31:
410:. As a result, in the late 19th century and the 20th century, women dominated the field of teaching. In 1919, 86% of teachers were women. However, traditional attitudes in American society still held that a women's primary role should be that of housewife. This bias was shared by the male administrators and politicians, who generally ran the schools, and thus married women were discouraged from, and overlooked for, teaching positions. This was justified by the belief that men and single women needed the jobs more. Only after the
499:
381:
a heavy burden on the exercise of these protected freedoms. .. (P)ublic school maternity leave rules directly affect "one of the basic civil rights of man," ... the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that such rules must not needlessly, arbitrarily, or capriciously impinge upon this vital area of a teacher's constitutional liberty."
433:
until well after the child was born, leaving visibly pregnant women basically unable to work. Virtually all maternity leave was unpaid. The stated rationale behind these compulsory maternity leave laws were: that pregnant women could not meet the physical or mental demands of the job, that pregnancy
380:
This Court has long recognized that freedom of personal choice in matters of marriage and family life is one of the liberties protected by the Due
Process Clause ... By acting to penalize the pregnant teacher for deciding to bear a child, overly restrictive maternity leave regulations can constitute
375:
ruled that the mandatory maternity leave rules were unconstitutional under the Due
Process Clauses in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. Essentially, the rules were found to be too arbitrary (fixed dates chosen for no apparent reason) and irrebuttable (having no relation to individual medical
2090:
429:. The compulsory maternity leave rules were grounded in the belief that women were incapable of making their own decisions about work, health care, and their professional competency. Most of these compulsory maternity leave rules required teachers to take leave 4–6 months before
434:
interrupted the continuity of instruction for students, and that pregnant women might get hurt on the job. In this case the court found that this reasoning was faulty, as women do not lose all sense and ability simply because they are visibly pregnant.
390:
This decision was a major step in protecting the rights of teachers, especially female teachers, from unfair prejudicial rules which would keep them from the profession of teaching. This decision also plays a critical role in the
1080:
395:
of teaching by protecting all teachers from arbitrary, political regulations which serve no pedagogical function. The case of LaFleur can also be seen as a building block for current family leave laws, e.g.
2926:
2026:
2018:
2729:
2170:
505:
2138:
1994:
2817:
2633:
2293:
1056:
2467:
2002:
1262:
3068:
2130:
1316:
854:
2950:
2849:
1747:
3058:
1723:
1160:
1962:
1842:
664:
341:
311:
3088:
2793:
2443:
1930:
1906:
1104:
1048:
560:
486:
448:
170:
140:
72:
2737:
1802:
1128:
1096:
2769:
2681:
2625:
2539:
2531:
2427:
2325:
2910:
2285:
2154:
2074:
1008:
417:
After the war, many married women remained employed as teachers; however, traditional prejudices against them endured. The attitude changed focus into
3053:
2507:
2106:
1922:
1898:
1599:
337:
307:
2809:
2801:
2419:
2221:
2010:
2459:
1882:
1176:
963:
1407:
2958:
2309:
2066:
1914:
1707:
3078:
2761:
2673:
1300:
3063:
1559:
454:
189:
Overly restrictive maternity leave regulations in public schools violate the Due
Process Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments.
2785:
2317:
1332:
655:
400:, which help to ensure that all people can keep their professions without giving up the ability, and the means, to have a family.
3048:
2598:
1064:
931:
1970:
1144:
955:
1324:
418:
376:
conditions and with no way to make exceptions for good reason). In the Court's opinion, Justice
Stewart went on to explain:
2475:
2162:
2146:
2050:
526:
397:
2058:
1168:
2874:
2590:
2515:
1779:
372:
35:
3093:
2934:
874:
329:
2753:
1623:
3073:
1503:
1348:
862:
2333:
1191:
422:
352:
The plaintiffs claimed that an employer's requirement to take maternity leave from public schools violated the
154:
117:
3083:
975:
714:
648:
580:
128:
1731:
1583:
1535:
1276:
891:
616:
162:
2617:
1787:
1088:
939:
1739:
2942:
2349:
2341:
1954:
1375:
1308:
598:
2974:
2918:
2082:
1639:
1607:
1238:
1032:
1016:
641:
2982:
2547:
2403:
1664:
1591:
984:
899:
607:
2213:
220:
633:
2902:
2745:
2713:
2301:
1850:
798:
690:
564:
490:
174:
144:
64:
589:
364:
On
January 21, 1974, the Court delivered its ruling. The majority opinion was delivered by
2894:
2641:
2491:
2384:
2189:
2122:
1631:
1567:
1447:
1284:
1112:
1072:
1024:
425:
survey showed 43% of schools as having no maternity leave, and the rest having compulsory
8:
2825:
2777:
2721:
2657:
2649:
2582:
2499:
2435:
2098:
2042:
1986:
1978:
1615:
1495:
1479:
1356:
1136:
1120:
814:
698:
392:
248:
571:
2886:
2705:
2697:
2523:
2483:
2451:
2368:
2237:
2229:
2197:
2114:
1938:
1890:
1866:
1834:
1755:
1699:
1691:
1543:
1439:
1254:
923:
838:
767:
678:
493:
353:
333:
212:
3021:
3013:
2966:
2689:
2563:
2277:
2034:
1874:
1858:
1809:
1795:
1771:
1527:
1511:
1471:
1399:
1340:
1040:
947:
883:
830:
722:
256:
236:
2269:
2245:
1826:
1575:
1551:
1415:
822:
790:
738:
204:
67:
2091:
Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of
America v. Jacksonville
1683:
1423:
1292:
846:
806:
730:
426:
325:
2833:
2665:
2411:
2376:
2253:
1763:
1519:
1431:
1200:
706:
530:
365:
244:
224:
3042:
2927:
Florida
Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
2555:
1946:
1818:
1487:
1455:
1383:
1246:
1152:
1000:
915:
91:
87:
406:
was one of the first careers outside of the home which was open to
American
2841:
2205:
1391:
746:
443:
411:
1715:
992:
907:
779:
625:
232:
2171:
Students for Fair
Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
2261:
430:
136:
83:
2139:
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
1995:
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
527:"Pregnant Teachers in the Classroom: paper summary by Georgetown Law"
121:
79:
1057:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
403:
166:
158:
132:
114:
1263:
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
663:
30:
1317:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
414:
labor shortages were married women widely hired as teachers.
407:
125:
2951:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
855:
O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
1748:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
506:
public domain material from this U.S government document
1161:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
1843:
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
3069:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
1907:
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
1049:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
449:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 414
324:, 414 U.S. 632 (1974), found that overly restrictive
273:
Stewart, joined by Brennan, White, Marshall, Blackmun
2738:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
1803:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
1129:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
2626:
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.
458:(1985) - Another case involving the school district
2286:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
2155:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
1009:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
1923:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
1600:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
3040:
2802:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
2011:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
54:Cleveland Board of Education v. Jo Carol LaFleur
1883:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
1408:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
521:
519:
517:
515:
478:
476:
474:
472:
3059:United States substantive due process case law
2959:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
2310:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
2067:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
1915:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
1708:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
649:
3089:United States gender discrimination case law
1177:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
1081:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
964:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
512:
469:
2762:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
2674:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
1663:
1301:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
2027:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education
1560:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
656:
642:
455:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
2786:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
2318:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
1333:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
3054:United States public employment case law
2019:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
2730:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
2599:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward
1464:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
1065:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
932:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
557:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
483:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
321:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
24:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
3041:
2873:
1971:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
766:
677:
111:La Fleur v. Cleveland Bd. of Education
3001:
2872:
1662:
1325:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
765:
676:
637:
419:discrimination against pregnant women
151:Cohen v. Chesterfield County Sch. Bd.
18:1974 United States Supreme Court case
2051:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
1192:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes
398:Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993
3079:Parental leave in the United States
2818:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
2634:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth
2059:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
1169:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
1145:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
956:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
13:
2591:Arlington County Board v. Richards
2516:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
2294:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.
1780:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
665:United States Fourteenth Amendment
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3105:
3064:United States Supreme Court cases
2935:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
2476:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n
567:632 (1974) is available from:
549:
2754:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
2163:Fisher v. University of Texas II
1624:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
497:
29:
2468:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach
2147:Fisher v. University of Texas I
1504:Moore v. City of East Cleveland
1349:Los Angeles County v. Humphries
863:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
385:
3049:1974 in United States case law
2334:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.
423:National Education Association
1:
2003:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman
1208:McNeese v. Board of Education
715:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
462:
356:of the Fourteenth Amendment.
86:44; 6 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (
1732:Hirabayashi v. United States
1584:DeShaney v. Winnebago County
1536:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
1277:Owen v. City of Independence
892:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
94:) ¶ 9072; 67 Ohio Op. 2d 126
90:) 1253; 7 Empl. Prac. Dec. (
7:
2618:United States v. Cruikshank
1788:Brown v. Board of Education
1089:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
940:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
437:
359:
297:Rehnquist, joined by Burger
10:
3110:
1740:Korematsu v. United States
626:Oyez (oral argument audio)
504:This article incorporates
161:1971); reversed, 474 F.2d
3008:
3002:
2997:
2943:United States v. Morrison
2881:
2868:
2609:
2574:
2395:
2360:
2350:United States v. Skrmetti
2342:United States v. Virginia
2181:
1955:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
1675:
1671:
1658:
1376:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
1367:
1309:Gonzaga University v. Doe
1187:
974:
873:
778:
774:
761:
685:
672:
306:
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
264:
198:
193:
188:
183:
104:
99:
59:
49:
42:
28:
23:
3094:History of women in Ohio
2975:United States v. Georgia
2919:City of Boerne v. Flores
2083:United States v. Fordice
1640:Williams v. Pennsylvania
1608:Washington v. Glucksberg
347:
45:Decided January 21, 1974
2983:Shelby County v. Holder
2548:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
2404:Patsone v. Pennsylvania
1665:Equal Protection Clause
1592:Michael H. v. Gerald D.
985:United States v. Vuitch
900:Griswold v. Connecticut
43:Argued October 15, 1973
3074:Education in Cleveland
2850:Armour v. Indianapolis
2214:Moritz v. Commissioner
1270:Procunier v. Navarette
1188:Civil rights liability
976:Abortion jurisprudence
383:
221:William J. Brennan Jr.
169:1973); cert. granted,
2903:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
2746:Richardson v. Ramirez
2714:Boddie v. Connecticut
2302:Kirchberg v. Feenstra
2131:Johnson v. California
1851:McLaughlin v. Florida
1239:O'Connor v. Donaldson
799:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
691:Slaughter-House Cases
533:on September 10, 2006
378:
308:U.S. Const. amends. V
124:1971); reversed, 465
3084:History of Cleveland
2895:Katzenbach v. Morgan
2642:Breedlove v. Suttles
2492:Graham v. Richardson
2385:Obergefell v. Hodges
2190:Breedlove v. Suttles
2123:Grutter v. Bollinger
1963:Jefferson v. Hackney
1632:Obergefell v. Hodges
1568:Edwards v. Aguillard
1448:Epperson v. Arkansas
1285:Harlow v. Fitzgerald
1220:Jenkins v. McKeithen
1113:Mazurek v. Armstrong
1073:Hodgson v. Minnesota
1033:Bellotti v. Baird II
1025:Colautti v. Franklin
780:Economic substantive
342:Fourteenth Amendment
2826:Gregory v. Ashcroft
2794:Mills v. Habluetzel
2778:Zablocki v. Redhail
2722:Eisenstadt v. Baird
2658:Oyama v. California
2650:Skinner v. Oklahoma
2583:Shapiro v. Thompson
2500:Sugarman v. Dougall
2444:Porterfield v. Webb
2436:Terrace v. Thompson
2099:Missouri v. Jenkins
2043:Hunter v. Underwood
1987:Milliken v. Bradley
1979:Norwood v. Harrison
1931:McDaniel v. Barresi
1616:Troxel v. Granville
1496:Mathews v. Eldridge
1480:Taylor v. Louisiana
1357:Connick v. Thompson
1137:Gonzales v. Carhart
1121:Stenberg v. Carhart
1105:Lambert v. Wicklund
1017:Bellotti v. Baird I
815:Lochner v. New York
699:Minor v. Happersett
617:Library of Congress
393:professionalization
249:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
2887:Civil Rights Cases
2875:Enforcement Clause
2706:Oregon v. Mitchell
2698:Williams v. Rhodes
2524:Nyquist v. Mauclet
2484:Hernandez v. Texas
2369:Bowers v. Hardwick
2361:Sexual orientation
2238:Stanton v. Stanton
2230:Geduldig v. Aiello
2198:Goesaert v. Cleary
2115:Gratz v. Bollinger
1939:Palmer v. Thompson
1891:Hunter v. Erickson
1867:Loving v. Virginia
1835:Anderson v. Martin
1756:Shelley v. Kraemer
1700:Plessy v. Ferguson
1692:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
1544:Kolender v. Lawson
1440:Loving v. Virginia
1255:Imbler v. Pachtman
1232:Wood v. Strickland
1097:Leavitt v. Jane L.
924:Bowers v. Hardwick
839:Buchanan v. Warley
768:Due Process Clause
679:Citizenship Clause
354:Due Process Clause
334:Due Process Clause
213:William O. Douglas
209:Associate Justices
78:94 S. Ct. 791; 39
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3022:Trump v. Anderson
3014:Gold Clause Cases
2993:
2992:
2967:Tennessee v. Lane
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2770:Trimble v. Gordon
2690:Levy v. Louisiana
2682:Rinaldi v. Yeager
2564:Bernal v. Fainter
2540:Ambach v. Norwick
2532:Foley v. Connelie
2428:Crane v. New York
2326:Lehr v. Robertson
2278:Caban v. Mohammed
2035:Palmore v. Sidoti
1875:Lee v. Washington
1859:Reitman v. Mulkey
1810:Gebhart v. Belton
1796:Briggs v. Elliott
1772:Sweatt v. Painter
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1528:Parratt v. Taylor
1512:Duren v. Missouri
1472:Arnett v. Kennedy
1400:Powell v. Alabama
1341:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
1226:Scheuer v. Rhodes
1041:H. L. v. Matheson
948:Lawrence v. Texas
884:Meyer v. Nebraska
831:Coppage v. Kansas
757:
756:
723:Perez v. Brownell
317:
316:
257:William Rehnquist
237:Thurgood Marshall
3101:
2999:
2998:
2911:Dellmuth v. Muth
2870:
2869:
2270:Parham v. Hughes
2246:Edwards v. Healy
2075:Freeman v. Pitts
1830:(M.D. Ala. 1956)
1827:Browder v. Gayle
1673:
1672:
1660:
1659:
1576:Turner v. Safley
1552:Hudson v. Palmer
1416:NAACP v. Alabama
875:Right to privacy
823:Muller v. Oregon
791:Mugler v. Kansas
776:
775:
763:
762:
739:Rogers v. Bellei
674:
673:
658:
651:
644:
635:
634:
630:
624:
621:
615:
612:
606:
603:
597:
594:
588:
585:
579:
576:
570:
543:
542:
540:
538:
529:. Archived from
523:
510:
501:
500:
480:
205:Warren E. Burger
194:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
20:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3028:
3004:
2989:
2877:
2856:
2605:
2570:
2508:In re Griffiths
2452:Webb v. O'Brien
2391:
2356:
2177:
2107:Texas v. Lesage
1899:Hadnott v. Amos
1684:Pace v. Alabama
1667:
1646:
1424:Hoyt v. Florida
1363:
1293:Felder v. Casey
1189:
1183:
970:
869:
847:Adams v. Tanner
807:Holden v. Hardy
781:
770:
753:
731:Afroyim v. Rusk
681:
668:
662:
628:
622:
619:
613:
610:
604:
601:
595:
592:
586:
583:
577:
574:
568:
552:
547:
546:
536:
534:
525:
524:
513:
498:
481:
470:
465:
440:
427:maternity leave
388:
366:Justice Stewart
362:
350:
338:Fifth Amendment
328:regulations in
326:maternity leave
247:
235:
223:
177:947 (1973).
153:, 326 F. Supp.
147:947 (1973).
95:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3107:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3009:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2834:Vacco v. Quill
2830:
2822:
2814:
2810:Clark v. Jeter
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2666:Oyler v. Boles
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2420:Heim v. McCall
2416:
2412:Truax v. Raich
2408:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2377:Romer v. Evans
2373:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2254:Craig v. Boren
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2222:Kahn v. Shevin
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
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747:Saenz v. Roe
745:
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721:
713:
705:
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689:
556:
537:February 11,
535:. Retrieved
531:the original
503:
482:
453:
444:US labor law
416:
412:World War II
402:
389:
386:Significance
379:
370:
363:
351:
332:violate the
320:
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318:
302:Laws applied
252:
240:
228:
216:
150:
110:
100:Case history
71:
53:
15:
1767:(Cal. 1948)
1716:Lum v. Rice
993:Roe v. Wade
908:Roe v. Wade
782:due process
286:Concurrence
278:Concurrence
233:Byron White
139:. granted,
3043:Categories
2262:Orr v. Orr
463:References
431:childbirth
84:U.S. LEXIS
2575:Residency
122:N.D. Ohio
82:52; 1974
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
2396:Alienage
667:case law
555:Text of
438:See also
404:Teaching
360:Judgment
340:and the
270:Majority
167:4th Cir.
159:E.D. Va.
133:6th Cir.
115:F. Supp.
1791:(1954)
590:Findlaw
572:Cornell
336:of the
294:Dissent
281:Douglas
184:Holding
135:1972);
3025:(2024)
3017:(1935)
2986:(2013)
2978:(2006)
2970:(2004)
2962:(2003)
2954:(2001)
2946:(2000)
2938:(2000)
2930:(1999)
2922:(1997)
2914:(1989)
2906:(1976)
2898:(1966)
2890:(1883)
2853:(2012)
2845:(2000)
2837:(1997)
2829:(1991)
2821:(1988)
2813:(1988)
2805:(1985)
2797:(1982)
2789:(1979)
2781:(1978)
2773:(1977)
2765:(1976)
2757:(1974)
2749:(1974)
2741:(1973)
2733:(1973)
2725:(1972)
2717:(1971)
2709:(1970)
2701:(1968)
2693:(1968)
2685:(1966)
2677:(1966)
2669:(1962)
2661:(1948)
2653:(1942)
2645:(1937)
2637:(1928)
2629:(1886)
2621:(1876)
2602:(1985)
2594:(1977)
2586:(1969)
2567:(1984)
2559:(1982)
2551:(1982)
2543:(1979)
2535:(1978)
2527:(1977)
2519:(1976)
2511:(1973)
2503:(1973)
2495:(1971)
2487:(1954)
2479:(1948)
2471:(1927)
2463:(1923)
2455:(1923)
2447:(1923)
2439:(1923)
2431:(1915)
2423:(1915)
2415:(1915)
2407:(1914)
2388:(2015)
2380:(1996)
2372:(1986)
2353:(2024)
2345:(1996)
2337:(1994)
2329:(1983)
2321:(1982)
2313:(1981)
2305:(1981)
2297:(1980)
2289:(1979)
2281:(1979)
2273:(1979)
2265:(1979)
2257:(1976)
2249:(1975)
2241:(1975)
2233:(1974)
2225:(1974)
2217:(1972)
2209:(1971)
2201:(1948)
2193:(1937)
2174:(2023)
2166:(2016)
2158:(2014)
2150:(2013)
2142:(2007)
2134:(2005)
2126:(2003)
2118:(2003)
2110:(1999)
2102:(1995)
2094:(1993)
2086:(1992)
2078:(1992)
2070:(1991)
2062:(1989)
2054:(1986)
2046:(1985)
2038:(1984)
2030:(1982)
2022:(1982)
2014:(1978)
2006:(1977)
1998:(1977)
1990:(1974)
1982:(1973)
1974:(1973)
1966:(1972)
1958:(1971)
1950:(1971)
1942:(1971)
1934:(1971)
1926:(1971)
1918:(1969)
1910:(1969)
1902:(1969)
1894:(1969)
1886:(1968)
1878:(1968)
1870:(1967)
1862:(1967)
1854:(1964)
1846:(1964)
1838:(1964)
1822:(1955)
1783:(1950)
1775:(1950)
1759:(1948)
1751:(1948)
1743:(1944)
1735:(1943)
1727:(1940)
1719:(1927)
1711:(1899)
1703:(1896)
1695:(1886)
1687:(1883)
1643:(2016)
1635:(2015)
1627:(2009)
1619:(2000)
1611:(1997)
1603:(1990)
1595:(1989)
1587:(1989)
1579:(1987)
1571:(1987)
1563:(1985)
1555:(1984)
1547:(1983)
1539:(1982)
1531:(1981)
1523:(1979)
1515:(1979)
1507:(1977)
1499:(1976)
1491:(1975)
1483:(1975)
1475:(1974)
1467:(1974)
1459:(1971)
1451:(1968)
1443:(1967)
1435:(1962)
1427:(1961)
1419:(1958)
1411:(1950)
1403:(1932)
1395:(1927)
1387:(1922)
1379:(1905)
1360:(2011)
1352:(2010)
1344:(2009)
1336:(2009)
1328:(2005)
1320:(2003)
1312:(2002)
1304:(1989)
1296:(1988)
1288:(1982)
1280:(1980)
1272:(1978)
1266:(1978)
1258:(1976)
1250:(1976)
1242:(1975)
1234:(1975)
1228:(1974)
1222:(1969)
1216:(1967)
1210:(1963)
1204:(1961)
1190:under
1180:(2022)
1172:(2020)
1164:(2019)
1156:(2018)
1148:(2016)
1140:(2007)
1132:(2006)
1124:(2000)
1116:(1997)
1108:(1997)
1100:(1996)
1092:(1992)
1084:(1990)
1076:(1990)
1068:(1989)
1060:(1986)
1052:(1983)
1044:(1981)
1036:(1979)
1028:(1979)
1020:(1976)
1012:(1976)
1004:(1973)
996:(1973)
988:(1971)
967:(2022)
959:(2016)
951:(2003)
943:(1992)
935:(1989)
927:(1986)
919:(1973)
911:(1973)
903:(1965)
895:(1925)
887:(1923)
866:(1937)
858:(1931)
850:(1917)
842:(1917)
834:(1915)
826:(1908)
818:(1905)
810:(1898)
802:(1897)
794:(1887)
750:(1999)
742:(1971)
734:(1967)
726:(1958)
718:(1898)
710:(1884)
702:(1875)
694:(1873)
629:
623:
620:
614:
611:
608:Justia
605:
602:
596:
593:
587:
584:
578:
575:
569:
502:
485:,
289:Powell
255:
253:·
251:
243:
241:·
239:
231:
229:·
227:
219:
217:·
215:
113:, 326
3003:Other
2610:Other
1368:Other
563:
489:
408:women
348:Facts
173:
143:
105:Prior
1676:Race
565:U.S.
539:2007
491:U.S.
371:The
175:U.S.
155:1159
145:U.S.
137:cert
129:1184
126:F.2d
118:1208
73:more
65:U.S.
63:414
2182:Sex
561:414
494:632
487:414
312:XIV
171:411
163:395
141:411
92:CCH
88:BNA
68:632
3045::
559:,
514:^
471:^
368:.
344:.
310:,
657:e
650:t
643:v
541:.
508:.
165:(
157:(
131:(
120:(
76:)
70:(
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