiazepines
1052:
1050:Drug withdrawal
1029:methylphenidate
1017:
990:
950:drug withdrawal
930:
921:
910:
848:drug withdrawal
835:
812:
810:
805:
802:
797:
792:
791:
780:
777:
772:
771:
760:
735:
725:
719:
713:
707:
668:
644:
636:
616:
596:
576:
556:
536:
516:
496:
479:
471:
451:
448:
436:
435:
396:
385:Onset of action
355:Protein binding
345:Bioavailability
337:Pharmacokinetic
331:
324:
261:
234:
197:
190:
171:
164:
59:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11571:
11561:
11560:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11530:
11525:
11520:
11515:
11510:
11505:
11500:
11485:
11484:
11461:
11460:
11450:
11447:
11446:
11444:
11443:
11438:
11429:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11409:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11329:
11327:
11316:
11315:
11305:
11304:
11297:
11290:
11282:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11269:
11260:
11251:
11242:
11233:
11224:
11215:
11202:
11199:
11198:
11195:
11194:
11192:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11006:
11001:
10996:
10991:
10986:
10981:
10976:
10971:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10824:Dexpropranolol
10821:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10620:
10618:
10614:
10613:
10611:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10570:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10493:Norepinephrine
10490:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10458:Levosalbutamol
10455:
10447:
10445:-Phenylalanine
10439:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10222:
10220:
10213:
10207:
10206:
10203:
10202:
10200:
10199:
10194:
10179:chlorpromazine
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10015:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9947:
9945:
9941:
9940:
9938:
9937:
9935:Xylometazoline
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9845:Norepinephrine
9842:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9794:
9792:-Phenylalanine
9786:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9695:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9654:
9652:
9645:
9641:
9636:
9635:
9632:
9631:
9629:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9598:chlorpromazine
9591:
9586:
9560:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9257:
9252:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9195:
9193:
9189:
9188:
9186:
9185:
9183:Xylometazoline
9180:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9138:Norepinephrine
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9097:
9095:-Phenylalanine
9089:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8982:
8980:
8973:
8969:
8964:
8963:
8953:
8952:
8945:
8938:
8930:
8921:
8920:
8918:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8897:
8892:
8886:
8884:
8880:
8879:
8877:
8876:
8871:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8837:
8826:
8824:
8820:
8813:
8812:
8810:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8773:
8771:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8761:
8756:
8746:
8741:
8727:
8721:
8719:
8706:
8705:
8702:
8701:
8699:
8698:
8693:
8687:
8682:
8673:
8668:
8662:
8660:
8654:
8653:
8651:
8650:
8645:
8639:
8637:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8626:
8621:
8615:
8613:
8604:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8569:
8563:
8561:
8555:
8554:
8537:
8536:
8529:
8522:
8514:
8505:
8504:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8495:
8490:
8488:Neuropeptide Y
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8439:
8437:
8431:
8430:
8428:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8405:Pentoxifylline
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8350:
8345:
8343:Cyproheptadine
8340:
8335:
8329:
8327:
8321:
8320:
8308:
8307:
8300:
8293:
8285:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8272:
8260:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8233:
8215:
8213:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8203:
8197:
8186:
8185:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8167:Dihydrocodeine
8164:
8159:
8154:
8137:
8132:
8126:
8109:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8070:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8058:
8046:
8045:
8044:
8032:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
7999:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7987:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7944:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7922:
7921:
7914:
7907:
7899:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7883:
7880:
7869:
7863:
7857:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7849:
7848:
7846:
7845:
7840:
7834:
7832:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7801:
7799:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7760:
7758:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7732:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7697:
7695:
7693:Sympatholytics
7689:
7688:
7686:
7685:
7679:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7646:
7644:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7616:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7584:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7542:
7540:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7517:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7464:
7462:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7410:
7405:
7399:
7397:
7388:
7379:
7373:
7372:
7366:preparations (
7360:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7337:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7307:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7283:
7261:
7234:
7232:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7207:
7201:
7199:
7190:
7183:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7167:
7161:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7118:
7116:
7111:
7103:
7099:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7091:
7085:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7061:Methoserpidine
7058:
7053:
7047:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7035:
7029:
7027:
7018:
7011:
7007:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6978:
6976:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6946:
6944:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6887:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6844:
6842:
6837:
6829:
6822:
6810:Sympatholytics
6806:
6805:
6789:
6788:
6781:
6774:
6766:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6747:
6741:
6735:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6705:
6702:Norepinephrine
6699:
6693:
6687:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6572:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6549:
6547:
6538:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6508:
6506:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6443:
6441:
6427:
6426:
6416:
6415:
6408:
6401:
6393:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6360:
6355:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6300:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6236:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6209:
6204:
6190:
6184:
6182:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6150:
6145:
6136:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6102:
6100:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6078:
6076:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6032:
6026:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6000:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5956:
5955:
5947:
5946:External links
5944:
5941:
5940:
5911:
5881:
5870:(2): 237–246.
5854:
5811:
5768:
5739:(5): 653–658.
5719:
5676:
5641:
5612:(4): 541–553.
5592:
5585:
5560:
5533:(2): 146–165.
5508:
5478:
5443:
5414:(5): 366–373.
5389:
5355:
5306:
5271:
5260:(1): 170–177.
5244:
5237:
5211:
5152:
5124:
5084:
5073:(2): 614–626.
5057:
5008:
4984:
4967:
4918:
4911:
4885:
4854:
4824:
4794:
4756:
4720:
4675:
4648:(2): 138–145.
4631:
4594:Brain Sciences
4580:
4561:(2): 159–179.
4555:Drugs of Today
4545:
4516:(3): 282–301.
4496:
4470:
4440:
4391:
4368:(3): 435–440.
4348:
4318:
4299:(6): 474–497.
4283:
4264:(1): 101–105.
4248:
4199:
4172:(2): 170–173.
4155:
4128:(2): 104–108.
4112:
4063:
4020:
3991:(3): 260–271.
3971:
3922:
3903:(2): 409–423.
3887:
3868:(2): 203–213.
3852:
3808:
3770:
3745:Pain Physician
3735:
3706:(1–2): 11–22.
3686:
3659:(1): 107–110.
3642:
3613:(3): 234–243.
3593:
3566:(4): 301–310.
3550:
3501:
3496:Drugs of Abuse
3486:
3437:
3412:
3369:
3350:(3): 424–426.
3334:
3327:
3301:
3274:(2): 307–316.
3258:
3231:(3): 211–216.
3212:
3167:
3146:(5): 460–470.
3126:
3077:
3048:(4): 339–346.
3028:
3009:(2): 189–198.
2993:
2974:(2): 180–188.
2955:
2948:
2930:
2895:
2861:
2834:
2809:
2779:
2760:
2740:
2729:(2): 237–246.
2713:
2686:(4): 280–287.
2670:
2663:
2643:
2598:
2591:
2566:
2512:
2482:
2445:
2412:
2376:
2349:(5): 287–310.
2328:
2294:
2267:(5): 593–601.
2246:
2220:
2194:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2098:
2081:(10–20%), and
2065:into inactive
2037:
2034:
2026:growth hormone
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:locus ceruleus
1997:
1994:norepinephrine
1985:
1977:
1967:
1949:
1941:
1938:
1927:smooth muscles
1922:
1906:
1894:
1882:neuropeptide Y
1874:norepinephrine
1857:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1507:
1504:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1283:knee surgery.
1274:
1225:headaches and
1167:off-label uses
1162:
1159:
1142:
1139:
1114:
1111:
1051:
1048:
1016:
1013:
1009:catecholamines
989:
986:
929:
926:
908:
887:hallucinations
833:
819:
818:
807:
806:
804:
803:
800:
798:
795:
787:
786:
785:
782:
781:
779:
778:
775:
767:
766:
765:
762:
761:
759:
758:
750:
748:
740:
739:
733:
727:
726:
723:
717:
711:
705:
700:
694:
693:
689:
688:
678:
670:
669:
667:
666:
653:
651:
638:
637:
635:
634:
626:
624:
618:
617:
615:
614:
606:
604:
598:
597:
595:
594:
586:
584:
578:
577:
575:
574:
566:
564:
558:
557:
555:
554:
546:
544:
538:
537:
535:
534:
526:
524:
518:
517:
515:
514:
506:
504:
498:
497:
495:
494:
486:
484:
473:
472:
470:
469:
461:
459:
453:
452:
450:
449:
439:
431:
430:
429:
426:
425:
421:
420:
414:
408:
407:
404:kidney failure
400:
391:
390:
387:
381:
380:
367:
361:
360:
357:
351:
350:
347:
341:
340:
333:
332:
330:
329:
314:
301:
290:
276:
274:
268:
267:
263:
262:
260:
259:
246:
244:
238:
237:
232:
228:
222:
221:
200:
198:administration
192:
191:
189:
188:
186:
176:
174:
166:
165:
163:
162:
144:
142:
136:
135:
128:
122:
121:
114:
104:
103:
100:
94:
93:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11570:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11536:
11534:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11495:
11493:
11483:
11473:
11472:
11469:
11458:
11457:
11454:
11448:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11431:
11430:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11411:
11410:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11351:Apraclonidine
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11331:
11330:
11328:
11323:
11317:
11313:
11310:
11303:
11298:
11296:
11291:
11289:
11284:
11283:
11280:
11267:
11266:
11261:
11258:
11257:
11252:
11249:
11248:
11243:
11240:
11239:
11234:
11231:
11230:
11229:Serotonergics
11225:
11222:
11221:
11220:Dopaminergics
11216:
11213:
11212:
11209:
11204:
11203:
11200:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10980:
10977:
10975:
10974:Levobetaxolol
10972:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10814:Cyanopindolol
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10621:
10619:
10615:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10498:Orciprenaline
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10448:
10446:
10440:
10438:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10399:Hexoprenaline
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10324:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10223:
10221:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10208:
10198:
10195:
10192:
10188:
10184:
10180:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10060:Esmirtazapine
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10035:
10031:
10027:
10023:
10019:
10016:
10013:
10009:
10005:
10001:
9997:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9984:brexpiprazole
9981:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9942:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9850:Oxymetazoline
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9795:
9793:
9787:
9785:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9701:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9678:Apraclonidine
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9655:
9653:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9637:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9611:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9584:
9580:
9576:
9572:
9568:
9567:amitriptyline
9564:
9561:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9480:
9479:triazoledione
9476:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9261:
9260:Beta blockers
9258:
9256:
9253:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9233:brexpiprazole
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9196:
9194:
9190:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9153:Phenylephrine
9151:
9149:
9148:Oxymetazoline
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9098:
9096:
9090:
9088:
9082:
9080:
9079:Isometheptene
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9014:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8981:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8965:
8961:
8958:
8951:
8946:
8944:
8939:
8937:
8932:
8931:
8928:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8905:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8881:
8875:
8872:
8869:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8838:
8835:
8831:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8818:
8814:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8770:
8766:
8760:
8759:Methazolamide
8757:
8754:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8744:Diclofenamide
8742:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8725:Acetazolamide
8723:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8711:
8707:
8697:
8694:
8691:
8690:Physostigmine
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8663:
8661:
8659:
8655:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8643:Acetylcholine
8641:
8640:
8638:
8636:
8631:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8599:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8577:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8567:Apraclonidine
8565:
8564:
8562:
8560:
8556:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8535:
8530:
8528:
8523:
8521:
8516:
8515:
8512:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8440:
8438:
8436:
8432:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8348:Dexamethasone
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8333:Amitriptyline
8331:
8330:
8328:
8326:
8322:
8317:
8313:
8306:
8301:
8299:
8294:
8292:
8287:
8286:
8283:
8270:
8269:Phenobarbital
8266:
8265:
8261:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8239:
8238:
8234:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8208:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8192:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8152:
8148:
8147:Buprenorphine
8145:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8106:
8102:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8042:Nitrous oxide
8040:
8039:
8038:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8008:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7996:
7992:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7941:
7937:
7932:
7928:
7925:Treatment of
7920:
7915:
7913:
7908:
7906:
7901:
7900:
7897:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7854:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7831:
7827:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7791:
7786:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7769:Oxcarbazepine
7767:
7765:
7764:Carbamazepine
7762:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7753:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7741:Nortriptyline
7739:
7737:
7736:Amitriptyline
7734:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7725:
7719:
7716:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7701:Beta blockers
7699:
7698:
7696:
7694:
7690:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7630:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7605:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7581:
7577:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7546:Dimetotiazine
7544:
7543:
7541:
7537:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7510:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7444:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7386:Serotonergics
7383:
7380:
7378:
7374:
7369:
7365:
7358:
7353:
7351:
7346:
7344:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7292:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7227:
7221:
7217:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7184:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7107:
7104:
7100:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7078:
7072:
7071:Syrosingopine
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7040:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7008:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6982:Hexamethonium
6980:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6938:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6833:
6830:
6826:
6823:
6820:
6816:
6811:
6807:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6793:Sympatholytic
6787:
6782:
6780:
6775:
6773:
6768:
6767:
6764:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6648:
6647:Carbamazepine
6645:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6633:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6616:Nortriptyline
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6576:Amitriptyline
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6541:-adrenoceptor
6534:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6498:Non-classical
6496:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6434:
6428:
6424:
6414:
6409:
6407:
6402:
6400:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6344:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6223:
6222:Methazolamide
6220:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6207:Diclofenamide
6205:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6188:Acetazolamide
6186:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6174:
6170:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6153:Physostigmine
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6106:Acetylcholine
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6094:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6030:Apraclonidine
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6014:
6010:
6006:
5998:
5993:
5991:
5986:
5984:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5969:
5965:
5960:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5928:
5925:. Drugs.com.
5924:
5918:
5916:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5827:(2): 97–101.
5826:
5822:
5815:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5772:
5764:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5723:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5680:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5651:Life Sciences
5645:
5637:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5588:
5586:9780781768795
5582:
5578:
5573:
5572:
5564:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5439:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5386:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5351:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5310:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5275:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5240:
5238:9780123695215
5234:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5156:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5128:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5013:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4981:, Driscol J.
4980:
4974:
4972:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4914:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4889:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4727:
4725:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4635:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4484:
4481:. Drugs.com.
4480:
4474:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4336:
4333:. WebMD LLC.
4332:
4328:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3813:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3775:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3490:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3422:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3217:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2767:
2763:
2761:9783527607495
2757:
2753:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2664:9780857113382
2660:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2592:9781259584732
2588:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2479:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2442:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2235:. 7 June 2024
2234:
2230:
2224:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2156:as Pertenso.
2155:
2151:
2150:chlortalidone
2147:
2131:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2032:in children.
2031:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1946:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1925:receptors in
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1880:, renin, and
1879:
1875:
1871:
1870:sympatholytic
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1833:
1831:
1807:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1472:
1471:Hyperglycemia
1469:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1459:Nasal dryness
1458:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:Gynaecomastia
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1406:Hallucination
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:Abnormal LFTs
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1271:Injection of
1269:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:premedication
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1149:, which is a
1148:
1138:
1136:
1135:intrathecally
1132:
1128:
1124:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:hyperhidrosis
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
934:
925:
919:
914:
912:
904:
903:breastfeeding
900:
897:. Use during
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
829:
825:
815:
808:
799:
794:
793:
790:
783:
774:
773:
770:
763:
756:
752:
751:
749:
746:
741:
734:
732:
728:
701:
699:
695:
690:
686:
682:
679:
677:
675:ECHA InfoCard
671:
663:
659:
658:DTXSID6022846
655:
654:
652:
643:
639:
632:
628:
627:
625:
623:
619:
612:
608:
607:
605:
603:
599:
592:
588:
587:
585:
583:
579:
572:
568:
567:
565:
563:
559:
552:
548:
547:
545:
543:
539:
532:
528:
527:
525:
523:
519:
512:
508:
507:
505:
503:
499:
492:
488:
487:
485:
478:
474:
467:
463:
462:
460:
458:
454:
446:
442:
438:
437:
434:
427:
422:
418:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
399:
392:
388:
386:
382:
379:
375:
371:
368:
366:
362:
358:
356:
352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
327:
315:
312:
302:
300:
291:
288:
278:
277:
275:
273:
269:
264:
256:
251:
248:
247:
245:
243:
239:
236:
229:
227:
223:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:
199:
193:
187:
178:
177:
175:
173:
167:
160:
155:
146:
145:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
99:
95:
89:
54:
52:Pronunciation
50:
47:Clinical data
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
19:
11553:Imidazolines
11452:
11451:
11432:
11413:Antagonists:
11412:
11360:
11332:
11263:
11254:
11245:
11236:
11227:
11218:
11207:
11206:
10999:Metipranolol
10984:Levomoprolol
10929:Idropranolol
10424:Isoprenaline
10322:
10246:Arformoterol
10191:thioridazine
10183:fluphenazine
10155:Spiroxatrine
10115:Phentolamine
10034:tandospirone
10000:paliperidone
9890:Tasipimidine
9870:Rezatomidine
9815:Medetomidine
9699:
9687:
9610:thioridazine
9602:fluphenazine
9583:trimipramine
9571:clomipramine
9455:Phentolamine
9324:acetergamine
9300:Corynanthine
9012:
8904:+latanoprost
8895:Guanethidine
8883:Other agents
8797:Metipranolol
8738:+brimonidine
8730:Brinzolamide
8716:sulfonamides
8680:Fluostigmine
8581:
8420:Testosterone
8356:
8337:
8264:Barbiturates
8262:
8235:
8229:
8218:
8188:
8139:
8123:
8112:
8083:
8072:
8048:
8034:
8002:
7983:
7972:
7963:Mecamylamine
7820:Galcanezumab
7815:Fremanezumab
7717:
7675:Progestogens
7633:Prophylactic
7556:Iprazochrome
7503:Zolmitriptan
7483:Frovatriptan
7437:Methysergide
7364:Antimigraine
7263:
7242:Aprocitentan
7237:
7165:Phentolamine
7051:Bietaserpine
6997:Trimethaphan
6987:Mecamylamine
6921:Guanethidine
6901:Debrisoquine
6847:
6815:α-adrenergic
6813:(antagonize
6552:
6367:+latanoprost
6358:Guanethidine
6346:Other agents
6260:Metipranolol
6201:+brimonidine
6193:Brinzolamide
6179:sulfonamides
6143:Fluostigmine
6044:
5964:Medical uses
5931:. Retrieved
5902:. Retrieved
5893:
5884:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5784:(1): 11–17.
5781:
5777:
5771:
5736:
5732:
5722:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5609:
5605:
5595:
5570:
5563:
5530:
5526:
5499:. Retrieved
5490:
5481:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5411:
5407:
5383:
5376:. Retrieved
5367:
5358:
5326:(1): 31–39.
5323:
5319:
5309:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5223:Pharmacology
5222:
5214:
5169:
5165:
5155:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5102:
5098:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5043:
5039:
4999:. Retrieved
4990:
4935:
4931:
4921:
4896:
4888:
4876:. Retrieved
4867:
4857:
4845:. Retrieved
4836:
4827:
4815:. Retrieved
4811:the original
4806:
4797:
4785:. Retrieved
4768:
4759:
4747:. Retrieved
4738:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4487:. Retrieved
4473:
4461:. Retrieved
4443:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4382:. Retrieved
4365:
4361:
4351:
4339:. Retrieved
4330:
4321:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4219:(1): 56–61.
4216:
4212:
4202:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4083:(1): 29–45.
4080:
4076:
4066:
4036:(2): 72–78.
4033:
4029:
4023:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3828:
3824:
3786:
3782:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3610:
3606:
3596:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3495:
3489:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3428:. Retrieved
3415:
3385:(5): 64–81.
3382:
3378:
3372:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3310:
3304:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3228:
3224:
3203:. Retrieved
3184:
3180:
3170:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2971:
2967:
2939:
2933:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2889:
2882:. Retrieved
2873:
2864:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2821:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2791:
2782:
2772:12 September
2770:. Retrieved
2750:
2743:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2654:
2634:. Retrieved
2625:
2582:
2534:
2530:
2503:. Retrieved
2494:
2485:
2476:
2469:. Retrieved
2460:
2440:
2433:. Retrieved
2424:
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2394:
2346:
2342:
2322:
2315:. Retrieved
2306:
2297:
2264:
2260:
2237:. Retrieved
2232:
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2206:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2177:
2168:
2142:
2129:
2103:
2039:
2022:GHRH hormone
2019:
2002:
1955:
1935:
1912:
1890:
1839:
1827:
1519:
1506:Pharmacology
1489:
1481:
1439:
1438:
1396:
1395:
1365:Constipation
1355:
1354:
1313:
1312:
1308:By frequency
1306:
1305:
1302:
1293:
1285:
1281:arthroscopic
1270:
1193:, and other
1183:hyperarousal
1164:
1144:
1116:
1109:withdrawal.
1104:
1084:hypertension
1053:
1045:
1018:
994:
991:
939:
928:Medical uses
915:
884:
827:
823:
822:
811:
444:
440:
395:Elimination
372:to inactive
272:Legal status
266:Legal status
140:License data
18:
11518:Anxiolytics
11396:Rilmenidine
11124:Spirendolol
11099:Propranolol
11094:Propafenone
11089:Pronethalol
10979:Levobunolol
10954:Isoxaprolol
10939:Indopanolol
10924:ICI-118,551
10889:Eugenodilol
10874:Ersentilide
10854:Draquinolol
10849:Diprafenone
10819:Dalbraminol
10799:Cicloprolol
10774:Carpindolol
10759:Butofilolol
10704:Bornaprolol
10649:Alprenoxime
10617:Antagonists
10578:Tulobuterol
10573:Tretoquinol
10568:Terbutaline
10528:Ractopamine
10523:Prenalterol
10429:Isoxsuprine
10414:Indacaterol
10384:Eugenodilol
10374:Etilevodopa
10359:Epinephrine
10350:Droxidopa (
10330:Dipivefrine
10301:Clenbuterol
10145:Setiptiline
10135:Rauwolscine
10110:Pardoprunox
10100:Mirtazapine
10065:Fenmetozole
10008:risperidone
9971:Atipamezole
9944:Antagonists
9900:Tiamenidine
9895:Tetryzoline
9875:Rilmenidine
9840:Naphazoline
9776:Guanoxabenz
9751:Epinephrine
9741:Etilevodopa
9732:Droxidopa (
9722:Dipivefrine
9683:Brimonidine
9553:maprotiline
9430:Pardoprunox
9425:Niguldipine
9385:Mepiprazole
9360:Hydroxyzine
9350:Etoperidone
9340:nicergoline
9310:Domesticine
9305:Dapiprazole
9280:eugenodilol
9255:Benoxathian
9249:risperidone
9214:Anisodamine
9192:Antagonists
9173:Tiamenidine
9168:Tetryzoline
9133:Naphazoline
9118:Methoxamine
9113:Metaraminol
9059:Etilevodopa
9049:Epinephrine
9040:Droxidopa (
9030:Dipivefrine
8991:Amidephrine
8890:Dapiprazole
8874:Unoprostone
8844:+netarsudil
8840:Latanoprost
8830:Bimatoprost
8792:Levobunolol
8749:Dorzolamide
8685:Neostigmine
8671:Ecothiopate
8633:muscarinic/
8624:Pilocarpine
8592:Epinephrine
8587:Dipivefrine
8572:Brimonidine
8448:Adiponectin
8425:Thalidomide
8400:Oxandrolone
8375:Mirtazapine
8018:Acamprosate
7968:Varenicline
7868:from market
7805:Eptinezumab
7706:Propranolol
7665:Flunarizine
7614:Paracetamol
7498:Sumatriptan
7493:Rizatriptan
7488:Naratriptan
7468:Almotriptan
7306:from market
7280:Sotatercept
7268:Ambrisentan
7188:antagonists
7056:Deserpidine
6992:Pentolinium
6955:Rilmenidine
6911:Guanazodine
6891:Bethanidine
6873:Tiamenidine
6863:Guanoxabenz
6626:Venlafaxine
6611:Moclobemide
6606:Milnacipran
6591:Desipramine
6517:Atomoxetine
6512:Armodafinil
6447:Amphetamine
6353:Dapiprazole
6337:Unoprostone
6307:+netarsudil
6303:Latanoprost
6293:Bimatoprost
6255:Levobunolol
6212:Dorzolamide
6148:Neostigmine
6134:Ecothiopate
6096:muscarinic/
6087:Pilocarpine
6055:Epinephrine
6050:Dipivefrine
6035:Brimonidine
5904:10 December
5527:Anaesthesia
5378:21 December
4864:"Clonidine"
4847:27 November
4803:"Clonidine"
4765:"Clonidine"
4749:27 November
4706:2434/778579
4642:J Knee Surg
4479:"Clonidine"
4384:12 February
3457:: 171–183.
2884:21 December
2471:21 December
2435:21 December
2405:10 November
2317:21 December
2239:5 September
2213:5 September
2139:Brand names
2067:metabolites
1931:transdermal
1915:bradycardia
1897:) receptors
1854:presynaptic
1708:> 10,000
1413:Paresthesia
1349:Hypotension
1227:hot flashes
1127:bradycardia
1123:hypotension
1080:tachycardia
1005:aldosterone
880:transdermal
738: g·mol
681:100.021.928
424:Identifiers
374:metabolites
215:transdermal
211:intravenous
126:MedlinePlus
98:Trade names
11548:Guanidines
11492:Categories
11391:Moxonidine
11366:Clorgyline
11312:modulators
11189:Xipranolol
11179:Toliprolol
11169:Tiprenolol
11154:Tienoxolol
11149:Tertatolol
11134:Sulfinalol
11114:Soquinolol
11109:Ronactolol
11084:Procinolol
11079:Primidolol
11064:Penbutolol
11044:Pacrinolol
11039:Oxprenolol
11034:Nipradilol
11004:Metoprolol
10994:Mepindolol
10989:Medroxalol
10959:Isamoltane
10949:Iprocrolol
10909:Flusoxolol
10899:Falintolol
10879:Esatenolol
10829:Diacetolol
10809:Cloranolol
10789:Celiprolol
10784:Carvedilol
10764:Capsinolol
10749:Butaxamine
10744:Bupranolol
10734:Bunitrolol
10714:Bucindolol
10709:Brefonalol
10699:Bopindolol
10694:Bisoprolol
10689:Bevantolol
10669:Arotinolol
10654:Amosulalol
10644:Alprenolol
10624:Acebutolol
10603:Zilpaterol
10588:Vilanterol
10563:Solabegron
10558:Salmeterol
10553:Salbutamol
10538:Reproterol
10533:Procaterol
10518:Pirbuterol
10503:Oxyfedrine
10488:Mirabegron
10483:Methyldopa
10473:Melevodopa
10463:Lubabegron
10419:Isoetarine
10404:Higenamine
10394:Formoterol
10369:Etilefrine
10364:Etafedrine
10345:Dopexamine
10335:Dobutamine
10316:Denopamine
10311:Corbadrine
10291:Carmoterol
10286:Carbuterol
10276:Broxaterol
10271:Bitolterol
10261:Bambuterol
10251:Arotinolol
10241:Arbutamine
10231:Alifedrine
10226:Abediterol
10170:Tolazoline
10160:Sunepitron
10150:Spegatrine
10140:Rotigotine
10080:Ketanserin
10070:Fluparoxan
10050:Cirazoline
10045:Buflomedil
10030:ipsapirone
10018:Azapirones
10004:quetiapine
9996:olanzapine
9992:lurasidone
9966:Aptazapine
9961:Amesergide
9910:Tolonidine
9905:Tizanidine
9885:Talipexole
9880:Romifidine
9835:Moxonidine
9825:Methyldopa
9820:Melevodopa
9810:Lofexidine
9771:Guanfacine
9756:Etilefrine
9746:Ergotamine
9707:Detomidine
9693:Corbadrine
9589:Trimazosin
9579:imipramine
9540:Tolazoline
9535:Tiodazosin
9525:Tamsulosin
9520:Talipexole
9510:Spegatrine
9495:Quinazosin
9471:nefazodone
9445:Phendioxan
9435:Pelanserin
9420:Niaprazine
9415:Neldazosin
9405:Naftopidil
9400:Moxisylyte
9370:Ketanserin
9355:Fenspiride
9328:ergotamine
9290:Buflomedil
9276:carvedilol
9272:arotinolol
9268:amosulalol
9245:quetiapine
9241:olanzapine
9204:Ajmalicine
9163:Synephrine
9143:Octopamine
9123:Methyldopa
9108:Melevodopa
9074:Indanidine
9054:Etilefrine
9006:Corbadrine
9001:Cirazoline
8960:modulators
8910:Omidenepag
8900:Netarsudil
8864:Travoprost
8859:Tafluprost
8807:Mepindolol
8666:Demecarium
8619:Aceclidine
8611:muscarinic
8458:Anandamide
8435:Endogenous
8410:Prednisone
8390:Olanzapine
8385:Nandrolone
8195:Naltrexone
8129:Lofexidine
8068:Topiramate
8056:Naltrexone
8013:Disulfiram
7843:Rimegepant
7774:Topiramate
7746:Imipramine
7655:Lomerizine
7650:Dotarizine
7598:Zavegepant
7593:Ubrogepant
7588:Rimegepant
7551:Dotarizine
7526:Lasmiditan
7478:Eletriptan
7473:Avitriptan
7413:Ergotamine
7276:Sitaxentan
7272:+tadalafil
7254:+tadalafil
7250:Macitentan
7210:Lidanserin
7205:Ketanserin
7142:Trimazosin
7127:Ketanserin
7089:Metirosine
7010:Peripheral
6960:Tolonidine
6950:Moxonidine
6916:Guancydine
6868:Methyldopa
6858:Guanfacine
6642:Amantadine
6621:Reboxetine
6601:Imipramine
6596:Duloxetine
6558:Guanfacine
6527:Viloxazine
6504:stimulants
6439:stimulants
6373:Omidenepag
6363:Netarsudil
6327:Travoprost
6322:Tafluprost
6270:Mepindolol
6129:Demecarium
6082:Aceclidine
6074:muscarinic
5501:13 October
3091:Pediatrics
2827:14 January
2802:14 January
2636:2 February
2505:30 October
2187:22 October
2160:References
1793:Guinea Pig
1790:>10,000
1582:>10,000
1564:>10,000
1511:Clonidine
1478:Withdrawal
1329:Somnolence
1185:caused by
1173:including
1161:Other uses
1131:drowsiness
1113:Spasticity
1037:guanfacine
997:pulse rate
872:spasticity
743:3D model (
731:Molar mass
611:CHEBI:3757
571:MN3L5RMN02
542:ChemSpider
502:IUPHAR/BPS
457:CAS Number
433:IUPAC name
365:Metabolism
226:Drug class
11453:See also:
11441:Pargyline
11361:Clonidine
11333:Agonists:
11208:See also:
11184:Xibenolol
11174:Tolamolol
11159:Tilisolol
11139:Talinolol
11129:SR 59230A
11104:Ridazolol
11074:Practolol
11054:Pamatolol
11049:Pafenolol
11029:Nifenalol
11024:Nebivolol
11019:Nadoxolol
10969:Landiolol
10964:Labetalol
10934:Indenolol
10904:Flestolol
10894:Exaprolol
10859:Ecastolol
10844:Dilevalol
10804:Cinamolol
10794:Cetamolol
10779:Carteolol
10769:Carazolol
10754:Butidrine
10729:Bufuralol
10724:Bufetolol
10719:Bucumolol
10684:Betaxolol
10679:Befunolol
10659:Ancarolol
10629:Adaprolol
10593:Xamoterol
10548:Ritodrine
10543:Rimiterol
10508:PF-610355
10468:Mabuterol
10453:-Tyrosine
10409:Ibopamine
10389:Fenoterol
10296:Cimaterol
10281:Buphenine
10266:Befunolol
10236:Amibegron
10197:Yohimbine
10165:Terguride
10130:Piribedil
10125:Piperoxan
10095:Mianserin
10040:BRL-44408
10022:buspirone
9988:clozapine
9980:asenapine
9920:Vatinoxan
9860:Piperoxan
9830:Mivazerol
9805:Ibopamine
9800:-Tyrosine
9766:Guanabenz
9688:Clonidine
9626:Zolertine
9557:mianserin
9549:amoxapine
9530:Terazosin
9515:Spiperone
9505:Silodosin
9500:Quinidine
9485:Piperoxan
9475:trazodone
9440:Perlapine
9410:Nantenine
9395:Monatepil
9390:Metazosin
9375:L-765,314
9365:Indoramin
9344:terguride
9320:Ergolines
9315:Doxazosin
9295:Bunazosin
9284:labetalol
9237:clozapine
9224:Atiprosin
9219:Anisodine
9209:Alfuzosin
9199:Abanoquil
9128:Midodrine
9103:-Tyrosine
9069:Ibopamine
8996:Buspirone
8915:Ripasudil
8787:Carteolol
8782:Betaxolol
8777:Befunolol
8648:Carbachol
8635:nicotinic
8582:Clonidine
8483:Melatonin
8468:Cortisone
8338:Clonidine
8325:Exogenous
8247:Lorazepam
8230:Clonidine
8200:Nalmefene
8162:Methadone
8151:+naloxone
8124:Clonidine
8084:Clonidine
8061:Nalmefene
8007:inhibitor
7984:Clonidine
7948:Bupropion
7878:Phase III
7866:Withdrawn
7838:Atogepant
7779:Valproate
7718:Clonidine
7660:Verapamil
7566:Pizotifen
7561:Oxetorone
7521:Alniditan
7417:+caffeine
7395:Ergolines
7316:Phase III
7304:Withdrawn
7264:selective
7258:Riociguat
7132:Indoramin
7122:Doxazosin
7066:Reserpine
7033:Pargyline
6926:Guanoclor
6906:Guanadrel
6896:Bretylium
6853:Guanabenz
6848:Clonidine
6720:Serotonin
6586:Buspirone
6581:Bupropion
6553:Clonidine
6522:Modafinil
6378:Ripasudil
6250:Carteolol
6245:Betaxolol
6240:Befunolol
6111:Carbachol
6098:nicotinic
6045:Clonidine
5894:Drugs.com
5001:14 August
4987:Database"
4787:5 January
4600:(3): 47.
4341:3 October
4293:CNS Drugs
3407:207580823
3187:: 22–26.
2850:: 20–25.
2844:FP Essent
2626:Drugs.com
2397:. WebMD.
2106:half-life
1866:brainstem
1846:receptors
1775:>1,000
1760:>1,000
1745:>1,000
1546:>1,000
1433:Urticaria
1409:Nightmare
1335:Dry mouth
1320:Dizziness
1231:menopause
1092:akathisia
1033:stimulant
1021:Australia
911:receptors
899:pregnancy
824:Clonidine
631:ChEMBL134
466:4205-90-7
412:Excretion
397:half-life
196:Routes of
170:Pregnancy
159:Clonidine
118:Monograph
112:Drugs.com
23:Clonidine
11503:Anilines
11482:Medicine
11426:Idazoxan
11421:Efaroxan
11371:Harmalas
11346:Agmatine
11069:Pindolol
11059:Pargolol
11009:Moprolol
10884:Esprolol
10869:Ericolol
10864:Epanolol
10674:Atenolol
10639:Afurolol
10634:Adimolol
10608:Zinterol
10583:Vibegron
10340:Dopamine
10306:Colterol
10219:Agonists
10187:loxapine
10085:Lisuride
10075:Idazoxan
10055:Efaroxan
10026:gepirone
10012:zotepine
9956:Adimolol
9930:Xylazine
9915:Urapidil
9727:Dopamine
9651:Agonists
9616:Urapidil
9606:loxapine
9490:Prazosin
9336:lisuride
9264:adimolol
9035:Dopamine
8979:Agonists
8868:+timolol
8848:+timolol
8834:+timolol
8753:+timolol
8734:+timolol
8696:Paraoxon
8676:Stigmine
8576:+timolol
8542:glaucoma
8380:Nabilone
8358:Cannabis
8257:Oxazepam
8242:Diazepam
8135:Ibogaine
8095:Phenibut
8090:Baclofen
7958:Lobeline
7953:Cytisine
7810:Erenumab
7619:Amidrine
7460:Triptans
7451:agonists
7427:Lisuride
7246:Bosentan
7147:Urapidil
7137:Prazosin
7017:Indirect
6943:agonists
6931:Guanoxan
6684:Dopamine
6545:agonists
6331:+timolol
6311:+timolol
6297:+timolol
6216:+timolol
6197:+timolol
6159:Paraoxon
6139:Stigmine
6039:+timolol
6005:glaucoma
5927:Archived
5898:Archived
5849:24702183
5806:39473828
5714:41743285
5636:16489364
5555:28405271
5547:10215710
5495:Archived
5438:20652773
5372:Archived
5368:DailyMed
5350:25849473
5052:11082457
4995:Archived
4962:18295156
4872:Archived
4841:Archived
4817:2 August
4781:Archived
4777:30000689
4743:Archived
4715:33103317
4662:29534270
4626:29547576
4575:24619591
4540:27134659
4483:Archived
4457:Archived
4435:22683276
4378:Archived
4374:12182520
4335:Archived
4313:72544106
4278:85093127
4243:18885497
4235:11133600
4194:31292297
4186:19512980
4150:23494905
4142:18474199
4107:17506224
4050:17414682
4015:33940152
4007:17354267
3966:32148292
3958:10560025
3847:12788870
3803:11723871
3765:18443642
3730:25750484
3681:31570614
3673:23111887
3637:30667476
3588:40652097
3580:26783353
3545:15266422
3481:24151426
3430:31 March
3426:. US FDA
3399:25295651
3296:35000868
3288:15853572
3245:24027233
3205:1 August
3199:Archived
3162:10192826
3121:21555501
3072:23318985
3023:18182964
2988:18182963
2925:10596256
2878:Archived
2874:DailyMed
2856:29863319
2822:ClinCalc
2796:Archived
2792:ClinCalc
2766:Archived
2708:40756251
2700:21827389
2630:Archived
2561:20570945
2499:Archived
2491:"Kapvay"
2465:Archived
2461:DailyMed
2429:Archived
2425:DailyMed
2399:Archived
2371:24783447
2311:Archived
2307:DailyMed
2233:DailyMed
2207:DailyMed
1742:(cortex)
1466:Alopecia
1428:Pruritus
1235:diarrhea
1223:migraine
1199:sedative
1068:nicotine
1041:insomnia
974:insomnia
970:diarrhea
948:(ADHD),
868:diarrhea
860:nicotine
828:Catapres
814:(verify)
522:DrugBank
242:ATC code
207:epidural
185: B3
172:category
154:DailyMed
11436:CR-4056
11416:BU99006
11406:S-23757
11401:S-23515
11381:LNP-911
11376:LNP-509
11164:Timolol
11144:Tazolol
11119:Sotalol
11014:Nadolol
10739:Bunolol
10664:Arnolol
10598:XP21279
10177:(e.g.,
10105:NAN-190
10020:(e.g.,
9978:(e.g.,
9925:XP21279
9673:Amitraz
9621:WB-4101
9596:(e.g.,
9575:doxepin
9565:(e.g.,
9547:(e.g.,
9465:(e.g.,
9322:(e.g.,
9262:(e.g.,
9231:(e.g.,
9178:XP21279
8802:Timolol
8473:Ghrelin
8141:Opioids
7711:Timolol
6828:Central
6752:(SNDRI)
6265:Timolol
5933:16 June
5798:1245090
5763:7332729
5754:1401969
5706:2819761
5671:6128647
5627:1201314
5606:NeuroRx
5473:1901390
5429:3676929
5385:effect.
5341:4389556
5301:9374795
5266:9536007
5206:2877462
5174:Bibcode
5147:2138666
5119:9605427
5079:1738111
4983:"PDSP K
4979:Roth BL
4953:2408826
4878:28 June
4670:3861878
4617:5870365
4531:4830099
4426:3413770
4098:3181843
4058:1607064
3917:7937367
3882:2960712
3721:4349402
3628:6439896
3536:7038651
3472:3798293
3364:8169189
3112:3387872
3063:4023684
2552:2939473
2363:3293868
2289:5566079
2126:History
2117:hours (
2077:(66%),
2071:kidneys
1964:at the
1962:agonism
1933:route.
1864:in the
1528:Species
1374:Malaise
1362:Anxiety
1342:Fatigue
1255:cholera
1215:rosacea
1060:alcohol
1056:opioids
982:anxiety
962:smoking
958:opioids
954:alcohol
856:opioids
852:alcohol
698:Formula
531:DB00575
477:PubChem
328:Rx-only
325:WARNING
297::
258:)
252: (
250:C02AC01
219:topical
156::
132:a682243
11468:Portal
10354:-DOPS)
9736:-DOPS)
9663:4-NEMD
9044:-DOPS)
8546:miosis
8415:Sugars
7861:WHO-EM
7794:CGRP-R
7607:Others
7539:Others
7513:Ditans
7299:WHO-EM
7186:Other
7102:Direct
6746:(NDRI)
6740:(SNRI)
6734:(SSRI)
6728:(SERT)
6722:(5-HT)
6665:(ADHD)
6009:miosis
5847:
5841:658114
5839:
5804:
5796:
5761:
5751:
5712:
5704:
5669:
5634:
5624:
5583:
5553:
5545:
5471:
5436:
5426:
5348:
5338:
5299:
5264:
5235:
5204:
5197:387016
5194:
5145:
5117:
5077:
5050:
4960:
4950:
4909:
4905:–855.
4775:
4713:
4668:
4660:
4624:
4614:
4573:
4538:
4528:
4489:25 May
4463:30 May
4433:
4423:
4372:
4311:
4276:
4241:
4233:
4192:
4184:
4148:
4140:
4105:
4095:
4056:
4048:
4013:
4005:
3964:
3956:
3915:
3880:
3845:
3801:
3763:
3728:
3718:
3679:
3671:
3635:
3625:
3586:
3578:
3543:
3533:
3479:
3469:
3405:
3397:
3362:
3325:
3294:
3286:
3253:742140
3251:
3243:
3160:
3119:
3109:
3070:
3060:
3021:
2986:
2946:
2923:
2854:
2758:
2706:
2698:
2661:
2589:
2559:
2549:
2495:RxList
2369:
2361:
2324:hours.
2287:
2281:870272
2279:
2114:CYP2D6
2095:CYP3A4
2093:, and
2091:CYP1A1
2087:CYP3A5
2079:CYP1A2
2075:CYP2D6
1729:Bovine
1636:125.89
1618:316.23
1600:316.23
1253:, and
1175:stress
1129:, and
1007:, and
980:, and
922:
876:orally
769:SMILES
736:230.09
622:ChEMBL
591:D00281
378:CYP2D6
376:, 2/3
359:20–40%
322:
309:
299:℞-only
285:
213:(IV),
152:
92:
11356:BU224
11336:2-BFI
9668:6-FNE
8986:6-FNE
7788:Anti-
7222:(for
6716:(NRI)
6710:(NET)
6698:(DRI)
6692:(DAT)
5845:S2CID
5802:S2CID
5710:S2CID
5551:S2CID
4735:(PDF)
4666:S2CID
4453:WebMD
4309:S2CID
4274:S2CID
4239:S2CID
4190:S2CID
4146:S2CID
4054:S2CID
4011:S2CID
3962:S2CID
3677:S2CID
3584:S2CID
3424:(PDF)
3403:S2CID
3292:S2CID
3249:S2CID
2704:S2CID
2367:S2CID
2285:S2CID
2148:with
2083:CYP3A
2063:liver
1771:MAO-B
1756:MAO-A
1726:31.62
1693:Human
1675:Human
1657:Human
1639:Human
1621:Human
1603:Human
1585:Human
1549:Human
1496:alpha
1207:manic
1001:renin
960:, or
858:, or
789:InChI
745:JSmol
602:ChEBI
419:(72%)
417:Urine
370:Liver
11386:mCPP
10256:BAAM
10090:mCPP
9951:1-PP
9865:PS75
9380:mCPP
8550:S01E
7931:N07B
7797:mAbs
7790:CGRP
7447:5-HT
7368:N02C
7238:dual
6704:(NE)
6686:(DA)
6421:ADHD
6013:S01E
5953:ADHD
5935:2017
5906:2017
5837:PMID
5794:PMID
5759:PMID
5702:PMID
5667:PMID
5632:PMID
5581:ISBN
5543:PMID
5503:2018
5469:PMID
5434:PMID
5380:2019
5346:PMID
5297:PMID
5262:PMID
5233:ISBN
5202:PMID
5143:PMID
5115:PMID
5075:PMID
5048:PMID
5003:2017
4958:PMID
4907:ISBN
4880:2014
4849:2013
4819:2011
4789:2019
4773:PMID
4751:2013
4711:PMID
4658:PMID
4622:PMID
4571:PMID
4536:PMID
4491:2017
4465:2007
4431:PMID
4405:Pain
4386:2012
4370:PMID
4343:2018
4231:PMID
4182:PMID
4138:PMID
4103:PMID
4046:PMID
4003:PMID
3954:PMID
3913:PMID
3878:PMID
3843:PMID
3799:PMID
3761:PMID
3726:PMID
3669:PMID
3633:PMID
3576:PMID
3541:PMID
3519:2008
3477:PMID
3432:2024
3395:PMID
3360:PMID
3323:ISBN
3284:PMID
3241:PMID
3207:2014
3158:PMID
3117:PMID
3068:PMID
3019:PMID
2984:PMID
2944:ISBN
2921:PMID
2886:2019
2852:PMID
2829:2024
2804:2024
2774:2020
2756:ISBN
2696:PMID
2659:ISBN
2638:2019
2587:ISBN
2557:PMID
2507:2014
2473:2019
2437:2019
2407:2013
2359:PMID
2319:2019
2277:PMID
2241:2024
2215:2024
2189:2023
2119:mean
1801:The
1575:5-HT
1557:5-HT
1531:Ref
1525:(nM)
1516:Site
1500:beta
1498:and
1380:Rash
1263:tics
1082:and
1066:and
844:ADHD
582:KEGG
562:UNII
551:2701
491:2803
339:data
203:Oral
108:AHFS
8316:A15
7274:),
7256:),
6801:C02
6501:CNS
6432:CNS
5872:doi
5829:doi
5786:doi
5749:PMC
5741:doi
5694:doi
5659:doi
5622:PMC
5614:doi
5577:403
5535:doi
5461:doi
5424:PMC
5416:doi
5336:PMC
5328:doi
5289:doi
5285:273
5258:285
5192:PMC
5182:doi
5139:252
5107:doi
5071:260
5044:295
4948:PMC
4940:doi
4903:854
4701:hdl
4693:doi
4650:doi
4612:PMC
4602:doi
4563:doi
4526:PMC
4518:doi
4421:PMC
4413:doi
4409:153
4301:doi
4266:doi
4221:doi
4174:doi
4130:doi
4093:PMC
4085:doi
4038:doi
3993:doi
3944:doi
3905:doi
3870:doi
3833:doi
3791:doi
3753:doi
3716:PMC
3708:doi
3661:doi
3623:PMC
3615:doi
3611:173
3568:doi
3531:PMC
3523:doi
3467:PMC
3459:doi
3387:doi
3383:126
3352:doi
3315:doi
3276:doi
3233:doi
3189:doi
3148:doi
3107:PMC
3099:doi
3095:127
3058:PMC
3050:doi
3011:doi
2976:doi
2913:doi
2848:469
2731:doi
2688:doi
2547:PMC
2539:doi
2351:doi
2269:doi
2182:FDA
1878:ATP
1778:Rat
1763:Rat
1748:Rat
1711:Rat
1567:Rat
1538:NET
1181:,
1025:TGA
964:),
901:or
862:),
647:EPA
511:516
481:CID
311:POM
255:WHO
11494::
11321:IR
10189:,
10185:,
10181:,
10032:,
10028:,
10024:,
10010:,
10006:,
10002:,
9998:,
9994:,
9990:,
9986:,
9982:,
9608:,
9604:,
9600:,
9581:,
9577:,
9573:,
9569:,
9555:,
9551:,
9477:,
9473:,
9469:,
9342:,
9338:,
9334:,
9330:,
9326:,
9282:,
9278:,
9274:,
9270:,
9266:,
9247:,
9243:,
9239:,
9235:,
8846:,
8821:2α
8819:(F
8736:,
8221:AA
8115:AA
8075:AA
8005:AD
7975:AA
7874::
7419:,
7312::
7278:,
7248:,
7244:,
7225:PH
6461:,
6457:,
6453:,
6309:,
6284:2α
6282:(F
6199:,
5914:^
5896:.
5892:.
5868:14
5866:.
5843:.
5835:.
5825:13
5823:.
5800:.
5792:.
5782:19
5780:.
5757:.
5747:.
5737:12
5735:.
5731:.
5708:.
5700:.
5690:26
5688:.
5665:.
5655:31
5653:.
5630:.
5620:.
5608:.
5604:.
5579:.
5549:.
5541:.
5531:54
5529:.
5511:^
5489:.
5467:.
5457:53
5455:.
5432:.
5422:.
5412:12
5410:.
5406:.
5392:^
5382:.
5366:.
5344:.
5334:.
5324:62
5322:.
5318:.
5295:.
5283:.
5256:.
5231:.
5229:65
5200:.
5190:.
5180:.
5170:83
5168:.
5164:.
5137:.
5113:.
5103:55
5101:.
5087:^
5069:.
5042:.
5011:^
4989:.
4970:^
4956:.
4946:.
4936:17
4934:.
4930:.
4866:.
4835:.
4805:.
4779:.
4767:.
4737:.
4723:^
4709:.
4699:.
4689:60
4687:.
4664:.
4656:.
4646:32
4644:.
4620:.
4610:.
4596:.
4592:.
4569:.
4559:50
4557:.
4534:.
4524:.
4512:.
4508:.
4455:.
4451:.
4429:.
4419:.
4407:.
4403:.
4376:.
4366:66
4364:.
4360:.
4329:.
4307:.
4295:.
4272:.
4260:.
4237:.
4229:.
4217:92
4215:.
4211:.
4188:.
4180:.
4170:29
4168:.
4144:.
4136:.
4126:10
4124:.
4101:.
4091:.
4079:.
4075:.
4052:.
4044:.
4034:13
4032:.
4009:.
4001:.
3989:25
3987:.
3983:.
3960:.
3952:.
3940:46
3938:.
3934:.
3911:.
3901:17
3899:.
3876:.
3866:13
3864:.
3841:.
3829:88
3827:.
3823:.
3811:^
3797:.
3787:12
3785:.
3773:^
3759:.
3749:11
3747:.
3724:.
3714:.
3704:25
3702:.
3698:.
3675:.
3667:.
3657:32
3655:.
3631:.
3621:.
3609:.
3605:.
3582:.
3574:.
3564:50
3562:.
3539:.
3529:.
3517:.
3513:.
3475:.
3465:.
3453:.
3449:.
3401:.
3393:.
3381:.
3358:.
3348:33
3346:.
3321:.
3290:.
3282:.
3270:.
3247:.
3239:.
3229:53
3227:.
3215:^
3197:.
3183:.
3179:.
3156:.
3144:20
3142:.
3138:.
3115:.
3105:.
3093:.
3089:.
3066:.
3056:.
3046:64
3044:.
3040:.
3017:.
3007:47
3005:.
2982:.
2972:47
2970:.
2958:^
2919:.
2909:38
2907:.
2888:.
2872:.
2846:.
2820:.
2794:.
2790:.
2764:.
2727:14
2725:.
2702:.
2694:.
2682:.
2646:^
2624:.
2601:^
2569:^
2555:.
2545:.
2535:38
2533:.
2529:.
2515:^
2497:.
2493:.
2475:.
2459:.
2448:^
2439:.
2423:.
2379:^
2365:.
2357:.
2347:14
2345:.
2331:^
2321:.
2305:.
2283:.
2275:.
2265:21
2263:.
2249:^
2231:.
2205:.
2180:.
2176:.
2099:2A
2089:,
2009:2A
1998:2A
1986:2A
1978:2A
1968:2A
1888:.
1876:,
1832:.
1685:2C
1667:2B
1649:2A
1631:1D
1613:1B
1595:1A
1577:2A
1559:1B
1249:,
1241:,
1189:,
1177:,
1125:,
1086:,
1062:,
1058:,
1011:.
1003:,
976:,
968:,
956:,
944:,
889:,
870:,
866:,
854:,
846:,
842:,
834:2A
715:Cl
318:US
305:UK
294:CA
287:S4
281:AU
233:2A
217:,
209:,
205:,
181:AU
149:US
82:iː
11470::
11301:e
11294:t
11287:v
10451:L
10443:L
10435:L
10352:L
10323:N
10211:β
10193:)
10036:)
10014:)
9798:L
9790:L
9782:L
9734:L
9700:N
9642:2
9640:α
9612:)
9585:)
9559:)
9481:)
9346:)
9286:)
9251:)
9101:L
9093:L
9085:L
9042:L
9013:N
8970:1
8968:α
8949:e
8942:t
8935:v
8906:)
8902:(
8870:)
8866:(
8850:)
8842:(
8836:)
8832:(
8823:)
8755:)
8751:(
8740:)
8732:(
8718:)
8714:(
8712:/
8692:)
8678:(
8578:)
8574:(
8552:)
8548:(
8533:e
8526:t
8519:v
8361:)
8355:(
8318:)
8314:(
8304:e
8297:t
8290:v
8271:)
8267:(
8259:)
8240:(
8232:)
8228:(
8202:)
8193:(
8153:)
8149:(
8131:)
8122:(
8086:)
8082:(
7986:)
7982:(
7933:)
7929:(
7918:e
7911:t
7904:v
7792:/
7449:1
7423:)
7415:(
7370:)
7356:e
7349:t
7342:v
7282:)
7270:(
7266:(
7260:)
7252:(
7240:(
7231:)
7112:1
7110:α
6972:/
6838:2
6836:α
6821:)
6803:)
6799:(
6785:e
6778:t
6771:v
6539:2
6537:α
6490:)
6486:(
6465:)
6449:(
6412:e
6405:t
6398:v
6369:)
6365:(
6333:)
6329:(
6313:)
6305:(
6299:)
6295:(
6286:)
6218:)
6214:(
6203:)
6195:(
6181:)
6177:(
6175:/
6155:)
6141:(
6041:)
6037:(
6015:)
6011:(
5996:e
5989:t
5982:v
5937:.
5908:.
5878:.
5874::
5851:.
5831::
5808:.
5788::
5765:.
5743::
5716:.
5696::
5673:.
5661::
5638:.
5616::
5610:2
5589:.
5557:.
5537::
5505:.
5475:.
5463::
5440:.
5418::
5352:.
5330::
5303:.
5291::
5268:.
5241:.
5208:.
5184::
5176::
5149:.
5121:.
5109::
5081:.
5054:.
5005:.
4985:i
4964:.
4942::
4915:.
4882:.
4851:.
4821:.
4791:.
4753:.
4717:.
4703::
4695::
4672:.
4652::
4628:.
4604::
4598:8
4577:.
4565::
4542:.
4520::
4514:9
4493:.
4467:.
4437:.
4415::
4388:.
4345:.
4315:.
4303::
4297:6
4280:.
4268::
4262:3
4245:.
4223::
4196:.
4176::
4152:.
4132::
4109:.
4087::
4081:9
4060:.
4040::
4017:.
3995::
3968:.
3946::
3919:.
3907::
3884:.
3872::
3849:.
3835::
3805:.
3793::
3767:.
3755::
3732:.
3710::
3683:.
3663::
3639:.
3617::
3590:.
3570::
3547:.
3525::
3483:.
3461::
3455:7
3434:.
3409:.
3389::
3366:.
3354::
3331:.
3317::
3298:.
3278::
3272:4
3255:.
3235::
3209:.
3191::
3185:4
3164:.
3150::
3123:.
3101::
3074:.
3052::
3025:.
3013::
2990:.
2978::
2952:.
2927:.
2915::
2858:.
2831:.
2806:.
2776:.
2737:.
2733::
2710:.
2690::
2684:6
2667:.
2640:.
2595:.
2563:.
2541::
2509:.
2409:.
2373:.
2353::
2291:.
2271::
2243:.
2217:.
2191:.
1966:α
1950:2
1923:1
1907:2
1905:α
1895:1
1858:2
1856:α
1844:2
1842:α
1814:2
1810:i
1805:i
1803:K
1786:σ
1739:2
1737:I
1721:1
1719:I
1703:1
1701:D
1683:α
1665:α
1647:α
1629:α
1611:α
1593:α
1523:i
1520:K
1275:2
1273:α
952:(
909:2
907:α
850:(
832:α
747:)
724:3
721:N
718:2
712:9
709:H
706:9
703:C
649:)
645:(
445:H
441:N
320::
307::
283::
183::
110:/
88:/
85:n
79:d
76:ə
73:n
70:ɒ
67:l
64:k
61:ˈ
58:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
