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680:, a union for teachers in the state wanted to increase salaries along with school budgets during the 1967 legislature session. Kirk would call a special session for the legislature during January 1968 to try an address a crisis that was forming. The Senate would draft a bill that was at the level of the FEA's desires but the House would reduce its size and a joint committee ended up passing the bill which the FEA thought was unacceptable. 35,000 teachers and school administrators would go on strike starting on February 19. Most schools would stay open and Florida's Commissioner of Education, Floyd T. Christian would use substitute teachers as replacements. The FEA and State Board of Education would end up reaching an agreement and decided that $ 10.2 million would be decided for educational spending. FEA would end the strike the following day and teachers went back to work. The strike would be the first statewide teacher strike in the United States.
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819:. However, Kirk maintained a separate entity in the hope of maximizing crossover support from conservative Democrats unhappy with the nomination of Mayor High. Cramer recalled this disagreement over strategy as the "first indication that Kirk intended to do his own thing and attempt to form his own organization within the Republican Party in Florida. I didn't get the signal at the time, but it became very obvious later, particularly when he attempted to defeat me as national committeeman in 1968."
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839:. Kirk justified his move against Cramer: "I wanted my own man. After all, I was the leader of the party. If Cramer had been the leader of the party, he would have wanted his own man too." Cramer said that Kirk was attempting to be "not only the governor but the king of the party, and I was about the only person at the time who stood in his way from taking total control."
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507:. He had very little money of his own, so he recruited investors and his brother-in-law to bankroll the venture. The firm catered to the wealthy and quickly became one of the most successful in the industry, earning Kirk a fortune. Six years later, he left American Heritage Life and purchased a partnership in the New York securities firm,
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Despite Kirk's opposition, Cramer attributed his retention in 1968 as national committeeman to the loyalty of organizational
Republicans: "I had proved myself an effective congressman. I was on the House leadership as vice chairman of the Republican Conference and was ranking member on the then named
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would order that Kirk appear in court under the charge of contempt of court charge which he refused. The superintendent and school board members would be reinstated on April 8. Claude would end up staying inside the school board administration building for a week until being threatened by a $ 10,000
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bringing
Florida into the modern era in 1968. Although he had a Democratic-controlled legislature and Cabinet, Democrats did not have a veto-proof majority during Kirk's term of office. The governor was often at odds with both Democrats and his Republican colleagues in the legislature on issues such
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Kirk met Sarah Stokes while he was in law school. Her family owned an automobile dealership, and the couple married in 1947. They were divorced in 1950, but remarried in 1951. The union produced four children: two daughters, Sarah and Kitty, and twin sons Frank and Will. They divorced for the final
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In 1988, Cramer recalled a visit 21 years earlier to Kirk's office when a former state legislator was denied an appointment with the governor even though the man was a stalwart
Republican. According to Cramer, "Kirk made it very clear that he got a great deal of joy in making sure that this guy
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The schism between Cramer and Kirk accelerated in 1966 to the point that in a 1988 interview, Kirk said that he could not recall Cramer having rendered him any assistance at all in either the 1964 or 1966 campaigns: "Cramer never helped me do anything. At all times he was a total combatant."
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Despite observing this incident, Cramer said that party unity led him to avoid public criticism of Kirk. Cramer viewed Kirk as "his own worst enemy". Kirk claimed that he had never had a "serious discussion" on any topic with Cramer. Walter Wurfel, a
Floridian who was later U.S. President
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Burns's refusal to support High was a major factor in Kirk's decisive victory in the general election. Upon taking the oath of office on
January 3, 1967, he became the state's first Republican governor in 90 years. During his four-year term in office, Kirk help shepherd a new
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serve as chairman of the 1967 gubernatorial inauguration although Gurney had not been involved in the Kirk campaign. By contrast, Cramer was not even asked to serve on the inaugural committee. In 1968, Governor Kirk dispatched his staff to the
Republican state convention in
740:(the county seat) on April 6 and suspended the district superintendent, Dr. Jack Davidson along with the school board in an attempt to stop halt it. He would threaten a federal judge and stated that he wouldn't sign busing students checks. US District Judge,
617:, in contrast to Collins', Bryant's and Burns' opposition to capital punishment. Kirk promised to resume executions (the last had taken place in Florida in 1964), but no executions occurred during his administration, mostly because of an informal nationwide
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asked the rhetorical questions: "Did you read about
Governor Kirk down in Florida? He says that he would rather go to prison than accept school integration. Now, I wonder what he'll do when he finds out that the prisons are already integrated?"
574:. Cramer recalled Kirk having "begged me" to allow him to address meetings held during the 1964 delegate and national committeeman races. Thus, Kirk became acquainted with Republican activists who could be helpful to him his later career.
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for the second slot had Kirk concentrated on his duties of office. Kirk claimed that it "had been agreed" that he would run with either
Rockefeller or Nixon, but Nixon chose Agnew in the hope of enhancing campaign contributions from
921:, which Kirk won. The challenges strained Kirk and used up campaign funds. Despite Kirk's tactics, Eckerd said "time heals all wounds, and now I chuckle about it." He added that his defeat in 1970 probably prolonged his life.
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to build an airport. Governor Kirk turned a ceremonial shovel of dirt at the groundbreaking. Kirk was a strong supporter of what would have been the world's largest airport despite evidence that it would destroy the
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would become popular due to its association with the US space program. Orange growers in
Florida would be spooked by the success of Tang, which led to the Florida Citrus Commission filing several complaints with the
812:". Inscoe said: "This never happened. Kirk is not known for telling too much truth." Though Cramer said that he had no ambition to be governor, Kirk retorted, "How could I have brought this up if it didn't happen?"
859:'s deputy press secretary, termed Kirk's election in 1966 as "the worst thing that could have happened to the Republicans. He wasn't interested in the Republican Party; party was a matter of convenience for him."
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South
Florida needed. His transportation secretary, Michael O'Neil, stated, "I call the Everglades a swamp. My children can't play in it." The work was ultimately halted on September 17, 1969, after an
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or even president had he tended to his gubernatorial duties rather than openly seeking the second position. Eyeing the vice presidency in 1968, Kirk stood alone in the Florida delegation at the
982:-born Erika Mattfeld, 33, on February 18, 1967. She was an actress whom he had met during an unsuccessful business venture in Brazil. From his final marriage he had two daughters and a son.
914:. Eckerd said that though he had supported Kirk in 1966, he became disappointed and embarrassed with Kirk: "I was offended by his public behavior and chagrined that he was a Republican."
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on July 17, 1969. Prior to launching, Kirk would issue a news release urging observers of the launch to drive safely around the launch area. During the 1960s and 70s, a drink named
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Kirk claimed that Cramer wanted the 1966 gubernatorial nomination himself after Burns, the primary loser, refused to endorse Mayor High, an ally of U.S. Senator
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time in 1966. In a 1967 interview, Sarah Stokes commented that Kirk "drinks to excess quite often (and) has indiscreet public associations with other women".
549:, a former governor and epitome of the Florida Democratic establishment. He was considered a placeholder on the ballot, with Republican presidential nominee
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691:, which would land the first humans on the Moon, would happen during his tenure. The rocket that carried the Apollo 11 astronauts would be launched at
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for the U.S. Senate seat that Spessard Holland finally vacated. Cramer had defeated Kirk's preferred Senate choice, Fifth Circuit Court Judge
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808:, could verify that Cramer had asked Kirk to bow out of the race with High. Kirk claimed that the three met "in a car ... probably in
420:. Claude R. Kirk Jr.'s father, Claude Kirk Sr. was a businessperson and later a governmental official in Alabama and Florida. He lived in
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because of his brash, acerbic style of leadership and opinionated, colorful personality. In May 1967, in response to lobbying from the
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Cramer said that he subsequently urged Kirk to merge his own organization into the regular party structure in Cramer's home county of
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Kirk worked as an insurance salesman and sold building supplies before partnering with W. Ashley Verlander in 1956 to start the
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would occur in Tampa starting on June 11. Kirk himself would be involved with it and visited the city on numerous occasions.
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of New York, rather than the clear frontrunner, Richard Nixon. Cramer said that Nixon may have selected Kirk, rather than
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and, after shaking hands with several death row inmates, said, "If I'm elected, I may have to sign your death warrants."
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704:. This would lead to Kirk getting angry and in 1971 he would tell state agencies to cease purchasing from Tang's owner,
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Kirk's management style was described as flamboyant and confrontational. He especially opposed court-ordered mandatory
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966:. Returning to the Republican Party, Kirk was nominated by the party for Florida commissioner of education in 1990.
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per day fine before leaving the building to return to Tallahassee. He quipped that the pro-busing judges of the
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didn't get an appointment. ... He just loved to kick people in the teeth to show how much power he had."
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392:(January 7, 1926 – September 28, 2011) was an American businessman and politician who served as the
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732:. In 1970, as he geared for a reelection bid, he tried to halt a desegregation busing plan in the
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When Kirk's term of office ended on January 5, 1971, he returned to his business pursuits. In the
935:. In that same 1970 general election, William Cramer, Kirk's intraparty nemesis, lost to Democrat
2334:
1481:"It's Been 50 Years Since Florida Teachers Went On Strike. Today, It's Illegal For Them To Do So"
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1563:"News Release from Governor Claude Kirk about Safe Driving for Apollo 11 Launch, 1969"
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During Kirk's term, the Dade County Port Authority began secretly buying land in the
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with Kirk and his wife, Erika Mattfield Kirk, during their wedding celebration in
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1594:"Apollo 11 took Tang to the moon, much to the chagrin of Florida orange growers"
708:. He was reported to say once in regards to it: "Why doesn’t Tang attack milk?"
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1891:"Second former Florida governor surprise entry in N.H. Primary - UPI Archives"
1780:"Former Florida Gov. Claude Kirk, 'a Tree-Shakin' Son of a Bitch,' Dies at 85"
661:
and granted the Walt Disney Company self-governing status near the area where
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1948:"NBC Fires VP | Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In | George Schlatter"
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for most his career, he was the first Republican governor of Florida since
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2088:
A sampling of Jim Ivey's contemporary editorial cartoons about Claude Kirk
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800:. Kirk said that Cramer's legislative assistant, Jack P. Inscoe, later a
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on May 4, 1970, then Governor Kirk publicly labeled Vecchio a dissident "
43:
1357:
Billy Hathorn, "Cramer v. Kirk: The Florida Republican Schism of 1970",
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1442:"DeSantis signs bill ending Disney's self-governing status in Florida"
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One of the major themes of Kirk's campaign was his strong support for
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2083:
Official Governor's portrait and biography from the State of Florida
610:, Kirk won a majority of the vote in 56 of the state's 67 counties.
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2585:
1537:"How TODAY marked United States' most historic launch 50 years ago"
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In 1970, Kirk was challenged in the primary by drug store magnate
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Thereafter, Kirk became embroiled in an intraparty squabble with
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2056:"Our Campaigns - FL Education Commissioner Race - Nov 06, 1990"
729:
594:, Kirk ran for governor and defeated the Democratic candidate,
1620:"Politics moved Nixon, but Fla. reaped environmental benefits"
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and graduated in 1949. He was recalled to the Marines for the
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687:, which would take the first humans to lunar orbit, and the
542:
In 1964, Kirk ran as a Republican against veteran Democratic
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State of Florida, General election returns, November 8, 1966
621:. Kirk made headlines when, during the campaign, he visited
598:, the mayor of Miami. High had unseated incumbent governor
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1708:"Governor Claude Kirk presides Over School Board Meeting"
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With no candidate getting 50%, Kirk and Eckerd met in a
432:. After graduating at age seventeen, he enlisted in the
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First National Conference On Crime Control: Proceedings
1083:
1968 New Hampshire Republican vice presidential primary
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A divorcee when he took office, Kirk, then 41, married
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In the general election, Kirk lost 57%-43% to Democrat
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United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
2012:"NH US Vice President – R Primary Race – Mar 12, 1968"
1815:
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1735:"Busing battle showed dark side of Kirk's flamboyance"
1468:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1967. p. 115.
657:, Kirk signed into law legislation which created the
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United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
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747:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
1307:"Governor's Father Finds His New State Profitable"
862:Cramer said he believed that Kirk may have become
1712:Manatee County Public Library: Digital Collection
2745:
1506:"Teachers crowded into Orlando's Tangerine Bowl"
1282:"Former Florida Gov. Claude Kirk dies at age 85"
822:Kirk asked the representative and later Senator
1617:
1033:United States Senate election in Florida, 1964
1004:. He died in his sleep on September 28, 2011.
910:and state senator and later US Representative
2627:
2263:
1905:"Former Florida. Gov. Claude Kirk Dies At 85"
1645:"Races: Ain't Nobody Gonna Touch King Claude"
1157:1990 Florida Education Commissioner election:
964:1988 United States Senate election in Florida
958:, Kirk ran as a Democrat. He competed in the
527:to Republican and headed the "Floridians for
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960:1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries
649:as growth and taxes. He earned the nickname
2849:Military personnel from Montgomery, Alabama
2799:Politicians from San Bernardino, California
1168:Claude R. Kirk Jr. (R) – 1,167,957 (34.10%)
2844:University of Alabama School of Law alumni
2634:
2620:
2270:
2256:
1259:"Former Florida governor Claude Kirk dies"
69:January 3, 1967 – January 5, 1971
42:
2819:Politicians from West Palm Beach, Florida
1907:National Public Radio, September 28, 2011
1778:Munzenrieder, Kyle (September 28, 2011).
1069:Claude R. Kirk Jr. (R) – 821,190 (55.13%)
1050:Claude R. Kirk Jr. (R) – 562,212 (36.03%)
514:
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627:
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560:. Kirk polled 36.1 percent of the vote.
501:American Heritage Life Insurance Company
480:. He later served aboard the battleship
1591:
1560:
1383:, University of Minnesota Press, 2002,
1000:In February 2011, Kirk survived a mild
939:(himself a future Florida governor) of
14:
2814:Politicians from Jacksonville, Florida
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1251:
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674:a statewide teachers strike in Florida
2779:Republican Party governors of Florida
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1007:
768:of Florida kneeling over the body of
511:, selling investments to Floridians.
2804:Politicians from Montgomery, Alabama
1872:Jack M. Eckerd and Charles P. Conn,
1618:James C. Clark (September 7, 2014).
1573:from the original on August 28, 2021
1534:
1026:
995:Florida's 4th congressional district
665:was being constructed. During 1967,
606:, in the Democratic primary. In the
2854:20th-century American Episcopalians
2784:United States Marine Corps officers
1924:. December 15, 1967. Archived from
1348:Lakeland Ledger, September 28, 2011
1244:
1131:1970 Florida gubernatorial election
1107:Claude R. Kirk Jr. – 4,842 (13.13%)
1062:1966 Florida gubernatorial election
956:1978 Florida gubernatorial election
868:1968 Republican National Convention
783:
678:Florida Education Association (FEA)
466:University of Alabama School of Law
24:
2824:Military personnel from California
2156:United States Senator from Florida
2124:January 3, 1967 – January 5, 1971
1968:"FL US Senate Race – Nov 03, 1964"
1697:
1561:Russell, Stanton (July 15, 1969).
1381:Deathwork: Defending the Condemned
1326:
1269:
476:and was initially assigned to the
25:
2885:
2230:Education Commissioner of Florida
2076:
2034:"FL Governor Race – Nov 03, 1970"
1990:"FL Governor Race – Nov 08, 1966"
1733:Tryon, Thomas (October 2, 2011).
1409:"Florida: A New Way of Operating"
1044:
464:degree. Kirk was accepted at the
440:, having served stateside during
2859:Military personnel from Illinois
2829:Sidney Lanier High School alumni
2732:
2306:
1681:. April 27, 1970. Archived from
1651:. April 20, 1970. Archived from
1516:from the original on May 5, 2018
1224:
1210:
1196:
1182:
1171:Brian Pappas (I) – 3,363 (0.10%)
969:
659:Reedy Creek Improvement District
539:for the third consecutive time.
436:reserve and rose to the rank of
346:
328:
253:
229:
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2004:
1982:
1960:
1940:
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1771:
1757:
1726:
1675:"Florida: How to Win by Losing"
1667:
1637:
1611:
1592:Simmons, Roger (July 4, 2019).
1585:
1554:
1535:Mara, Bellaby (July 16, 2019).
1528:
1512:(Photograph). August 24, 1967.
1498:
1472:
1456:
1440:Morris, Kyle (April 22, 2022).
1417:. April 7, 1967. Archived from
1305:Taylor, Matt (April 13, 1969).
1165:(D) (inc.) – 2,253,809 (65.80%)
835:to push for Cramer's ouster as
774:Kent State University shootings
586:Governor Kirk official painting
273:
249:
225:
170:South Florida National Cemetery
1433:
1401:
1373:
1364:
1351:
1339:"Former Gov. Claude Kirk dead"
1298:
985:Kirk's daughter Kitty married
734:Manatee County School District
13:
1:
1854:"Cramer v. Kirk", pp. 409-410
1238:
1152:(R) (inc.) – 746,243 (43.12%)
531:" campaign, which helped the
411:
1479:Hatter, Lynn (May 4, 2018).
1359:Florida Historical Quarterly
845:House Public Works Committee
672:During 1968, there would be
7:
1287:September 30, 2011, at the
1175:
1015:Rowan and Martin's Laugh-in
577:
523:his party affiliation from
494:
452:, before he transferred to
10:
2890:
757:and reading dirty books".
418:San Bernardino, California
354:United States Marine Corps
140:San Bernardino, California
2869:New Right (United States)
2730:
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2363:
2315:
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760:After the publication of
535:win the state's then ten
430:Sidney Lanier High School
383:
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359:
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2874:American segregationists
2864:American anti-communists
2809:Politicians from Chicago
2137:Party political offices
1863:"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 416
1845:(New York, 1984), p. 292
1832:"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 409
1812:"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 408
753:, were "drinking in the
725:study ordered by Nixon.
702:Federal Trade Commission
487:and was discharged as a
200:(before 1960, 1978–1990)
159:West Palm Beach, Florida
27:36th governor of Florida
2834:Emory University alumni
1739:Sarasota Herald-Tribune
1263:The Florida Times-Union
1143:Thomas Burton Adams Jr.
187:(1960–1978, after 1990)
2839:Duke University alumni
1918:"Florida: I, Claudius"
1878:Old Tappan, New Jersey
1145:(D) – 984,305 (56.88%)
1078:Write-in – 238 (0.02%)
1075:(D) – 668,233 (44.86%)
929:Reubin O'Donovan Askew
764:'s photograph showing
640:
587:
515:Early political career
458:Durham, North Carolina
444:. He briefly attended
1344:May 13, 2015, at the
1295:, September 28, 2011.
879:Nelson A. Rockefeller
837:national committeeman
802:real estate developer
736:. He would arrive in
631:
604:Conservative Democrat
585:
505:Jacksonville, Florida
400:from 1967 to 1971. A
303:University of Alabama
2774:Governors of Florida
2279:Governors of Florida
2060:www.ourcampaigns.com
1928:on December 15, 2008
1880:, 1987), pp. 113-119
1841:Alexander P. Lamis,
1421:on December 15, 2008
1361:(April 1990), p. 407
1312:St. Petersburg Times
1293:St. Petersburg Times
1266:, September 28, 2011
1218:United States portal
1047:) – 997,585 (63.93%)
912:L. A. "Skip" Bafalis
646:Florida Constitution
639:, February 18, 1967.
623:Florida State Prison
460:, where he earned a
428:, where he attended
252: 1951;
228: 1948;
2764:Florida Republicans
2647:governor of Florida
2195:Governor of Florida
2120:Governor of Florida
1956:. December 2, 2017.
1843:The Two-Party South
1768:, September 5, 1970
1685:on October 30, 2010
1655:on October 30, 2010
1148:Claude R. Kirk Jr./
1041:Spessard L. Holland
991:U.S. Representative
945:G. Harrold Carswell
723:Interior Department
718:water-recharge area
655:Walt Disney Company
478:1st Marine Division
462:Bachelor of Science
426:Montgomery, Alabama
390:Claude Roy Kirk Jr.
174:Lake Worth, Florida
127:Claude Roy Kirk Jr.
57:Governor of Florida
18:Claude R. Kirk, Jr.
2105:Political offices
2093:Claude R. Kirk Jr.
1903:Associated Press:
1745:on August 28, 2021
1257:Bauerlein, David:
1008:In popular culture
641:
615:capital punishment
588:
553:losing Florida to
551:Barry M. Goldwater
151:September 28, 2011
36:Claude R. Kirk Jr.
2769:Florida Democrats
2741:
2740:
2609:
2608:
2368:
2321:
2320:(1822–1845)
2290:
2246:
2245:
2237:Succeeded by
2208:Succeeded by
2184:Charles R. Holley
2174:William C. Cramer
2171:Succeeded by
2127:Succeeded by
1397:978-0-8166-4088-1
1280:Bousquet, Steve:
1204:California portal
1096:Lawrence C. Smith
1092:– 10,987 (29.80%)
1056:-in – 540 (0.04%)
1027:Electoral history
1012:In an episode of
810:Palm Beach County
794:Robert F. Kennedy
689:Apollo 11 mission
663:Walt Disney World
568:William C. Cramer
565:US Representative
558:Lyndon B. Johnson
438:second lieutenant
434:U.S. Marine Corps
422:Chicago, Illinois
416:Kirk was born in
387:
386:
364:Second lieutenant
16:(Redirected from
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1741:. Archived from
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1199:
1192:
1190:Biography portal
1187:
1186:
1185:
1117:George W. Romney
1113:– 4,108 (11.14%)
1104:– 5,611 (15.22%)
1098:– 9,291 (25.20%)
1073:Robert King High
1046:
784:Feud with Cramer
766:Mary Ann Vecchio
685:Apollo 8 mission
651:Claudius Maximus
608:general election
596:Robert King High
547:Spessard Holland
533:Republican Party
489:first lieutenant
450:Atlanta, Georgia
446:Emory University
352:
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319:Military service
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2113:W. Haydon Burns
2079:
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2062:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2036:. Our Campaigns
2032:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2014:. Our Campaigns
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1992:. Our Campaigns
1988:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1970:. Our Campaigns
1966:
1965:
1961:
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1785:Miami New Times
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1029:
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537:electoral votes
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2077:External links
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874:by supporting
864:vice president
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770:Jeffrey Miller
755:French Quarter
693:Cape Canaveral
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572:St. Petersburg
555:U.S. President
519:In 1960, Kirk
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1111:Ronald Reagan
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1102:John A. Volpe
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2649:(since 1953)
2367:(since 1845)
2317:Territorial
2240:Frank Brogan
2228:nominee for
2224:
2211:Jerry Thomas
2193:nominee for
2189:
2154:nominee for
2150:
2145:Leland Hyzer
2130:Reubin Askew
2118:
2097:Find a Grave
2063:. Retrieved
2059:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1962:
1951:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:the original
1921:
1912:
1899:
1885:
1873:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1842:
1837:
1789:. Retrieved
1783:
1773:
1765:Miami Herald
1763:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1738:
1728:
1716:. Retrieved
1711:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:the original
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2754:1926 births
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1577:August 28,
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1318:August 28,
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619:moratorium
544:US Senator
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470:Tuscaloosa
412:Early life
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