306:
19:
2076:
251:
302:. This explanation is complicated by the fact that cloud formation has been observed not only postâsummer solstice but also at mid-spring. Increased methane humidity at the south pole possibly contributes to the rapid increases in cloud size. There had been summer in Titan's southern hemisphere until 2010, when Saturn's orbit, which governs the moon's motion, tilted the northern hemisphere towards the Sun. When the seasons switch, it is expected that ethane will begin to condense over the south pole.
67:
199:
119:
northern hemisphere during the winter, decreased haze around the equinoxes due to changing atmospheric circulation, and associated ice clouds in the South Polar regions. The last equinox occurred on August 11, 2009; this was the spring equinox for the northern hemisphere, meaning the southern hemisphere is getting less sunlight and moving into winter.
233:
on Titan's southern pole, which the imaging team believe is related to a "polar hood"âan area of dense, high altitude haze seen over the northern pole since the probe's arrival in 2004. As the hemispheres are now switching seasons since the 2009 equinox, with the southern pole entering winter and the
221:
descentâand sinks in the northern hemisphere, resulting in high-altitude gas flow from south to north and low-altitude gas flow from north to south. Such a large Hadley cell is only possible on a slowly rotating world such as Titan. The pole-to-pole wind circulation cell appears to be centered on the
82:
Titan receives just about 1% of the amount of sunlight Earth does. The average surface temperature is about 90.6 K (-182.55 °C, or -296.59 °F). At this temperature water ice has an extremely low vapor pressure, so the atmosphere is nearly free of water vapor. However the methane in the
285:
again observed cloud cover and detected methane, ethane and other organics. The cloud was over 2400 km in diameter and was still visible during a following flyby a month later. One hypothesis is that it is currently raining (or, if cool enough, snowing) on the north pole; the downdrafts at high
133:
Due to the eccentricity of Saturn's orbit, Titan is about 12% closer to the Sun during the southern hemisphere summer, making southern summers shorter but hotter than northern summers. This asymmetry may contribute to topological differences between the hemispheres - the northern hemisphere has many
110:
Titan's orbital tilt with respect to the Sun is very close to Saturn's axial tilt (about 27°), and its axial tilt with respect to its orbit is zero. This means that the direction of incoming sunlight is driven almost entirely by Titan's day-night cycle and Saturn's year cycle. The day cycle on Titan
332:
Although no evidence of lightning activity has yet been observed on Titan, computer models suggest that clouds in the moon's lower troposphere can accumulate enough charge to generate lightning from an altitude of roughly 20 km. The presence of lightning in Titan's atmosphere would favour the
166:
region, suggestive of "methane drizzle", though this was not direct evidence for rain. However, subsequent images of lakes in Titan's southern hemisphere taken over one year show that they are enlarged and filled by seasonal hydrocarbon rainfall. It is possible that areas of Titan's surface may be
97:
by reflecting sunlight back into space, making its surface significantly colder than its upper atmosphere. This partially compensates for the greenhouse warming, and keeps the surface somewhat cooler than would otherwise be expected from the greenhouse effect alone. According to McKay et al., "the
118:
Seasonal change is driven by Saturn's year: it takes Saturn about 29.5 Earth years to orbit the Sun, exposing different amounts of sunlight to Titan's northern and southern hemispheres during different parts of the
Saturnian year. Seasonal weather changes include larger hydrocarbon lakes in the
183:
driven by this evaporation and involving rain as well as gale-force winds of up to 20 m/s (45 mph) are expected to form over the large northern seas (Kraken Mare, Ligeia Mare, Punga Mare) only in the northern summer, lasting up to ten days. Calculations suggest that, as the northern
178:
The number of methane lakes visible near Titan's south pole is decidedly smaller than the number observed near the north pole. As the south pole is currently in summer and the north pole in winter, an emerging hypothesis is that methane rains onto the poles in winter and evaporates in summer.
318:), widespread and permanent ethane clouds appear in and above the troposphere; at lower latitudes, mainly methane clouds are found between 15 and 18 km, and are more sporadic and localized. In the summer hemisphere, frequent, thick but sporadic methane clouds seem to cluster around 40°.
243:
130:. The storms produce strong downdrafts, flowing eastward at up to 10 meters per second when they reach the surface. In late 2010, the equivalent of early Spring in Titan's northern hemisphere, a series of methane storms were observed in Titan's equatorial desert regions.
293:
Clouds have also been found over the south polar region. While typically covering 1% of Titan's disk, outburst events have been observed in which the cloud cover rapidly expands to as much as 8%. One hypothesis asserts that the southern clouds are formed when heightened
226:(ITCZ). Unlike on Earth, however, where the oceans confine the ITCZ to the tropics, on Titan, the zone wanders from one pole to the other, taking methane rainclouds with it. This means that Titan, despite its frigid temperatures, can be said to have a tropical climate.
222:
stratosphere; simulations suggest it ought to change every twelve years, with a three-year transition period, over the course of Titan's year (30 terrestrial years). This cell creates a global band of low pressureâwhat is in effect a variation of Earth's
313:
Research models that match well with observations suggest that clouds on Titan cluster at preferred coordinates and that cloud cover varies by distance from the surface on different parts of the satellite. In the polar regions (above 60 degrees
333:
production of organic materials. Cassini did not detect any lightning in Titan's atmosphere, though lightning could still be present if it was too weak to be detected. Recent computer simulations have shown that under certain circumstances
321:
Ground-based observations also reveal seasonal variations in cloud cover. Over the course of Saturn's 30-year orbit, Titan's cloud systems appear to manifest for 25 years, and then fade for four to five years before reappearing again.
22:
A graph detailing temperature, pressure, and other aspects of Titan's climate. The atmospheric haze lowers the temperature in the lower atmosphere, while methane raises the temperature at the surface. Cryovolcanoes erupt
138:
has found evidence of increasing turbulence during the northern hemisphere summer, suggesting that surface winds may strengthen during certain times of the
Titanian year. Waves and ripples have also been seen by
1084:
Barnes, Jason W.; Sotin, Christophe; Soderblom, Jason M.; Brown, Robert H.; Hayes, Alexander G.; Donelan, Mark; Rodriguez, Sebastien; Mouélic, Stéphane Le; Baines, Kevin H.; McCord, Thomas B. (2014-08-21).
184:
hemisphere, where most of the lakes reside, enters the long
Titanean summer, wind speeds might increase to 3 km/h, levels sufficient to produce waves. Waves have been observed on several occasions by
98:
anti-greenhouse effect on Titan reduces the surface temperature by 9 K whereas the greenhouse effect increases it by 21 K. The net effect is that the surface temperature (94 K) is 12 K warmer than the
1152:
Hofgartner, Jason D.; Hayes, Alexander G.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Zebker, Howard; Lorenz, Ralph D.; Malaska, Michael J.; Mastrogiuseppe, Marco; Notarnicola, Claudia; Soderblom, Jason M. (2016-06-01).
286:
northern latitudes are strong enough to drive organic particles towards the surface. These were the strongest evidence yet for the long-hypothesized "methanological" cycle (analogous to Earth's
162:
periodically rains liquid methane and other organic compounds onto the moon's surface. In
October 2007, observers noted an increase in apparent opacity in the clouds above the equatorial
943:
Somogyi, Arpad; Smith, M. A. (September 2006). "Mass
Spectral Investigation of Laboratory Made Tholins and Their Reaction Products: Implications to Tholin Surface Chemistry on Titan".
1258:
Sotin, C.; Barnes, J. W.; Lawrence, K. J.; Soderblom, J. M.; Audi, E.; Brown, R. H.; Le
Mouelic, S.; Baines, K. H.; Buratti, B. J.; Clark, R. N.; Nicholson, P. D. (2015-12-01).
126:
like material raining down from the atmosphere in the equatorial regions may instead be shaped by rare storm winds that happen only every fifteen years when Titan is in
667:
1002:
175:
could form. However, given the extreme opacity of the atmosphere to visible light, the vast majority of any rainbows would be visible only in the infrared.
697:
972:
1496:
819:
2315:
1292:
945:
1461:
171:, but this has not been confirmed. The presence of rain indicates that Titan may be the only Solar System body besides Earth upon which
58:
create an analogue, though with different materials, to the climatic changes undergone by Earth during the far shorter year of Earth.
764:
190:
RADAR and the Visual and
Infrared Mapping Spectrometer since 2014, which were likely generated from summer winds or tidal currents.
1199:
Heslar, Michael F.; Barnes, Jason W.; Soderblom, Jason M.; Seignovert, BenoĂźt; Dhingra, Rajani D.; Sotin, Christophe (2020-08-14).
1861:
1325:
Rannou, R.; Montmessin, F.; Hourdin, F.; Lebonnois, S. (January 13, 2006). "The
Latitudinal Distribution of Clouds on Titan".
1033:
2398:
731:
675:
2084:
496:
1578:
909:
442:
McKay, C. P.; Pollack, J. B.; Courtin, R. (September 6, 1991). "Titan: Greenhouse and Anti-greenhouse
Effects on Titan".
1378:
736:
614:
424:
122:
Surface winds are normally low (<1 meter per second). Recent computer simulations indicate that the huge dunes of
87:
which keeps the surface of Titan at a much higher temperature than what would otherwise be the thermal equilibrium.
234:
north entering summer, it is hypothesised that this vortex could mark the formation of a new, southern polar hood.
2305:
273:
imaged a large cloud at a height of 40 km over Titan's north pole. Although methane is known to condense in
2310:
223:
1633:
2293:
705:
346:
980:
2330:
1504:
1854:
829:
641:
1661:
1153:
563:
1300:
2341:
1471:
917:
585:
1526:
Schaller, Emily L.; Brouwn, Michael E.; Roe, Henry G.; Bouchez, Antonin H. (February 13, 2006).
1688:"Nondetection of Titan lightning radio emissions with Cassini/RPWS after 35 close Titan flybys"
94:
75:
1527:
134:
more hydrocarbon lakes. Titan's lakes are largely placid, with few waves or ripples; however,
2393:
2362:
1847:
1466:
824:
793:
277:, the cloud was more likely to be ethane, as the detected size of the particles was only 1â3
99:
2335:
2273:
1815:
1740:
1699:
1544:
1336:
1271:
1222:
1201:"Tidal Currents Detected in Kraken Mare Straits from Cassini VIMS Sun Glitter Observations"
1165:
1098:
954:
864:
453:
152:
1434:
210:
during its descent have suggested that Titan's atmosphere circulates in a single enormous
8:
2320:
2266:
1881:
1605:
1058:
364:
274:
186:
159:
115:, so the same part of Titan always faces Saturn, and there is no separate "month" cycle.
47:
1819:
1744:
1703:
1548:
1340:
1275:
1226:
1169:
1102:
958:
868:
457:
305:
2172:
2142:
2122:
1805:
1758:
1360:
1212:
1129:
1086:
890:
477:
334:
287:
266:, or other simple organics, are scattered and variable, punctuating the overall haze.
2192:
2147:
2061:
1762:
1686:
Fischer, G; Gurnett, D.A.; Kurth, W.S.; Farell, W.M.; Kaiser, M.L.; Zarka, P (2007).
1352:
1327:
1240:
1181:
1134:
1116:
1010:
882:
469:
444:
214:. Warm gas rises in Titan's southern hemisphereâwhich was experiencing summer during
84:
71:
1259:
894:
851:ĂdĂĄmkovics, MĂĄtĂ©; Wong, Michael H.; Laver, Conor; de Pater, Imke (9 November 2007).
555:
481:
425:
https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia20020/titan-temperature-lag-maps-animation
2367:
2097:
2030:
2004:
1823:
1748:
1707:
1552:
1535:
1364:
1344:
1230:
1173:
1124:
1106:
1087:"Cassini/VIMS observes rough surfaces on Titan's Punga Mare in specular reflection"
872:
461:
384:
741:
250:
111:
lasts 15.9 Earth days, which is how long it takes Titan to orbit Saturn. Titan is
2325:
2244:
2230:
2162:
2137:
2127:
1828:
1777:
1556:
1177:
529:
420:
18:
1989:
1386:
504:
2207:
2177:
2157:
2102:
2009:
1936:
1638:
921:
727:
354:
163:
112:
1111:
2387:
2167:
2117:
2092:
1999:
1974:
1949:
1891:
1244:
1185:
1120:
769:
465:
359:
55:
1348:
877:
852:
2187:
2152:
2132:
2056:
2014:
1984:
1979:
1964:
1959:
1870:
1356:
1138:
886:
590:
473:
326:
298:
during the
Titanean summer generate uplift in the atmosphere, resulting in
230:
34:
27:
into the atmosphere, which then rains down onto the surface, forming lakes.
1408:
66:
2112:
2051:
2035:
1994:
1944:
1921:
1916:
1753:
1728:
1712:
1687:
1235:
1200:
211:
2236:
1969:
1954:
1926:
299:
295:
278:
337:, the early stages of lightning discharges, may be formable on Titan.
206:
Simulations of global wind patterns based on wind speed data taken by
2257:
2250:
2202:
2107:
389:
179:
According to a paper by Tetsuya Tokano of the University of Cologne,
329:-type clouds in Titan's upper atmosphere, likely formed of methane.
1810:
1217:
351:â planned mission to Titan's surface involving a robotic helicopter
315:
180:
1154:"Titan's "Magic Islands": Transient features in a hydrocarbon sea"
2197:
259:
172:
127:
51:
24:
1324:
2372:
2300:
2182:
1198:
263:
168:
39:
1260:"Tidal Currents between Titan's Seas Detected by Solar Glints"
198:
242:
43:
1778:"Streamer propagation in the atmosphere of Titan and other N
1257:
668:"Violent Methane Storms on Titan May Explain Dune Direction"
281:
and ethane can also freeze at these altitudes. In December,
46:, despite having a far lower surface temperature. Its thick
1610:
1497:"Cassini Images Mammoth Cloud Engulfing Titan's North Pole"
1151:
850:
619:
123:
90:
1685:
1083:
1839:
1775:
1525:
811:
246:
Titan - North pole - cloud system imaged in false color.
698:"Cassini Sees Seasonal Rains Transform Titan's Surface"
586:"Saturn's moon Titan shows surprising seasonal changes"
765:"Summer on Titan may make its lakes ripple with waves"
1003:"NASA Cassini File: Radar Images Titan's South Pole"
910:"Cassini Finds Hydrocarbon Rains May Fill The Lakes"
1776:Köhn, C; Dujko, S; Chanrion, O; Neubert, T (2019).
1606:"Cassini Tracks Clouds Developing Over a Titan Sea"
615:"Monstrous Ice Cloud in Titan's South Polar Region"
441:
1413:Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory For Operations
1059:"Forecast for Titan: Wild Weather Could be Ahead"
914:Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory For Operations
908:Mason, Joe; Buckley, Michael (January 29, 2009).
2385:
1729:"The search for Titan lightning radio emissions"
1662:"Titan's Thunder Could Point to Alien Lightning"
325:Cassini has also detected high-altitude, white,
1726:
1528:"A large cloud outburst at Titan's south pole"
1855:
1597:
1371:
1320:
1318:
1287:
1285:
946:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
421:http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/816/1/L17
1720:
1679:
942:
907:
556:"PIA06236: Titan: Complex 'Anti-greenhouse'"
1453:
794:"Cassini Spies Wind-Rippled Waves on Titan"
309:Titan methane clouds (animated; July 2014).
1862:
1848:
1769:
1491:
1489:
1315:
1282:
817:
202:A rotating vortex above Titan's south pole
1827:
1809:
1752:
1711:
1634:"Earth-like Cirrus Clouds Found on Titan"
1234:
1216:
1128:
1110:
876:
726:
146:
42:, is similar in many respects to that of
1631:
1415:. Space Science Institute. July 10, 2012
304:
249:
241:
229:In June 2012, Cassini imaged a rotating
197:
93:in Titan's atmosphere contributes to an
65:
17:
1579:"Huge ethane cloud discovered on Titan"
1486:
497:"Titan: Greenhouse and Anti-greenhouse"
437:
435:
433:
2386:
1603:
1459:
818:Lakdawalla, Emily (January 21, 2003).
646:Solar System Exploration: NASA Science
612:
1843:
1576:
1031:
853:"Widespread Morning Drizzle on Titan"
791:
762:
524:
522:
494:
258:Titan's clouds, probably composed of
70:Energy flows on Titan lead to both a
1659:
1632:Atkinson, Nancy (February 4, 2011).
1034:"Icy Titan spawns tropical cyclones"
901:
613:Morrow, Ashley (November 10, 2015).
430:
1604:Dyches, Preston (August 12, 2014).
1577:Shiga, David (September 14, 2006).
979:. February 25, 2005. Archived from
13:
1727:Fischer, G; Gurnett, D.A. (2011).
1503:. February 1, 2007. Archived from
1435:"Huge vortex spied on Saturn moon"
1409:"The South Polar Vortex in Motion"
737:California Institute of Technology
519:
417:Astrophysical Journal Letters, 816
254:Titan - South pole - vortex detail
14:
2410:
1385:. October 7, 2007. Archived from
1293:"The Way the Wind Blows on Titan"
1032:Hecht, Jeff (February 27, 2013).
1009:. January 9, 2008. Archived from
495:McKay, Chris (November 3, 2005).
2074:
763:Boyle, Rebecca (March 5, 2016).
704:. March 17, 2011. Archived from
674:. April 15, 2015. Archived from
385:"Titan: A World Much Like Earth"
83:atmosphere causes a substantial
2306:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
1653:
1625:
1570:
1519:
1427:
1401:
1251:
1192:
1145:
1077:
1051:
1025:
995:
965:
936:
844:
792:Klotz, Irene (March 23, 2014).
785:
756:
720:
690:
660:
642:"On Titan, the Sky is Falling!"
530:"Titan Has More Oil Than Earth"
2311:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
1299:. June 1, 2007. Archived from
820:"Titan: Arizona in an Icebox?"
634:
606:
578:
548:
488:
405:
377:
224:Intertropical Convergence Zone
193:
61:
1:
1660:Chow, Denise (May 11, 2010).
1585:. Vol. 313. p. 1620
1205:The Planetary Science Journal
370:
2399:Climates of the Solar System
1829:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.05.036
1557:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.021
1178:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.022
7:
2331:Titan Saturn System Mission
340:
10:
2415:
1264:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
105:
2355:
2285:
2223:
2216:
2083:
2072:
2044:
2023:
1935:
1909:
1900:
1877:
1869:
1297:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1112:10.1186/s13535-014-0003-4
1063:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
564:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
237:
466:10.1126/science.11538492
1349:10.1126/science.1118424
918:Space Science Institute
878:10.1126/science.1146244
1786:mixtures compared to N
560:Planetary Photojournal
310:
255:
247:
203:
147:Methane rain and lakes
95:anti-greenhouse effect
79:
76:anti-greenhouse effect
38:, the largest moon of
28:
2363:Colonization of Titan
1467:University of Arizona
1460:Arnett, Bill (2005).
825:The Planetary Society
308:
253:
245:
201:
167:coated in a layer of
100:effective temperature
69:
21:
2336:Titan Winged Aerobot
2286:Planned and proposed
1754:10.1029/2011GL047316
1713:10.1029/2007GL031668
1474:on November 21, 2005
832:on February 12, 2010
594:. September 28, 2012
507:on February 13, 2006
151:The findings of the
2321:Titan Mare Explorer
1820:2019Icar..333..294K
1745:2011GeoRL..38.8206F
1704:2007GeoRL..3422104F
1549:2006Icar..182..224S
1462:"Titan (Saturn VI)"
1389:on October 11, 2007
1341:2006Sci...311..201R
1276:2015AGUFM.P12B..04S
1227:2020PSJ.....1...35H
1170:2016Icar..271..338H
1103:2014PlSci...3....3B
1013:on October 28, 2022
983:on October 21, 2011
973:"Rainbows on Titan"
959:2006DPS....38.2730S
869:2007Sci...318..962A
536:. February 13, 2008
458:1991Sci...253.1118M
452:(5024): 1118â1121.
335:streamer discharges
269:In September 2006,
54:rain, and possible
1733:Geophys. Res. Lett
1692:Geophys. Res. Lett
1507:on October 9, 2011
1236:10.3847/PSJ/aba191
311:
296:levels of sunlight
288:hydrological cycle
275:Titan's atmosphere
256:
248:
204:
160:Titan's atmosphere
80:
29:
2381:
2380:
2351:
2350:
2193:Taniquetil Montes
2148:Mindolluin Montes
2070:
2069:
2062:Woytchugga Lacuna
1335:(5758): 201â205.
1303:on April 27, 2009
1091:Planetary Science
863:(5852): 962â965.
744:on April 15, 2018
730:(November 2009).
85:greenhouse effect
72:greenhouse effect
2406:
2221:
2220:
2098:Arrakis Planitia
2078:
2077:
2031:Elivagar Flumina
2005:Sionascaig Lacus
1907:
1906:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1813:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1532:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1470:. Archived from
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1379:"Tropical Titan"
1375:
1369:
1368:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1220:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1114:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
969:
963:
962:
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
924:on July 25, 2011
920:. Archived from
905:
899:
898:
880:
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
828:. Archived from
815:
809:
808:
806:
804:
789:
783:
782:
780:
778:
760:
754:
753:
751:
749:
740:. Archived from
724:
718:
717:
715:
713:
694:
688:
687:
685:
683:
678:on July 26, 2020
664:
658:
657:
655:
653:
638:
632:
631:
629:
627:
610:
604:
603:
601:
599:
582:
576:
575:
573:
571:
552:
546:
545:
543:
541:
526:
517:
516:
514:
512:
503:. Archived from
492:
486:
485:
439:
428:
409:
403:
402:
400:
398:
393:. August 6, 2009
381:
365:Saturn's hexagon
220:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2347:
2326:Titan Submarine
2281:
2267:CassiniâHuygens
2245:Voyager program
2231:Pioneer program
2212:
2163:Perkunas Virgae
2128:Irensaga Montes
2079:
2075:
2066:
2040:
2019:
1931:
1902:
1896:
1873:
1868:
1838:
1837:
1793:
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1441:. July 11, 2012
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773:. No. 3063
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732:"Titan's Lakes"
728:Aharonson, Oded
725:
721:
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708:on May 17, 2017
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2178:Shikoku Facula
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2158:Mithrim Montes
2155:
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2110:
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2100:
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2018:
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2012:
2010:Sotonera Lacus
2007:
2002:
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1987:
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1967:
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1698:(22): L22104.
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1652:
1639:Universe Today
1624:
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1543:(1): 224â229.
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1076:
1065:. May 22, 2013
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357:
355:Lakes of Titan
352:
342:
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158:indicate that
148:
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113:tidally locked
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2118:Ganesa Macula
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2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:Ontario Lacus
1998:
1996:
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1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:Koitere Lacus
1973:
1971:
1968:
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1963:
1961:
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1956:
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1950:Bolsena Lacus
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1739:(8): L08206.
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1583:New Scientist
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1038:New Scientist
1035:
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771:
770:New Scientist
766:
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729:
723:
707:
703:
699:
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677:
673:
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663:
648:. May 4, 2011
647:
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593:
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587:
581:
566:. May 2, 2005
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360:Life on Titan
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68:
59:
57:
56:cryovolcanism
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:
26:
20:
16:
2394:Titan (moon)
2373:In mythology
2340:
2292:
2272:
2265:
2256:
2249:
2235:
2188:Sotra Patera
2153:Misty Montes
2133:Mayda Insula
2057:Ngami Lacuna
2015:Albano Lacus
1990:MĂŒggel Lacus
1985:Mackay Lacus
1980:Ladoga Lacus
1965:Jingpo Lacus
1960:Hammar Lacus
1886:
1801:
1797:
1771:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1671:February 11,
1669:. Retrieved
1665:
1655:
1645:February 11,
1643:. Retrieved
1637:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1609:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1582:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1540:
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1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:the original
1500:
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1472:the original
1465:
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1438:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1412:
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:the original
1383:Astrobiology
1382:
1373:
1332:
1326:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1296:
1267:
1263:
1253:
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1161:
1157:
1147:
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1090:
1079:
1067:. Retrieved
1062:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:
1027:
1015:. Retrieved
1011:the original
1006:
997:
985:. Retrieved
981:the original
977:NASA Science
976:
967:
950:
944:
938:
926:. Retrieved
922:the original
913:
903:
860:
856:
846:
834:. Retrieved
830:the original
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787:
775:. Retrieved
768:
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701:
692:
680:. Retrieved
676:the original
671:
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650:. Retrieved
645:
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624:. Retrieved
618:
608:
596:. Retrieved
591:ScienceDaily
589:
580:
568:. Retrieved
559:
550:
540:February 13,
538:. Retrieved
533:
509:. Retrieved
505:the original
501:Astrobiology
500:
490:
449:
443:
416:
412:
407:
395:. Retrieved
388:
379:
347:
331:
324:
320:
312:
292:
290:) on Titan.
282:
270:
268:
257:
231:polar vortex
228:
215:
207:
205:
185:
177:
153:
150:
140:
135:
132:
121:
117:
109:
89:
81:
32:
30:
15:
2217:Exploration
2113:Erebor Mons
2052:Eyre Lacuna
2036:Vid Flumina
1995:Neagh Lacus
1945:Abaya Lacus
1922:Ligeia Mare
1917:Kraken Mare
1804:: 294â305.
1393:October 16,
1270:: P12Bâ04.
1164:: 338â349.
1017:January 11,
928:January 29,
803:January 30,
777:January 30,
748:January 30,
712:January 20,
652:January 30,
626:January 30,
598:January 30,
570:January 30,
279:micrometers
212:Hadley cell
194:Circulation
62:Temperature
33:climate of
2388:Categories
2368:In fiction
2237:Pioneer 11
2173:Shangri-La
2143:Mezzoramia
1970:Kivu Lacus
1955:Feia Lacus
1927:Punga Mare
1882:Atmosphere
1811:1802.09906
1617:August 13,
1562:August 23,
1218:2007.00804
987:October 8,
511:October 3,
371:References
300:convection
48:atmosphere
2294:Dragonfly
2258:Voyager 2
2251:Voyager 1
2203:Tui Regio
2123:Guabonito
2108:Doom Mons
2045:Dry lakes
1794:mixtures"
1763:135052598
1666:Space.com
1589:August 7,
1511:April 14,
1478:April 10,
1245:2632-3338
1211:(2): 35.
1186:0019-1035
1121:2191-2521
836:March 28,
798:Space.com
682:April 19,
534:Space.com
390:Space.com
348:Dragonfly
2085:Features
1903:and seas
1445:July 11,
1439:BBC News
1419:July 11,
1357:16410519
1139:27512619
1097:(1): 3.
1069:July 19,
1043:March 9,
1007:SpaceRef
895:35093635
887:17932256
672:SpaceRef
482:10384331
474:11538492
415:(2016).
397:April 2,
341:See also
316:latitude
181:cyclones
173:rainbows
102:82 K. "
2356:Related
2342:Oceanus
2274:Huygens
2198:Tsegihi
1887:Climate
1816:Bibcode
1741:Bibcode
1700:Bibcode
1545:Bibcode
1365:1190978
1337:Bibcode
1328:Science
1307:June 2,
1272:Bibcode
1223:Bibcode
1166:Bibcode
1130:4959132
1099:Bibcode
955:Bibcode
953:: 533.
865:Bibcode
857:Science
454:Bibcode
445:Science
423:. see:
419:, L17,
283:Cassini
271:Cassini
260:methane
216:Huygens
208:Huygens
187:Cassini
169:tholins
154:Huygens
141:Cassini
136:Cassini
128:equinox
106:Seasons
74:and an
52:methane
25:methane
2316:TALISE
2301:AVIATR
2297:(2028)
2208:Xanadu
2183:Sinlap
2138:Menrva
2103:Dilmun
2024:Rivers
1798:Icarus
1761:
1536:Icarus
1363:
1355:
1243:
1184:
1158:Icarus
1137:
1127:
1119:
893:
885:
480:
472:
413:et al.
327:cirrus
264:ethane
238:Clouds
164:Xanadu
40:Saturn
2093:Adiri
1937:Lakes
1901:Lakes
1871:Titan
1806:arXiv
1759:S2CID
1531:(PDF)
1361:S2CID
1213:arXiv
891:S2CID
478:S2CID
219:'
156:probe
44:Earth
35:Titan
2224:Past
2168:Selk
1910:Seas
1892:Life
1673:2011
1647:2011
1619:2014
1611:NASA
1591:2007
1564:2007
1513:2007
1501:NASA
1480:2005
1447:2012
1421:2012
1395:2007
1353:PMID
1309:2007
1241:ISSN
1182:ISSN
1135:PMID
1117:ISSN
1071:2013
1045:2013
1019:2008
989:2011
930:2009
883:PMID
838:2005
805:2019
779:2019
750:2019
714:2018
702:NASA
684:2015
654:2019
628:2019
620:NASA
600:2019
572:2019
542:2008
513:2008
470:PMID
399:2012
124:soot
91:Haze
31:The
1824:doi
1802:333
1782::CH
1749:doi
1708:doi
1553:doi
1541:182
1345:doi
1333:311
1231:doi
1174:doi
1162:271
1125:PMC
1107:doi
873:doi
861:318
462:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
