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111:. The primary beneficiaries of fossil fuel burning are developed countries whereas the majority of climate impacts will be felt by the developing world. Further, climate change occurs on timescales much greater than a single generation of the human population, causing conflict between economic and political interests which are products of society and the interests of future people—an ethical and moral concept.
22:
155:
along those different pathways; it cannot tell us which pathway to choose, that is determined by which values we act on as a society. Because of this, some philosophers have argued that climate change is “fundamentally an ethical issue” which raises questions about "how we ought to live, what kinds of societies we want, and how we should relate to nature and other forms of life.”
240:
are concerned about voter support for the next election, on a scale of a few years, whereas climate change operates on much longer timescales of hundreds to thousands of years. Therefore, climate change gets put on the back burner of political agendas because it won’t help politicians win the next election cycle.
239:
difficulties, making it hard to grasp cause and effect, which could undermine motivation to respond. Institutional inadequacy further complicates the issue. Democratic political institutions have relatively short time horizons which are at odds with the timescale of global climate change. Politicians
317:
Climate change is a human rights issue that requires action. There is a high need for a rights-based approach to climate change and proposes a moral threshold framework for addressing this issue. By recognizing the link between climate change and human rights, people can work towards a more just and
269:
is relevant to climate change ethics due to the temporal dispersion of its effects. Economists use discount rates to determine the value of future goods because it is assumed that the global economy will continue to grow and future people will have more goods than current people. The more goods you
230:
is a crucial consideration in intergenerational climate change ethics. This responsibility extends to various interests, including humans, animals, future people, and nature. The interests of the current generation must be weighed against those of future generations, balancing current needs against
234:
The effects of climate change are dispersed temporally and spatially. Ethical implications due to spatial dispersion are those discussed in the previous section on global justice: those causing the problem are not in the same physical space as those experiencing the worst of its effects. Temporal
305:
A moral threshold approach to climate change that identifies the minimum standards to protect human rights. This approach involves identifying a set of moral principles that establish the minimum standards of protection required to ensure that human rights are not violated by climate change. The
203:
greenhouse gas emissions in the world, there are lower-income people in the U.S. with relatively lower emissions. Further, poorer people, regardless of where they live, are more likely to experience the effects of climate change because they have a reduced means to adapt compared to rich people.
154:
as there are disagreements among actors on whether and to what extent society should act on climate change. Economics is insufficient to guide policymaking alone, however, as it is only capable making predictions regarding how different policy decisions will affect the economy and how to proceed
309:
States can take action to address climate change, as they are the primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions. States can take measures to reduce their emissions and contribute to the global effort to limit the increase in global temperatures. Additionally, corporations have a responsibility to
302:
disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, such as low-income communities, indigenous peoples, and small island developing states. Adopting a rights-based approach to climate change that recognizes the link between climate change and human rights would provide significant improvements.
248:
Economists propose prioritizing adaptation over mitigation due to high costs associated with mitigation; however, conventional economic analyses have philosophical limitations. Such analyses discount future generations and prioritize human interests, failing to consider all relevant costs and
198:
In addition to climate change being a global justice issue due to the disparities between the roles of developed and developing nations, the global justice issue can also be framed in terms of wealth. "Half the world’s carbon is emitted by the world’s richest 500 million people" meaning that
195:—which are predicted to increase in frequency and intensity with climate change. Thus climate change can be seen as a global justice issue because the perpetrators of climate change impacts (developed nations) and the victims of those impacts (developing nations) are distinct actors.
301:
Climate change is a pressing issue that threatens the basic human rights of individuals and communities around the world. Climate change violates several human rights, including the right to life, health, food, water, and shelter. Climate change exacerbates existing inequalities and
78:
Size corresponds to climate change vulnerability (determined by the
University of Notre-Dame’s ND-Gain Index), with larger countries being more vulnerable. Color corresponds to total GHG emissions including land-use change (2011), with a darker shade indicating higher
310:
reduce their emissions and contribute to sustainable development. Individuals can play a role by adopting sustainable lifestyles and advocating for policies that address climate change. It is also an open moral question whether or not acts of
216:
Global warming—the progression from cooler historical temperatures (blue) to recent warmer temperatures (red)—is being experienced disproportionately by younger generations. With continued fossil fuel emissions, that trend that will
235:
ethical implications mainly relate to the fact that current greenhouse gas emissions will affect future generations more than they will affect current people. This notion of pushing climate change impacts on future people poses
106:
The two main ethical implications of climate change are related to its effects. The causes and effects of climate change are unrelated in time and space. Anthropogenic climate change is caused mainly by humans burning
86:
is a field of study that explores the moral aspects of climate change. Climate change is often studied and addressed by scientists, economists, and policymakers in value neutral ways. However, phillosophers such as
270:
have, the less valuable any one good is, hence, it is discounted. Using different discount rates, economists can arrive at very different conclusions regarding how much of the global budget should be dedicated to
282:
offers one ethical justification for imploring a high discount rate is that because future people will be better off than we are today, benefiting people today is more valuable than benefiting future people.
225:
ethics of climate change addresses the responsibility of current generations to be environmentally conscious to and ensure the sustainable use of environmental resources can continue for future generations.
318:
equitable future for all. It is the responsibility of all actors, including states, corporations, and individuals, to take action to address climate change and protect human rights.
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moral threshold approach also involves identifying the duties and responsibilities of different actors in addressing climate change, including states, corporations, and individuals.
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on the other hand, favors a lower discount rate (or none) under the idea that benefits to future people are equally valuable as benefits to current people.
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183:. The country's per capita emissions are 1/20th of the global average and 1/100th of the per capita emissions in the United States, but its low-lying
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regardless of where one lives, the higher their income, the higher their emissions. Although the United States has one of the highest
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in the atmosphere which is the primary driver of current global anthropogenic climate change. This notion has led to the study of the
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103:, who bears responsibility for past emissions, as well as the role of future generations, personal responsibility and many more.
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2007:
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because the actors with the largest contribution to climate change are not the ones suffering from the most severe
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have been emitting, and currently emit, disproportionally large amounts of greenhouse gases compared to poorer
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394:"Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature"
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2027:
1989:
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1043:
852:"A Perfect Moral Storm: Climate Change, Intergenerational Ethics and the Problem of Moral Corruption"
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678:"New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding"
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that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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has become a concern for a number of disciplines due to its potentially catastrophic impacts on
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by individuals or groups aimed at raising awareness of the climate crisis can be justified.
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253:" gives us reason for acting on climate change, despite the uncertainty of future impacts.
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958:"Climate Change, Human Rights, and Moral Thresholds', Climate Ethics: Essential Readings"
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99:. Climate change involves difficult moral questions relating to global inequality and
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The science and politics of global climate change : a guide to the debate
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95:, argue that decisions related to climate change are moral issues and involve
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768:"Rich Americans Have Higher Carbon Footprints Than Other Wealthy People"
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743:"US leads greenhouse gas emissions on a per capita basis, report finds"
340:
Gardiner, Stephen M. (April 2004). "Ethics and Global
Climate Change".
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502:"Oil and gas firms 'have had far worse climate impact than thought'"
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benefits of climate change mitigation. Henry Shrue argues that the "
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Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change
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134:, has been largely dependent on the extraction and burning of
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Cooperative
Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
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820:(scroll down to Berkeley Earth under Global Mean Temperature)
588:. Edward Parson (3rd ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom.
33:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
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Lynas, Mark; Houlton, Benjamin Z.; Perry, Simon (2021).
378:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at
142:. Burning fossil fuels increases the concentration of
2261:
United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
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676:Kulp, Scott A.; Strauss, Benjamin H. (2019-10-29).
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environmental systems, wildlife, nature, and humans
460:"Energy, ethics, and the transformation of nature"
814:. Met Office (Meteorological Office, UK ). 2024.
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787:
391:
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2461:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
93:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
126:. Climate change poses a serious threat to the
812:"Global temperature / Global mean temperature"
784:
466:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 16–37,
1206:History of climate change policy and politics
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1323:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
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636:"Ethics, Public Policy, and Global Warming"
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616:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
567:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
539:. Petteri Taalas, AntĂłnio Guterres. Genf.
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2088:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
1231:United Nations Climate Change conferences
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62:Learn how and when to remove this message
1792:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
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2148:National Adaptation Programme of Action
1937:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
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130:as economic development, especially in
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1797:Economics of climate change mitigation
1760:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
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1111:Scientific consensus on climate change
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2456:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
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818:from the original on 17 January 2024.
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376:Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report
2478:Representative Concentration Pathway
1429:Tipping points in the climate system
1105:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
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2249:Nationally determined contributions
1959:Individual action on climate change
1174:World energy supply and consumption
741:Stevens, Pippa (26 November 2019).
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464:The Ethics of Global Climate Change
163:Climate change can be considered a
13:
2388:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
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970:10.1093/oso/9780195399622.003.0018
956:Caney, Simon (November 12, 2020).
944:
890:
834:
807:global average surface temperature
801:from the original on 13 June 2024.
797:. Climate Central. 22 March 2023.
648:10.1093/oso/9780195399622.003.0011
91:and the scientific authors of the
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2315:Satellite temperature measurement
1920:forestry for carbon sequestration
1211:History of climate change science
922:10.1038/scientificamerican0608-96
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187:makes it extremely vulnerable to
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2166:Climate Change Performance Index
536:State of the global climate 2020
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2305:Instrumental temperature record
2256:Sustainable Development Goal 13
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297:Human rights and climate change
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2373:Climate variability and change
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1414:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
906:"The Ethics of Climate Change"
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582:Dessler, Andrew Emory (2020).
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500:Watts, Jonathan (2020-02-19).
493:
398:Environmental Research Letters
385:
368:
1:
2483:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
2018:Climate emergency declaration
850:Gardiner, Stephen M. (2006).
634:Jamieson, Dale (2010-08-26),
458:Jamieson, Dale (2011-03-31),
321:
114:
2466:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
1692:Middle East and North Africa
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795:"Warming Across Generations"
472:10.1017/cbo9780511732294.002
243:
7:
1195:
642:, Oxford University Press,
148:economics of climate change
10:
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2570:Climate change and society
2300:Global surface temperature
2191:Popular culture depictions
2103:Ecosystem-based adaptation
1833:Carbon capture and storage
1755:Carbon offsets and credits
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904:Broome, John (June 2008).
868:10.3197/096327106778226293
702:10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z
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2512:Climate change portal
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2405:Extreme event attribution
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272:climate change mitigation
171:. Historically, wealthy,
150:. Climate change is also
2415:Global warming potential
2222:International agreements
1869:Preserving and enhancing
1313:Arctic methane emissions
1235:Years in climate change
1142:Greenhouse gas emissions
1039:Causes of climate change
828:climatologist Ed Hawkins
419:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966
208:Intergenerational ethics
152:a deeply political issue
2446:Climate change scenario
2098:Disaster risk reduction
1750:Carbon emission trading
1560:U.S. insurance industry
1540:Civilizational collapse
1387:sea surface temperature
2439:Research and modelling
2123:Nature-based solutions
1943:Nature-based solutions
1885:Carbon dioxide removal
1802:Fossil fuel divestment
1787:Climate risk insurance
1697:Small island countries
1318:Arctic sea ice decline
218:
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42:by rewriting it in an
2400:Earth's energy budget
2283:Background and theory
2171:Climate crisis (term)
1843:Fossil fuel phase-out
1737:Economics and finance
1702:by individual country
1644:By country and region
1619:Security and conflict
1614:Psychological impacts
1303:Abrupt climate change
1226:Charles David Keeling
1059:By country and region
682:Nature Communications
215:
140:Industrial Revolution
84:Climate change ethics
77:
2575:Environmental ethics
2229:Glasgow Climate Pact
1890:Carbon sequestration
1465:Mass mortality event
856:Environmental Values
263:temporal discounting
257:Temporal discounting
231:future aspirations.
228:Moral responsibility
165:global justice issue
2368:Climate sensitivity
2143:The Adaptation Fund
1599:Infectious diseases
1506:Social and economic
910:Scientific American
772:Scientific American
694:2019NatCo..10.4844K
410:2021ERL....16k4005L
278:, or other things.
89:Stephen M. Gardiner
1939:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
1911:Forest management
1895:Direct air capture
1860:Sustainable energy
1817:Net zero emissions
1812:Low-carbon economy
1807:Green Climate Fund
1594:Indigenous peoples
1497:Plant biodiversity
1285:Effects and issues
766:Schonhardt, Sara.
380:http://www.ipcc.ch
312:civil disobedience
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177:developing nations
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546:978-92-63-11264-4
251:No Harm Principle
223:intergenerational
173:developed nations
101:human development
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2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2234:Kyoto Protocol
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2188:
2186:Media coverage
2183:
2178:
2176:Climate spiral
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2065:Public opinion
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2015:
2013:Climate action
2010:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1925:REDD and REDD+
1922:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1902:Carbon farming
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1729:
1728:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1634:Water security
1631:
1629:Water scarcity
1626:
1624:Urban flooding
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1482:Forest dieback
1479:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1419:Sea level rise
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1392:stratification
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:Carbon leakage
1154:
1149:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1098:
1096:Climate system
1092:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1020:
1017:Climate change
1013:
1012:
1005:
998:
990:
982:
981:
943:
889:
862:(3): 397–413.
833:
831:
830:
821:
783:
758:
733:
668:
656:
640:Climate Ethics
623:
594:
574:
545:
525:
492:
480:
441:
404:(11): 114005.
384:
367:
354:10.1086/382247
326:
325:
323:
320:
295:Main article:
292:
289:
285:Utilitarianism
258:
255:
245:
242:
209:
206:
189:sea level rise
160:
159:Global justice
157:
128:global economy
120:Climate change
116:
113:
97:value judgment
70:
69:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2587:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2550:
2549:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:Climate model
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2383:Cloud forcing
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2276:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2158:Communication
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2138:Vulnerability
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:Flood control
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1930:reforestation
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:afforestation
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:Nuclear power
1848:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Carbon budget
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1582:Mental health
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1523:United States
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:deoxygenation
1375:
1373:
1372:acidification
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:from wetlands
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1127:Deforestation
1125:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
991:
988:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
950:
948:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:(6): 96–102.
915:
911:
907:
900:
898:
896:
894:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
829:
825:
822:
817:
813:
808:
804:
803:
800:
796:
790:
788:
773:
769:
762:
748:
744:
737:
729:
725:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
659:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
630:
628:
619:
613:
605:
601:
597:
591:
587:
586:
578:
570:
564:
556:
552:
548:
542:
538:
537:
529:
515:
511:
507:
503:
496:
483:
481:9781107000698
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
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433:
429:
425:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
388:
381:
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371:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
336:
334:
332:
327:
319:
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307:
303:
298:
288:
286:
281:
277:
273:
268:
264:
254:
252:
241:
238:
232:
229:
224:
214:
205:
202:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
112:
110:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
76:
66:
63:
55:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2503:
2336:Carbon cycle
2293:Measurements
1988:Society and
1872:carbon sinks
1777:Climate debt
1767:Carbon price
1589:Human rights
1424:Season creep
1382:heat content
1308:Anoxic event
1221:James Hansen
973:. Retrieved
961:
913:
909:
859:
855:
775:. Retrieved
771:
761:
750:. Retrieved
746:
736:
685:
681:
671:
661:, retrieved
639:
584:
577:
535:
533:WMO (2021).
528:
517:. Retrieved
506:The Guardian
505:
495:
485:, retrieved
463:
401:
397:
387:
375:
374:IPCC. 2001.
370:
345:
341:
316:
308:
304:
300:
291:Human rights
260:
247:
233:
220:
197:
162:
136:fossil fuels
118:
109:fossil fuels
105:
83:
82:
58:
49:
30:
2363:Carbon sink
2341:atmospheric
2206:video games
1880:Blue carbon
1513:Agriculture
1492:Marine life
1439:Water cycle
1397:temperature
1132:Fossil fuel
826:concept by
688:(1): 4844.
2564:Categories
2395:Cryosphere
2356:permafrost
2128:Resilience
2080:Adaptation
2055:Litigation
2045:Governance
1990:adaptation
1772:Carbon tax
1725:Mitigation
1662:Antarctica
1550:Disability
975:2023-03-27
777:2023-03-10
752:2023-03-10
663:2023-03-08
604:1112371640
555:1281669822
519:2023-03-08
487:2023-03-08
348:(3): 556.
322:References
276:adaptation
201:per capita
185:topography
138:since the
115:Beginnings
79:emissions.
52:April 2023
2410:Feedbacks
2181:Education
1682:Caribbean
1677:Australia
1604:Migration
1567:Fisheries
1518:Livestock
1444:Wildfires
1350:Heat wave
930:0036-8733
876:0963-2719
710:2041-1723
612:cite book
563:cite book
514:0261-3077
436:239032360
428:1748-9326
267:economics
244:Economics
237:epistemic
217:continue.
2536:Glossary
2524:Category
2346:biologic
2060:Politics
1952:Personal
1657:Americas
1530:Children
1296:Physical
1089:Overview
1029:Overview
938:18642548
884:30302196
816:Archived
799:Archived
728:31664024
193:cyclones
132:the West
2351:oceanic
2201:fiction
2050:Justice
2001:Society
1609:Poverty
1328:Drought
1196:History
1120:Sources
719:6820795
690:Bibcode
406:Bibcode
169:impacts
38:Please
2331:Albedo
2324:Theory
2035:Denial
1826:Energy
1687:Europe
1667:Arctic
1652:Africa
1577:Health
1572:Gender
1535:Cities
1460:Biomes
1367:Oceans
1355:Marine
1078:Causes
936:
928:
882:
874:
726:
716:
708:
654:
602:
592:
553:
543:
512:
478:
434:
426:
362:722697
360:
342:Ethics
2548:Index
2310:Proxy
2070:Women
1545:Crime
1472:Birds
1338:Flood
880:JSTOR
432:S2CID
358:S2CID
2133:Risk
1672:Asia
1264:2024
1259:2023
1254:2022
1249:2021
1244:2020
1239:2019
934:PMID
926:ISSN
872:ISSN
747:CNBC
724:PMID
706:ISSN
652:ISBN
618:link
600:OCLC
590:ISBN
569:link
551:OCLC
541:ISBN
510:ISSN
476:ISBN
424:ISSN
221:The
191:and
2196:art
966:doi
918:doi
914:298
864:doi
714:PMC
698:doi
644:doi
468:doi
414:doi
350:doi
346:114
265:in
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59:(
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50:(
46:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
