541:
518:
40:
1024:, China's largest meat producer, was exposed for using clenbuterol-contaminated pork in its meat products. A total of 72 people in central Henan Province, where Shuanghui is based, were taken into police custody for allegedly producing, selling, or using clenbuterol. The situation has dramatically improved in China since September 2011, when a ban of clenbuterol was announced by China's Ministry of Agriculture.
883:, despite the lack of sufficient clinical testing either supporting or negating such use. In 2021, Odalis Santos Mena, a Mexican fitness influencer, died after suffering a cardiac arrest while being anesthetized for a procedure of miraDry, a treatment that uses thermal energy to eliminate underarm sweat glands. The coroner reported that Mena's death was attributed to a combination of Clenbuterol and anesthesia.
31:
974:
Intended to result in leaner meat with a higher muscle-to-fat ratio, the use of clenbuterol has been banned in meat since 1991 in the US and since 1996 in the
European Union. The drug is banned due to health concerns about symptoms noted in consumers. These include increased heart rate, muscular
829:
Use over the recommended dose of about 120 μg can cause muscle tremors, headache, dizziness, and gastric irritation. Persons self-administering the drug for weight loss or to improve athletic performance have experienced nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, palpitations, tachycardia, and myocardial
944:(GHB) as an anabolic agent, and served time for the unlawful possession and distribution of the drug in the mid-1990s. As of 2011, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) listed Clenbuterol as an anabolic agent, despite the fact there is no evidence to suggest this is the case.
986:
Not just athletes are affected by contamination. In
Portugal, 50 people were reported as affected by clenbuterol in liver and pork between 1998 and 2002, while in 1990, veal liver was suspected of causing clenbuterol poisoning in 22 people in France and 135 people in Spain.
982:
class of compounds. It is not licensed for use in China, the United States, or the EU for food-producing animals, but some countries have approved it for animals not used for food, and a few countries have approved it for therapeutic uses in food-producing animals.
908:
properties, and can increase muscle mass when used in higher dosages. This claim has never been substantiated, and likely originated from equine research. A beta-2 agonist, Clenbuterol has been found to increase short-term work rate and
1513:
Pluim BM, de Hon O, Staal JB, Limpens J, Kuipers H, Overbeek SE, et al. (January 2011). "β₂-Agonists and physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
1166:
Pluim BM, de Hon O, Staal JB, Limpens J, Kuipers H, Overbeek SE, et al. (January 2011). "β₂-Agonists and physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
1915:
1013:) suffered food poisoning after eating pig organs believed to contain clenbuterol residue. The victims complained of stomach aches and diarrhea after eating pig organs bought in local markets.
1031:
in the United States, Canada's revision of their import regulations, China's new food laws published since 2009, South Africa's new food law, and many more global changes and restrictions.
1557:
Guddat S, Fußhöller G, Geyer H, Thomas A, Braun H, Haenelt N, et al. (June 2012). "Clenbuterol - regional food contamination a possible source for inadvertent doping in sports".
192:
1235:
940:. Duchaine popularized the drug in the bodybuilding community, and was the first to suggest the drug had muscle-building properties. Likewise, Duchaine erred in promoting the drug
4372:
1051:, specifically to facilitate exteriorisation of the uterus during Caesarian section surgery. It is licensed for obstetrical use in cattle as Planipart Solution for Injection.
1767:
1383:
1961:
Kearns CF, McKeever KH, Malinowski K, Struck MB, Abe T (November 2001). "Chronic administration of therapeutic levels of clenbuterol acts as a repartitioning agent".
2020:
1641:
863:
during their "cutting" cycles, the drug has been more recently known to the mainstream, particularly through publicized stories of use by celebrities such as
1912:
127:
1416:-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol increases energy expenditure and fat oxidation, and induces mTOR phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of young healthy men".
5009:
4365:
1793:
2097:
1737:
1711:
913:, and consequently, its anabolic effects in horses can be attributed to exercise output and increased caloric intake. Given its ability to increase
1856:
1802:
1594:"Detection of clenbuterol residues in beef sausages and its enantiomeric analysis using UHPLC-MS/MS: A risk of unintentional doping in sport field"
951:. One issue is that clenbuterol is a food contaminant in some countries; doping control must distinguish between accidental and deliberate intake.
899:
4994:
1298:
851:-tested athletes. In the US, administration of clenbuterol to any animal that could be used as food for human consumption is banned by the FDA.
4358:
2962:
2942:
5034:
71:
5004:
4528:
2013:
1886:
1091:
639:
4538:
613:
3670:
2997:
2250:
4328:
1771:
4416:
2006:
1678:
968:
936:
The notion that
Clenbuterol is an anabolic agent likely originated from author and renowned authority on performance-enhancement
4310:
4301:
5088:
4873:
4492:
4390:
4292:
1391:
1150:
4319:
5135:
5029:
1683:
1653:
1017:
975:
tremors, headaches, nausea, fever, and chills. In several cases in Europe, these adverse symptoms have been temporary.
684:
5024:
5019:
659:
5105:
5074:
4891:
287:
177:
1592:
Velasco-Bejarano B, Velasco-Carrillo R, Camacho-Frias E, Bautista J, López-Arellano R, Rodríguez L (June 2022).
1339:
5044:
5014:
4337:
366:
1020:
said the government would launch a one-year crackdown on illegal additives in pig feed, after a subsidiary of
4984:
3328:
1806:
1028:
890:
by 21% (P < 0.001), and fat oxidation by 39% (P = 0.006), whereas carbohydrate oxidation was unchanged."
5155:
4350:
4283:
1040:
844:
536:
417:
1831:
1745:
787:, and as an obstetrical aid in cattle. It is illegal in some countries to use in livestock used for food.
5140:
3162:
2712:
2452:
2040:
1715:
497:
1864:
486:
4656:
4382:
2617:
948:
887:
1306:
941:
4989:
4604:
2635:
967:, also called "bute". Phenylbutazone, which is a drug also used with horses, was tested for in the
960:
769:
738:
513:
3283:
1412:
Jessen S, Solheim SA, Jacobson GA, Eibye K, Bangsbo J, Nordsborg NB, et al. (May 2020). "Beta
5150:
5093:
1027:
Authorities around the world appear to be issuing stricter food safety requirements, such as the
979:
107:
61:
5059:
5039:
4845:
4800:
4719:
4681:
4590:
3048:
2740:
2730:
2301:
2058:
910:
466:
1140:
667:
InChI=1S/C12H18Cl2N2O/c1-12(2,3)16-6-10(17)7-4-8(13)11(15)9(14)5-7/h4-5,10,16-17H,6,15H2,1-3H3
5145:
5054:
5049:
4999:
4706:
3247:
3023:
2666:
1649:
1257:
1064:
624:
357:
1115:
716:
use this as a bronchodilator to make breathing easier. It is most commonly available as the
4749:
4739:
3906:
914:
426:
321:
256:
119:
1487:
830:
infarction. Use of the drug may be confirmed by detecting its presence in semen or urine.
406:
160:
8:
4724:
3585:
3451:
2927:
2833:
2230:
2136:
2029:
818:
312:
540:
517:
4734:
4729:
4714:
4686:
2032:
1986:
1689:
1618:
1593:
1539:
1441:
1192:
918:
89:
81:
4016:
3991:
3911:
2789:
2539:
2404:
1978:
1623:
1591:
1574:
1543:
1531:
1527:
1445:
1433:
1196:
1184:
1180:
1146:
218:
205:
115:
1990:
1460:
4757:
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3550:
3393:
3192:
2770:
2532:
2522:
2083:
1970:
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1613:
1605:
1566:
1523:
1425:
1176:
1006:
864:
720:
553:
228:
150:
140:
39:
1063:(same structure as clenbuterol but one of the chloro groups has been changed to a
734:
Clenbuterol is approved for use in some countries as a bronchodilator for asthma.
4701:
4624:
4403:
2784:
2092:
1998:
1974:
1919:
1021:
698:
629:
346:
246:
236:
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4915:
4648:
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3565:
3530:
3251:
3007:
2917:
2670:
2535:
2255:
2210:
1044:
995:
964:
879:
as a weight-loss drug similar to usage of other sympathomimetic amines such as
868:
802:
773:
709:
5129:
4820:
4815:
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4661:
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2220:
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2151:
1857:"China to launch one-year crackdown on contaminated pig feed – xinhuanet.com"
876:
872:
758:
717:
529:
4380:
886:
In a clinical study performed on young, healthy men, "Clenbuterol increased
843:
Clenbuterol is not an ingredient of any therapeutic drug approved by the US
22:
4953:
4825:
4810:
4785:
4634:
4619:
4518:
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4071:
4056:
4001:
3496:
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3187:
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2655:
2643:
2527:
2396:
2372:
2332:
1982:
1627:
1578:
1535:
1437:
1284:, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 325–326.
1188:
1092:"FOIA Drug Summaries - NADA 140-973 VENTIPULMIN® SYRUP - original approval"
937:
705:
155:
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135:
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2063:
1326:
1048:
1047:, and intravenously in cattle to relax the uterus in cows at the time of
930:
860:
807:
754:
746:
753:, but its effects are more potent and longer-lasting as a stimulant and
386:
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4963:
4899:
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4835:
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397:
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1429:
1070:
1060:
1010:
926:
922:
880:
762:
332:
269:
75:
1364:"Anabolic Steroids and SARMS Handbook for Bodybuilders and Athletes"
783:
Clenbuterol is prescribed for treatment of respiratory diseases for
4881:
4772:
4407:
4141:
4131:
4081:
3956:
3941:
3936:
3746:
3711:
3706:
3680:
3655:
3522:
3412:
3378:
3259:
3157:
3147:
3127:
3098:
3084:
3028:
3002:
2987:
2869:
2799:
2688:
2678:
2562:
2408:
2392:
2336:
2172:
2107:
1932:
1712:"China bans production, sale of clenbuterol to improve food safety"
1299:"Clenbuterol: The new weight-loss wonder drug gripping Planet Zero"
1210:
991:
905:
813:
446:
377:
612:
4236:
4216:
4191:
4086:
3811:
3736:
3177:
2745:
2693:
2647:
5069:
4594:
4386:
3506:
2853:
2735:
2156:
1039:
Clenbuterol is administered as an aerosol for the treatment of
713:
477:
1960:
30:
5064:
4598:
900:
List of doping cases in sport by substance § Clenbuterol
784:
701:
603:
457:
502:
2937:
999:
726:
It was patented in 1967 and came into medical use in 1977.
437:
1556:
1411:
1089:
1488:"Dan Duchaine: a founding father of the steroid movement"
848:
745:
with some structural and pharmacological similarities to
1913:
Planipart
Solution for Injection 30 micrograms/ml: Uses
904:
A common misconception about
Clenbuterol is that it has
1512:
1329:, Food Animal Residue Avoidance & Depletion Program
1165:
5010:
Fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol
365:
2028:
712:. People with chronic breathing disorders such as
1236:"Systemic Therapy of Inflammatory Airway Disease"
1116:"874. Clenbuterol (WHO Food Additives Series 38)"
5127:
1803:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
1642:"Horse meat investigation. Advice for consumers"
345:
4995:Beclometasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium bromide
1282:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man
1138:
320:
1887:"Amid Scandal, China Bans More Food Additives"
978:Clenbuterol is a growth-promoting drug in the
704:used by sufferers of breathing disorders as a
5035:Indacaterol/glycopyrronium bromide/mometasone
4366:
2014:
1292:
1290:
893:
761:-relaxant properties as a bronchodilator and
5005:Budesonide/glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol
1005:In February 2009, at least 70 people in one
959:Clenbuterol is occasionally referred to as "
1884:
1738:"Animal Nutrition - Undesirable Substances"
1673:
1671:
159:
4373:
4359:
2021:
2007:
1384:"Clenbuterol Weight Loss Hollywood Secret"
1287:
795:Clenbuterol can cause these side effects:
539:
516:
405:
1849:
1617:
425:
66:Dilaterol, Spiropent, Ventipulmin, others
1668:
1832:"China: 70 ill from tainted pig organs"
969:2013 European meat adulteration scandal
921:, and exercise output, Clenbuterol has
512:
385:
5128:
4874:Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors
1801:. China Environmental Health Project,
1461:"Clenbuterol and the Horse Revisisted"
1145:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 543.
1132:
998:after eating clenbuterol-contaminated
990:In September 2006, some 330 people in
833:
530:
199:
16:Chemical compound which aids breathing
4354:
2002:
1296:
954:
485:
465:
212:
80:
5070:Theophylline/ephedrine/phenobarbital
1795:Research Brief: Food Safety in China
1390:. London. 2012-05-17. Archived from
947:Clenbuterol has also been used as a
299:)-1-(4-Amino-3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(
149:
139:
1634:
1233:
925:properties more closely related to
445:
336:
13:
5065:Theophylline/ephedrine/hydroxyzine
5030:Indacaterol/glycopyrronium bromide
1953:
1922:, National Office of Animal Health
1684:Food Safety and Inspection Service
1485:
1458:
14:
5167:
5055:Salbutamol (albuterol)/budesonide
5025:Glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol
5020:Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol
1258:"Clenbuterol - SteroidAbuse .com"
1034:
186:
4892:Thromboxane receptor antagonists
1885:Bottemiller H (April 26, 2011).
1528:10.2165/11537540-000000000-00000
1181:10.2165/11537540-000000000-00000
1090:Center for Veterinary Medicine.
963:" and this risks confusion with
576:
570:
564:
38:
29:
5075:Umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol
4329:Monoamine metabolism modulators
1925:
1906:
1878:
1824:
1805:. June 28, 2007. Archived from
1786:
1760:
1730:
1704:
1585:
1550:
1506:
1479:
1452:
1405:
1376:
1356:
1332:
1320:
1139:Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006).
1018:China's Ministry of Agriculture
838:
790:
729:
672:Key:STJMRWALKKWQGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
647:Clc1cc(cc(Cl)c1N)C(O)CNC(C)(C)C
5045:Ipratropium bromide/salbutamol
5015:Fluticasone furoate/vilanterol
4630:Orciprenaline (metaproterenol)
1274:
1250:
1227:
1203:
1159:
1108:
1083:
854:
757:drug. It is commonly used for
582:
558:
1:
4985:Aclidinium bromide/formoterol
4473:Levosalbutamol (levalbuterol)
4311:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
4284:Receptor/signaling modulators
1963:Journal of Applied Physiology
1142:Analogue-based Drug Discovery
1076:
1029:Food Safety Modernization Act
824:
723:, clenbuterol hydrochloride.
4620:Isoprenaline (isoproterenol)
1975:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.5.2064
1863:. 2011-03-28. Archived from
1768:"Anti Doping Advisory Notes"
1041:allergic respiratory disease
845:Food and Drug Administration
7:
4595:+theophylline/phenobarbital
4383:obstructive airway diseases
3394:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
2771:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
2618:Tetracyclic antidepressants
2084:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
1688:. July 1995. Archived from
1054:
10:
5172:
4320:Monoamine releasing agents
1646:Enforcement and regulation
1327:FDA's Prohibited Drug List
949:performance-enhancing drug
897:
894:Performance-enhancing drug
888:resting energy expenditure
548:Chemical and physical data
50:)-(−)-clenbuterol (bottom)
5136:Beta2-adrenergic agonists
5083:
4977:
4941:
4913:
4890:
4872:
4844:
4834:
4771:
4748:
4700:
4647:
4579:
4537:
4491:
4415:
4402:
4274:
3689:
3291:
3282:
3016:
2723:
2711:
2636:Tricyclic antidepressants
2264:
2051:
2039:
1598:Drug Testing and Analysis
1559:Drug Testing and Analysis
1418:Drug Testing and Analysis
1238:. Merck Veterinary Manual
942:Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid
680:
655:
635:
623:
601:
588:
552:
547:
528:
496:
476:
456:
436:
416:
396:
376:
356:
331:
311:
283:
278:
268:
255:
245:
235:
227:
176:
171:
126:
106:
88:
70:
60:
55:
37:
28:
4990:Beclometasone/formoterol
4599:theophylline/hydroxyzine
4539:Ultra-long-acting β
1937:www.noahcompendium.co.uk
1467:. The Veterinary Journal
1305:. London. Archived from
1215:www.noahcompendium.co.uk
770:World Anti-Doping Agency
768:It is classified by the
82:International Drug Names
4846:Leukotriene antagonists
3049:Atypical antipsychotics
2302:Atypical antipsychotics
859:Although often used by
5060:Theophylline/ephedrine
5040:Indacaterol/mometasone
4801:Choline theophyllinate
4720:Glycopyrronium bromide
4682:Fluticasone propionate
4469:Salbutamol (albuterol)
3248:Typical antipsychotics
2731:(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
2667:Typical antipsychotics
1344:www.accessdata.fda.gov
1297:Guest K (2007-04-10).
847:and is now banned for
303:-butylamino)ethan-1-ol
5050:Mometasone/formoterol
5000:Budesonide/formoterol
4750:Mast cell stabilizers
4707:muscarinic antagonist
4338:Monoamine neurotoxins
1650:Food Standards Agency
1065:trifluoromethyl group
911:cardiovascular output
4978:Combination products
4740:Umeclidinium bromide
3907:Dichloroisoprenaline
1340:"Animal Drugs @ FDA"
1262:www.steroidabuse.com
915:basal metabolic rate
251:Hepatic (negligible)
5156:Phenylethanolamines
4725:Ipratropium bromide
4417:Short-acting β
3586:Phenylpropanolamine
3452:Ethylnorepinephrine
2928:Phenylpropanolamine
2834:Ethylnorepinephrine
2231:Phenylpropanolamine
2137:Ethylnorepinephrine
2030:Adrenergic receptor
1742:European Commission
834:Society and culture
819:High blood pressure
208:(Prescription only)
195:(Prescription only)
25:
5141:Equine medications
5110:Never to phase III
4735:Tiotropium bromide
4730:Oxitropium bromide
4715:Aclidinium bromide
4493:Long-acting β
1918:2011-07-21 at the
955:Food contamination
919:maximum heart rate
44:Clenbuterol (top),
21:
5120:
5119:
4937:
4936:
4643:
4642:
4348:
4347:
4341:
4332:
4323:
4314:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4270:
4269:
4017:Iodocyanopindolol
3992:Hydroxytertatolol
3912:Dihydroalprenolol
3525:
3517:
3509:
3426:
3278:
3277:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2808:
2790:Dihydroergotamine
2707:
2706:
2540:hydroxynefazodone
2405:dihydroergotamine
2175:
2167:
2159:
2116:
1748:on 10 August 2012
1152:978-3-527-60749-5
737:Clenbuterol is a
692:
691:
614:Interactive image
498:CompTox Dashboard
216:
203:
190:
5163:
4842:
4841:
4702:Anticholinergics
4413:
4412:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4352:
4351:
4335:
4326:
4317:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4278:
3987:Hydroxycarteolol
3551:Methoxyphenamine
3523:
3515:
3510:-DOPA (levodopa)
3507:
3424:
3398:-methyldopamine)
3289:
3288:
3193:Phenoxybenzamine
2870:
2862:
2857:-DOPA (levodopa)
2854:
2806:
2775:-methyldopamine)
2721:
2720:
2533:Phenylpiperazine
2523:Phenoxybenzamine
2173:
2165:
2160:-DOPA (levodopa)
2157:
2114:
2098:Dexisometheptene
2088:-methyldopamine)
2049:
2048:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1929:
1923:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1892:Food Safety News
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:on April 1, 2011
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1800:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1770:. Archived from
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1744:. Archived from
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1714:. Archived from
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1652:. Archived from
1638:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1610:10.1002/dta.3235
1604:(6): 1130–1139.
1589:
1583:
1582:
1571:10.1002/dta.1330
1554:
1548:
1547:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1430:10.1002/dta.2755
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1294:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1087:
1007:Chinese province
865:Victoria Beckham
688:
687:
616:
596:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
543:
532:
521:
520:
506:
504:
489:
469:
449:
429:
409:
389:
369:
349:
339:
338:
324:
260:
214:
211:
201:
198:
188:
185:
163:
153:
143:
84:
42:
33:
26:
24:
20:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5116:
5115:
5100:Clinical trials
5079:
4973:
4933:
4916:PDE4 inhibitors
4909:
4886:
4868:
4830:
4767:
4744:
4705:
4696:
4649:Glucocorticoids
4639:
4625:Methylephedrine
4575:
4542:
4533:
4496:
4487:
4420:
4398:
4379:
4349:
4344:
4266:
3685:
3274:
3012:
2785:Dexmedetomidine
2716:
2703:
2536:antidepressants
2260:
2093:Desglymidodrine
2044:
2035:
2027:
1997:
1956:
1954:Further reading
1951:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1920:Wayback Machine
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1812:on July 7, 2017
1809:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1656:on 16 June 2013
1640:
1639:
1635:
1590:
1586:
1555:
1551:
1516:Sports Medicine
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1457:
1453:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1303:The Independent
1295:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1169:Sports Medicine
1164:
1160:
1153:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1098:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1057:
1043:in horses as a
1037:
1022:Shuanghui Group
1016:In March 2011,
957:
902:
896:
857:
841:
836:
827:
793:
779:
742:
732:
699:sympathomimetic
683:
681:
676:
673:
668:
663:
662:
651:
648:
643:
642:
630:Racemic mixture
619:
594:
581:
575:
569:
563:
524:
500:
492:
472:
452:
432:
412:
392:
372:
352:
335:
327:
307:
304:
291:
290:
274:Feces and urine
258:
241:89–98% (orally)
237:Bioavailability
229:Pharmacokinetic
223:
167:
109:
102:
91:
51:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5169:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5151:Drugs in sport
5148:
5143:
5138:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4942:Others/unknown
4939:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4839:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4418:
4410:
4400:
4399:
4378:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4355:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4306:
4297:
4288:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3897:Dexpropranolol
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3566:Norepinephrine
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3531:Levosalbutamol
3528:
3520:
3518:-Phenylalanine
3512:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3252:chlorpromazine
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3088:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3008:Xylometazoline
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2918:Norepinephrine
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2865:-Phenylalanine
2859:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2671:chlorpromazine
2664:
2659:
2633:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2330:
2325:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2256:Xylometazoline
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2211:Norepinephrine
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2168:-Phenylalanine
2162:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1969:(5): 2064–70.
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1933:"Presentation"
1924:
1905:
1877:
1848:
1823:
1785:
1774:on 22 May 2015
1759:
1729:
1703:
1667:
1633:
1584:
1565:(6): 534–538.
1549:
1505:
1478:
1451:
1424:(5): 610–618.
1413:
1404:
1375:
1355:
1331:
1319:
1286:
1273:
1249:
1226:
1211:"Presentation"
1202:
1158:
1151:
1131:
1120:www.inchem.org
1107:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1056:
1053:
1045:bronchodilator
1036:
1035:Veterinary use
1033:
996:food poisoning
994:suffered from
965:phenylbutazone
956:
953:
895:
892:
869:Britney Spears
856:
853:
840:
837:
835:
832:
826:
823:
822:
821:
816:
810:
805:
803:Thyrotoxicosis
800:
792:
789:
777:
774:anabolic agent
740:
731:
728:
710:bronchodilator
690:
689:
678:
677:
675:
674:
671:
669:
666:
658:
657:
656:
653:
652:
650:
649:
646:
638:
637:
636:
633:
632:
627:
621:
620:
618:
617:
609:
607:
599:
598:
592:
586:
585:
579:
573:
567:
561:
556:
550:
549:
545:
544:
534:
526:
525:
523:
522:
509:
507:
494:
493:
491:
490:
482:
480:
474:
473:
471:
470:
462:
460:
454:
453:
451:
450:
442:
440:
434:
433:
431:
430:
422:
420:
414:
413:
411:
410:
402:
400:
394:
393:
391:
390:
382:
380:
374:
373:
371:
370:
362:
360:
354:
353:
351:
350:
342:
340:
329:
328:
326:
325:
317:
315:
309:
308:
306:
305:
294:
286:
285:
284:
281:
280:
276:
275:
272:
266:
265:
262:
253:
252:
249:
243:
242:
239:
233:
232:
225:
224:
222:
221:
209:
196:
182:
180:
174:
173:
169:
168:
166:
165:
132:
130:
124:
123:
112:
110:administration
104:
103:
101:
100:
96:
94:
86:
85:
78:
68:
67:
64:
58:
57:
53:
52:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5168:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5124:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4914:Non-xanthine
4912:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:Proxyphylline
4819:
4817:
4816:Etamiphylline
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:Aminophylline
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4692:Triamcinolone
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4662:Betamethasone
4660:
4658:
4657:Beclometasone
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4615:Hexoprenaline
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4591:+theophylline
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4364:
4362:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4302:Serotonergics
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:Dopaminergics
4289:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:Levobetaxolol
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Cyanopindolol
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:Orciprenaline
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:Hexoprenaline
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:Esmirtazapine
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:brexpiprazole
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:Oxymetazoline
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Apraclonidine
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2710:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2640:amitriptyline
2637:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2552:triazoledione
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2333:Beta blockers
2331:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:brexpiprazole
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:Phenylephrine
2224:
2222:
2221:Oxymetazoline
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2152:Isometheptene
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1718:on 2011-10-03
1717:
1713:
1707:
1692:on 2012-08-29
1691:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1679:"Clenbuterol"
1674:
1672:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1466:
1465:Research Gate
1462:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1408:
1394:on 2018-07-19
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1365:
1359:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1309:on 2007-04-08
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1283:
1277:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1237:
1230:
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1186:
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1154:
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1135:
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1117:
1111:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1082:
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1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
984:
981:
976:
972:
970:
966:
962:
952:
950:
945:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
901:
891:
889:
884:
882:
878:
877:off-label use
874:
873:Lindsay Lohan
870:
866:
862:
852:
850:
846:
831:
820:
817:
815:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
798:
797:
796:
788:
786:
781:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
759:smooth muscle
756:
752:
748:
744:
735:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:hydrochloride
715:
711:
707:
703:
700:
696:
686:
679:
670:
665:
664:
661:
654:
645:
644:
641:
634:
631:
628:
626:
622:
615:
611:
610:
608:
605:
600:
593:
591:
587:
557:
555:
551:
546:
542:
538:
535:
533:
531:ECHA InfoCard
527:
519:
515:
514:DTXSID7022833
511:
510:
508:
499:
495:
488:
484:
483:
481:
479:
475:
468:
464:
463:
461:
459:
455:
448:
444:
443:
441:
439:
435:
428:
424:
423:
421:
419:
415:
408:
404:
403:
401:
399:
395:
388:
384:
383:
381:
379:
375:
368:
364:
363:
361:
359:
355:
348:
344:
343:
341:
334:
330:
323:
319:
318:
316:
314:
310:
302:
298:
293:
292:
289:
282:
277:
273:
271:
267:
263:
261:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
220:
210:
207:
197:
194:
184:
183:
181:
179:
175:
170:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
134:
133:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
111:
105:
98:
97:
95:
93:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
56:Clinical data
54:
49:
41:
36:
32:
27:
19:
5146:Chloroarenes
5122:
4954:Ensifentrine
4826:Theophylline
4811:Enprofylline
4786:Ambuphylline
4758:Cromoglicate
4635:Racephedrine
4519:Arformoterol
4509:
4336:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4300:
4291:
4280:
4279:
4072:Metipranolol
4057:Levomoprolol
4002:Idropranolol
3497:Isoprenaline
3395:
3373:
3319:Arformoterol
3264:thioridazine
3256:fluphenazine
3228:Spiroxatrine
3188:Phentolamine
3107:tandospirone
3073:paliperidone
2963:Tasipimidine
2943:Rezatomidine
2888:Medetomidine
2772:
2683:thioridazine
2675:fluphenazine
2656:trimipramine
2644:clomipramine
2528:Phentolamine
2397:acetergamine
2373:Corynanthine
2085:
1966:
1962:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:
1927:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1890:
1880:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:the original
1860:
1851:
1840:. Retrieved
1838:. 2009-02-23
1835:
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1807:the original
1794:
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1772:the original
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:the original
1741:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:the original
1706:
1694:. Retrieved
1690:the original
1682:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:the original
1645:
1636:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1522:(1): 39–57.
1519:
1515:
1508:
1496:. Retrieved
1491:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1464:
1454:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1396:. Retrieved
1392:the original
1387:
1378:
1367:. Retrieved
1358:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:
1334:
1322:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:the original
1302:
1281:
1276:
1265:. Retrieved
1261:
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1234:Dowling PM.
1229:
1218:. Retrieved
1214:
1205:
1175:(1): 39–57.
1172:
1168:
1161:
1141:
1134:
1123:. Retrieved
1119:
1110:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:
1085:
1038:
1026:
1015:
1004:
989:
985:
977:
973:
958:
946:
938:Dan Duchaine
935:
903:
885:
861:bodybuilders
858:
842:
839:Legal status
828:
794:
791:Side effects
782:
776:, not as a β
767:
736:
733:
730:Medical uses
725:
706:decongestant
694:
693:
682:
467:CHEBI:174690
300:
296:
257:Elimination
178:Legal status
172:Legal status
47:
18:
5096:from market
4929:Roflumilast
4905:Seratrodast
4864:Zafirlukast
4854:Montelukast
4806:Doxofylline
4796:Bamifylline
4677:Flunisolide
4672:Ciclesonide
4605:Epinephrine
4561:Indacaterol
4510:Clenbuterol
4483:Tulobuterol
4478:Terbutaline
4404:Adrenergics
4197:Spirendolol
4172:Propranolol
4167:Propafenone
4162:Pronethalol
4052:Levobunolol
4027:Isoxaprolol
4012:Indopanolol
3997:ICI-118,551
3962:Eugenodilol
3947:Ersentilide
3927:Draquinolol
3922:Diprafenone
3892:Dalbraminol
3872:Cicloprolol
3847:Carpindolol
3832:Butofilolol
3777:Bornaprolol
3722:Alprenoxime
3690:Antagonists
3651:Tulobuterol
3646:Tretoquinol
3641:Terbutaline
3601:Ractopamine
3596:Prenalterol
3502:Isoxsuprine
3487:Indacaterol
3457:Eugenodilol
3447:Etilevodopa
3432:Epinephrine
3423:Droxidopa (
3403:Dipivefrine
3374:Clenbuterol
3218:Setiptiline
3208:Rauwolscine
3183:Pardoprunox
3173:Mirtazapine
3138:Fenmetozole
3081:risperidone
3044:Atipamezole
3017:Antagonists
2973:Tiamenidine
2968:Tetryzoline
2948:Rilmenidine
2913:Naphazoline
2849:Guanoxabenz
2824:Epinephrine
2814:Etilevodopa
2805:Droxidopa (
2795:Dipivefrine
2756:Brimonidine
2626:maprotiline
2503:Pardoprunox
2498:Niguldipine
2458:Mepiprazole
2433:Hydroxyzine
2423:Etoperidone
2413:nicergoline
2383:Domesticine
2378:Dapiprazole
2353:eugenodilol
2328:Benoxathian
2322:risperidone
2287:Anisodamine
2265:Antagonists
2246:Tiamenidine
2241:Tetryzoline
2206:Naphazoline
2191:Methoxamine
2186:Metaraminol
2132:Etilevodopa
2122:Epinephrine
2113:Droxidopa (
2103:Dipivefrine
2064:Amidephrine
1459:Kearns CF.
1280:R. Baselt,
1242:14 November
1096:www.fda.gov
1049:parturition
931:amphetamine
855:Weight-loss
808:Tachycardia
799:Nervousness
755:thermogenic
747:epinephrine
695:Clenbuterol
597: g·mol
537:100.048.499
487:ChEMBL49080
279:Identifiers
264:36–48 hours
62:Trade names
23:Clenbuterol
5130:Categories
4969:Omalizumab
4964:Fenspiride
4900:Ramatroban
4859:Pranlukast
4838:inhibition
4836:Eicosanoid
4781:Acefylline
4763:Nedocromil
4687:Mometasone
4667:Budesonide
4610:Etafedrine
4571:Vilanterol
4566:Olodaterol
4556:Carmoterol
4551:Abediterol
4529:Salmefamol
4524:Salmeterol
4515:Formoterol
4505:Bambuterol
4459:Reproterol
4454:Procaterol
4449:Pirbuterol
4444:Isoetarine
4434:Carbuterol
4429:Bitolterol
4381:Drugs for
4262:Xipranolol
4252:Toliprolol
4242:Tiprenolol
4227:Tienoxolol
4222:Tertatolol
4207:Sulfinalol
4187:Soquinolol
4182:Ronactolol
4157:Procinolol
4152:Primidolol
4137:Penbutolol
4117:Pacrinolol
4112:Oxprenolol
4107:Nipradilol
4077:Metoprolol
4067:Mepindolol
4062:Medroxalol
4032:Isamoltane
4022:Iprocrolol
3982:Flusoxolol
3972:Falintolol
3952:Esatenolol
3902:Diacetolol
3882:Cloranolol
3862:Celiprolol
3857:Carvedilol
3837:Capsinolol
3822:Butaxamine
3817:Bupranolol
3807:Bunitrolol
3787:Bucindolol
3782:Brefonalol
3772:Bopindolol
3767:Bisoprolol
3762:Bevantolol
3742:Arotinolol
3727:Amosulalol
3717:Alprenolol
3697:Acebutolol
3676:Zilpaterol
3661:Vilanterol
3636:Solabegron
3631:Salmeterol
3626:Salbutamol
3611:Reproterol
3606:Procaterol
3591:Pirbuterol
3576:Oxyfedrine
3561:Mirabegron
3556:Methyldopa
3546:Melevodopa
3536:Lubabegron
3492:Isoetarine
3477:Higenamine
3467:Formoterol
3442:Etilefrine
3437:Etafedrine
3418:Dopexamine
3408:Dobutamine
3389:Denopamine
3384:Corbadrine
3364:Carmoterol
3359:Carbuterol
3349:Broxaterol
3344:Bitolterol
3334:Bambuterol
3324:Arotinolol
3314:Arbutamine
3304:Alifedrine
3299:Abediterol
3243:Tolazoline
3233:Sunepitron
3223:Spegatrine
3213:Rotigotine
3153:Ketanserin
3143:Fluparoxan
3123:Cirazoline
3118:Buflomedil
3103:ipsapirone
3091:Azapirones
3077:quetiapine
3069:olanzapine
3065:lurasidone
3039:Aptazapine
3034:Amesergide
2983:Tolonidine
2978:Tizanidine
2958:Talipexole
2953:Romifidine
2908:Moxonidine
2898:Methyldopa
2893:Melevodopa
2883:Lofexidine
2844:Guanfacine
2829:Etilefrine
2819:Ergotamine
2780:Detomidine
2766:Corbadrine
2662:Trimazosin
2652:imipramine
2613:Tolazoline
2608:Tiodazosin
2598:Tamsulosin
2593:Talipexole
2583:Spegatrine
2568:Quinazosin
2544:nefazodone
2518:Phendioxan
2508:Pelanserin
2493:Niaprazine
2488:Neldazosin
2478:Naftopidil
2473:Moxisylyte
2443:Ketanserin
2428:Fenspiride
2401:ergotamine
2363:Buflomedil
2349:carvedilol
2345:arotinolol
2341:amosulalol
2318:quetiapine
2314:olanzapine
2277:Ajmalicine
2236:Synephrine
2216:Octopamine
2196:Methyldopa
2181:Melevodopa
2147:Indanidine
2127:Etilefrine
2079:Corbadrine
2074:Cirazoline
2033:modulators
1942:2020-01-24
1898:August 22,
1871:2011-03-29
1842:2010-04-30
1486:Assael S.
1398:2012-04-10
1369:2019-06-16
1349:2016-03-10
1313:2007-04-10
1267:2016-03-10
1220:2020-01-24
1125:2016-03-10
1101:2016-03-10
1077:References
898:See also:
875:, for its
825:Overdosage
812:Subaortic
751:salbutamol
602:3D model (
590:Molar mass
427:XTZ6AXU7KN
398:ChemSpider
358:IUPHAR/BPS
322:37148-27-9
313:CAS Number
288:IUPAC name
247:Metabolism
5106:Phase III
5094:Withdrawn
4959:Eprozinol
4949:Amlexanox
4924:Ibudilast
4773:Xanthines
4587:Ephedrine
4464:Rimiterol
4439:Fenoterol
4408:inhalants
4281:See also:
4257:Xibenolol
4247:Tolamolol
4232:Tilisolol
4212:Talinolol
4202:SR 59230A
4177:Ridazolol
4147:Practolol
4127:Pamatolol
4122:Pafenolol
4102:Nifenalol
4097:Nebivolol
4092:Nadoxolol
4042:Landiolol
4037:Labetalol
4007:Indenolol
3977:Flestolol
3967:Exaprolol
3932:Ecastolol
3917:Dilevalol
3877:Cinamolol
3867:Cetamolol
3852:Carteolol
3842:Carazolol
3827:Butidrine
3802:Bufuralol
3797:Bufetolol
3792:Bucumolol
3757:Betaxolol
3752:Befunolol
3732:Ancarolol
3702:Adaprolol
3666:Xamoterol
3621:Ritodrine
3616:Rimiterol
3581:PF-610355
3541:Mabuterol
3526:-Tyrosine
3482:Ibopamine
3462:Fenoterol
3369:Cimaterol
3354:Buphenine
3339:Befunolol
3309:Amibegron
3270:Yohimbine
3238:Terguride
3203:Piribedil
3198:Piperoxan
3168:Mianserin
3113:BRL-44408
3095:buspirone
3061:clozapine
3053:asenapine
2993:Vatinoxan
2933:Piperoxan
2903:Mivazerol
2878:Ibopamine
2873:-Tyrosine
2839:Guanabenz
2761:Clonidine
2699:Zolertine
2630:mianserin
2622:amoxapine
2603:Terazosin
2588:Spiperone
2578:Silodosin
2573:Quinidine
2558:Piperoxan
2548:trazodone
2513:Perlapine
2483:Nantenine
2468:Monatepil
2463:Metazosin
2448:L-765,314
2438:Indoramin
2417:terguride
2393:Ergolines
2388:Doxazosin
2368:Bunazosin
2357:labetalol
2310:clozapine
2297:Atiprosin
2292:Anisodine
2282:Alfuzosin
2272:Abanoquil
2201:Midodrine
2176:-Tyrosine
2142:Ibopamine
2069:Buspirone
1778:22 August
1752:22 August
1722:22 August
1544:189906919
1446:209520346
1197:189906919
1071:Cimaterol
1067:instead).
1061:Mabuterol
1011:Guangdong
980:β agonist
927:ephedrine
923:ergogenic
881:ephedrine
780:agonist.
763:tocolytic
625:Chirality
270:Excretion
259:half-life
108:Routes of
90:Pregnancy
76:Drugs.com
4882:Zileuton
4543:agonists
4497:agonists
4421:agonists
4142:Pindolol
4132:Pargolol
4082:Moprolol
3957:Esprolol
3942:Ericolol
3937:Epanolol
3747:Atenolol
3712:Afurolol
3707:Adimolol
3681:Zinterol
3656:Vibegron
3413:Dopamine
3379:Colterol
3292:Agonists
3260:loxapine
3158:Lisuride
3148:Idazoxan
3128:Efaroxan
3099:gepirone
3085:zotepine
3029:Adimolol
3003:Xylazine
2988:Urapidil
2800:Dopamine
2724:Agonists
2689:Urapidil
2679:loxapine
2563:Prazosin
2409:lisuride
2337:adimolol
2108:Dopamine
2052:Agonists
1991:15387373
1983:11641345
1916:Archived
1816:July 31,
1628:35132808
1579:22447758
1536:21142283
1492:espn.com
1438:31887249
1189:21142283
1055:See also
992:Shanghai
906:anabolic
814:stenosis
685:(verify)
378:DrugBank
156:QG02CA91
128:ATC code
120:solution
92:category
4237:Timolol
4217:Tazolol
4192:Sotalol
4087:Nadolol
3812:Bunolol
3737:Arnolol
3671:XP21279
3250:(e.g.,
3178:NAN-190
3093:(e.g.,
3051:(e.g.,
2998:XP21279
2746:Amitraz
2694:WB-4101
2669:(e.g.,
2648:doxepin
2638:(e.g.,
2620:(e.g.,
2538:(e.g.,
2395:(e.g.,
2335:(e.g.,
2304:(e.g.,
2251:XP21279
1696:8 April
1619:9303807
1498:4 April
1471:4 April
743:agonist
554:Formula
387:DB01407
333:PubChem
158: (
148: (
146:R03CC13
144:)
138: (
136:R03AC14
118:, oral
116:tablets
5089:WHO-EM
4387:asthma
3427:-DOPS)
2809:-DOPS)
2736:4-NEMD
2117:-DOPS)
1989:
1981:
1861:Xinhua
1686:(FSIS)
1660:19 May
1626:
1616:
1577:
1542:
1534:
1494:. ESPN
1444:
1436:
1388:PRBuzz
1195:
1187:
1149:
871:, and
785:horses
772:as an
714:asthma
640:SMILES
595:277.19
478:ChEMBL
447:D07713
219:℞-only
217:
204:
191:
114:Oral (
4580:Other
2741:6-FNE
2059:6-FNE
1987:S2CID
1810:(PDF)
1799:(PDF)
1540:S2CID
1442:S2CID
1193:S2CID
702:amine
697:is a
660:InChI
604:JSmol
458:ChEBI
367:12582
46:and (
4391:COPD
3329:BAAM
3163:mCPP
3024:1-PP
2938:PS75
2453:mCPP
1979:PMID
1900:2012
1818:2017
1780:2012
1754:2012
1724:2012
1698:2015
1662:2013
1624:PMID
1575:PMID
1532:PMID
1500:2020
1473:2020
1434:PMID
1244:2018
1185:PMID
1147:ISBN
1000:pork
961:bute
749:and
721:salt
708:and
438:KEGG
418:UNII
407:2681
347:2783
301:tert
231:data
72:AHFS
4395:R03
1971:doi
1836:CNN
1614:PMC
1606:doi
1567:doi
1524:doi
1426:doi
1177:doi
933:.
929:or
849:IOC
503:EPA
337:CID
206:POM
161:WHO
151:WHO
141:WHO
5132::
5102::
4597:,
4593:,
4406:,
4385::
3262:,
3258:,
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3097:,
3083:,
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3075:,
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3067:,
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2646:,
2642:,
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2542:,
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2407:,
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2339:,
2320:,
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2312:,
2308:,
1985:.
1977:.
1967:91
1965:.
1935:.
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1648:.
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571:Cl
568:18
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213:US
200:UK
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187:AU
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