Classical Anatolia

1161: 8821: 1003: 1564: 494: 8041:, ruled from 324 to 337 and his career was dominated by two considerations, the role of religion in the empire and the need for an Eastern capital. Because his reign coincided with the spread of Christianity his life has been obscured by legend as the first Christian emperor. In Diocletian's reign, Constantine was a regular visitor to the court at Nicomedia, and again under Galerius. At the end of the civil wars in 324 he once again found himself in Bithynia. Successive Roman emperors were becoming dissatisfied with Rome as an administrative centre, with its traditions which were at odds with their new more Eastern ways, and far from the theatres of war that consumed them. Many of them had spent little time in Rome and had created centres for themselves elsewhere. 6209: 4968: 8045: 8341: 9240: 6577: 8134: 760:) (546–545 BC), shortly thereafter. Once Lydia had been subdued, Cyrus returned to deal with problems in the East leaving a garrison to assist in the governing of his new acquisition. Almost immediately Pactyas, who had been given the responsibility of raising tributes, raised a mercenary army from neighboring Greek cities and besieged Tabulus in the citadel. Herodotus' account that Cyrus intended to enslave the Lydians seems unsubstantiated. Pactyas soon found that he had no allies and furthermore that Cyrus was acting swiftly to put down the rebellion, sending 8430: 5536: 8071:). Byzantium had long been considered of strategic importance, guarding the access from the Black Sea to the Aegean. Various emperors had either fortified or dismantled its fortifications depending on which power was using it and for what. Byzantium featured in Constantine's last war against Licinius in which Constantine had besieged the city, and after the war was over he further investigated its potential. He set about renewing the city almost immediately, inaugurating it in 330. This is a year sometimes picked as the beginning of the 209: 679: 7539: 1429: 4960: 7436: 6982: 1301: 840: 5485:(214–148 BC). Direct invasion of Anatolia did not occur until the Seleucid Empire expanded its frontiers into Europe, and was crushed by Rome and its allies in 190 BC, forcing it to retreat to the eastern part of the region. Following this the major powers of western and central Anatolia (Pergamon, Bithynia, Pontus and Cappadocia) were frequently at war, with increasing Roman intervention politically and militarily. The Roman presence increased from sporadic intervention, to creating 8365: 1448: 6622:'s policy regarding expansion and overseas territory was frequently conflicted. There were those who were satisfied with diplomacy, creating allies on its borders that acted as buffer states against more distant threats. On the other hand, there were those who saw opportunities for glory and riches. central government in rome was often far from civil and military commanders in the field, and local ambitions often dragged Rome into expanding its frontiers. The military exploits of 1628: 8357: 6551: 1264: 784: 8349: 5965: 5734: 3390: 4402: 3486: 7254: 10305: 9173: 7300: 8217:

involved. Settlement was encouraged, and local governors did not place a heavy burden upon the people with regards to taxation. The wealth gained from peace and prosperity prevented great tragedy as powerful earthquakes tore through the region, and help was given from the Roman government and other parties. It was also an age that produced some of the most respected scientific men of the classical period including the philosopher

3494: 4976: 36: 7701: 7099: 3569: 1501: 384: 11876: 5404: 7518:(253–260) to move his main troop deployments to Cappadocia, weakening his efforts to contain the Sassanid threat. In the course of these latter campaigns, Valerian became the first Roman emperor to be captured by enemy forces, in 260. The Sassanid forces penetrated as far west as Isauria and Cappadocia. The major part of the Roman response fell to the forces in Syrian outpost, Valerian's successor, 4074: 1700: 138: 77: 1692: 7455:, this time lasting nearly fifty years. Twenty five emperors obtained power in the space of forty-nine years, with at least fifty one claiming it. Most were either murdered or died in military campaigns against Rome's enemies that were now pressing hard on her frontiers. In addition to instability in governance and civil war the crisis years were marked by 6100:(85 BC) restoring Roman rule to Greece. Pontus sued for peace, faced with widespread revolts in Anatolia. Mithridates was to give up Asia and Paphlagonia, to hand back Bithynia to Nicomedes and Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes. In return he was allowed to continue ruling in Pontus as an ally of Rome, having abandoned all territories south and west of the 1667:. In addition he colonised the lands he captured with Greek settlers, spreading Greek culture. One of the controversies is the extent to which the Macedonian Empire represented either rupture or continuity. The ascendancy of Greek, and by extension European culture in an area predominantly influenced by Asia to date was to leave a lasting legacy. 8399:(375–392) necessitating a further division of the western empire. Gratian was killed in 383, by the usurper Magnus Maximus (383–388). Once Theodosius had disposed of him in 388, he was again sole ruler (388–393), Valentinian II only being 17, but technically a co-ruler with a guardian. However, he died in 392, whereupon another usurper, 866:, had made terms with Cyrus. According to Herodotus, when Lydia fell to Cyrus, the Greek cities begged him to allow them to exist within the former Lydian territories on similar terms to those they had earlier enjoyed, Cyrus pointed out that they were too late, and they started building defensive structures. They appealed to 454:"On the refusal of Alyattes to give up his supplicants when Cyaxares sent to demand them of him, war broke out between the Lydians and the Medes, and continued for five years, with various success. In the course of it the Medes gained many victories over the Lydians, and the Lydians also gained many victories over the Medes." 6634:

of the kingdoms in Anatolia to client state status. Sometimes Roman rule was forced on the republic by local events such as the bequeathing of kingdoms to Rome. Annexation of territory to form provinces was based on whether there was a trustworthy effective ruler who could rule in the interests of Rome or not.

5807:(182–149 BC). He died assisting Rome overcoming the pretender Eumenes III of Pergamon (133–129 BC) in 131 BC. His reign was marked by internal conflict that required Rome to intervene to restore him. From this stage onward Rome increasingly intervened in Cappadocian affairs, assisting it against Pontus and 6092:. A number of mainland Greek states welcomed the advance of the Pontian monarch, Sulla not having set out for Greece from Italy until 87 BC. Meanwhile, Mithridates had overcome the Roman army in Macedonia. When the two armies finally met, Sulla inflicted two defeats on the Pontic forces at the battles of 7841:(287–330) and more formally as protectorate in 299. On the eastern front, Persia renewed hostilities in 296, inflicting losses on Galerius' forces, until Diocletian brought in new troops from further west the following year and clashed with the Persians in lesser Armenia, and pursued them all the way to 3205: 8476:, within the Diocese of Pontus, being lands most recently acquired from Cappadocia, and forming two provinces, Armenia prima and Armenia secunda. In the east there were also two territories. In the North lay Armenia maior had provincial status, while the southern part consisted of a federation of six 8008:

At the end of the 3rd century, the vast empire was beset by administrative and fiscal problems, and much of the power lay in the hands of the military, while there was no clear principle of succession and dynasties were short lived, their fate often determined by force of arms rather than legitimacy.

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in turn. Only the turn of the weather as winter approached kept them from penetrating further into Anatolia. However, the Goths continued their seaborn attacks not only around the coastline of Anatolia, but in Greece and Italy as well. Amongst their raids was the destruction of the Temple of Diana in

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Policy in Anatolia had consisted of trade, influence and diplomacy with occasional military interventions to maintain the status quo when local kingdoms and empires became expansionist. That influence grew as Rome became the new superpower of the Mediterranean, and repeated interventions reduced many

5357:, off the southwestern tip of Anatolia is not technically part of Anatolia, but formed an important strategic role in Anatolian history, formed alliances, and also ruled areas of southwestern Anatolia for a time. Under Persian rule Rhodes fell under the same satrap as the adjacent mainland areas. The 5174:(The Great; 95–55 BC) who made it the most powerful state east of Rome, as the various kingdoms of western Anatolia were absorbed into the Roman sphere of influence. He consolidated his influence within Armenia, once again taking over Sophene after deposing Artanes he king. This was the period of the 8013:

were spreading (including Constantine and his family). Another increasing cultural force was the Palestinian religion of Christianity, although demonstrating considerable heterogeneity of orthodoxy. Diocletian had carried out major reforms after the years of crisis, but the empire slipped into chaos

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was divided by Severus into two sections, Syria Coele in the north, and Syria Phoenicia in the south. Armenia and the Parthians continued to be a problem in the east, with neither side gaining ground in the long term. This time Septimius Severus invaded Mesopotamia in 195 AD, sacking Ctesiphon again

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from Thrace in central Anatolia. Antiochus III set about restoring the former glories of the empire, initially campaigning in the east and subduing the independent provinces, before turning his attention to the west. His ambition to fulfill the thwarted dreams of his great great grandfather Seleucus

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we learn that Paul spent a considerable time in the vicinity of his home town of Tarsus in Cilicia and that the church there was linked to the Syrian churches. Put together these various Pauline sources suggest considerable missionary activity by Paul and Barnabas throughout Anatolia, and adherence

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At the end of the wars there remained two empires and two emperors. Constantine had disposed of Maxentius in 312 and agreed to repartition the empire, with Constantine in the west and Licinius in the East. Licinius was immediately engaged in dealing with the Persian situation. By the following year

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In the Diocletian reforms provinces were divided into smaller units, almost doubling the total number soon after 293, replicating the original regions of Asia Minor. Asia was divided into seven smaller provinces, and Bithynia three (Bithynia, Honorias and Paphlagonia). Galatia lost its northern and

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in the east later that year to provide Roman rule over nearly all the southern coast. Once military conquest had been achieved Pompey set about re-organising internal government within Anatolia, including the all-important collection of taxes. He left Anatolia at the end of 62 BC, returning to Rome

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Of the three empires carved out of Alexander's possessions following the battle of Ipsus, the Lysimachian of Thrace, Western (including Lydia, Ionia, Phrygia) and Northern Asia Minor, was the shortest lived. Lysimachus attempted unsuccessfully to extend his possessions in Europe and Greece. Some of

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The third partition of 301 BC was no more effective at bringing stability to the region than its predecessors. Demetrius, who eventually became King of Macedon (294 BC – 288 BC), was still at large controlling a significant naval force, raiding Lysimachus' territory in Asia Minor. Nor did the Ipsus

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in 114, albeit for only four years. War with Parthia broke out once again in the 2nd century, generally in Rome's favour. Parthia had broken with previous agreements of choosing Armenian kings subject to approval of Rome. Trajan's policy was to depart from previous policy, invading Armenia, during

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refused to ratify it despite Mithridates' efforts. Mithridates realised Rome would remain a potential threat but nevertheless continued to respect the treaty, but made military preparations for the possibility of a third war. The next step by Rome was to restore control over the areas to the south

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Sulla set about re-organising the Roman administration in Western anatolia until 84 BC. Those cities that had resisted Mithridates were rewarded, for instance Rhodes regained the Peraea lost in the Macedonian wars. Those that had collaborated were forced to pay reparations. The combined effects of

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to surrender. Tigranes spurned the Roman overtures and indicated he was prepared to fight, so Lucullus prepared to invade Armenia in 70 BC. In 69 he marched through Cappadocia to the Euphrates, crossing it at Tomisa and entering Sophene and the lands which Tigranes had recently acquired from the

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was called upon but swiftly dealt with by Mithridates. The death of both of the sons of Ariarthanes VI effectively extinguished the dynasty. This turmoil then prompted Nicomedes to attempt to insert a pretender claiming to be a third brother. At this point Rome intervened, Mithridates withdrew,

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were to prove a source of problems in Bithynian affairs. Like the other Anatolian states Bithynia was torn by disputes within the ruling family and civil war. They formed various judicious alliances and marriages against the Seleucids and Heraclea and were often at war with neighbouring states.

3252:, to his west, who progressively enlarged his possessions to include all of Asia Minor. Eventually, at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC Antigonus was overthrown and killed, and his lands partitioned. This gave Seleucus control of south eastern Anatolia. In the ensuing years he was in conflict with 6072:

The war went well initially for the allies during 89–88 BC, since Rome was still involved in the Social War, taking Phrygia, Mysia, Bithynia, parts of the Aegean Ccoast, Paphlagonia, Caria, Lycea, Lycaonia and Pamphylia. Aquillius was defeated in the first direct engagement with the Romans, in

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removed all debts owed to the Roman Empire by the provinces and protectorates, making advanced progress possible. Roads were built to connect the larger cities in order to improve trade and transportation, and the abundance of high outputs in agricultural pursuits made more money for everyone

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By now both Bithynia and Cappadocia were ruled by Roman protégés and were indebted to Rome who urged them to invade Pontus, a fatal miscalculation. Nicomedes invaded Pontus, Mithridates complained to Rome, boasted of his power and allies and unwisely hinted that Rome was vulnerable. The Roman

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Under Augustus, Galatia became a formal province in 25 BC strengthening direct Roman rule in western Anatolia, while in 27 BC Cilicia had been absorbed into Syria. Meanwhile, Cappadocia and Armenia continued as client states. A truce of sorts was worked out in 1 AD between the Romans and the

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To proceed further required ensuring the neutrality of the next empire, the Parthians whom Tigranes had also wooed. In 68 BC Lucullus made some advances into northern Armenia but was hampered by the weather and wintered in the south. His strategy had been to dismember Armenia into its former

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to expel Jews because they were not active in their religious activities. The Romans provided some protection to Jewish communities after they occupied Anatolia in 188 BC. The existing Hellenistic communities were not favourably disposed to the distinct culture in their midst and initiated

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who was acclaimed emperor in 360 in competition with Constantius. However, the latter died before overt conflict broke out, and Julian ascended the throne (361–363). Although Julian's reign was relatively brief, his desire to return the empire to traditional gods earned him the nickname of

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By the time Lucullus arrived in 73 BC, Mithridates was anticipating him. Lucullus was assembling his legions in northern Phrygia, when Mithridates advanced rapidly through Paphlagonia into Bithynia, where he joined his naval forces and defeated the Roman fleet commanded by Cotta at the

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had arrived in eastern Anatolia with the express purpose of crushing these two states. Tigranes surrendered in 66 BC, and Armenia became a client state. The remaining members of the dynasty, which eventually petered out in 1 BC, had an uneasy relationship with both Rome to the west and

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around 278 BC to aid his campaigns but remained and settled in an adjacent area over the next decade, with Ancyra as its capital city. They frequently raided surrounding lands and were hired as mercenaries in the continuing struggles between the Anatolian states. They were defeated by

6165:(95–63 BC). After two further raids with less justifiable pretexts, Mithridates retaliated, pursuing Murena and inflicting a number of defeats on Murena until Sulla (who had less territorial ambition than Murena) intervened and both antagonists withdrew to their former positions. 5323:(70–38 BC) submitted to Pompey in 64 BC during his campaign against Armenia and Pontus, and allied Commagene with the Romans for which part of Mesopotamia was added to the kingdom. He managed to keep Commagene relatively independent until he was deposed by Mark Antony in 38 BC. 3276:

in 281 BC, Lysimachus was killed and Seleucus seized control over the remaining lands of Asia Minor. Now reigning over all of Alexander's empire except the Ptolemaic lands in Egypt, his victory was short lived. Immediately moving to take commands of the new lands in Europe,

7030:) 43–33 BC. Following this war Antony remained to govern in the east. There he found himself faced with further Parthian incursions, who had occupied Syria. Between 40 and 38 BC, the parthians penetrated as far as Caria. The Parthians were beaten back following both their 7060:

Of the surviving client kingdoms, Cappadocia was the most prominent but was plagued by internal unrest requiring frequent Roman intervention, sometimes for lack of cooperation. At various times it acquired lesser Armenia and parts of Cilicia, and was unified with Pontus.

7495:(238–244) prompted Roman retaliation, but in the ensuing battle to secure the eastern borders, the young Gordian was killed, and amongst the terms made was the ceding of Armenia to Persia. Persia again attacked in 251, annexing Armenia and invading Syria in the reign of 5851:, the other major kingdom in western Anatolia, had varying relations with Rome, and in particular its ally Pergamon. The last monarch, Nicomedes IV (94 – 74 BC) bequeathed his kingdom to Rome, precipitating the Mithridatic Wars between Rome when Pontus claimed Bithynia. 5868:(120–63 BC) quickly set about creating his own empire. In his first thrust to extend his frontiers along the Black Sea litoral he avoided drawing the attention of Rome. Rome was preoccupied with other issues that precluded it paying attention to events east of the 8259:(363–364) was chosen as the new emperor. He was not connected to Constantine's family and his brief reign was notable for re-establishing Christianity and for making a settlement with the Persians that was very much in their favour. He in turn was succeeded by 8299:

in the west. He had made his capital, Antioch, but found conditions in the East deteriorating again with the Goths pouring into Thrace. In 378 Valens decided to confront them without waiting for reinforcements from the west meeting the invading army at the

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southern parts to the new provinces of Paphlagonia and Lycaonia, respectively. Lycia et Pamphylia was once again split into its two constituent units. Cappadocia lost its Pontic and Lesser Armenian territories. Another innovation was the establishment of

7475:. It was also an era in which might of the far flung Roman Empire was now beginning to experience increasing pressure on its eastern and northern borders, whereas previously the balance of military power had concentrated on defending the eastern border. 1978:, Phrygia in 301 BC, in which Antigonus now in his 80s faced the combined forces of Cassander, Lysimachus and Seleucus. Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled, allowing his enemies to carry out a third partition, dividing his possessions between them. 7034:. However, when Antony himself decided to invade Parthian territory in 33 BC the result was a disaster, although he made two further expeditions into Armenia. In 34 BC Antony and Cleopatra decided to distribute the eastern lands between their children ( 5202:

he effectively reduced the Seleucid empire to a rump state. The aggressive behaviour of both Pontus and Armenia inevitably and fatally brought them into conflict with the eastward Roman expansion with the Armenians suffering a decisive defeat at the

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in 72 BC. After a series of naval defeats Mithridates fell back to Pontus. He had also sent troops into Lycaonia and the southern regions of Asia to create support amongst Pisidians and Isaurians, but these were now repelled by the Galatians, under

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in (188 BC) established Roman control over western Anatolia and the retreat of the Seleucids from this area. The Republic of Rhodes, as an ally of Rome in the war, was granted former Seleucid lands sharing western Anatolia with Pergamon including

3420:(223–187 BC) ascended the throne. By the time Antiochus III became king, the empire had already reached a low point. In the east provinces were breaking away, while in Asia Minor, subject states were becoming increasingly independent, including 526:

The Persians, who had scant resources for governing their vast empire, ruled relatively benignly as conquerors, attempting to obtain the cooperation of the local elite in governance. They ruled their vassal states by appointing local rulers, or

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system, his strategy being to respect and win support from the conquered (or liberated) people's, respecting their traditions. he also positioned himself as a crusader for pan-hellenism, rescuing the Greek people of Anatolia from tyrants and

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in the Anatolian lands, and ending the Achaemenid Empire by 330 BC. However, he devoted the rest of his life to military conquests further east, dying in 323 BC. Thus he fulfilled his father's ambition of liberating the Greeks of Asia Minor.

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in 188 BC retreated beyond the Taurus Mountains, dying the following year. Anatolia now lay largely in the hands of the Romans and their allies, at least in the west. Those states that had allied themselves with the Romans were freed while

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However, Herodotus, as is so often our only source, had an agenda in his imprecise accounts, which do not fit well with what is known of the period. It is likely that the affair in Naxos represented a democratic revolt against the tyrants.

8753:), a list which includes not only large urban centres but also smaller towns. Certainly Asia Minor appears to have been the centre of Christianity at least until the late 40s, before spreading across the Aegean and eventually Rome itself. 6471:

The piracy strategy initiated by Servilius in 78–75 BC was suspended during the years of fighting Mithridates. Roman naval forces were defeated in 70 BC attempting to deal with the Cretan pirates, and the problem spread to Italy itself. A

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A stronger Pergamon suited Roman interests as a buffer state between the Aegean and the Seleucid Empire. However, Rome needed to intervene on a number of occasions to ensure the integrity of the enlarged territory, including wars against

953:. With the permission of Darius he gathered a force to invade Naxos, but the expedition was a failure. Motivated by fear of the wrath of Darius he prevailed upon those in the expedition to mount an insurrection and subsequently went to 5508:

The rule of Rome in Anatolia was unlike any other part of their empire because of their light hand with regards to government and organization. Controlling unstable elements within the region was made simpler by the bequeathal of both

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With Antony dead, and Lepidus marginalised, the second triumvirate was effectively dissolved, leaving Octavian as the sole power. Thus the republic came to and end. Octavian's powers progressively increased, he was granted the title

6496:). The Lex Manilia essentially set aside the new commands of Marcius Rex and Acilius Glabrio. Pompey was granted considerable resources and explicit powers that Lucullus had never had, and command over the entire Anatolian region. 5946:(94–74 BC), creating a potential opportunity for territorial expansion. Tigranes marched into Cappadocia, Ariobarzanes fled to Rome and Nicomedes was expelled. Rome became alarmed, ordered the restoration of both monarchs and sent 737:, Cyrus treated Croesus well and with respect after the battle, but this is contradicted by the Nabonidus Chronicle, one of the Babylonian Chronicles (although whether or not the text refers to Lydia's king or prince is unclear). 5151:(190–160 BC) led a revolt against Antiochus. He reunited Armenian-speaking peoples in the region, often divided by surrounding states. In this context, the Armenian lands to the west of the Euphrates were known as Armenia Minor ( 1958:). This aggression brought pressure to bear on Antigonus, who soon found himself under attack in Thrace, Caria and Palestine. As a result, Seleucus was reinstated in 312 BC, and a treaty was arranged in 311 BC between Cassander, 6077:, and as Mithridates overran the province, both fled from the mainland. Aquillius was handed back to Mithridates who executed him. Roman rule in Anatolia had been crushed, although a few areas of Asia Minor managed to hold out. 8515:, while the west was to decay and Rome to be sacked under Honorius. The west limped on under a series of short lived emperors and progressively shrinking empire, in which the east frequently intervened, effectively ending with 8696:, our primary source suggests that converts were predominantly amongst the Jewish population, the Gentile following in Syria being the exception. Following the account of the Acts of the Apostles, we must rely on the various 8609:

discriminatory measures. In contrast the emperors promised freedom of religious practice. Jewish communities in the area collected monies to send to Jerusalem. There was more assimilation and even hybrid religious practices.

961:(successfully) for help. The Ionians attacked Sardis in approximately 499 BC, but Artarphernes managed to hold the acropolis, although the lower city was burnt. The Ionians retreated but were defeated by pursuing Persians at 7562:

were all defended successfully by the Romans, the Goths found Anatolia to be irresistible due to its wealth and deteriorating defenses. Using a captured fleet of ships from the Bosphorus and flat-bottomed boats to cross the

3799:(130 – 116 BC). Mithridates had his brother in law Ariarathes murdered, whereupon Laodice married Nicomedes III of Bithynia. Pontus and Bithynia then went to war over Cappadocia, and Mithridates had his nephew and new king, 3790:

and by extension his ally Rome setting the scene for the subsequent series of Mithridatic Wars (88–63 BC). Relations between the adjacent states of Pontus, Bithynia, Cappadocia and Armenia were complex. Mithridates' sister,

4648:(c.63–c.51 BC). Although Cappadocia continued as an independent state longer than its neighbours, it continued to require help from Rome to maintain its borders. Rome also controlled the succession. Ariobarzanes II married 8820: 7522:(260–268), being preoccupied in the west. Asia Minor then experienced the combined attacks of the Danubian Goths in the Balkans pouring into Thrace, while their Black Sea relatives ravaged coastal cities. A later emperor, 3516:

While the Seleucids continued to maintain lands in south eastern Anatolia the empire was progressively weakened on all fronts, and became progressively unstable, torn by civil war in the 2nd century BC. After the death of

8201:. He was also noted for his purging of the civil service. He died campaigning in the east. With Julian's death, the short Constantinian dynasty came to an end. Very few Roman dynasties lasted more than three generations. 259:

finally wrested control of the whole region from Persia in the 330s BC. After Alexander's death, his conquests were split amongst several of his trusted generals, but were under constant threat of invasion from both the

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states that he was directly descended from the Persian Satrap of Pontus. he consolidated his kingdom seeking alliances from neighbouring peoples, including the Gauls, as protection form the larger powers of the region.

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had dislodged Mithridates from Pontus by 65 BC, who now retreated to his northern domains but was defeated by rebellion in his own family and died, possibly by suicide, ending the Pontine Kingdom as it then existed.

709:, who had amassed great wealth and military power, but concerned by the growing Persian power and obvious intent, took advantage of the instability of the Persian revolt and besieged and captured the Persian city of 1903:

had been allocated to Eumenes, it had not yet been subdued and had to be put down in 322 BC, in the course of which Antigonus fell out with Perdiccas and fled to Europe from Phrygia, where he initiated a conspiracy

1217:, gaining a strategic naval advantage as the new capital was on the ocean. On this land he built a strong fortress and built up a strong navy. He shrewdly used this power to guarantee protection for the citizens of 6463:

to take over the eastern command. Lucullus withdrew back to Galatia and Mithridates promptly recovered all his lost territory. Meanwhile, the republic was changing the administrative governance of Anatolia to the

12169: 3482:. The balance of Antiochus' lands, the largest share, were granted to Eumenes II of Pergamum. These settlements were made on the understanding that they would all keep the peace in a manner satisfactory to Rome. 562:

corresponding to Governor and Province respectively. The administration was hierarchical, often referred to as Great, Main and Minor Satrapies. The main administrative units in Anatolia were the Great Satrapy of

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Valens was faced with war on two fronts, with the Goths in the Balkans with whom he made a hasty peace in 369, so he could deal with the Persian attacks on Armenia. His problems were compounded by a revolt in

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Cilicia was a very diverse area, both geographically and demographically and parts of it remained difficult for any occupying power to subdue. During this period, minor dynasts existed within Cilicia such as

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who had served under Lysimachus was the ruler of Pergamon, Lysimachus' treasury, at that time, exercised some autonomy under the Seleucids who seized Lysimachus' lands, ruling from 282–263 BC. The subsequent

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of Bithynia (94–74 BC) added a neighbour to the northeast along the Black Sea coast, although it took another war before this could be settled properly and combined with its eastern neighbour Pontus to form

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for help, but Sparta refused, instead warning Cyrus not to threaten the Greeks. Cyrus was unimpressed, but nevertheless headed east without bothering them further. This account seems somewhat conjectural.

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Lucullus then resumed his original plan and advanced through Galatia and Paphlagonia to Pontus in 72 BC. By 71 BC he was through the Iris and Lycus valleys and into Pontus where he engaged Mithridates at

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Pompey's first move was to persuade the Parthians to harass Tigranes' eastern flank. Following Roman tradition he offered Mithridates terms, but he rejected these. consequently Pompey engaged him at the

5131:, the Seleucid King (223–187 BC), led the last expansion of his kingdom, overthrowing and killing Orontes IV and bringing Armenia directly under Seleucid control in 212 BC, and appointing two satraps ( 6415:. The result was disastrous for the Pontic forces, and Mithridates fled to Armenia. The Romans then set about subduing Pontus and Lesser Armenia while trying to persuade Mithridates, now the guest of 3572:

Kingdom of Pontus before the reign of Mithridates VI (120 BC, Dark Purple), after his early conquests (Light Purple), and his conquests in the first Mithridatic wars (88 BC, Pink). Armenia is in Green

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grew geographically it became increasingly diverse and the influence of many religions beyond the traditional Roman values was increasingly felt. Slowly a movement for religious tolerance developed.

1966:: Βασιλεύς), effectively ending the concept of a Macedonian Empire, although it was unclear as to whether all saw themselves as the legitimate heir of the entire empire. It was Antigonus and his son 8075:. The new capital was to be distinguished from the old by being simultaneously Christian and Greek (although was initially mainly Latin speaking like its Balkan hinterland) and a centre of culture. 6543:

and the subordinate Anatolian kingdoms during 65–64 BC. During 64 BC he marched south through Cappadocia and Cilicia to Syria meeting little opposition except briefly at Commagene. He then annexed

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of 88–63 BC. Roman control of Anatolia was strengthened by a 'hands off' approach by Rome, allowing local control to govern effectively and providing military protection. In the early 4th century,

8119:. The prefect was now purely a civil administrator. By 332 there were five prefectures, anticipating he division of the empire after his death. Some provincial boundaries were changed. In c. 330 1788:, putting all he had worked for at risk. His vision of a unified empire proved short lived. He had no heir, and had not made apparent plans for succession. Some classical writers state he wished 531:

with responsibility for their satrapies (Greek: Satrapeia). However, the Greeks referred to these satraps as 'tyrants', meaning they were neither democratically elected or derived authority from

6084:', was the slaughter of tens of thousands of Romans and Italians ordered by Mithridates. Having cleansed Asia Minor of Romans, Mithridates looked further afield, his next victim that year being 6535:. By 65 BC he had concluded a truce with the Albanians before sweeping through Iberia and Colchis. He was later to be criticised for not eliminating Mithridates, who had taken refuge in the 11633: 3046: 4557:

forcing him to flee to Rome. The Romans restored him as a joint king with Orophernes in 157 BC by dividing the kingdom. Orophernes was reluctant to cede territory and with the support of

6488:. In took him only three months during 67 BC to clear the seas. Meanwhile, apprised of the disaster at Zela, there were plans to transfer the command in Anatolia to Pompey, initiated by 914:, implies this was a swift process, it is more likely that it took four years to subdue the region completely, and the Ionian colonies on the coastal islands remained largely untouched. 1532:. The Persians were routed and the Greeks moved down the Aegean coast, taking Sardis, and besieging many cities. From the Aegean they moved east along the Mediterranean coast as far as 7269:. In 72 Vespasian united all the disparate elements of Cilicia into the Roman province, many of which had remained petty dynasties. Vespasian also created a new composite province of 5907:(116–101 BC), whom he had assassinated shortly afterwards. About this time he sent envoys to Rome to elicit support for his claims, but was not successful and instead rome dispatched 8453:

in 380 that established the faith of the bishops of Rome and Alexandria as the official version of Christianity, that was still very heterogeneous. He was baptised and appointed the

5703:(170 – 168 BC) Macedon's power had been crushed and Rome no longer felt the need for such a strong Pergamon, and the Senate set about weakening it, negotiating with Eumenes' brother 7916:

simultaneously challenged Severus and indeed deposed and murdered him, declaring himself Augustus, while his father Maximian also attempted to return to power and take the role of

4865:

of Armenia (95–55 BC) that state vastly expanded its borders at the expense of the Seleucids, and incorporated Cilicia c. 80 BC, until forced to retreat from the advancing Romans.

6508:. Pompey, rather than pursue him, turned his attention to Tigranes, who pursued by Parthians surrendered promptly and was granted his inherited but not acquired lands, becoming a 4244:(263–241 BC), who revolted against Seleucid rule and defeated Antiochus near Sardis in 262 BC, guaranteeing Pergamon's independence. Eumenes enlarged Pergamon to include parts of 398:

control. The Lydian empire gained independence from Assyria by the end of the 7th century. The flourishing of Lydia during the first half of the 6th century BC is also dubbed the

6926:

in which he was killed. Sporadic raids by the Parthians against Syria continued, but were repelled and suffered a major reversal in 51 BC. However, Crassus' death unbalanced the

10097: 4688:

of Pontus (8 BC – 38 AD). In 17 BC he was summoned to Rome by the new Emperor, Tiberius (14–37 AD) whom he had angered by supporting a rival, and Tiberius declared Cappadocia a

1275:

marked the beginning of half a century of conflict between the superpowers that faced each other across the Aegean. The Persians were already in Europe, with a presence in both

7942:, while the incumbents, Galerius and Maximinus continued in the east, as a Third Tetrarchy. this proved unworkable and both Maxentius and Constantine, originally overlooked as 7583:- the wealth of the city was absconded, a larger number of ships were confiscated, and they entered the interior without much resistance. A second invasion of Anatolia through 5104:

in the tripartite division. However, the degree of control of the Seleucids, who were constantly at war, over Armenia varied. Under subsequent monarchs, including Orontes' son

3093:

in 284 BC engendered both revulsion and revolt. Distrusting Seleucus, Lysimachus had now allied himself with Ptolemy. Seleucus invaded the Lysimachian lands and in the ensuing

977:. Eventually Aristagoras realized the futility of the exercise, as Artaphernes won a number of victories, and fled. Miletus fell to the Persian forces in 494 BC, following the 3984:

Bithynians were of Thracian origin. There is some evidence that even before the invasion of Alexander the Great, Bithynia enjoyed some independence. After Alexander's death,

8097:, as their Grand Vizier, or Chief of Staff. In the civil wars that followed with multiple competing emperors, they proliferated. Constantine divided the civil duties of the 4487: 1442: 8511:

divided the empire between them and it was never again to be united. Thus the Eastern Empire was finally established by the beginning of the 5th century, as it entered the

8177:, Anatolia falling to Constantius II. Constantius rarely visited Constantinople being preoccupied with the eastern front, amongst other wars. During Constantius' reign the 7953:

Relative to the western parts of the empire, the eastern empire was stable. The transition from Diocletian to Galerius proceeded smoothly in 305. Upon assuming the role of

6974:

Meanwhile, Caesar was planning to return to the east and deal with the Parthians who were once again harassing Syria, and avenge Crassius. Plans that were cut short by his

3340:, dynast of Pergamon, revolted against Seleucid rule and defeated Antiochus near Sardis in 262 BC, guaranteeing Pergamon's independence. Antiochus died the following year, 1650:(359 BC – 336 BC) on his assassination in 336 BC. Alexander invaded Asia Minor in 335 BC with a combined land and naval force, and by 333 BC had effectively vanquished the 10107: 3320:

with the Seleucids southern neighbours, the Ptolomies. He was unable to fulfill his father's ambitions of incorporating Thrace and Macedonia and nor was he able to subdue

12180: 6735:

While much of Pontus ended up in the new province of Bithynia et Pontus, the east was divided into client kingdoms including Pontus, which continued until the last king,

5942:(95–55 BC) ascended the throne of Armenia in 95 BC and allied himself to Mithridates through marriage, while Nicomedes died in 94 BC leaving his kingdom to his young son 4459:. It was strategically situated on the overland route between Syria and the Seleucid territories in western Asia Minor, and hence important to maintain access. Even as a 554:

into regional administrations (Satrapies or provinces, depending on sources) which replaced the hegemonic kingdoms prior to the conquest. Kings were replaced by Satraps.

6250: 5993: 1808:(323 BC). Philip was unable to rule effectively due to a serious disability, and both he and Alexander were soon murdered. Perdiccas himself was assassinated in 321 BC. 12160: 12156: 307:, Rome's allies in the war, were granted the former Seleucid lands in Anatolia. Anatolia subsequently became contested between the neighboring rivalling Romans and the 7332:. Armenia was now no longer a buffer state. However, the victory was short-lived, Trajan being forced to withdraw to Antioch, and dying shortly afterwards in 117 AD. 5049:. The Armenian highlands were geographically separated from the Mesopotamian plains, and was approached through Sophene to the south west and across the Euphrates at 1962:

Satrap of Thrace, Antigonus, Seleucus and Ptolemy which divided the Empire into four spheres of influence. By 304 BC all of these had proclaimed themselves 'kings' (

12213: 8414:

Theodosius's major problems were with the Goths and his western frontier, which kept him away from Constantinople. He became notorious for his perpetration of the

12183: 3064: 1410:

Following these Persian reverses, the Greek cities of Asia Minor again rebelled. The focus of the war now moved to the Aegean islands with the formation of the

1069:(Oroetus), satrap of Sparda (Sardis), in the 520s. Because of its strategic position between Europe and Asia it was the launching pad for expeditions to subdue 12154: 3837:

by 88 BC, before Roman retaliation forced his retreat and abandonment of all the occupied territory. Mithridates still controlled his own Pontine lands and a

1597:'s hands, the battle marked the end of Persian hegemony in Anatolia. Alexander then turned his attention to Syria, the eastern Mediterranean coast and Egypt. 6832: 5013:

Armenia in the 1st century BC formed a mountainous region in eastern Anatolia, bounded to the south by Syria and Mesopotamia and to the east by that part of

4849:. With the rise of more independent states in Asia Minor, Cilicia came under the hegemony of various surrounding kingdoms, sometimes partitioned. during the 4757: 5473:

in the western Mediterranean. As a result of these wars Rome found itself with overseas colonies and was now an imperial power. The next encounter with the

3163:, as well as the Aegean islands, only to lose some of them in the second war (260–253 BC). The territorial extent of the Ptolemies reached its zenith under 12071: 8318:(375–383), son of Valentinian I and nephew of Valens, before he realised he needed someone to rule in the east separately, dispatching his brother in law, 3025: 3016: 3006: 3002: 1160: 7986:(314) the two emperors were at war, which simmered over a decade. Constantine eventually besieged Licinius in Byzantium in 324, defeated his fleet at the 5911:

in c. 99 BC to take him to task. Amongst further turmoil in that kingdom, he again sent to Rome for support of his latest candidate as did his rival. The

1891:

However, dissent was endemic, and almost continuous war ensued amongst the Macedonian generals, lasting over 40 years; these wars were referred to as the

7767:

This evolved into a tetrachy in 293, the empire being divided into four, but each Caesar reporting to an Augustus. The new co-emperors were Galerius and

5241:

were among minor Anatolian states that at times were independent kingdoms and at others were annexed to surrounding territories. Both lay to the west of

11589: 6350:(94–74 BC) died, leaving his kingdom to Rome, he created not only a potential power vacuum, but further encircled Pontus. The Senate had instructed the 8426:

establishing a firm frontier, but essentially agreeing to give up most of Greater Armenia. This arrangement proved relatively stale over a long time.

5841:(120 – 63 BC) whose aggressive expansionist powers swept through Anatolia but soon brought him into direct conflict with Rome and the ultimately fatal 1479:, putting down rebellions and securing his northern frontiers. Alexander then turned his attention to the east, landing on the shores of Anatolia near 1414:

in 477 BC. Over the next 30 years Greek forces continued to harass Persian garrisons, invading Asia Minor in the 460s with an important victory at the

1002: 641:

Assyria was a Main Satrapy of the Great Satrapy of Babylon, and included Cilicia, while Armenia was a Main Satrapy within the Great Satrapy of Media.

11626: 3047: 2999: 2997: 2021: 7957:, Galerius assigned Maximinus to Egypt and Syria. On Galerius'death in 311, Maximinus divided the east seizing Asia Minor, with Licinius as western 7235:(54–68). After a disastrous battle of Rhandeia in 62. A compromise was worked out with a Parthian on the Armenian throne subject to Roman approval. 3841:

by Rome (83–81 BC) was rather inconclusive and failed to dislodge him. In the meantime the Roman presence in Anatolia was steadily growing. As with

6194: 1985:, Antipater's son and Cassander's brother ruled Cilicia, before being driven out the following year (300 BC) by Demetrius. The other exception was 12179: 8307:

Valens split Cappadocia, already much diminished into two provinces, Cappadocia prima in the north and Cappadocia secunda in the southwest around

6145:

Given that many Romans thought that Mithridates had got off rather lightly following the first war, provocation was almost inevitable. Sulla left

3039: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3013: 10910:

Encyclopédie méthodique: ou par ordre de matières: par une société de gens de lettres, de savans et d'artistes. Volume 2, Panckoucke, 1789 p. 462

8692:, and likely elsewhere in Syria and neighbouring Palestine, where Paul spent some time. The following was predominantly an urban phenomenon. The 6243: 5986: 4928: 3457:

where his defeat forced his retreat from Greece. The following year the Romans pursued him into Anatolia inflicting another major victory at the

3374:

to him following a defeat at Ancyra in 236 BC, although the latter was eventually driven out of Anatolia by Pergamon in 227 BC. Seleucus' sister

9239: 5116:, the next minor kingdom to the west, bordering on Cilicia and Cappadocia. However, the enlarged kingdom became divided in the next generation, 4347:

from the former Seleucid possessions. He subsequently enlarged and adorned the city, building amongst other things the Great Altar. His brother

1373:

gave command of the sea to the Greeks, and Xerxes retreated back to Asia. The following year (479 BC) the Greeks won a decisive land victory at

9144: 7377:(177–192). Commodus' reign ended a period of good government, known as the Five Good Emperors, and is credited with being the beginning of the 5659:

in 189 BC. There Antiochus was overwhelmed by an intensive cavalry charge by the Romans and an outflanking maneuver by Eumenes. Because of the

3845:

Nicomedes who had no heirs, bequeathed Bithynia to Rome. This provided the opportunity for Mithridates to invade Bithynia and precipitated the

3744:(120 – 63 BC) reversed earlier policies of friendship with the growing power of Rome, engaging in a series of wars that now bear his name, the 3051: 3050: 1563: 362: 7810:

used the term when he was governor of Cilicia (51 BC). Anatolia was restructured into three dioceses, which were eventually grouped under the

5279:

at least after 200 BC but with the weakening of that empire by the Romans after 190 BC it again became independent under Roman influence with

4608:

of Bithynia (127–94 BC), marrying Ariarathenes's widow, Laodice. Mithridates VI then ousted Nicomedes, replacing him with Aríarathes VI's son

4482:(321–316 BC). However, despite these Greek appointments Cappadocia continued to be governed by local rulers. Ariarthes had adopted his nephew 1931:

The second partitioning did little to quell the continuing scheming and jockeying for power. Antipater's illness in 320 BC led him to appoint

11908: 8557:. Although there may have been some settlement in the 4th century BC this was substantial before the time of the Seleucids. In about 210 BC, 7483:

During the crisis the eastern provinces felt they were on their own, and were not inclined to help prop up Rome against foreign attacks. The

6436:. Lucullus' troops were also tiring and becoming dissatisfied. Lucullus withdrew from Armenia but not in time to prevent the defeat at Zela. 3698:

in 181 BC. Ultimately he gained little, although the Romans attempted to intercede. He also continued alliances with the Seleucids, marrying

6794:

that separate it from Syria. There remained, however, troublesome tribes in the northern mountains that no power had succeeded in subduing.

5829:

had been removed. Pontus maintained an uneasy alliance with the Seleucids and was involved in a number of regional wars, particularly under

4292:

gave Pergamon control over much of Seleucid territory north of the Taurus Mountains, only to lose it under Antiochus III. The dealings with

4118:, a statue displayed in Pergamon, was a favorite in Hellenistic art. Rome launched a campaign against them in 189 BC, defeating them in the 3042: 3040: 3030: 3022: 3015: 3011: 515:

of eastern Anatolia, which had existed for barely a hundred years, was suddenly torn apart by a Persian rebellion in 553 BC under Cyrus II (

501:

at its greatest extent. Anatolia remained, however, under Persian rule until the latter's overthrow by Alexander in the late 4th century BC.

12206: 12135: 10175: 8184:

By 350 both of Constantius II's brothers had died and the empire was reunited under him. Constantius continued the tradition of appointing

4912: 4868:

Roman influence was being felt in Cilicia as early as 116 BC. In 67 BC Pompey who had suppressed the pirates created the Roman province of

3453:

appealed to it for help. He then crossed into Europe in 196 BC and Greece in 192 BC but by 191 BC came up against the Roman legions at the

2998: 1585:. Realizing that the terrain at this point favored his smaller army, Alexander attacked the Persians, who were effectively squeezed by the 493: 6752:

Cappadocia continued as an independent client, at one point being united with Pontus, until the Emperor Tiberius deposed the last monarch

3445:

I proved to be his undoing. His initial attempts to regain control of Asia Minor drew the attention of the growing Mediterranean power of

3038: 981:, who wreaked vengeance. The last pockets of resistance were obliterated by 493 BC. Herodotus depicts these events as the catalyst to the 805:(530–520 BC). Oroetus became the first satrap recorded as demonstrating insubordination with respect to the central power of Persia. When 12174: 12092: 10333: 9201: 6073:

Bithynia although the troops were actually raised locally. The other Roman commander was C. Cassius, governor of Asia, whose seat was at

5915:

promptly ordered Mithridates out of Cappadocia (and Nicomedes out of Paphlagonia). Mithridates appears to have withdrawn by 89 BC, while

12101: 8418:

in 390, and had to deal with all the problems going on in the west (see above). On the eastern front he came to an arrangement with the

4749:(Κιλικία Πεδιάς; Flat Cilicia, also Kilikia Leia or Smooth Cilicia), the flat plains to the east divided by the River Lamus, now called 3053: 1209:

continued in this manner, and expanded upon the groundwork laid by his father. He first removed the official capital of the satrap from

12181: 12167: 12166: 12143: 12142: 10258: 10163: 9085: 7141:(27 BC – 284 AD) was born. In exchange for this redistribution of powers, a long history of civil wars came to an end, replaced by the 6236: 6037: 5979: 5084:

in 321 BC. With the subsequent fall of Eumenes, Mithrenes re-assumed power (321–317 BC) and declared himself king. He was succeeded by

3707: 3652: 3375: 3347:(261–246 BC) named Theos, or "divine", who conducted the Second Syrian War (260–253 BC). Eventually he was poisoned by his first wife, 12175: 12138: 12110: 12097: 11442: 10499:

Aristodicus of Cyme and the Branchidae. Truesdell S. Brown. The American Journal of Philology Vol. 99, No. 1 (Spring, 1978), pp. 64–78

7663:(283–284) concerned themselves with the east. Numerian died before returning west leaving Carinus to face a newly proclaimed emperor, 6732:, leaving western and central Anatolia completely in Roman hands. In the East the former Armenian kingdoms remained under local rule. 6080:

Although Sulla was then appointed to deal with Mithridates, events moved very slowly. However, worse was to come later in 88 BC. the '

3003: 2993: 2991: 12116: 10153: 6825: 4173:, having allied himself with Rome against Pontus in the Mithridatic Wars. The title came with part of the Pontic lands, specifically 3312:

After the death of Seleucus, the vast and unwieldy empire he left faced many trials, both from internal and external forces. His son

12163: 12140: 8130:

During his reign, conflict with the Persians over Armenia persisted and he was planning a major campaign at the time of his death.

7901:

and Severus and Maximinus as Caesares, and heirs apparent. This oversight was to prove fatal to Diocletian's vision of a tetrarchy.

7794:), where he had originally been proclaimed emperor. This became the base for defence against invasion from the Balkans and Persia's 586:

Within the hierarchical system, Sparda was a Great Satrapy consisting of the Major Satrapies of Sarda (including minor satrapies of

12128: 12121: 12117: 12064: 5050: 4455:, while the centre and south was known as Greater Cappadocia, predominated by a plateau. At times the northern section constituted 3306: 3049: 3043: 3007: 3001: 2994: 2992: 8014:

once again on his abdication and it fell to Constantine to restore stability and continue the process of reform. From the time of

4169:(c. 105 – 42 BC) than many others. As chief tetrach of the Tolistobogii he was eventually granted the title of King of Galatia by 874:

Following the defeat of the Lydian revolt, Mazares began to reduce the other cities in the Lydian lands one by one, starting with

764:(545–544 BC), one of his generals to restore order. Pactyas subsequently fled to the coast and took refuge in the Aeolian city of 12199: 12015: 11675: 11644:

John Lemprière. A classical dictionary, containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in antient authors... 1839

11153: 7050: 6961:

in 48 BC, occupying all of Pontus. Caesar, returning from his Egyptian campaign, landed at Antioch and met Pharnaces's forces at

6649:(133–129 BC) and the early Mithridatic wars (89–85 BC), its frontiers were strengthened by creating the neighbouring province of 6432:

kingdoms. By 67 BC the Roman forces in Pontus were coming increasingly under attack by Mithridates who scored a major victory at

6112: 5837:(c. 150 – 120 BC) assisting the Romans in suppressing a revolt by the pretender of Pergamon, Eumenes III. This all changed under 3748:(88–63 BC), and which ultimately led to the end of his kingdom and dynasty. Mithridates was ambitious and planned to conquer the 12178: 12177: 12173: 12122: 12108: 12103: 12095: 12094: 8372:

Since Theodosius I (379–395) was only related to the Valentinians through marriage, he is regarded as the founder of a separate

7339:(117–138), decided not to persist with the eastern provinces, and Armenia continued to be a source of conflict in this period. 6154: 6108: 159: 146: 12161: 12155: 12150: 338:

was established with Constantinople as its capital, referred to by historians as the Byzantine Empire from the original name,

12176: 11798: 11664: 11605: 10771: 10448: 8082:

in 325 to resolve differences and establish orthodoxy, such as the date of Easter. The other great influence was his mother,

7344: 6460: 4612:(116–101 BC), his mother Laodice acting as regent. Mithridates also had him killed and replaced with Mithridates own son, as 3045: 3044: 2996: 2014: 8384:. He was also the last emperor to rule over both east and west. He continued the tradition of co-rulers, appointing his son 8009:

The empire was divided culturally with Latin predominating in the west, and Greek in the east, while eastern ideas, such as

3000: 2995: 1804:. Eventually Alexander and Philip were made joint monarchs and responsibility for regional administration divided up at the 12125: 11668: 10077: 7347:

on assuming the Imperial office. The war lasted five years and again the Parthian capital was sacked. A new threat was the

6818: 6539:. He then completed the subdual of Albania before returning to Pontus and Lesser Armenia where he set about organising the 6504:

in 66 BC inflicting great losses. Subsequently, Mithridates discovering that Tirganes would no longer support him, fled to

6363: 6107:

Mithridates' problems were further complicated by a 'rogue' Roman army dispatched by Sulla's enemies in Rome, commanded by

5833:(c. 190 – c. 155 BC) some of which attracted Roman intervention. There was a brief period of collaboration with Rome under 5711:(184 BC) free. By the time his brother Attalus II succeeded him, Pergamonian power was on the decline, and the last dynast 4815:

the following year. Cilicia had a habit of changing hands frequently, Demetrius losing it in 286 BC and then regaining it.

3699: 1817:

Power often lay with the Satraps, usually generals. In Anatolia, this initial division of power at Babylon was as follows;

886:(544–530 BC), who completed the subduing of Asia Minor. Some communities, rather than face a siege, chose exile, including 12170: 12168: 12107: 6161:. Murena proceeded to intervene in Cappadocia in 83 BC, where Mithrodates was also interfering with the recently restored 4829:

In the 2nd century BC, Cilicia was notorious for the pirates based along the southern Tracheian coast. After the death of

3048: 12057: 11880: 10216: 10067: 9016: 8407:(394–423) in the place of Valentinian, although he was only eight years old. Theodosius then disposed of Eugenius at the 7912:, was elected as Augustus by his troops, in competition with Severus, while Maxentius the other overlooked candidate for 7228: 4374:

briefly seized the throne until captured by the Romans in 129 BC. The lands occupied by Pergamon were divided up between

101: 49: 8078:

Constantine's major contribution to religion in the empire was to summon the elders of the Christian world to the great

6902:

In the year's following Pompey's departure the Roman administration in Anatolia kept a wary and at times fearful eye on

5216:

to the east. Rome saw Armenia as a buffer state in relation to Parthia, requiring frequent interventions by the Romans.

1491:

into Asia (335 BC). Initially the Persians offered little resistance and Alexander began to liberate Greek city states.

1201:

took advantage of his position. He gained for his family an autonomous hand in control of the province by providing the

12091: 7023: 6810: 6452: 2971: 1981:

In post-Ipsus Anatolia, Lysimachus held the west and north, Seleucus the east, and Ptolemy the south east. For a while

1792:

one of his generals, to take charge, and that Perdiccas envisioned sharing power, as regent, with his then unborn son,

580: 12120: 12109: 8616:(AD) the Jewish communities were more accepted in the Hellenistic world, but (other than in Cappadocia) the ties with 6358:. This coincided with the death of Servilius' successor as proconsul of Cilicia, which then came under the command of 3721:(c. 150 – 120 BC), son of Pharnaces I. He assisted the Romans in suppressing the revolt by the pretender of Pergamon, 3332:

from the north west but they were repelled in 278 BC. Within Asia Minor, the power of Pergamon on the Aegean coast, a

733:. Cyrus won, capturing Sardis after a 14-day siege, Croesus giving himself up to Cyrus. According to the Greek author 12162: 11901: 11841: 11824: 11728: 11621: 11251: 10542: 10400: 10241: 10133: 8178: 7811: 6772:

Armenia continued as a client state after the Mithridatic wars, torn between Rome and Parthia, eventually becoming a

1405: 1348: 195: 177: 119: 63: 12096: 3370:. In Asia Minor a rebellion by his younger brother Antiochus Hierax led to Seleucus II leaving the lands beyond the 3058: 1943:) with Cassander declaring himself regent in 317 BC and King in 305 BC, having had Alexander IV murdered in 309 BC. 1332:

in 490 BC, first taking islands such as Naxos which it had failed to capture in 500, in addition to disembarking at

10268: 9139: 9119: 8267:, who almost immediately divided the empire again, moving to the west leaving the east in the hands of his brother 6131:

the war and aftermath were ruinous for the region and piracy abounded. Mithradates himself faced internal problems

5947: 3619:(302 – 266 BC) in 291 BC, who assumed the title of king in 281 BC. Its capital was Sinope, now the Turkish town of 2007: 1600:

Darius himself was murdered in 330 BC, and shortly afterwards Alexander routed the remaining Persian forces at the

1321: 1295: 644:

Anatolia remained one of the most principal regions of the empire during its entire existence. During the reign of

17: 12147: 6800:

in the extreme southwest remained independent until 43 AD when it became a province, and was then merged with the

5076:(336–331 BC). With the death of Alexander and subsequent division of the empire in 323 BC, Armenia was granted to 1353:

Greece was spared further invasions when an unplanned interbellum (490–480 BC) occurred due to an insurrection in

12102: 10326: 9194: 8671: 8620:

were weakening. Christianity made little impact on Judaism in Anatolia before the making of it a state religion.

8458: 7328:, was killed, and going on to create provinces in Mesopotamia and Assyria, and capturing the Parthian capital of 7039: 6395: 6284: 4796: 3123:(323–283 BC) settled into his new province of Egypt and Libya with the least difficulty, controlling much of the 3055: 3033: 3014: 3005: 1982: 1418:

c. 469. The wars effectively ended in 449 BC with the Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus, a peace being declared, which

965:

in 498 BC, whereupon the Athenian ships withdrew. However, over the next two years open rebellion broke out from

12131: 11413: 7727:

Diocletian managed to secure the frontiers and instituted sweeping administrative reforms that affected all the

7616:(275–276) successfully took on the Gothic invaders of Anatolia, and this was continued by a subsequent emperor, 6205:. The building of military roads through Cilicia now created a new potential threat to Mithridates and Pontus. 283:, the largest of Alexander's territories, and which included Anatolia, became involved in a disastrous war with 12157: 12141: 11613:

A Dictionary of the Bible: Dealing with Its Language, Literature, and Contents, Including the Biblical Theology

9801: 9081: 7526:(282–284), led an expedition east to restore Roman rule in Armenia and reverse earlier losses by taking on the 6975: 5320: 5311:

was at times part of Sophene and of Armenia. As with Sophene it came more firmly under Seleucid control in the

4950: 4653: 3454: 3090: 3036: 1459:(358–338 BC) achieved the throne by violent means and was rumored to have been murdered himself. His successor 288: 12126: 12115: 12098: 11175: 7934:

In 308 Galerius and Diocletian attempted a diplomatic solution, summoning an Imperial Conference that elected

3031: 3023: 3008: 547:

system of local governors continued to be used and upgraded and other governmental upgrades were carried out.

12130: 12100: 12000: 10295: 10246: 10047: 9124: 8637: 7897:. Galerius was now Augustus of the East and the Second Tetrarchy was formed with Constantius and Galerius as 7463:

and the first schism within the empire. The profound changes between the preceding Principate and succeeding

4645: 4617: 4616:(101–96 BC). In 97 BC there was a rebellion against this proxy monarchy and Ararathes VII's brother known as 4561:

of Pergamon (160–138 BC) Ariarathes was victorious in 156 BC. He then allied himself with Attalus II against

4525:(222–187 BC) as his wife, and assisting him against the Romans. Although the Romans proved victorious at the 4451:

to the Euphrates and from the Black Sea to Cilicia. The northern portion, known as Cappadocia Pontus, became

4181:

surviving to an advanced age. He formed a political alliance with Pergamon by marrying Berenice, daughter of

3862:

The lands were divided with the western part including the capital being absorbed into the Roman province of

3804: 3012: 12153: 8468:

were split in two, e.g. Cilicia I, Cilicia II. The Armenian situation was complex. In the west (west of the

7655:

By the time of Carus, the idea of two empires, west and east was emerging. Carus appointed one of his sons,

7114:

was built to honor the Emperor Augustus and his family. It led to the commercial area where goods were sold.

4280:' famous statues of the defeated Galatians. Attalus protected the Greek cities of Anatolia but harassed the 3849:(74–63 BC). Mithridates' position was considerably weakened following the fall of Armenia to Rome in 66 BC. 3786:(127 – 94 BC) in 108 BC also acquiring Galatia and Armenia Minor but soon fell out with him over control of 3178:

influence steadily increased as it progressively absorbed much of the Greek world. Egypt formed a pact with

251:, all of Anatolia remained under Persian control except for the Aegean coast, which was incorporated in the 12171: 11894: 10362: 10263: 9267: 6747: 6527:

Following the subdual of Armenia Pompey moved on to the Caucasus and the extreme end of Anatolia including

6162: 5924: 4660:

to his territory but was executed by the Romans for opposing their control, being succeeded by his brother

4622: 4499: 4419: 3812: 3800: 3663:

in 239 BC. However, the alliance between the dynasties was further consolidated when he gave his daughter,

3054: 3052: 3029: 3021: 3020: 1686: 945:

who had been forced to flee (C. 502 BC) and seek his help. He planned to annex not only Naxos but also the

12132: 12106: 11679: 10510: 9282: 8395:(375–383) his son acceded to the throne but Valentinian I's generals proclaimed his four-year-old brother 6945:(63–47 BC) saw an opportunity to expand his realms in violation of his agreement with Pompey, moving into 6630:

towards the end of the Mithridatic wars created an eastern expansion far beyond the vision of the Senate.

3608:, parallel to the coast. Its main centres were on the Lycus and Iris rivers including the royal centre of 3035: 3034: 3026: 3017: 618:

was included in semi-autonomous Caria, and Sparda included the offshore islands. Greater Phrygia included

12345: 12151: 12148: 11716: 10367: 10357: 10143: 9931: 9294: 8454: 7929: 7452: 7430: 7378: 7169: 7078: 6865: 6757: 6375: 6274: 6093: 6042: 5812: 5097: 4833:

Sidetes (138–129) the Seleucid Empire had become reduced to Syria and adjacent Cilicia. At one stage the

4689: 4613: 4585: 4514: 3808: 3796: 3734: 3563: 2837: 2464: 2190: 1495: 1280: 1074: 354: 12172: 12127: 12111: 12099: 12093: 8756:

Paul noted that "all they which dwelt in Asia heard the word" and verified the existence of a church in

8717:, the metropolis of the province of Asia, his headquarters (54-56AD). Another New Testament source, the 6208: 4672:(38 BC – 17 AD) a Cappadocian nobleman. Archelaus survived by switching allegiance from Mark Anthony to 4486:(301 – 280 BC), who fled to Armenia but then reconquered Cappadocia killing the local Macedonian satrap 4240:

was named Attalid, in honour of Philetaerus'father Attalis. On his death he was succeeded by his nephew

3260:

294 and 286 BC respectively, but then regained it shortly thereafter. His next problem was to deal with

3037: 12133: 10319: 10253: 10057: 9219: 9187: 9159: 8800: 7551: 7294: 6688:

Thus by Pompey's time the Roman provinces covered the west, north and south of Anatolia. In the centre

6334: 6017: 5584: 4661: 4546: 4467: 4265: 3941: 2865: 1971: 1940: 1601: 1023: 962: 776:. On hearing that the Mytilenians were negotiating a price for Pactyas, the destination was changed to 273: 12165: 12158: 12139: 11443:

Wilson, Michael. Cilicia:The First Christian Churches in Anatolia. Tyndale Bulletin 54.1 (2003) 15–30.

10577: 8192:

was appointed to rule the eastern provinces (351–354) until Constantius had him killed. The other was

6455:, ordered to deal with the Cilician pirate problem, that was threatening the Roman food supply in the 6201:(78–74 BC). Servilius set about cleansing the Pamphylian coast of pirates before subduing Pisidia and 394:

had become the predominant power in western Anatolia by the 7th century BC, although often subject to

12124: 12123: 12119: 12114: 12105: 11595: 10588: 10278: 9077: 9047: 7386: 7360: 7262: 7244: 6289: 6047: 5935: 5892: 5727: 5461:(280–275 BC) established supremacy over the Greek colonies of southern Italy. Shortly afterwards the 4812: 4605: 4036: 3783: 3245: 3229: 3060: 3027: 3018: 3010: 2811: 2723: 2494: 2450: 2227: 2118: 1955: 1913: 1905: 1857: 1812: 1540:(333 BC), securing all of the Anatolian naval bases. From Side they moved north into the interior of 1361:(485–465 BC) had amassed a huge army, and marched into Europe by crossing the Hellespont by means of 92: 12134: 8340: 7424: 7196:(38–62). Polemon continued as King of Cilicia until his death. Pontus consisted of three districts: 5088:(317–260 BC) and relative stability apart from his unsuccessful struggles with the minor kingdom of 3127:

and at times south-eastern Anatolia. This was confirmed following the third partition following the

3009: 3004: 1467:(336–330), then Satrap of Armenia. Darius proved to be the last king to rule since in the same year 1283:, a position they consolidated following the suppression of the revolt between 492 and 486 BC under 748:, also known as the Satrapy of Lydia and Ionia, although there was an unsuccessful rebellion led by 693:

By 550 BC Lydia controlled the Greek coastal cities, who paid tribute, and most of Anatolia, except

12149: 12146: 12144: 12038: 11599: 9067: 9035: 8779:

Even other non-Christians started to take notice of the new religion. In 112 the Roman governor in

8765: 8605: 8415: 8162: 7890: 7838: 7680: 7652:, was an exception to the general pattern in this era, succeeding in re-uniting the empire by 274. 7325: 7031: 6993: 6875: 6870: 6779: 6729: 6683: 6679: 6650: 6576: 6347: 6186: 6027: 5865: 5838: 4967: 4885: 4869: 4649: 4554: 4300:

had any meaningful success in Anatolia as the Roman Empire lay on the horizon. After that victory,

4189: 4068: 4048: 4028: 3883: 3826: 3711: 3644: 3379: 3062: 2106: 1617: 879: 12113: 12112: 12104: 8173:(337–350). They immediately set about carving up Constantine's empire, together with their cousin 6739:(38–64 AD) was deposed by the Emperor Nero and Pontus became absorbed into the provincial system. 5155:), as opposed to Greater Armenia to the east. Artaxias also moved the capital again, this time to 3059: 3057: 1425:

Skirmishes continued, and the Greek cities of Asia Minor continued to be pawns in the struggles.

768:. Mazares demanded that Cyme release Pactyas to him. Fearing retribution, the Cymeans sent him to 438:(ruled c. 605–560 BC) found himself being attacked by Cyaxares, although the neighbouring king of 12137: 11409: 9101: 9052: 8961: 8709: 8701: 8642:

We have very little information regarding the spread of Christianity from the events recorded in

8629: 8589: 8322:(379–395), to Constantinople. In the west the Valentinians continued in power until the death of 8079: 8055:

Constantine considered a number of candidate cities as a new eastern capital, before deciding on

7613: 7484: 7312: 7224: 7173: 7035: 6985: 6915: 6911: 6753: 6032: 5834: 5822: 5704: 5592: 5316: 5312: 5160: 5156: 4669: 4593: 4352: 4348: 4264:(241–197 BC) who was the first dynast of Pergamon to assume the title of 'king'. He succeeded in 4106: 3997: 3911: 3833:(89–84 BC). During this period, Mithridates swept through Asia Minor occupying most of it except 3718: 3628: 3616: 3605: 3417: 3356: 3144: 1990: 1793: 1415: 312: 55: 12145: 11543: 8161:

Constantine I's succession was complicated being succeeded by three of his sons simultaneously;

8044: 7499:(251–253) but was eventually beaten off by the local Roman forces towards the end of his reign. 5271:

Sophene had been a province of ancient Armenia but became independent following the division of

4177:

in the east. Deiotarus was adroit at manoeuvering between the various internal struggles of the

3061: 353:, who would continue the centuries long rivalry between Rome and Persia, which again culminated 12129: 12118: 10352: 10283: 9257: 8722: 8408: 8090: 7637: 7617: 7488: 7401: 7370: 7161: 7154: 7082: 7007: 6942: 6941:

between Pompey and Caesar (49–45 BC) provided opportunity for further instability in Anatolia.

6885: 6783: 6767: 6763: 6667: 6544: 6433: 6425: 6314: 6304: 6140: 6022: 5830: 5328: 5204: 5143:(190 BC) allowed Armenia to throw off Seleucid rule, the satraps assuming kingship under a new 4954: 4877: 4842: 4808: 4632:

and Ariobarzanes required regular intervention from Rome to protect him from the incursions of

4565:

of Bithynia (182–149 BC). He died in 130 BC assisting the Romans in putting down the pretender

4562: 4541:

of Pergamon (197–159 BC), a Roman ally. In this role he joined Eumenes in his struggle against

4534: 4495: 4470:

of Cappadocia (331–322 BC), and had himself proclaimed king. Ariarathes I refused to submit to

4012: 3985: 3867: 3838: 3538: 3522: 3360: 3253: 3056: 2964: 2094: 1967: 12136: 10909: 10697: 10532: 8181:

was established, incorporating the eastern dioceses, with its headquarters in Constantinople,

7806:, an intermediate administrative structure that combined together several provinces, although 7315:

presided over a period of relative peace and prosperity and its greatest territorial extent.

5147:

dynasty (189 BC – 12 AD). Zariadris took the south (Sophene) following Xerxes' assassination.

4684:. He also united Cappadocia with Pontus by marrying with Augustus' blessing, the client queen 4366:(138–133 BC), son of Eumenes II, who bequeathed his kingdom to the Roman Republic. However, a 4351:(c. 160–138 BC) fought with the Romans against Galatia and Bithynia and founded the cities of 2949: 1773: 813:(522–486 BC) finally securing control. Oroetus defied Darius' orders to assist him, whereupon 12164: 12152: 11241: 10464: 9711: 8750: 8585: 8450: 8449:

in 393 and today it also bears his name. He also played a part in religious life, issuing an

8438: 8437:

Despite all these events he was able to contribute considerably to Anatolian life. The great

8264: 8023: 8003: 7991: 7209: 6965:

in 47 BC and inflicted heavy losses on him, before returning to Rome, uttering the legendary

6938: 6930:

of which he was a member, leading to the progressive difficulties between Pompey and Caesar.

6855: 6324: 6260: 6224: 6158: 6066: 6003: 5959: 5720: 5112:(260–228 BC) that grip was loosened further allowing Armenia to acquire not only Sophene but 5077: 4900: 4873: 4838: 4830: 4692:

ending the kingdom. Pythodorida returned to Pontus, Lesser Armenia was given to his step-son

4685: 4641: 4597: 4395: 4309: 4020: 3899: 3871: 3846: 3830: 3807:(101 – 96 BC) ruled for a brief period before being replaced by Mithridates with his own son 3792: 3730: 3518: 3413: 3367: 3352: 3164: 2748: 2484: 2315: 1886: 1820: 1797: 1366: 1238: 1149: 1030: 1011: 922: 809:(530–522 BC), who succeeded his father Cyrus, died, the Persian Empire was in chaos prior to 587: 327: 8271:(364–378). Valens preoccupied himself with the east only to discover a Constatinian usurper 7220:

in the east, bordering on Cappadocia (Armenia Minor), was incorporated into that territory.

4621:

Ariarathes IX was deposed yet again and the Cappadocians were allowed to choose a new king,

4229:

plains. Capital of the Attalid dynasty, it was one of the three major cities of Asia Minor.

4221:

of the Lysimachean Empire, which was destroyed in 281 BC. Today it is at the modern town of

3041: 155: 9877: 9134: 9072: 9042: 8693: 8301: 7987: 7741: 7555: 7003: 6736: 6150: 6097: 6052: 5700: 5602: 5599:

when he said that an autonomous Greece and Greek cities in Anatolia was what Rome desired.

5053:

in Cappadocia. The horses bred on the Armenian lands made it attractive to its neighbours.

4904: 4773: 4460: 4145:

models of governance with tribes and cantons, whose rulers were described by the Greeks as

4027:(181–179 BC) but then attacked Pergamon (156–154 BC) with disastrous consequences. His son 3269: 3241: 3094: 2919: 2898: 2743: 2603: 2566: 2532: 2352: 2305: 2176: 2042: 1900: 1892: 1805: 1680: 1647: 1636: 568: 11191: 8772:, both of which already had churches, bishops, and official representatives who supported 8133: 6957:. The Galatians appealed to Caesar, but Pharnaces had already overrun a Roman army at the 4644:

against Pontus he was able to enlarge his domains before abdicating in favour of his son,

3866:, while the east was divided into client kingdoms including Pontus, with Mithridates' son 1999: 1908:). Perdiccas' murder necessitated a further partitioning and appointment of a new regent, 1344:

XI 148) differ in terms of the significance of Marathon, great victory or minor skirmish.

8: 12080: 11917: 11472: 11468: 11457: 10652: 10347: 10236: 10221: 9971: 9701: 9668: 9560: 9473: 9149: 9003: 8879: 8857: 8850: 8787:

that so many different people are flocking to Christianity, leaving the temples vacated.

8773: 8540: 8465: 8446: 8272: 8250: 8193: 8115: 8019: 7970: 7827: 7768: 7468: 6958: 6501: 6319: 5753:

The interior of Anatolia had been relatively stable despite occasional incursions by the

5612: 5588: 5556: 5478: 5272: 5187: 5128: 5065: 4916: 4896: 4765: 4522: 4471: 4281: 3935: 3895: 3891: 3290: 3286: 3213: 3171: 3083: 2934: 2801: 2623: 2372: 2088: 2030: 1781: 1643: 1594: 1586: 1468: 1460: 1378: 1357:

in 486 BC and Darius' illness and death that year. By 480 BC, Darius' successor, his son

1284: 1246: 1090: 982: 710: 470: 395: 300: 256: 224: 11691: 10480: 8713:

to the new faith in both Jewish and hellenised Gentile society. He appears to have made

6840: 5547:, Rome had suffered in Spain, Africa, and Italy because of the impressive strategies of 4998:. Its boundaries fluctuated during the 1st millennium BC but at times extended from the 4753:. A major east-west trading route passed through it exiting through the Cilician Gates. 4304:

heirs would never again expand their empire. Attalus also had to fight off neighbouring

3922:

where he continued as king after losing Pontus which then also became a Roman province.

12159: 12005: 10562: 10231: 10087: 9891: 8952: 8718: 8643: 8633: 8504: 8404: 8391:

The situation in the west was extremely complex. On the death of Valentinian I in 375,

8373: 8335: 8276: 8230: 8212:(306–337 AD), Anatolia enjoyed relative peace that allowed itself to grow as a region. 8189: 8098: 8049: 7908:

as expected. However, Constantine, who would have been eligible for the vacant role of

7787: 7704:

Roman Empire under the First Tetrarchy showing the three Dioceses of the Eastern Empire

7644:(260–273). This stretched all the way to Ancyra, and even attempted to annex Bithynia. 7568: 7515: 7496: 7270: 7015: 7011: 7010:

seized all the eastern provinces. However, their combined forces were destroyed at the

6880: 6860: 6805: 6721: 6701: 6659: 6540: 6484:

as proconsul. These extraordinary powers were further extended in the next year by the

6416: 6329: 6309: 6124: 6119:

and ravaged western Asian Minor before inflicting a defeat on the Pontic forces on the

5939: 5780: 5708: 5656: 5535: 5374:. These lands were subsequently lost to Rome in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC). 5284: 5266: 5140: 5105: 5069: 4991: 4980: 4944: 4920: 4862: 4633: 4589: 4526: 4436: 4320: 4193: 3882:, but were eventually returned to the provincial fold, forming part of the province of 3863: 3820: 3526: 3458: 3217: 2791: 2781: 2763: 2733: 2633: 2261: 1947: 1832: 1801: 1736: 1613: 1513: 1337: 1258: 1086: 576: 358: 292: 248: 11453: 11381: 10669: 9681: 8429: 6653:

to its east along the southwestern Mediterranean coast in 78 BC. A further bequest by

5795:(163 – 130 BC), continued his father's policy of alliance with Rome, joining Rome and 5371: 4764:

for some of the time, Cilicia was ruled by tributary kings. Following the division of

4474:

and remained unsubdued by the time of Alexander's death. Cappadocia was then given to

3714:(c. 155 – c. 150 BC) who allied himself with Rome and her allies, including Pergamon. 3525:(116–96 BC) there was little left outside Antioch and Syria. The invasion of Syria by 3101:

in 281 BC, Lysimachus was killed and Seleucus seized control over western Asia Minor.

1784:

died suddenly and unexpectedly in Babylon at the age of 32, leaving a power vacuum in

1521: 12028: 11837: 11820: 11794: 11724: 11660: 11617: 11247: 10767: 10538: 10444: 10396: 10273: 10226: 9941: 9867: 9751: 9741: 9721: 9691: 9228: 9057: 9010: 8809: 7823: 7732: 7649: 7460: 7444: 7390: 7189: 6927: 6923: 6536: 6532: 6517: 6294: 5818: 5788: 5762: 5696: 5246: 5179: 5117: 4872:

as the second province in Asia Minor, eventually stretching between the provinces of

4854: 4785: 4769: 4761: 4750: 4718: 4581: 4550: 4542: 4452: 4440: 4379: 4123: 4040: 4024: 3672: 3577: 3559: 3425: 3221: 3114: 3110: 2957: 2893: 2855: 2718: 2522: 2271: 2050: 1986: 1921: 1877: 1632: 1370: 1202: 1178: 730: 506: 498: 378: 346: 269: 244: 228: 87: 8592:. Additional clues to the size of the Jewish influence in the area were provided by 5887:

Rome, however, noticed once Mithridates turned his eye west in 108 BC, partitioning

4517:(220 – 163 BC) consolidated his power by marrying into the Seleucid dynasty, taking 4478:(323–321 BC) to govern, who had Ariarthes killed. Eumenes was replaced in 321 BC by 1463:(338–336 BC) also met a violent end, paving the way for the accession of his nephew 12033: 10199: 9951: 9921: 9883: 9383: 9154: 8984: 8943: 8895: 8863: 8830: 8581: 8577:, and this migration continued throughout the remainder of the Empire's existence. 8256: 8109: 8103: 8083: 8072: 8064: 7641: 7600: 7054: 7046: 6967: 6791: 6787: 6725: 6642: 6528: 6412: 6391: 6299: 6279: 5869: 5860: 5842: 5672: 5660: 5552: 5544: 5358: 5175: 5164: 5144: 5093: 5042: 5018: 4892: 4850: 4819: 4734: 4722: 4677: 4530: 4503: 4479: 4428: 4387: 4289: 4127: 4052: 4047:, attempted to annex Paphlagonia and claim Cappadocia. He was succeeded by his son 3966: 3887: 3769: 3745: 3497: 3462: 3371: 3294: 3199: 3140: 2870: 2806: 2542: 2362: 1917: 1382: 1374: 1288: 810: 722: 678: 645: 540: 335: 323: 296: 11808: 8700:

included in the New Testament, of which a number were to Anatolian churches (e.g.

7857:

stepped down, an unprecedented constitutional step, the agreement being that both

7538: 6782:

was for a short time a separate province (64–47 BC) before becoming absorbed into

4490:

in 301 BC. Nevertheless, he was permitted to continue to reign as a vassal of the

3829:(94 – 74 BC) declared war on Pontus aided by Roman legions in 89 BC launching the 365:

in the southeast, but most of Anatolia remained under Byzantine control until the

208: 12319: 12259: 12191: 11982: 11830: 11813: 11788: 11741: 11643: 11637: 11610: 11179: 10760: 10608: 10434: 10390: 9841: 9791: 9771: 9731: 9590: 9343: 9091: 9062: 8977: 8925: 8697: 8651: 8562: 8550: 8546: 8323: 7994:. Constantine then declared himself sole emperor of a reunited empire (324–337). 7819: 7728: 7629: 7587:

brought even more terror inland and wanton destruction. They entered the city of

7580: 7576: 7546:

A new problem for Anatolia emerged during this period, with the expansion of the

7527: 7425:

The Empire: the years of crisis 235–284, Schism 258–274 and Gothic invasion (255)

7418: 7414: 7394: 7364: 7348: 7340: 7266: 7248: 7142: 6581: 6571: 6081: 5950:

and Manlius Maltimus to deal with the problem, and Pontus and Armenia drew back.

5741: 5628: 5608: 5560: 5530: 5490: 5482: 5440: 5387: 5276: 5101: 5057: 4834: 4793: 4777: 4498:(280 – 230 BC) continued the policy of increasing independence. His son in turn, 4324: 4285: 4257: 4237: 4205: 3195: 3128: 3120: 3119:

Of all the major satraps appointed on the death of Alexander the Great (323 BC),

2885: 2845: 2713: 2613: 2607: 2556: 2388: 2382: 2295: 2154: 1975: 1951: 1709: 1572: 1557: 1369:

later that year and razing Athens. However, the loss of the Persian fleet at the

1362: 1237:

did not live to see his plans realized fully, and his position went to his widow

847: 834: 745: 718: 673: 572: 564: 516: 511:

The Medean Empire turned out to be short lived (c. 625 – 549 BC). By 550 BC, the

478: 419: 411: 403: 350: 308: 280: 11886: 7567:, they sailed from Black Sea bases (Black Sea Goths) in 255 during the reign of 5627:

in 196 BC, and crossed into Greece by 192 BC, deciding to ally himself with the

3533:(95–55 BC) in 83 BC virtually extinguished the empire, a process completed when 1428: 725:

led to a stalemate, the Lydians were forced to retreat to their capital city of

11932: 10684: 10589:

Briant, P. "Des Achéménides aux rois hellénistiques: continuités et ruptures,"

10039: 9811: 9022: 8934: 8918: 8677: 8473: 8396: 8218: 8166: 8150: 7974: 7771:, forming the First Tetrarchy (293–305). Thus Diocletian and Maximian were the 7747: 7472: 7456: 6981: 6962: 6950: 6934: 6619: 6513: 6509: 6489: 6477: 6444: 6399: 5931: 5904: 5873: 5779:

in their war against Rome. However, Ariarathes changed alliances following the

5575:(241–197 BC) the dominant western Anatolian power, traveled to Rome along with 5474: 5462: 5398: 5288: 5183: 5152: 4959: 4884:(27 BC – 14 AD) Cicilia had been dismembered, divided between the provinces of 4745:(Κιλικία Τραχεία; Rugged or Rough Cilicia), a mountainous area in the west and 4726: 4657: 4609: 4604:(120–63 BC) then had Ariarathes murdered. Cappadocia was then briefly ruled by 4601: 4529:(190 BC) Ariarathes had another alliance which spared Cappadocia following the 4391: 4253: 4178: 4174: 3978: 3950: 3875: 3741: 3542: 3446: 3386:

as a dowry. Despite this Mithridates joined Antiochus Hierax against Seleucus.

3366:

Seleucus II oversaw the Third Syrian War (246–241 BC) with Berenice's brother,

2661: 2402: 2136: 2075: 1764: 1549: 1529: 1517: 1456: 1341: 1019: 978: 899: 331: 284: 7200:

in the west, bordering on Galatia which was incorporated into that territory;

4319:(197–159 BC) also collaborated with Rome to defeat Antiochus the Great at the 1308:

From the Greek perspective the first war was when Darius assembled a fleet in

820: 583:

I-IV. However, the number of satrapies and their boundaries varied over time.

430:(ruled c. 624/1–610/609 BC) joined forces with Cyaxares the Mede to drive the 12339: 12023: 11967: 11785: 11702: 10440: 10309: 10211: 9901: 9177: 8659: 8558: 8423: 8314:

For a brief time the empire was reunited (378–379) under the western emperor

8260: 8209: 8138: 8124: 8034: 8015: 7882: 7803: 7633: 7435: 7417:

itself was about to come to an end, being overthrown in 224 by the resurgent

6907: 6906:

on its eastern borders, while the central government in Rome was focussed on

6850: 6773: 5895:(127–94 BC). They not only ignored Roman orders to withdraw but marched into 5772: 5620: 5486: 5420: 5029:

River. To the west lay Cappadocia and Commagene. It included the area around

5014: 4999: 4823: 4483: 4105:(Ankara). It was settled by Gauls who were originally invited to Anatolia by 4083:

c.230 BC, commemorating victory of Pergamon over Galatia Copy of original by

3878:

in 47 BC. Many of the centres brought into the Roman province reverted under

3687: 3668: 3620: 3183: 1578: 1567:

Alexander before the Battle of Issus, the best representation of his likeness

1553: 1411: 1401: 1272: 1214: 911: 839: 830: 765: 512: 474: 446:

in north central Anatolia was established as the Medes' frontier with Lydia.

399: 366: 304: 252: 8445:

to Constantinople in 390 still stands today. He rebuilt Constantine's great

8364: 7659:(282–285) as co-emperor for the western empire, while he and his other son, 6971:. Pontus continued under client kings until 17 BC, and Galatia until 25 BC. 6547:

as a province, effectively ending the Seleucid Empire now based in Antioch.

5275:'s empire. At times it incorporated Commagene. It was nominally part of the 5080:(323–321 BC). Neoptolemus, however, conspired and was killed in battle with 4907:(38 BC – 74 AD) on her death, although he lost the Pontian throne in 62 AD. 3988:(326–278 BC) had himself proclaimed king in 297 BC, waging war against both 3729:

from the Romans. He allied himself with Cappadocia by marrying his daughter

1300: 485:

kingdom of South Central Anatolia which fell under Assyrian rule in 713 BC.

10011: 9981: 9831: 8990: 8528: 8516: 8356: 8319: 7894: 7782:

There were now four Tetrarchic Capitals, with the east being governed from

7354: 7128: 7074: 7070: 6654: 6550: 6447:

brought a lot of opposition at home, some fueled by the great Roman consul

6421: 6169: 5943: 5912: 5908: 5877: 5792: 5724: 5383: 5092:

on his south-western frontier. During this time the capital was moved from

5034: 4693: 4629: 4466:

At the time of the conquest by Alexander the Great, the Persian satrap was

4383: 4301: 4225:. The site formed a natural fortress of strategic importance, guarding the 4150: 4119: 3894:. Pontus continued under client kings, initially descended from Pharnaces. 3521:(138–129) BC the empire became increasingly diminished and by the reign of 3344: 3179: 3175: 1627: 1582: 1533: 942: 319: 10654:

Ancient History: From the Earliest Times to the Fall of the Western Empire

8522: 8348: 7712:(284–305) obtained power following the death of the last Crisis Emperors, 6897: 4826:, Cilicia was left to Antiochus, despite losing most lands west of there. 1670: 1525: 1447: 1436: 783: 12304: 11937: 10204: 9911: 9859: 9433: 9096: 8512: 8457:. Then in 381 he continued Constantine's work in Nicaea by calling a new 8234: 7492: 7238: 7027: 6998: 6919: 6646: 6638: 6485: 6473: 6394:

The city held out and Mithridates withdrew suffering heavy losses at the

6101: 5888: 5733: 5716: 5712: 5692: 5636: 5458: 5171: 5139:. The retreat of the Seleucid forces from Europe and their defeat at the 5085: 5072:(334 BC) and was appointed to be the local satrap as had been his father 5007: 4789: 4665: 4566: 4456: 4371: 4363: 4232: 4182: 4032: 3970: 3879: 3775: 3756:

on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, and then extended as far north as

3722: 3679: 3664: 3656: 3632: 3597: 3585: 3317: 3313: 3132: 2796: 2703: 2587: 2550: 2336: 2289: 2130: 1932: 1865: 1325: 1263: 1165: 1082: 934: 926: 806: 635: 482: 443: 407: 8746: 8596:, who noted that a fellow Roman governor had halted the tribute sent to 7973:

in Thrace, at which he was routed, but was pursued across Asia Minor to

7745:

became the name of senior emperors, while junior emperors were known as

7739:, and dividing the responsibility for the empire between them. The term 6228: 5971: 5964: 5748: 5603:

Seleucid invasion of Europe and retreat from western Anatolia 196–188 BC

5503: 4880:

in the east, adding Cicilia Pedias in 63 BC. By the time of the Emperor

3461:

in Lydia. Antiochus was forced to sue for peace and by the terms of the

3389: 12244: 11615:. Volume III: (Part I: Kir—Nympha). Minerva 2004 (reprinted from 1898). 10021: 9991: 9393: 9314: 9249: 8837: 8613: 8442: 8296: 8142: 8120: 7709: 7691: 7664: 7448: 7193: 7145:(27 BC – 14 AD). The endless wars had been devastating for Asia Minor. 7138: 7093: 6743: 6717: 6693: 6456: 6351: 6198: 6185:). So the area was brought under provincial administration by creating 5900: 5800: 5796: 5768: 5758: 5648: 5623:(223–187 BC) to obtain it. Despite warnings by Rome, Antiochus entered 5526: 5466: 5450: 5250: 5148: 5121: 5073: 5038: 5022: 4558: 4538: 4448: 4424: 4415: 4375: 4316: 4218: 4154: 4115: 4098: 4079: 4044: 3989: 3907: 3903: 3787: 3703: 3691: 3683: 3601: 3593: 3512:(dark green before, light green after). Residual Seleucid lands in pink 3433: 3406: 3359:

and her infant son. Antiochus II's son by Laodice from his first wife,

3333: 3321: 3261: 3079: 2728: 2546: 2474: 2285: 2207: 2112: 1959: 1925: 1861: 1727: 1545: 1488: 1464: 1394: 1242: 1198: 1062: 1054: 1007: 714: 702: 649: 603: 536: 523:(585–550 BC) in 550 BC. The Medes then became subject to the Persians. 431: 12049: 8295:

on Syria, and having to send troops to help with the wars against the

8275:

had declared himself emperor resulting in a civil war. In the ensuing

7755:, Diocletian entrusted the west to his junior Caesar (later Augustus) 7409:(198–217) had some successes, but these were lost under his successor 7319:(98–117) finally achieved provincialisation of the troubled region of 5520: 5496:

Part of Roman foreign policy was the declaration of foreign states as

3774:

He next turned his attention to Anatolia where he sought to partition

3204: 1796:(323–309 BC). This was not universally accepted, and his half-brother 1081:

was the last Achaemenid satrap of Dascylium (350–334 BC) according to

12299: 11169:. İstanbul 2007; F. Onur, Two Procuratorian Inscriptions from Perge, 10001: 9821: 9129: 8705: 8685: 8597: 8566: 8493: 8481: 8477: 8469: 8419: 8174: 8146: 8056: 8010: 7966: 7962: 7874: 7842: 7795: 7783: 7736: 7592: 7588: 7564: 7519: 7507: 7503: 7406: 7329: 7278: 7213: 7133: 7053:, while Antony retained Western Anatolia. Antony was defeated at the 6922:

which proved disastrous, the Parthians inflicting huge losses at the

6801: 6697: 6516:

either committed suicide or was assassinated in 63 BC and Rome added

6404: 6379: 6174: 6168:

Murena had refused to recognise the treaty on a technicality and the

6120: 6116: 5881: 5776: 5715:(138–133 BC) bequeathed his kingdom to Rome. After a brief revolt by 5684: 5568: 5336: 5308: 5280: 5238: 5229: 5195: 5136: 5132: 5113: 5109: 5061: 5026: 5003: 4804: 4800: 4730: 4600:

in order to bring Cappadocia under his control. Mithridates V's son,

4518: 4491: 4432: 4367: 4340: 4297: 4293: 4261: 4241: 4166: 4131: 4111: 3993: 3974: 3954: 3581: 3485: 3348: 3337: 3237: 3225: 3182:

and the dynasty eventually came to an end in 30 BC with the death of

3160: 3136: 2906: 2880: 2738: 2698: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2657: 2637: 2576: 2512: 2506: 2460: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2329: 2325: 2255: 2217: 2186: 2160: 2148: 2142: 2060: 2055: 1936: 1916:

in 321 BC. Eumenes was condemned and control of Cappadocia passed to

1909: 1853: 1824: 1789: 1718: 1664: 1590: 1537: 1509: 1484: 1386: 1046: 966: 918: 907: 734: 627: 463: 447: 427: 339: 11422: 7837:

Armenia returned to the Roman sphere in 287 as a vassal state under

7628:

By 258 the empire was breaking up with the defection of the western

7571:(253–260) around the eastern shores, landing in the coastal city of 7447:(222–235), the last of the Severans, brought to an end the Augustan 6841:

Provinces of Roman Anatolia prior to reforms of Diocletian (284-305)

6366:. Both consuls were instructed to prepare to pursue Mithridates, by 5182:, his north western neighbour, and Rome. He formed an alliance with 4588:(130–116 BC) was related to the Pontine monarchy through his mother 4549:(163 – 130 BC) found himself in conflict with the Seleucid Emperor, 4272:

Gauls, who had become an increasing problem in Anatolia, in 230 BC.

4226: 434:

out of Anatolia. This alliance was short lived, since his successor

12279: 12239: 12223: 11972: 11962: 11170: 10498: 9961: 9761: 9541: 9403: 9333: 8780: 8769: 8757: 8738: 8734: 8508: 8489: 8400: 8385: 8292: 8226: 8213: 8205: 8198: 8170: 8089:

Constantine's administrative reforms included restructuring of the

7935: 7886: 7756: 7721: 7713: 7695: 7676: 7660: 7645: 7584: 7559: 7464: 7410: 7374: 7308: 7261:

The Julio-Claudian dynasty ended with Nero's suicide, resulting in

7177: 7165: 7103: 7019: 6705: 6623: 6554: 6440: 6359: 6355: 6182: 6074: 5848: 5804: 5784: 5737: 5688: 5668: 5664: 5652: 5640: 5632: 5616: 5572: 5548: 5514: 5510: 5470: 5430: 5332: 5324: 5046: 5030: 4995: 4881: 4846: 4781: 4673: 4570: 4507: 4444: 4401: 4305: 4277: 4210: 4146: 4084: 4051:(94 – 74 BC) who bequeathed the kingdom to Rome, precipitating the 4016: 3946: 3931: 3870:(63–47 BC) as king. However, he attempted to take advantage of the 3842: 3682:(c. 190 – c. 155 BC) waged war on many of his neighbours including 3648: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3471: 3429: 3421: 3402: 3398: 3325: 2980: 2911: 2860: 2786: 2773: 2753: 2708: 2679: 2651: 2643: 2434: 2420: 2398: 2392: 2247: 2100: 2033: 1963: 1896: 1755: 1676: 1419: 1358: 1333: 1234: 1230: 1206: 1106: 1042: 946: 883: 798: 769: 663: 619: 551: 520: 435: 423: 265: 220: 11721:

Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean

11544:

Early Christian Writings: Ignatius – The Epistle to the Magnesians

7591:, using it as a base by which to expand their operations, sacking 7550:

during the 3rd century. Since the roads to central Europe through

7299: 7253: 7188:(54–68) organised the remaining eastern portion of the kingdom of 6424:. There Tigranes found him besieging the city, and in the ensuing 5707:(c. 160–138 BC) and Prusias while declaring the recently defeated 5631:. This was intolerable for Rome, and they soundly defeated him in 5457:

By 282 BC Rome had subdued northern Italy, and as a result of the

4975: 4596:

of Pontus (150–120 BC) had the young king married to his daughter

4506:

against the Seleucid Empire and expanded his frontiers to include

4093:

was an area in central Anatolia, situated in northern and eastern

3596:. Its mountain ranges were divided by river valleys including the 3548: 462:, ruling c. 560–546 BC, became known for being the first to issue 12314: 12309: 12274: 12264: 12254: 11990: 11957: 11952: 9781: 9570: 9550: 9483: 9463: 9423: 9373: 9363: 9353: 8726: 8714: 8689: 8681: 8655: 8647: 8601: 8574: 8554: 8485: 8392: 8315: 8304:. At the end of the battle Valens and much of his army lay dead. 8288: 8280: 7752: 7731:, preparing them for the new millennia and the transition to the 7717: 7700: 7685: 7656: 7609: 7572: 7336: 7320: 7282: 7107: 7098: 6954: 6946: 6903: 6713: 6709: 6689: 6675: 6521: 6505: 6465: 6383: 6202: 6190: 6178: 6146: 6088:, but it held out, and he moved on to the Aegean islands, taking 5920: 5896: 5826: 5808: 5754: 5580: 5564: 5254: 5242: 5234: 5225: 5213: 5199: 5089: 5081: 4987: 4924: 4858: 4741:. In ancient times Cilicia was naturally divided into two areas, 4713:

lay at the eastern end of the Mediterranean coast, just north of

4710: 4705: 4681: 4637: 4574: 4475: 4382:

while the rest came directly under Rome. Pergamon had acted as a

4356: 4336: 4328: 4269: 4222: 4135: 4094: 4090: 4064: 4005: 3919: 3834: 3816: 3779: 3753: 3749: 3726: 3695: 3609: 3589: 3530: 3437: 3383: 3302: 3298: 3282: 3257: 3249: 3156: 2875: 2850: 2829: 2690: 2647: 2627: 2617: 2593: 2536: 2498: 2488: 2445: 2427: 2376: 2366: 2342: 2319: 2281: 2275: 2237: 2231: 2221: 2201: 2171: 2124: 2065: 1882: 1873: 1869: 1845: 1840: 1785: 1659: 1541: 1472: 1329: 1309: 1173: 1126: 1122: 1102: 1078: 1066: 930: 891: 887: 863: 814: 802: 761: 753: 749: 741: 706: 698: 631: 623: 599: 591: 532: 528: 459: 439: 236: 11346:

Runciman, Steven (1933). Byzantine Civilization. Methuen, London

7720:, ushering in the next and final phase of the Roman Empire, the 7311:(81–96), the Empire passed into the hands of Nerva (96–98). The 6565: 5292: 4039:(127 – 94 BC) became entangled in the complex intermarriages of 3815:(95 – c. 63 BC). Mithrodates then dragged his eastern neighbour 3811:(101 – 96 BC). The Roman Senate then had Ariarathes replaced by 3568: 3147:(283–246 BC) resulted in extending these possessions to include 1500: 414:) from pre-historic times, their major influence began when the 383: 12234: 11875: 11746:. Routledge History of the Ancient World. (Routledge, New York) 10613:. Routledge History of the Ancient World. (Routledge, New York) 10125: 9630: 9600: 9523: 9453: 9413: 8784: 8742: 8730: 8617: 8593: 8268: 8238: 7807: 7604: 7385:(70–192 AD). There followed another period of instability, the 7316: 7137:

in effect Emperor and the first phase of the Roman Empire, the

7111: 6663: 6627: 6558: 6493: 6481: 6448: 6367: 6085: 5676: 5644: 5624: 5596: 5576: 5559:(221–179 BC) in 215 BC, Rome used a small naval force with the 5403: 5354: 5348: 5296: 5208: 4932: 4807:

ruled it separately, but he was almost immediately expelled by

4714: 4273: 4249: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4102: 3958: 3850: 3757: 3660: 3636: 3534: 3509: 3479: 3450: 3394: 3278: 3273: 3265: 3233: 3124: 3098: 2979: 2758: 2478: 2468: 2211: 2194: 1745: 1651: 1480: 1476: 1390: 1276: 1226: 1210: 1190: 1137:

remained under petty local dynasts, with allegiance to Persia.

1085:, committing suicide after the Persian defeat at the battle of 1070: 1050: 1015: 974: 958: 954: 950: 903: 875: 867: 851: 791: 787: 773: 757: 726: 687: 683: 657: 611: 544: 240: 12090: 11855:

The History of Rome: The Provinces, from Caesar to Diocletian.

8067:

in Constantine's honour (although its official title remained

7990:. Licinius fell back on Bithynia, where he surrendered at the 5539:

Western Anatolia, the Aegean and the Aetolian League in 200 BC

4580:

The Cappadocian monarchy then fell victim to the ambitions of

2990: 1939:, who now conspired with Antigonus. The result was civil war ( 1455:

The later years of the Empire were beset by internal turmoil.

1205:

with regular tribute, avoiding the look of deception. His son

345:

In the subsequent centuries up to including the advent of the

12324: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12269: 12249: 11947: 11836:, Volume 36 of Essential histories. Osprey Publishing, 2003, 11383:

The History of Rome: The Provinces, from Caesar to Diocletian

9650: 9640: 9620: 9610: 9580: 9513: 9503: 9493: 9443: 8761: 8570: 8500: 8308: 8222: 8086:

who set about re-establishing the sacred sites of Palestine.

7950:

and the empire dissolved into civil war between 309 and 313.

7946:

continued to stake their claims, and by 309 they became full

7791: 7670: 7596: 7547: 7523: 7511: 7274: 7205: 7181: 6797: 6387: 6123:

river. This finally led Mithridates to accept Sulla's terms (

6089: 5930:

By 91 BC Rome was again distracted by war, this time against

5916: 5675:(Phrygia, Lydia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, and parts of Lycia) and 5367: 5363: 5191: 5120:(228–212 BC) ruling Sophene and Commagene, while his brother 5037:

valley (emptying into the Caspian Sea), and reached north to

4738: 4344: 4332: 4245: 4214: 4142: 4073: 4031:(149 – 127 BC) sided with Rome in putting down the revolt by 4001: 4000:(278 – 255 BC) who was instrumental in inviting aid from the 3659:. Later he was part of an alliance that defeated Seleucus at 3475: 3467: 3441: 3329: 3152: 3148: 2597: 2570: 2560: 2526: 2516: 2502: 2346: 2309: 2299: 2265: 2251: 2241: 1849: 1836: 1828: 1699: 1443:

Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia

1422:

refers to as the Peace of Callias, although this is debated.

1354: 1317: 1313: 1218: 1186: 1182: 1145: 1134: 1133:, and under Persian rule, although paying tribute. Similarly 1130: 1058: 1038: 1034: 970: 938: 859: 855: 843:

The Aegean in 500 BC showing main events of the Ionian Revolt

826: 777: 721:

then marched with his army against the Lydians. Although the

694: 669: 615: 614:

were not considered separate entities by the Persians, while

607: 595: 415: 391: 261: 232: 11703:"Travels around Asia Minor 1976–2002. Anatoliaa: Historical" 10813:

vol. ix The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 b.c. 1992

8464:

During the 4th century, most of the provinces making up the

8137:

Division of the Roman Empire among the Caesars appointed by

7920:. This left multiple candidates for the Tetrarchical roles. 7087: 5500:(ally and friend of the Roman people) by treaty agreements. 5449:(solid Imperial, dotted Senatorial).... boundaries prior to 5319:(163–130 BC) revolted and established an independent state. 4427:

is a mountainous district in central Anatolia, north of the

4276:

Nikephorus's (The Victory Bearer) temple was decorated with

3305:(one of many cities with that name), named after his father 1581:, scouts found the Persians advancing through the plains of 1432:

Athens and her empire in 431 BC. The Delian League in 431 BC

1033:

lay to the north of the Lydia/Sardis satrapy, incorporating

729:. Some months later the Persian and Lydian kings met at the 11942: 9323: 7735:. He continued Carus' tradition by instituting a system of 7232: 7185: 5854: 4553:(161–150 BC) who attempted to replace him with his brother 3962: 3915: 3624: 3436:(traditionally difficult to subjugate). A new presence was 3393:

Middle East 200 BC highlighting Seleucid Empire. Notes: 5.

2580: 2356: 2029: 1946:

Meanwhile, Antigonus in Phrygia was expanding east forcing

1556:. It was there they encountered and defeated Darius at the 895: 882:. However, Mazares died, and was replaced by another Mede, 821:

The subjugation of Ionia and the Ionian Revolt (500–493 BC)

752:(Pactyes), the leader of the civil administration, against 653: 10757: 10395:. Vol. 36 of Essential histories. Osprey Publishing. 8403:

appeared (392–394). Theodosius then appointed another son

8344:

Roman Empire at final division 395 AD, showing Prefectures

6704:(36–25 BC) as a client state. Amyntas initially possessed 5056:

A satrapy under the Persians, it was largely ruled by the

4652:, daughter of Mithridates VI and was succeeded by his son 4569:

of Pergamon. His efforts were rewarded by the granting of

1691: 1340:. Greek (Herodotus) and Persian sources (for instance see 941:(c. 492 – 480), for assistance in aiding some citizens of 227:. Early in that period, Anatolia was divided into several 8123:

lost its eastern portions which became two components of

5699:(183–179 BC). Following Eumenes' support for Rome in the 5064:(331–333 BC), the local Persian commander surrendered to 4502:(255 – 220 BC) adopted the title of king, and sided with 3301:. Seleucus was noted for his founding of cities, such as 3167:(246–222 BC) and the third (Laodicean) war (246–241 BC). 1695:

The Successor kingdoms before the battle of Ipsus, 303 BC

1222: 1194: 1148:

was ruled by its own dynasty within the minor satrapy of

458:

Alyattes issued minted electrum coins, and his successor

299:

in (188 BC) saw the Seleucids retreat from Anatolia. The

11790:

From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire

10436:

From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire

8141:: from west to east, the territories of Constantine II, 8093:. Under Diocletian, there were two prefectures, one per 7961:. When Maximinus fell out with Licinius, he crossed the 7923: 7355:

The Year of Five Emperors and Severan Dynasty 193–235 AD

6696:(63–50 BC) initially as coruler with his father in law, 6641:(138–133 BC) left his kingdom to Rome and it became the 5170:

The period of greatest Armenian expansion occurred with

11773:

A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great

11167:

Stadiasmus Patarensis. Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae

10564:

A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great

8523:

Judaism and Christianity in Anatolia during Roman times

8376:. Like Constantine he is remembered in history as both 8255:

Upon Julian's death, a military commander in his army,

7904:

Constantius died in 306 and Galerius raised Severus to

7148: 6898:

The Trumvirates and last years of the Republic 61–27 BC

5679:

was given all that remained (part of Lycia and Caria).

5407:

Anatolia 264 BC – 180 AD showing Roman possessions by;

4903:

ruled Cilicia and Pontus. She was succeeded by her son

3139:

varied the degree of control they had in Anatolia. The

1671:

Wars of the Diadochi and division of Alexander's empire

1437:

Final years: the invasion of the Macedonians 358–330 BC

817:(520–517 BC) was sent by Darius to arrange his murder. 519:

c. 600 BC or 576–530 BC), overthrowing his grandfather

442:

intervened, negotiating a peace in 585 BC, whereby the

8461:

to entrench orthodoxy and repair relations with Rome.

8244: 7239:

The Year of Four Emperors and Flavian dynasty 69–96 AD

6992:

With his death, Rome lapsed into yet another war, the

6420:

Seleucids and heading for the new imperial capital of

6390:. Lucullus went to relieve Cotta and then moved on to 4990:

lay to the north-east of the Anatolian region, on the

4696:(18–35 AD), and the remaining territories to his son. 4284:

on the mainland, allying himself with Rome during the

4149:. The territory was divided between three tribes, the 4114:

of Pergamon c. 230 BC. Subsequently, the theme of the

2941:

Son of Parmenion, d. 330 BC; to be distinguished from

2930:

Son of Parmenion, d. 330 BC; to be distinguished from

1381:

was also killed, followed by another naval victory at

418:

united them in 625 BC allowing them to sweep away the

10801:

vol. viii Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C. 1989

7623: 7491:. A Persian invasion starting in 236 in the reign of 7265:

in 69 until Vespasian (69–79) ascended, founding the

6790:

range and the coastal plains beyond it as far as the

6153:, where he would eventually become dictator. He left 5749:

Involvement with central Anatolian politics 190–17 BC

5563:

to help ward off Hannibal in the east and to prevent

5555:

general. When Hannibal entered into an alliance with

5504:

Roman intervention in Anatolia 3rd – 1st centuries BC

4664:(42–36 BC) who fared little better being executed by 4188:

In 64 BC Galatia became a client state of Rome and a

3143:(274–271 BC) fought by Ptolemy I's son and successor 1504:

Alexander's route into Anatolia and beyond 334–323 BC

1245:'s family for another 20 years before the arrival of 1125:

remained a semi-independent minor satrapy under both

426:(625–585 BC) led the invasion in 612 BC. Lydian king 7873:

were not, as expected, the sons of former emperors,

5799:

of Pergamon (160–138 BC) in 154 BC in a war against

4780:

in 301 BC Cilicia became a battleground between the

862:. At the time of the fall of Sardis, only one city, 27:

Anatolia under Roman rule during classical antiquity

11606:

Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. 10 vols.

11590:

Cambridge Ancient History Online 14 vols. 1970–2000

8688:. Early accounts suggest a community practising in 8503:in 395, and was buried in Constantinople. His sons 8101:from the military, by creating separate offices of 7775:(senior emperors) with Galerius and Constantius as 7288: 7180:(41–54) dissolved the Lycaean league and organised 7160:Parthians. Augustus and his descendants formed the 7064: 6189:(which technically included none of the historical 5968:

Asia minor 89 BC at outset of first Mithridatic war

5615:defeat, and requested a shared expedition with the 5521:

Punic (264–146 BC) and Macedonian (214–148 BC) wars

5163:(160–115 BC) whose major problem was incursions by 5100:in 302 BC. During this time Armenia fell under the 4447:to the west. At one time it included the area from 4213:an Ionian city state close to the Aegean coast, in 3208:

Seleucus I Nicator, namesake of the Seleucid Empire

3089:Lysimachus' cruelty, such as the murder of his son 1105:was a minor satrapy of Sparda, with its capital at 850:had initially unsuccessfully tried to persuade the 579:in the south-east. These correspond to Herodotus's 12221: 11669:M. Weiskopf, Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2010.08.13 10759: 5923:was dispatched to install a new Cappadocian king ( 5821:had been an independent kingdom since the rule of 4891:In the 1st century BC Cilicia was tied to Pontus. 3328:in Asia Minor. A new threat was incursions by the 634:, also known as Cappadocia-beside-the-Taurus, and 11916: 8204:These were turbulent times, but from the rule of 7938:as Augustus of the West, with Constantine as his 6910:and the events in Western Europe. There followed 5607:During the period just after Rome's victory, the 4676:, later Emperor Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD), at the 4628:By this stage Cappadocia was effectively a Roman 4035:(133–129 BC), the pretender of Pergamon. His son 3949:was an area in north west Anatolia, south of the 3914:until his he was deposed in 17 BC by the Emperor 3752:of the Black Sea. His first campaign was against 1552:to the Cilician coast, and then east towards the 1109:. It concluded Lycaonia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia. 1065:was a satrap, and one of the officials killed by 906:. Although our principal source for this period, 12337: 7997: 7014:on the Greek mainland in 42 BC, by those of the 5595:in 197 BC, but also brought further hope to the 5579:and helped convince the Romans that war against 5283:declaring himself king, before being annexed by 4888:and Syria and client rulers in Cilicia Trachea. 4390:, but after the death of Attalus III became the 3073: 1252: 1112: 780:, but they too handed him over to the Persians. 664:The fall of Lydia (546 BC) and the Lydian revolt 7478: 7192:into a province, after deposing the last king, 6480:that overarched the provincial commands, under 6115:which crossed from Macedonia through Thrace to 5611:desired some of the spoils left in the wake of 4899:in 37 BC. When Polemon died in 8 BC, his widow 4822:in 188 BC, between the Romans and the Seleucid 3549:Independent, semi-independent and client states 1385:. Greece then went on the offensive, capturing 8263:(364–375), another soldier and founder of the 7869:appointed. This happened but the expected new 7686:The Tetrarchy and first Eastern Empire 284–324 6786:Pompey had enlarged it to include the western 6065:Commissioners declared a state of war and the 4792:. Following the partition of 301 BC after the 4760:dynasty, with their seat at Tarsus. Even as a 4055:between Rome and Pontus who claimed Bithynia. 3918:(54–68 AD), while Polemon II was also king of 1006:A Greek mercenary (left) in the service of an 539:Persian Empire, continued its expansion under 12207: 12065: 11902: 10833: 10831: 10327: 9195: 8654:(69–96 AD), other than the life and works of 8329: 7636:. In 260 the provinces in the east including 6826: 6566:Provincialisation of Anatolia 133 BC – 114 AD 6451:. Lucullus was formally replaced in 67 BC by 6244: 5987: 5783:(190 BC), becoming Rome's friend, and joined 5775:(220 – 163 BC) was initially allied with the 5392: 5307:Commagene, a country on the west bank of the 5186:of Pontus (120–63 BC), marrying his daughter 4640:(95–55 BC). However, siding with Rome in the 4405:Roman client states Eastern Anatolia c. 50 AD 3898:ruled from 38 to 8 BC, followed by his widow 3220:(321–281 BC) was appointed to head the elite 3104: 2965: 2015: 406:peoples had existed in the area south of the 11627:Hornblower, Simon; Antony Spawforth (1996). 11243:Carausius and Allectus: the British usurpers 10758:Hornblower, Simon; Antony Spawforth (1996). 10646: 10644: 10642: 8127:, namely Armenia prima and Armenia secunda. 5291:. The capital city was Carcathiocerta, near 4841:(95–84 BC) ruling in Cilicia while his twin 3906:(38–62 AD). Pythidora joined her kingdom to 3902:(8 BC – 38 AD), and after her death her son 3874:(49–45 BC) but was driven back by Caesar at 3763: 3717:Mithridates IV was succeeded by his nephew, 3671:, and another daughter to Antiochus'cousin, 3382:in 245 BC and brought with her the lands of 3363:(246–225 BC), was proclaimed by his mother. 3244:. In particular this involved conflict with 3189: 3174:(221–179 BC) seized territory in Caria, and 1800:(323–317 BC) was advanced as a candidate by 11700: 11104:Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor 10698:"Appian's History of Rome: The Syrian Wars" 10537:. Cambridge University Press. p. 137. 10465:Encyclopaedia Iranica: Achaemanid Satrapies 8283:in 366, Procopius was captured and killed. 8156: 7848: 7579:. What ensued was a huge embarrassment for 7225:flashpoint between the Romans and Parthians 7042:(32–30 BC) and the end of the triumvirate. 6173:east which they had lost in the first war ( 4756:Cilicia had historically been ruled by the 3803:(116 – 101 BC) killed. Ariarethes' brother 3412:After the brief reign of Seleucus II's son 3343:Antiochus I Soter was succeeded by his son 3316:Soter (281–261 BC) faced the first of many 3135:(274–168 BC) between the Ptolomies and the 1589:. Although Darius escaped, back across the 1512:he first encountered Persian troops at the 1487:peninsula in 334 BC, and soon crossing the 1241:. The local control over Caria remained in 1057:. Previously it was part of the Kingdom of 469:The southeast of Anatolia was ruled by the 330:established a new administrative centre at 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 12214: 12200: 12072: 12058: 11909: 11895: 11566: 10828: 10789:vol. vii(i) 426 The Hellenistic World 1984 10695: 10632: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10578:Encyclopaedia Iranica: Alexander the Great 10474: 10472: 10334: 10320: 9202: 9188: 8433:The Eastern frontier with Persia in 384 AD 7762: 7671:The Empire: the Dominate 284 – 4th century 7204:in the centre, so called from its capital 6833: 6819: 6251: 6237: 5994: 5980: 5811:, creating a client state in 95 BC, and a 3965:and the cities of the coast, east towards 3795:was queen of Cappadocia, being married to 3170:Thereafter the Ptolemaic powers declined. 2972: 2958: 2022: 2008: 1365:, meeting and defeating the Greeks at the 334:, and by the end of the 4th century a new 212:Regions of Anatolia in Classical Antiquity 11736:The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia 11678:Walton and Maberly, London 1854. 2 vols. 11404: 11402: 10650: 10639: 10384: 10382: 7845:in 298, effectively ending the campaign. 7393:(193–211) became Emperor, initiating the 7351:(165–180), which severely affected Asia. 7088:The Empire: The Principate 27 BC – 193 AD 6392:Cyzicus, which Mithridates was besieging. 6258: 6212:Regions of Asia Minor in Classical Period 6001: 5880:(113–101 BC) as well as dealing with the 5287:of Armenia (c. 80 BC). It later became a 4004:, who having entered Anatolia settled in 3872:Roman civil war between Caesar and Pompey 3508:(dark blue before, light blue after) and 3309:, and which became the capital of Syria. 3256:, Antigonus' son gaining and then losing 3240:, but soon found himself involved in the 2933:Satrap at Partition of Babylon; possibly 1593:river, leaving the rest of his family in 196:Learn how and when to remove this message 178:Learn how and when to remove this message 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 11421:. Hodder & Stoughton. Archived from 11269:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 11101: 10825:vol. vi 219 The Fourth Century B.C. 1994 10478: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10416: 10414: 10412: 10388: 8428: 8363: 8355: 8347: 8339: 8132: 8043: 8029: 7699: 7537: 7434: 7298: 7252: 7097: 6980: 6575: 6549: 6207: 5963: 5903:, where Mithridates installed a nephew, 5855:Pontus and the Mithridatic Wars 89–63 BC 5732: 5534: 5402: 5159:(Artaxata). He was succeeded by his son 4974: 4966: 4958: 4400: 4185:(138–133 BC) the last king of Pergamon. 4072: 3651:line, acquiring Phrygia as a dowry from 3567: 3492: 3484: 3388: 3336:of the Lysimachean Empire, was growing. 3203: 1698: 1690: 1626: 1562: 1499: 1446: 1427: 1299: 1262: 1159: 1001: 997: 838: 782: 677: 492: 382: 247:rule c. 550 BC. In the aftermath of the 207: 12079: 11676:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 11571:. Robert Appleton Co. pp. 788–789. 11379: 11194:from UNRV History. Retrieved 2007-3-12. 11154:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 10753: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10617: 10597: 10534:The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy 10494: 10492: 10469: 7324:which the Parthian monarch of Armenia, 7216:, annexed into Bithynia et Pontus; and 7057:in 31 BC, and died the following year. 6645:, briefly lost during the rebellion of 4725:, connected only by a narrow pass, the 4409: 4126:, they became independent again in the 3627:to the west in Bithynia, but fled from 3268:and western Asia Minor. In the ensuing 1997:alliance between the three kings last. 1954:, Satrap of Egypt and Libya in 315 BC ( 1646:(336–323 BC) succeeded his father King 1516:in 334 BC. This battle occurred on the 14: 12338: 11408: 11399: 11266: 11260: 11156:Walton and Maberly, London 1854 ii 659 11106:. Oxford University Press. p. 41. 10931: 10929: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10725: 10556: 10554: 10460: 10458: 10456: 10379: 8684:, but spent much of his early life in 8565:relocated 2,000 families of Jews from 8496:and Balabitene) allied to the empire. 7716:(282–284), and overcoming his brother 7708:Order and stability was restored when 7421:, a new threat to the eastern empire. 7172:in 17, on the death of the last king, 6134: 4463:it had retained a degree of autonomy. 4260:. Eumenes was succeeded by his nephew 4199: 1622: 575:in the north-east and Main Satrapy of 349:, the Parthians were succeeded by the 12195: 12053: 11890: 11833:The Greek and Persian Wars 499–386 BC 11342: 11340: 11338: 11246:. Yale University Press. p. 19. 11239: 11139: 11137: 10667: 10524: 10409: 10392:The Greek and Persian Wars 499–386 BC 7924:Third Tetrarchy and civil war 308–313 7439:Roman Empire 271 AD, after the schism 6814: 6382:, Mithridates continued west towards 6354:of the province of Asia to take over 6232: 6218: 5975: 5953: 5938:, when two critical events occurred. 5327:annexed Commagene to the province of 4979:Armenia at its greatest extent under 4963:Armenia in the 4th and 3rd century BC 4252:, and held tightly onto the ports of 4130:. They controlled territory from the 3953:. It was originally just part of the 3925: 2953: 2003: 1607: 1229:as they proclaimed independence from 550:Anatolia was carved up under Persian 311:, which frequently culminated in the 11694:The History of Antiquity, Volume III 11657:Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike 11650:The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History 11206:vol. 11 The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 11143:Cambridge Ancient History vol. x 645 10560: 10530: 10489: 8600:by Jews in 66 BC, and the record of 8459:ecumenical council in Constantinople 8022:in 363, the empire was ruled by the 8018:'s accession in 324 to the death of 7451:, and the empire descended into its 7379:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 7273:in 72, out of Claudius' province of 7149:Julio-Claudian dynasty 27 BC – 68 AD 7123:by the Senate and adopted the title 6776:under the Emperor Trajan in 114 AD. 5647:. Combining forces with the Romans, 4971:Armenian expansion in 1st century BC 4699: 4058: 3996:. Zipoetes was succeeded by his son 3702:who was the daughter of his cousins 1974:). The Fourth War culminated in the 1935:as regent, passing over his own son 1604:and the Achaemenid Empire was over. 1197:at times. The appointed local ruler 801:(544–530 BC) on his death, and then 652:, which directly linked the city of 357:on the eastern fringes of Anatolia. 131: 70: 29: 11710: 11567:Herbermann, Charles George (1913). 11271:. William Benton. pp. 105–108. 10926: 10722: 10571: 10551: 10453: 8245:Jovian and the Valentinians 363–378 6724:died while pursuing enemies in the 4938: 3553: 1703:Kingdoms of the Diadochi c. 301 BC 656:with the western Anatolian city of 97:article full of irrelevant content. 24: 11801:Originally published in French as 11583: 11335: 11134: 10685:Virtual Religion: Antiochus Hierax 8665: 7980: 7759:while he took charge of the east. 7624:Schism, reunification and division 7533: 6918:led an expedition from Syria into 6728:, and Rome claimed his lands as a 6428:, was routed, fleeing northwards. 5825:(302 – 266 BC) when the threat of 5757:until the rise of the kingdoms of 5639:in 191 BC, forcing his retreat to 5443:). Provincial names underlined in 4768:'s empire Cilicia was governed by 4362:The last of the Attalid kings was 3710:. He was succeeded by his brother 3351:who also poisoned his second wife 2981:The division of Alexander's empire 1658:Administratively he continued the 1520:(Biga Çayı) river near modern-day 1096: 992: 756:, the Persian military commander ( 372: 25: 12357: 11868: 9882:(330–1453; 1204-1261 in exile as 8764:. Later he received letters from 8179:Praetorian prefecture of the East 7969:and engaged the latter in 313 at 7812:Praetorian Prefecture of the East 7751:. In the initial arrangement, or 6492:(ably assisted by the oratory of 6362:, while Bithynia was assigned to 5583:was necessary. The Roman general 5219: 3647:(c. 250–210 BC) married into the 3500:188 BC showing redistribution of 1475:. Within a year Alexander was in 1406:Second Persian invasion of Greece 1349:Second Persian invasion of Greece 243:in the east. Anatolia fell under 45:This article has multiple issues. 11874: 11764:Botsford, George Willis (1922). 10479:Botsford, George Willis (1922). 10303: 9846:224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia) 9238: 9171: 8819: 7373:ended with the assassination of 7289:Nerva-Antonine dynasty 96–192 AD 7127:in 27 BC although technically a 7065:Roman Empire 27 BC – 4th century 6443:to rid Rome once and for all of 4192:in 25 BC following the reign of 3631:to form a new dynasty in nearby 3131:in 301 BC. However, a series of 1950:, Satrap of Babylon, to flee to 1451:Macedon and the Aegean in 336 BC 1304:Events of the Greco-Persian Wars 1296:First Persian invasion of Greece 630:. Cappadocia initially included 136: 75: 34: 11744:The Greek World After Alexander 11629:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 11560: 11548: 11537: 11525: 11513: 11501: 11489: 11477: 11462: 11447: 11436: 11390: 11373: 11361: 11349: 11323: 11311: 11299: 11287: 11275: 11233: 11221: 11209: 11197: 11185: 11159: 11146: 11122: 11110: 11095: 11083: 11071: 11059: 11047: 11035: 11023: 11011: 10999: 10987: 10975: 10962: 10950: 10938: 10914: 10903: 10891: 10879: 10867: 10855: 10843: 10816: 10804: 10792: 10780: 10762:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 10710: 10689: 10678: 10661: 10611:The Greek World After Alexander 10582: 8672:Christianity in the 1st century 8623: 7542:Gothic raids in the 3rd century 7307:Following the assassination of 7168:(14–37) formed the province of 6541:Province of Pontus and Bithynia 6149:in 84 BC to return to Rome and 6082:Asiatic (or 'Ephesian') Vespers 5567:expansion in western Anatolia. 5377: 4296:proved to be the last time the 4141:The Gauls retained traditional 3823:(95–55 BC) was his son in law. 488: 53:or discuss these issues on the 11751: 10503: 9702:Kingdom of Alexander the Great 8208:(27 BC – 14 AD) until that of 7816:praefectura praetorio Orientis 7667:, who subsequently triumphed. 6996:(43–42 BC). The conspirators ( 6700:(105–40 BC), and then his son 6193:territory further east) under 5517:to the Romans by their kings. 5498:socius et amicus populi romani 5021:, which represents modern day 4951:Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity) 4165:. Of these we know more about 3623:. Originally he had inherited 3440:, a 3rd-century settlement of 3289:when he was assassinated near 2938:Satrap at Partition of Babylon 1993:managed to gain independence. 740:Lydia then became the Persian 287:culminating in the battles of 13: 1: 11680:Direct Link to Online Version 10373: 9272: 8900: 8884: 8868: 8638:Early centers of Christianity 8472:) lay the older territory of 8441:that he had transported from 8188:, from his cousins. Of those 8069:Nova Roma Constantinopolitana 8059:in 330, initially designated 7998:Constantinian dynasty 324–363 7467:, coincide with a shift from 7343:(161–180) was faced with yet 6637:Formal Roman rule began when 6520:as a protectorate along with 5331:in 17 AD. Its capital was at 5135:), Artaxias (Artaxerxes) and 4994:to the south and west of the 4721:to the north and west by the 4323:in 190 BC. In the subsequent 3694:(220 BC – 163 BC) as well as 3592:and bordered to the south by 3074:Lysimachian Empire 301–281 BC 1924:and Hellespontine Phrygia to 1548:before returning through the 1253:Greco-Persian Wars 499–449 BC 1113:Semi-autonomous jurisdictions 567:in the west, Main satrapy of 264:and other powerful rulers in 11757:Bevan, Edwyn Robert (1902). 11696:. Richard Bentley & Son. 11396:Josephus, "Ant." xii. 3, § 4 10668:Bevan, Edwyn Robert (1902). 10531:Rose, Charles Brian (2014). 10363:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia 8783:writes to the Roman emperor 8708:). From sources such as the 8048:Helena of Constantinople by 7612:and the city itself in 263. 7530:, but died on the campaign. 7479:Persia and the eastern front 6756:(36 BC – 17 AD), creating a 6748:List of rulers of Cappadocia 5315:expansion until 163 BC when 5302: 5124:(212–200 BC) ruled Armenia. 4895:being replaced by Rome with 4853:(88–63 BC) between Rome and 4717:. It was separated from the 4420:List of rulers of Cappadocia 4327:two years later he received 3957:but was extended to include 3857: 1687:Death of Alexander the Great 1528:, on the south coast of the 1271:The preceding events of the 1267:The Persian Empire in 490 BC 1164:Marble head of a goddess in 7: 11771:Bury, John Bagnell (1913). 11723:. Oxford University Press. 11701:Suthan, Resat (2009–2014). 11594:Note: The original 11 vol. 10766:. Oxford University Press. 10591:Annali della Scuola di Pisa 10561:Bury, John Bagnell (1913). 10368:Medieval states in Anatolia 10358:Ancient regions of Anatolia 10217:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 9932:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 8790: 8580:The principal centres were 8455:Patriarch of Constantinople 8221:of Bithynia, the physician 7930:Civil wars of the Tetrarchy 7431:Crisis of the Third Century 7381:, following the era of the 7345:another invasion by Parthia 7227:. War erupted again in 36, 7079:History of the Roman Empire 6378:. Having besieged Cotta in 5925:Ariobarzanes I (95–c.63 BC) 4288:. A series of wars against 3735:Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia 3678:Mithridates II's grandson, 3564:List of kings of the Pontus 3416:( 226–223 BC), his brother 3232:in 321 BC he was appointed 1970:who continued to wage war ( 1920:, while Lydia was given to 1496:Wars of Alexander the Great 1471:became king of neighboring 1014:(center) attacking a Greek 682:The archaeological site of 571:centrally, Main Satrapy of 361:came under pressure of the 95:. The specific problem is: 10: 12362: 11803:Histoire de l'Empire perse 11779: 11685: 11578: 11386:. Charles Scribner's Sons. 11102:Mitchell, Stephen (1995). 10651:Rawlinson, George (1900). 8676:Paul came originally from 8669: 8627: 8538: 8534: 8368:Diocese of the East 400 AD 8333: 8330:Theodosian dynasty 378–455 8248: 8001: 7927: 7798:and Diocletian's capital. 7689: 7674: 7428: 7358: 7292: 7281:region of the province of 7242: 7223:Armenia continued to be a 7152: 7091: 7068: 6804:region of Galatia to form 6761: 6758:province of the same name. 6741: 6673: 6671:in triumph the next year. 6569: 6222: 6138: 5957: 5858: 5728:Aquillius Manius the Elder 5719:133–129 BC, it became the 5587:not only soundly defeated 5585:Titus Quinctius Flamininus 5524: 5396: 5393:Roman Republic 190 – 27 BC 5381: 5346: 5264: 5260: 5223: 4948: 4942: 4703: 4413: 4203: 4062: 3942:List of rulers of Bithynia 3939: 3929: 3767: 3725:. In exchange he received 3557: 3224:(ἑταῖροι, hetairoi) and a 3193: 3108: 3105:Ptolemaic Empire 301–30 BC 3077: 1972:Fourth War of the Diadochi 1941:Second War of the Diadochi 1810: 1684: 1674: 1611: 1602:Battle of the Persian Gate 1570: 1493: 1440: 1399: 1346: 1293: 1256: 1185:as well as the islands of 1117: 1089:in 334 BC at the hands of 824: 667: 504: 387:Oriental empires c. 600 BC 376: 12230: 12087: 12014: 11981: 11925: 11860:Runciman, Steven (1933). 11853:Mommsen, Theodor (1906). 11738:. Hodder & Stoughton. 11655:Marek, Christian (2010), 11631:. Oxford University Press 11596:Cambridge Ancient History 11569:The Catholic Encyclopedia 11555:Cambridge Ancient History 11532:Cambridge Ancient History 11520:Cambridge Ancient History 11508:Cambridge Ancient History 11496:Cambridge Ancient History 11484:Cambridge Ancient History 11380:Mommsen, Theodor (1906). 11368:Cambridge Ancient History 11356:Cambridge Ancient History 11330:Cambridge Ancient History 11318:Cambridge Ancient History 11306:Cambridge Ancient History 11294:Cambridge Ancient History 11282:Cambridge Ancient History 11228:Cambridge Ancient History 11216:Cambridge Ancient History 11204:Cambridge Ancient History 11129:Cambridge Ancient History 11117:Cambridge Ancient History 11090:Cambridge Ancient History 11078:Cambridge Ancient History 11066:Cambridge Ancient History 11054:Cambridge Ancient History 11042:Cambridge Ancient History 11030:Cambridge Ancient History 11018:Cambridge Ancient History 11006:Cambridge Ancient History 10994:Cambridge Ancient History 10982:Cambridge Ancient History 10957:Cambridge Ancient History 10945:Cambridge Ancient History 10921:Cambridge Ancient History 10898:Cambridge Ancient History 10886:Cambridge Ancient History 10874:Cambridge Ancient History 10862:Cambridge Ancient History 10850:Cambridge Ancient History 10838:Cambridge Ancient History 10823:Cambridge Ancient History 10811:Cambridge Ancient History 10799:Cambridge Ancient History 10787:Cambridge Ancient History 10717:Cambridge Ancient History 10389:De Souza, Philip (2003). 10098:Decline and modernization 10048:Periods of Ottoman Empire 8991:Frankish and Latin states 8604:, where the people urged 7889:Constantius), but rather 7361:Year of the Five Emperors 7245:Year of the Four Emperors 7049:and Syria and Cilicia to 6912:two centuries of conflict 6846: 6476:was proposed in 67 BC by 6270: 6069:(89–84 BC) was launched. 6013: 5893:Nicomedes III of Bithynia 5481:expansion and consequent 5342: 3784:Nicomedes III of Bithynia 3764:Mithridatic wars 88–63 BC 3230:Partition of Triparadisus 3190:Seleucid Empire 301–64 BC 2987: 2928: 2820: 2812:Ptolemy (son of Seleucus) 2772: 2689: 2451:Partition of Triparadisus 2444: 2170: 2119:Ptolemy (son of Seleucus) 2074: 2041: 1956:Third War of the Diadochi 1906:First War of the Diadochi 1899:) (323–276 BC). Although 1895:(Διάδοχοι, Diadokhoi, or 1813:Partition of Triparadisus 1393:and thus controlling the 686:, today known as Sart in 11857:Charles Scribner's Sons. 11847: 11768:. The Macmillan Company. 11600:available as free ebooks 11056:vol. ix 243–244, 248–259 10593:9/4, 1979, pp. 1375–414) 10511:"The Works of Herodotus" 10485:. The Macmillan Company. 9068:Second Hellenic Republic 8545:Jewish legend describes 8416:Massacre of Thessalonica 8360:Diocese of Pontus 400 AD 8157:Constantine's successors 7891:Flavius Valerius Severus 7877:(son of the now retired 7849:Second Tetrarchy 305–308 7681:Roman Emperor (Dominate) 7413:(217–218). However, the 7400:In 193, the province of 6684:List of kings of Galatia 6680:List of kings of Galatia 6441:Lucius Licinius Lucullus 6396:Battles of the Rhyndacus 6360:Lucius Licinius Lucullus 6348:Nicomedes IV of Bithynia 5866:Mithridates VI of Pontus 5465:became embroiled in the 4650:Athenais Philostorgos II 4069:List of kings of Galatia 3827:Nicomedes IV of Bithynia 2081:(Alexander's bodyguards) 1618:Hellenistic civilization 1155: 1140: 858:cities to rebel against 797:Mazares was followed by 150:may need to be rewritten 11742:Shipley, Graham (2000) 11648:McEvedy, Colin (1967). 11267:Gibbon, Edward (1952). 10609:Shipley, Graham (2000) 9102:Third Hellenic Republic 9082:Collaborationist regime 9053:First Hellenic Republic 9017:Venetian Ionian Islands 8710:Letter to the Galatians 8630:History of Christianity 8590:Hierapolis Euphratensis 8388:as co-ruler (383–395). 8037:, later referred to as 7763:First Tetrarchy 293–305 7640:broke away to form the 7263:a period of instability 7184:into a province in 43. 7045:Armenia was granted to 7036:Donations of Alexandria 7024:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 6986:Donations of Alexandria 6916:Marcus Licinius Crassus 6708:and successively added 6639:Attalus III of Pergamon 6151:make war on his enemies 5793:Ariarathes V Philopator 5765:in the 2nd century BC. 5705:Attalus II Philadelphus 5667:was granted all of the 5593:Battle of Cynoscephalae 5257:, from north to south. 4656:(51–c.42 BC) who added 4533:(188 BC). His daughter 4349:Attalus II Philadelphus 4157:around Ancyra, and the 4107:Nicomedes I of Bithynia 3973:, and south across the 3629:Antigonus Monophthalmos 3584:coast, stretching from 3418:Antiochus III the Great 3357:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 3145:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 1416:Battle of the Eurymedon 1018:(right) at the time of 322:entirely following the 231:kingdoms, most notably 12222:Historical regions of 12001:Levant (Greater Syria) 11862:Byzantine Civilization 11417:Seven Churches of Asia 10719:online. vol. viii c. x 10353:Prehistory of Anatolia 10269:Constitutional history 10154:Provisional government 10108:Defeat and dissolution 9258:Prehistory of Anatolia 8723:Seven Churches of Asia 8434: 8409:Battle of the Frigidus 8369: 8361: 8353: 8352:Diocese of Asia 400 AD 8345: 8153: 8091:Praetorian prefectures 8052: 7705: 7648:(270–275), one of the 7543: 7440: 7371:Nerva-Antonine dynasty 7304: 7295:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 7258: 7257:The Roman Empire 69 AD 7162:Julio-Claudian dynasty 7155:Julio-Claudian dynasty 7115: 7083:List of Roman emperors 7032:40 and 38 BC invasions 7008:Gaius Cassius Longinus 6989: 6943:Pharnaces II of Pontus 6937:'s preoccupation with 6768:List of Armenian kings 6764:List of Armenian kings 6615: 6562: 6213: 6155:Lucius Licinius Murena 6141:Second Mithridatic war 5969: 5745: 5540: 5454: 5205:Battle of Tigranocerta 5108:(260 BC) and grandson 4984: 4972: 4964: 4955:List of Armenian kings 4513:Ariarathes III's son, 4406: 4087: 3615:Pontus was founded by 3580:lay on the north west 3573: 3523:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 3513: 3490: 3409: 3361:Seleucus II Callinicus 3209: 1893:wars of the successors 1777: 1696: 1640: 1568: 1505: 1452: 1433: 1305: 1268: 1169: 1053:) on the south of the 1027: 1026:, early 4th century BC 844: 794: 690: 502: 388: 213: 11809:Encyclopaedia Iranica 11805:, Fayard, Paris, 1996 11793:, Eisenbrauns: 2002, 11759:The House of Seleucus 11734:Ramsay, W.M. (1904). 11692:Duncker, Max (1879). 11240:Casey, P. J. (1995). 10671:The House of Seleucus 10657:. The Colonial Press. 10443:, Eisenbrauns: 2002, 9712:Kingdom of Cappadocia 9268:Palaeolithic Anatolia 8628:Further information: 8586:Laodicea on the Lycus 8549:from as early as the 8539:Further information: 8432: 8367: 8359: 8351: 8343: 8265:Valentinianic dynasty 8229:, and the historians 8136: 8063:(New Rome), but then 8047: 8039:Constantine the Great 8030:Constantine I 324–337 8024:Constantinian dynasty 8004:Constantinian dynasty 7992:Battle of Chrysopolis 7861:would be promoted to 7703: 7541: 7443:The assassination of 7438: 7387:Year of Five Emperors 7302: 7256: 7101: 7038:), precipitating yet 6994:Liberators' civil war 6984: 6579: 6553: 6524:as a Roman province. 6364:Marcus Aurelius Cotta 6262:Third Mithridatic War 6225:Third Mithridatic war 6211: 6113:Gaius Flavius Fimbria 6067:First Mithridatic War 6005:First Mithridatic War 5967: 5960:First Mithridatic War 5936:Social War (91–88 BC) 5736: 5655:met Antiochus in the 5538: 5469:(264–146 BC) BC with 5406: 5382:Further information: 5370:, referred to as the 4978: 4970: 4962: 4949:Further information: 4642:Third Mithridatic War 4439:. It was bordered by 4404: 4204:Further information: 4076: 3940:Further information: 3847:Third Mithridatic War 3831:First Mithridatic War 3819:into the fray, since 3571: 3519:Antiochus VII Sidetes 3496: 3488: 3455:Battle of Thermopylae 3414:Seleucus III Ceraunus 3392: 3368:Ptolemy III Euergetes 3353:Berenice Phernophorus 3207: 3165:Ptolemy III Euergetes 2489:Hellespontine Phrygia 2222:Hellespontine Phrygia 2031:Alexander the Great's 1821:Hellespontine Phrygia 1702: 1694: 1685:Further information: 1630: 1566: 1503: 1450: 1441:Further information: 1431: 1367:Battle of Thermopylae 1303: 1266: 1163: 1150:Hellespontine Phrygia 1031:Hellespontine Phrygia 1024:Altıkulaç Sarcophagus 1012:Hellespontine Phrygia 1005: 998:Hellespontine Phrygia 957:(unsuccessfully) and 925:V, VI) around 500 BC 842: 786: 681: 588:Hellespontine Phrygia 565:Sardis (Sparda/Lydia) 496: 402:period. Although the 386: 369:of the 11th century. 328:Constantine the Great 211: 11883:at Wikimedia Commons 11659:C. H. Beck, Munich, 11165:S. Şahin – M. Adak, 9878:Eastern Roman Empire 9073:4th of August Regime 9043:Septinsular Republic 8776:in the 2nd century. 8694:Acts of the Apostles 8302:Battle of Adrianople 7988:Battle of Hellespont 7335:Trajan's successor, 7131:, and shortly after 7051:Ptolemy Philadelphus 7004:Marcus Junius Brutus 5934:rebels known as the 5872:. This included the 5701:Third Macedonian War 5663:the following year, 5453:revisions c. 293 AD. 4410:Cappadocia 323–17 BC 4015:(156–154 BC) joined 3886:as the districts of 3489:Asia Minor in 188 BC 3270:Battle of Corupedium 3242:Wars of the Diadochi 3095:Battle of Corupedium 2744:Laomedon of Mytilene 2567:Laomedon of Mytilene 2306:Laomedon of Mytilene 2177:Partition of Babylon 2043:Philip II's Generals 1806:Partition of Babylon 1681:Wars of the Diadochi 1637:Partition of Babylon 1177:was a satrap of the 1045:with its capital at 422:shortly after, when 318:Anatolia came under 102:improve this article 91:to meet Knowledge's 12081:History of Anatolia 11918:Classical antiquity 11819:. Routledge, 2007. 11473:Jewish Encyclopedia 11458:Jewish Encyclopedia 11415:The Letters to the 10970:From Grachi to Nero 10348:History of Anatolia 10222:History of Anatolia 10144:War of Independence 9972:Empire of Trebizond 9836:133 BC-27 BC–330 AD 9283:Mesolithic Anatolia 9048:War of Independence 9004:Early modern Greece 8858:Helladic chronology 8774:Ignatius of Antioch 8541:Hellenistic Judaism 8499:Theodosius died in 8480:or principalities ( 8466:Diocese of the East 8251:Valentinian dynasty 8116:magister officiorum 7779:(junior emperors). 7489:Roman–Sassanid wars 7485:Roman–Parthian wars 7469:classical antiquity 7303:Roman Empire 117 AD 7218:Pontus Cappadocicus 7202:Pontus Polemoniacus 6959:Battle of Nicopolis 6580:Roman Empire under 6376:Battle of Chalcedon 6135:Second war 83–81 BC 5671:lands north of the 5557:Philip V of Macedon 5439:: 180 AD (Death of 5273:Alexander the Great 5178:(88–63 BC) between 5129:Antiochus the Great 5066:Alexander the Great 4772:(323–321 BC), then 4766:Alexander the Great 4584:. Ariarathes' son, 4523:Antiochus the Great 4472:Alexander the Great 4200:Pergamon 281–133 BC 4161:in the east around 4122:. At times part of 4101:, east and west of 3955:Chalcedon peninsula 3936:Kingdom of Bithynia 3892:Pontus Polemoniacus 3470:south of the River 3287:Thracian Chersonese 3264:who now controlled 3214:Alexander the Great 3172:Philip V of Macedon 3084:Lysimachia (Thrace) 2935:Nicanor of Stageira 1623:Alexander the Great 1469:Alexander the Great 1461:Artaxerxes IV Arses 1324:(son of the satrap 1247:Alexander the Great 1091:Alexander the Great 983:Graeco-Persian Wars 313:Roman–Parthian Wars 301:Kingdom of Pergamum 257:Alexander the Great 225:classical antiquity 12346:Classical Anatolia 11881:Classical Anatolia 11864:. Methuen, London. 11816:The Persian Empire 11636:2016-03-09 at the 11192:Five Good Emperors 11178:2012-03-14 at the 10264:Diplomatic history 10176:Multi-party period 10126:Republic of Turkey 9902:Great Seljuk State 9892:Rashidun Caliphate 9677:Classical Anatolia 9295:Neolithic Anatolia 8953:Hellenistic Greece 8634:Early Christianity 8435: 8374:Theodosian dynasty 8370: 8362: 8354: 8346: 8336:Theodosian dynasty 8277:Battle of Thyatira 8231:Memnon of Heraclea 8154: 8053: 8050:Cima da Conegliano 7706: 7544: 7497:Trebonianus Gallus 7441: 7305: 7271:Lycia et Pamphylia 7259: 7116: 7016:Second Triumvirate 7012:Battle of Philippi 6990: 6806:Lycia et Pamphylia 6660:Bithynia et Pontus 6616: 6563: 6417:Tigranes the Great 6219:Third war 75–63 BC 6214: 6125:Treaty of Dardanos 6038:Athens and Piraeus 5970: 5954:First war 89–84 BC 5940:Tigranes the Great 5781:Battle of Magnesia 5746: 5657:Battle of Magnesia 5541: 5489:to direct rule by 5455: 5429:: 14 AD (Death of 5419:: 44 BC (Death of 5285:Tigranes the Great 5267:Kingdom of Sophene 5245:proper, adjoining 5207:(69 BC). By 67 BC 5141:Battle of Magnesia 5070:Battle of Granicus 4992:Armenian highlands 4985: 4981:Tigranes the Great 4973: 4965: 4945:History of Armenia 4921:Antipater of Derbe 4863:Tigranes the Great 4737:separated it from 4733:, to the east the 4729:. To the west lay 4668:and replaced with 4634:Tigranes the Great 4590:Nysa of Cappadocia 4527:Battle of Magnesia 4494:. Ariarthes's son 4437:Armenian Highlands 4431:, and west of the 4407: 4370:, calling himself 4321:Battle of Magnesia 4088: 3926:Bithynia 326–74 BC 3864:Bithynia et Pontus 3821:Tigranes the Great 3574: 3527:Tigranes the Great 3514: 3491: 3459:Battle of Magnesia 3410: 3210: 2764:Ariston of Paionia 1881:Eastern Anatolia: 1844:Central Anatolia: 1819:Western Anatolia: 1778: 1737:Seleucus I Nicator 1697: 1641: 1614:Hellenistic period 1608:Hellenistic period 1569: 1514:Battle of Granicus 1506: 1453: 1434: 1306: 1269: 1259:Greco-Persian Wars 1170: 1037:, semi-autonomous 1028: 845: 795: 705:. In 547 BC, King 691: 543:(521–486 BC). The 503: 389: 359:Byzantine Anatolia 305:Republic of Rhodes 249:Greco-Persian Wars 245:Achaemenid Persian 239:in the center and 217:Classical Anatolia 214: 12333: 12332: 12189: 12188: 12047: 12046: 11879:Media related to 11831:Philip De Souza. 11799:978-1-57506-031-6 11665:978-3-406-59853-1 11611:Hastings, James. 10935:Hornblower(1996). 10773:978-0-19-866172-6 10513:. MIT. 2006-11-16 10449:978-1-57506-031-6 10344: 10343: 10310:Turkey portal 10227:History of Thrace 10184: 10183: 10134:Periods of Turkey 10116: 10115: 10030: 10029: 9942:Anatolian beyliks 9868:Medieval Anatolia 9850: 9849: 9752:Kingdom of Pontus 9742:Ptolemaic Kingdom 9692:Achaemenid Empire 9659: 9658: 9532: 9531: 9305: 9304: 9212: 9211: 9178:Greece portal 9058:Kingdom of Greece 8966: 8957: 8948: 8939: 8930: 8907: 8891: 8875: 8547:Jewish dispersion 8291:, attacks by the 8080:Council of Nicaea 7733:Early Middle Ages 7650:Illyrian emperors 7445:Alexander Severus 7391:Septimius Severus 7176:(38 BC – 17 AD). 7164:(27 BC – 68 AD). 7040:another civil war 6928:First Triumvirate 6924:Battle of Carrhae 6894: 6893: 6343: 6342: 6195:Publius Servilius 6061: 6060: 5691:(187–183 BC) and 5321:Antiochus I Theos 4837:was divided with 4788:empires in their 4719:Anatolian Plateau 4700:Cilicia 323–67 BC 4551:Demetrius I Soter 4443:in the North and 4153:in the west, the 4059:Galatia 276–64 BC 4019:in a war against 3706:and crown prince 3578:Kingdom of Pontus 3560:Kingdom of Pontus 3297:, future king of 3115:Ptolemaic dynasty 3111:Ptolemaic Kingdom 3070: 3069: 2947: 2946: 2856:Cleitus the White 2774:Infantry Generals 2719:Cleitus the Black 2523:Cleitus the White 1870:Eumenes of Cardia 1735: Kingdom of 1726: Kingdom of 1717: Kingdom of 1708: Kingdom of 1648:Philip of Macedon 1633:Macedonian Empire 1631:Satrapies in the 1371:Battle of Salamis 1328:) and sailed for 772:on the island of 731:Battle of Thymbra 507:Achaemenid Empire 499:Achaemenid Empire 379:Iron Age Anatolia 351:Sasanian Persians 347:Early Middle Ages 206: 205: 198: 188: 187: 180: 160:lead layout guide 130: 129: 122: 93:quality standards 84:This article may 68: 16:(Redirected from 12353: 12216: 12209: 12202: 12193: 12192: 12074: 12067: 12060: 12051: 12050: 11911: 11904: 11897: 11888: 11887: 11878: 11766:Hellenic History 11717:Freeman, Charles 11711:Classical period 11706: 11573: 11572: 11564: 11558: 11552: 11546: 11541: 11535: 11529: 11523: 11517: 11511: 11505: 11499: 11493: 11487: 11481: 11475: 11466: 11460: 11451: 11445: 11440: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11430: 11406: 11397: 11394: 11388: 11387: 11377: 11371: 11365: 11359: 11353: 11347: 11344: 11333: 11327: 11321: 11315: 11309: 11303: 11297: 11291: 11285: 11279: 11273: 11272: 11264: 11258: 11257: 11237: 11231: 11225: 11219: 11213: 11207: 11201: 11195: 11189: 11183: 11182:5 (2008), 53–66. 11163: 11157: 11150: 11144: 11141: 11132: 11126: 11120: 11114: 11108: 11107: 11099: 11093: 11087: 11081: 11075: 11069: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11045: 11039: 11033: 11027: 11021: 11015: 11009: 11003: 10997: 10991: 10985: 10979: 10973: 10966: 10960: 10954: 10948: 10942: 10936: 10933: 10924: 10918: 10912: 10907: 10901: 10895: 10889: 10883: 10877: 10871: 10865: 10859: 10853: 10847: 10841: 10835: 10826: 10820: 10814: 10808: 10802: 10796: 10790: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10765: 10755: 10720: 10714: 10708: 10707: 10705: 10704: 10696:Jona Lendering. 10693: 10687: 10682: 10676: 10675: 10665: 10659: 10658: 10648: 10637: 10634: 10615: 10606: 10595: 10586: 10580: 10575: 10569: 10568: 10558: 10549: 10548: 10528: 10522: 10521: 10519: 10518: 10507: 10501: 10496: 10487: 10486: 10482:Hellenic History 10476: 10467: 10462: 10451: 10432: 10407: 10406: 10386: 10336: 10329: 10322: 10308: 10307: 10306: 10274:Cultural history 10259:Military history 10254:Economic history 10200:Turkic migration 10164:One-party period 10140: 10139: 10054: 10053: 9952:County of Edessa 9922:Sultanate of Rum 9884:Empire of Nicaea 9874: 9873: 9688: 9687: 9682:Classical Thrace 9547: 9546: 9384:Achaeans (Homer) 9320: 9319: 9287:c. 11,000– 9274: 9264: 9263: 9242: 9232: 9214: 9213: 9204: 9197: 9190: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9114:History by topic 8985:Byzantine Greece 8964: 8955: 8946: 8944:Classical Greece 8937: 8929:(1100 BC–750 BC) 8928: 8905: 8904: 1750–1050 8902: 8898: 8889: 8888: 3100–1100 8886: 8882: 8873: 8872: 3100–1000 8870: 8866: 8851:Greek Bronze Age 8831:Neolithic Greece 8823: 8813: 8795: 8794: 8658:recorded in the 8553:and the time of 8110:magister equitum 8104:magister peditum 8073:Byzantine Empire 8065:Constantinopolis 8026:(Neo-flavians). 7885:(son of the new 7832:see navbox below 7824:Pontus (Pontica) 7642:Palmyrene Empire 7198:Pontus Galaticus 7125:princeps senatus 7055:Battle of Actium 7047:Alexander Helios 6968:Veni, vidi, vici 6835: 6828: 6821: 6812: 6811: 6792:Amanus Mountains 6726:Taurus mountains 6643:Province of Asia 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6468:model in 68 BC. 6265: 6263: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6230: 6229: 6159:province of Asia 6008: 6006: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5973: 5972: 5948:Manius Aquillius 5919:the Governor of 5870:Province of Asia 5861:Mithridatic Wars 5843:Mithridatic Wars 5721:Province of Asia 5673:Taurus mountains 5661:Treaty of Apamea 5651:(197–159 BC) of 5545:Second Punic War 5491:provincilisation 5448: 5438: 5428: 5418: 5412: 5359:Treaty of Apamea 5176:Mithridatic Wars 5019:Media Atropatene 4939:Armenia 331–1 BC 4893:Darius of Pontus 4876:to the west and 4851:Mithridatic Wars 4820:Treaty of Apamea 4776:. Following the 4743:Cilicia Trachaea 4735:Amanus Mountains 4723:Taurus Mountains 4680:(31 BC) gaining 4678:Battle of Actium 4654:Ariobarzanes III 4531:Treaty of Apamea 4504:Antiochus Hierax 4429:Taurus Mountains 4312:(228 – 182 BC). 4290:Antiochus Hierax 4128:Mithridatic Wars 4053:Mithridatic Wars 3888:Pontus Galaticus 3770:Mithridatic Wars 3746:Mithradatic wars 3686:of Pergamon and 3554:Pontus 291–63 BC 3498:Treaty of Apamea 3478:were granted to 3463:Treaty of Apamea 3372:Taurus Mountains 3295:Ptolemy Keraunos 3285:he crossed into 3212:On the death of 3200:Seleucid dynasty 3141:First Syrian War 2974: 2967: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2821:Other or unknown 2691:Cavalry Generals 2145:(to 323 BC) 2024: 2017: 2010: 2001: 2000: 1780:In June 323 BC, 1771: 1762: 1753: 1743: 1734: 1725: 1716: 1707: 1338:soundly defeated 1336:where they were 1289:Darius the Great 811:Darius the Great 723:Battle of Pteria 646:Darius the Great 541:Darius the Great 367:Turkish invasion 355:in frequent wars 324:Mithridatic Wars 297:Treaty of Apamea 295:. The resulting 255:in the 470s BC. 201: 194: 183: 176: 172: 169: 163: 156:improve the lead 140: 139: 132: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 18:Classical Turkey 12361: 12360: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12351: 12350: 12336: 12335: 12334: 12329: 12226: 12220: 12190: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12083: 12078: 12048: 12043: 12010: 11977: 11921: 11915: 11871: 11850: 11827:, 9780415436281 11782: 11754: 11713: 11705:. Thracian Ltd. 11688: 11674:Smith W (ed.), 11638:Wayback Machine 11598:1928–36 is now 11592: 11586: 11584:Reference works 11581: 11576: 11565: 11561: 11557:vol. x 853, 858 11553: 11549: 11542: 11538: 11530: 11526: 11518: 11514: 11506: 11502: 11494: 11490: 11482: 11478: 11467: 11463: 11452: 11448: 11441: 11437: 11428: 11426: 11407: 11400: 11395: 11391: 11378: 11374: 11366: 11362: 11354: 11350: 11345: 11336: 11328: 11324: 11316: 11312: 11304: 11300: 11292: 11288: 11280: 11276: 11265: 11261: 11254: 11238: 11234: 11226: 11222: 11214: 11210: 11202: 11198: 11190: 11186: 11180:Wayback Machine 11164: 11160: 11152:Smith W (ed.), 11151: 11147: 11142: 11135: 11127: 11123: 11115: 11111: 11100: 11096: 11092:vol. ix 269–270 11088: 11084: 11080:vol. ix 266–269 11076: 11072: 11064: 11060: 11052: 11048: 11044:vol. ix 240–243 11040: 11036: 11032:vol. ix 233–240 11028: 11024: 11020:vol. ix 229–233 11016: 11012: 11004: 11000: 10992: 10988: 10980: 10976: 10967: 10963: 10955: 10951: 10943: 10939: 10934: 10927: 10919: 10915: 10908: 10904: 10896: 10892: 10884: 10880: 10872: 10868: 10860: 10856: 10848: 10844: 10836: 10829: 10821: 10817: 10809: 10805: 10797: 10793: 10785: 10781: 10774: 10756: 10723: 10715: 10711: 10702: 10700: 10694: 10690: 10683: 10679: 10666: 10662: 10649: 10640: 10636:Freeman (1999). 10635: 10618: 10607: 10598: 10587: 10583: 10576: 10572: 10559: 10552: 10545: 10529: 10525: 10516: 10514: 10509: 10508: 10504: 10497: 10490: 10477: 10470: 10463: 10454: 10433: 10410: 10403: 10387: 10380: 10376: 10340: 10304: 10302: 10290: 10289: 10288: 10279:Genetic history 10194: 10186: 10185: 10169: 10138: 10128: 10118: 10117: 10052: 10042: 10032: 10031: 9872: 9862: 9852: 9851: 9842:Sasanian Empire 9802:Armenian Empire 9792:Parthian Empire 9772:Attalid kingdom 9732:Seleucid Empire 9686: 9671: 9661: 9660: 9544: 9534: 9533: 9344:Akkadian Empire 9317: 9307: 9306: 9300: 9299:c. 8,000– 9288: 9276: 9262: 9252: 9230: 9223: 9208: 9172: 9170: 9165: 9164: 9115: 9107: 9106: 9078:Axis occupation 9063:National Schism 9038: 9028: 9027: 9019: 9013: 9006: 8996: 8995: 8987: 8980: 8978:Medieval Greece 8970: 8969: 8965:(146 BC–330 AD) 8958: 8949: 8947:(500 BC–323 BC) 8940: 8938:(800 BC–480 BC) 8931: 8926:Greek Dark Ages 8921: 8911: 8910: 8903: 8892: 8887: 8876: 8871: 8860: 8853: 8843: 8842: 8833: 8811: 8804: 8793: 8698:letters of Paul 8674: 8668: 8666:The 1st century 8640: 8626: 8563:Seleucid Empire 8551:Book of Genesis 8543: 8537: 8525: 8338: 8332: 8324:Valentinian III 8253: 8247: 8159: 8032: 8006: 8000: 7983: 7981:Diarchy 313–324 7932: 7926: 7851: 7765: 7698: 7690:Main articles: 7688: 7683: 7675:Main articles: 7673: 7626: 7536: 7534:Gothic invasion 7502:The capture of 7481: 7433: 7427: 7419:Sasanian Empire 7415:Parthian Empire 7395:Severan dynasty 7367: 7365:Severan dynasty 7359:Main articles: 7357: 7349:Antonine Plague 7341:Marcus Aurelius 7313:Nerva-Antonines 7297: 7291: 7267:Flavian dynasty 7251: 7249:Flavian dynasty 7243:Main articles: 7241: 7229:and again in 58 7157: 7151: 7096: 7090: 7085: 7069:Main articles: 7067: 6953:, then part of 6900: 6895: 6890: 6842: 6839: 6770: 6750: 6686: 6614:: Client states 6609: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6584:(31 BC – 6 AD) 6582:Augustus Caesar 6574: 6572:Roman provinces 6568: 6502:Battle of Lycus 6461:Acilius Glabrio 6439:The failure of 6344: 6339: 6266: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6227: 6221: 6143: 6137: 6062: 6057: 6009: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5962: 5956: 5876:111–104 BC and 5863: 5857: 5751: 5742:Mithridatic War 5609:Aetolian League 5605: 5561:Aetolian League 5533: 5531:Macedonian wars 5525:Main articles: 5523: 5506: 5483:Macedonian Wars 5444: 5441:Marcus Aurelius 5434: 5424: 5414: 5408: 5401: 5395: 5390: 5388:Roman Provinces 5380: 5372:Peræa Rhodiorum 5351: 5345: 5305: 5277:Seleucid empire 5269: 5263: 5232: 5224:Main articles: 5222: 5190:. By acquiring 5102:Seleucid Empire 5058:Orontid dynasty 4957: 4947: 4941: 4857:and their ally 4835:Seleucid Empire 4803:and brother of 4794:Battle of Ipsus 4778:Battle of Ipsus 4762:Persian satrapy 4708: 4702: 4646:Ariobarzanes II 4625:(95-c. 63 BC). 4618:Ariarathes VIII 4577:to his family. 4461:Persian satrapy 4422: 4414:Main articles: 4412: 4343:, and parts of 4325:Peace of Apamea 4286:Macedonian Wars 4268:the plundering 4208: 4206:Attalid dynasty 4202: 4071: 4063:Main articles: 4061: 3944: 3938: 3930:Main articles: 3928: 3860: 3805:Ariarathes VIII 3772: 3766: 3667:in marriage to 3566: 3558:Main articles: 3556: 3551: 3202: 3196:Seleucid Empire 3194:Main articles: 3192: 3129:Battle of Ipsus 3117: 3109:Main articles: 3107: 3086: 3078:Main articles: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3065: 3063: 2983: 2978: 2948: 2943: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2931: 2924: 2822: 2816: 2768: 2685: 2453: 2449: 2440: 2179: 2175: 2166: 2080: 2070: 2037: 2036: 2028: 1976:Battle of Ipsus 1880: 1843: 1818: 1815: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1760: 1758: 1751: 1748: 1741: 1739: 1732: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1714: 1712: 1710:Ptolemy I Soter 1705: 1689: 1683: 1675:Main articles: 1673: 1625: 1620: 1612:Main articles: 1610: 1575: 1573:Battle of Issus 1558:Battle of Issus 1498: 1445: 1439: 1408: 1400:Main articles: 1363:pontoon bridges 1351: 1298: 1261: 1255: 1181:which included 1158: 1143: 1120: 1115: 1099: 1097:Greater Phrygia 1000: 995: 993:Other satrapies 837: 835:Ionia (satrapy) 825:Main articles: 823: 790:head mosaic in 719:Cyrus The Great 676: 674:Lydia (satrapy) 668:Main articles: 666: 517:Cyrus the Great 509: 491: 471:Assyrian Empire 420:Assyrian Empire 412:Iranian Plateau 381: 375: 373:Early antiquity 363:Muslim invasion 309:Parthian Empire 281:Seleucid Empire 202: 191: 190: 189: 184: 173: 167: 164: 153: 141: 137: 126: 115: 109: 106: 99: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12359: 12349: 12348: 12331: 12330: 12328: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12219: 12218: 12211: 12204: 12196: 12187: 12186: 12089: 12088: 12085: 12084: 12077: 12076: 12069: 12062: 12054: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12020: 12018: 12012: 12011: 12009: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11987: 11985: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11929: 11927: 11923: 11922: 11914: 11913: 11906: 11899: 11891: 11885: 11884: 11870: 11869:External links 11867: 11866: 11865: 11858: 11849: 11846: 11845: 11844: 11828: 11814:Amélie Kuhrt. 11811: 11806: 11781: 11778: 11777: 11776: 11769: 11762: 11753: 11750: 11749: 11748: 11739: 11732: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11707: 11698: 11687: 11684: 11683: 11682: 11672: 11653: 11646: 11641: 11624: 11608: 11603: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11574: 11559: 11547: 11536: 11524: 11512: 11500: 11488: 11476: 11461: 11446: 11435: 11398: 11389: 11372: 11360: 11358:vol. xii 90–92 11348: 11334: 11332:vol. xii 87–88 11322: 11320:vol. xii 81–83 11310: 11298: 11286: 11284:vol. xii 54–55 11274: 11259: 11252: 11232: 11230:vol. xii 42–46 11220: 11208: 11196: 11184: 11158: 11145: 11133: 11121: 11109: 11094: 11082: 11070: 11058: 11046: 11034: 11022: 11010: 10998: 10986: 10974: 10968:H H Scullard, 10961: 10949: 10937: 10925: 10913: 10902: 10890: 10878: 10866: 10854: 10842: 10827: 10815: 10803: 10791: 10779: 10772: 10721: 10709: 10688: 10677: 10660: 10638: 10616: 10596: 10581: 10570: 10550: 10543: 10523: 10502: 10488: 10468: 10452: 10408: 10401: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10338: 10331: 10324: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10299: 10298: 10292: 10291: 10287: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10208: 10207: 10196: 10195: 10192: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10182: 10181: 10180:(1945–present) 10178: 10172: 10171: 10166: 10160: 10159: 10156: 10150: 10149: 10146: 10137: 10136: 10130: 10129: 10124: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10114: 10113: 10110: 10104: 10103: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10090: 10084: 10083: 10080: 10078:Transformation 10074: 10073: 10070: 10064: 10063: 10060: 10051: 10050: 10044: 10043: 10038: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10028: 10027: 10024: 10018: 10017: 10014: 10008: 10007: 10004: 9998: 9997: 9994: 9988: 9987: 9984: 9978: 9977: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9964: 9958: 9957: 9954: 9948: 9947: 9944: 9938: 9937: 9934: 9928: 9927: 9924: 9918: 9917: 9914: 9908: 9907: 9904: 9898: 9897: 9894: 9888: 9887: 9880: 9871: 9870: 9864: 9863: 9858: 9857: 9854: 9853: 9848: 9847: 9844: 9838: 9837: 9834: 9828: 9827: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9814: 9812:Roman Republic 9808: 9807: 9804: 9798: 9797: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9764: 9758: 9757: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9734: 9728: 9727: 9724: 9718: 9717: 9714: 9708: 9707: 9704: 9698: 9697: 9694: 9685: 9684: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9667: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9657: 9656: 9653: 9647: 9646: 9643: 9637: 9636: 9635:859–595/585 BC 9633: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9617: 9616: 9613: 9607: 9606: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9583: 9577: 9576: 9573: 9567: 9566: 9563: 9557: 9556: 9553: 9545: 9540: 9539: 9536: 9535: 9530: 9529: 9528:859–595/585 BC 9526: 9520: 9519: 9516: 9510: 9509: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9486: 9480: 9479: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9456: 9450: 9449: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9416: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9400: 9399: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9376: 9370: 9369: 9366: 9360: 9359: 9356: 9350: 9349: 9346: 9340: 9339: 9336: 9330: 9329: 9326: 9318: 9313: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9302: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9285: 9279: 9278: 9275:500,000– 9270: 9261: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9248: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9235: 9234: 9225: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9199: 9192: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9167: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9099: 9097:Military Junta 9094: 9089: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9039: 9034: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9023:Ottoman Greece 9020: 9014: 9011:Venetian Crete 9007: 9002: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8981: 8976: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8959: 8956:(323 BC–31 BC) 8950: 8941: 8935:Archaic Greece 8932: 8922: 8919:Ancient Greece 8917: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8909: 8908: 8893: 8877: 8861: 8854: 8849: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8834: 8829: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8816: 8815: 8806: 8805: 8798: 8792: 8789: 8721:refers to the 8670:Main article: 8667: 8664: 8625: 8622: 8536: 8533: 8524: 8521: 8492:, Asthianene, 8474:Lesser Armenia 8397:Valentinian II 8334:Main article: 8331: 8328: 8249:Main article: 8246: 8243: 8169:(337–361) and 8167:Constantius II 8163:Constantine II 8158: 8155: 8151:Constantius II 8125:Lesser Armenia 8031: 8028: 8002:Main article: 7999: 7996: 7982: 7979: 7928:Main article: 7925: 7922: 7881:Maximian) and 7850: 7847: 7764: 7761: 7687: 7684: 7672: 7669: 7632:, to form the 7625: 7622: 7535: 7532: 7480: 7477: 7473:late antiquity 7457:hyperinflation 7429:Main article: 7426: 7423: 7356: 7353: 7293:Main article: 7290: 7287: 7240: 7237: 7153:Main article: 7150: 7147: 7092:Main article: 7089: 7086: 7066: 7063: 6951:Lesser Armenia 6899: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6815: 6692:were ruled by 6620:Roman Republic 6567: 6564: 6557:as divided by 6510:client kingdom 6490:Gaius Manilius 6478:Aulus Gabinius 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6233: 6223:Main article: 6220: 6217: 6163:Ariobarzanes I 6157:to govern the 6139:Main article: 6136: 6133: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6028:Mount Scorobas 6025: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6010: 5999: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5976: 5958:Main article: 5955: 5952: 5905:Ariarathes VII 5859:Main article: 5856: 5853: 5839:Mithridates VI 5750: 5747: 5604: 5601: 5522: 5519: 5505: 5502: 5463:Roman Republic 5399:Roman Republic 5397:Main article: 5394: 5391: 5379: 5376: 5353:The island of 5347:Main article: 5344: 5341: 5304: 5301: 5289:Roman province 5265:Main article: 5262: 5259: 5221: 5220:Minor kingdoms 5218: 5184:Mithridates VI 5153:Lesser Armenia 5068:following the 4943:Main article: 4940: 4937: 4818:Following the 4747:Cilicia Pedias 4727:Cilician Gates 4704:Main article: 4701: 4698: 4690:Roman Province 4658:Lesser Armenia 4623:Ariobarzanes I 4610:Ariarathes VII 4602:Mithridates VI 4521:, daughter of 4500:Ariarathes III 4411: 4408: 4392:Roman province 4386:to Rome after 4315:Attalus' son, 4201: 4198: 4190:Roman province 4179:Roman Republic 4175:Lesser Armenia 4060: 4057: 3979:Mysian Olympus 3951:Sea of Marmara 3927: 3924: 3859: 3856: 3813:Ariobarzanes I 3801:Ariarathes VII 3768:Main article: 3765: 3762: 3742:Mithridates VI 3712:Mithridates IV 3645:Mithridates II 3643:His grandson, 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3543:Roman Province 3380:Mithridates II 3355:, daughter of 3191: 3188: 3106: 3103: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3067: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2977: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2954: 2945: 2944: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2826: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2695: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2683: 2669: 2655: 2641: 2631: 2621: 2611: 2601: 2591: 2584: 2574: 2564: 2554: 2540: 2530: 2520: 2510: 2492: 2482: 2472: 2457: 2455: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2431: 2424: 2410: 2396: 2386: 2380: 2370: 2360: 2350: 2340: 2333: 2323: 2313: 2303: 2293: 2279: 2269: 2259: 2245: 2235: 2225: 2215: 2205: 2198: 2183: 2181: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2085: 2083: 2078:Somatophylakes 2072: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2047: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2012: 2004: 1811:Main article: 1774:Greek colonies 1768: 1765:Roman Republic 1759: 1750: 1740: 1731: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1672: 1669: 1624: 1621: 1609: 1606: 1571:Main article: 1550:Cilician Gates 1530:Sea of Marmara 1494:Main article: 1457:Artaxerxes III 1438: 1435: 1347:Main article: 1342:Dio Chrysostom 1294:Main article: 1257:Main article: 1254: 1251: 1179:Persian Empire 1157: 1154: 1142: 1139: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1098: 1095: 1020:Pharnabazus II 999: 996: 994: 991: 985:(499–449 BC). 979:Battle of Lade 822: 819: 665: 662: 505:Main article: 490: 487: 456: 455: 377:Main article: 374: 371: 336:eastern empire 332:Constantinople 204: 203: 186: 185: 145:The article's 144: 142: 135: 128: 127: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12358: 12347: 12344: 12343: 12341: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12229: 12225: 12217: 12212: 12210: 12205: 12203: 12198: 12197: 12194: 12086: 12082: 12075: 12070: 12068: 12063: 12061: 12056: 12055: 12052: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12021: 12019: 12017: 12013: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11988: 11986: 11984: 11980: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11930: 11928: 11924: 11919: 11912: 11907: 11905: 11900: 11898: 11893: 11892: 11889: 11882: 11877: 11873: 11872: 11863: 11859: 11856: 11852: 11851: 11843: 11842:9781841763583 11839: 11835: 11834: 11829: 11826: 11825:0-415-43628-1 11822: 11818: 11817: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11791: 11787: 11786:Pierre Briant 11784: 11783: 11774: 11770: 11767: 11763: 11760: 11756: 11755: 11747: 11745: 11740: 11737: 11733: 11730: 11729:0-19-872194-3 11726: 11722: 11718: 11715: 11714: 11704: 11699: 11697: 11695: 11690: 11689: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11651: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11639: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11625: 11623: 11622:9781410217264 11619: 11616: 11614: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11601: 11597: 11591: 11588: 11587: 11570: 11563: 11556: 11551: 11545: 11540: 11533: 11528: 11521: 11516: 11509: 11504: 11497: 11492: 11485: 11480: 11474: 11470: 11465: 11459: 11455: 11450: 11444: 11439: 11425:on 2018-04-19 11424: 11420: 11419: 11416: 11411: 11410:Ramsay, W. M. 11405: 11403: 11393: 11385: 11384: 11376: 11369: 11364: 11357: 11352: 11343: 11341: 11339: 11331: 11326: 11319: 11314: 11307: 11302: 11295: 11290: 11283: 11278: 11270: 11263: 11255: 11253:9780300060621 11249: 11245: 11244: 11236: 11229: 11224: 11217: 11212: 11205: 11200: 11193: 11188: 11181: 11177: 11174: 11173: 11168: 11162: 11155: 11149: 11140: 11138: 11130: 11125: 11119:vol. ix 265–6 11118: 11113: 11105: 11098: 11091: 11086: 11079: 11074: 11067: 11062: 11055: 11050: 11043: 11038: 11031: 11026: 11019: 11014: 11008:vol. ix 161–2 11007: 11002: 10996:vol. ix 156–8 10995: 10990: 10984:vol. ix 143–9 10983: 10978: 10971: 10965: 10959:vol. ix 142–3 10958: 10953: 10947:vol. ix 140–2 10946: 10941: 10932: 10930: 10922: 10917: 10911: 10906: 10900:vol. viii 362 10899: 10894: 10887: 10882: 10875: 10870: 10863: 10858: 10851: 10846: 10840:vol. viii 335 10839: 10834: 10832: 10824: 10819: 10812: 10807: 10800: 10795: 10788: 10783: 10775: 10769: 10764: 10763: 10754: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10718: 10713: 10699: 10692: 10686: 10681: 10673: 10672: 10664: 10656: 10655: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10633: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10621: 10614: 10612: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10594: 10592: 10585: 10579: 10574: 10566: 10565: 10557: 10555: 10546: 10544:9780521762076 10540: 10536: 10535: 10527: 10512: 10506: 10500: 10495: 10493: 10484: 10483: 10475: 10473: 10466: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10441:Pierre Briant 10438: 10437: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10413: 10404: 10402:9781841763583 10398: 10394: 10393: 10385: 10383: 10378: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10345: 10337: 10332: 10330: 10325: 10323: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10314: 10311: 10301: 10300: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10234: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10212:Turkification 10210: 10206: 10203: 10202: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10190: 10189: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10173: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10151: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10141: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10127: 10122: 10121: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10085: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10071: 10069: 10068:Classical Age 10066: 10065: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10055: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10041: 10036: 10035: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10019: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10009: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9989: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9959: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9939: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9919: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9909: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9899: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9861: 9856: 9855: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9839: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9829: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9806:190 BC–428 AD 9805: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9796:247 BC–224 AD 9795: 9793: 9790: 9789: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9779: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9689: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9670: 9669:Classical Age 9665: 9664: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9644: 9642: 9641:Median Empire 9639: 9638: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9608: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9598: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9578: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9537: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9451: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9391: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9381: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9341: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9310: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9265: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9251: 9246: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9215: 9205: 9200: 9198: 9193: 9191: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9182: 9179: 9169: 9168: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9111: 9110: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9037: 9036:Modern Greece 9032: 9031: 9024: 9021: 9018: 9015: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9005: 9000: 8999: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8979: 8974: 8973: 8963: 8960: 8954: 8951: 8945: 8942: 8936: 8933: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8920: 8915: 8914: 8897: 8894: 8881: 8878: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8847: 8846: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8832: 8827: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8796: 8788: 8786: 8782: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8754: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8673: 8663: 8661: 8660:New Testament 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8621: 8619: 8615: 8610: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8559:Antiochus III 8556: 8552: 8548: 8542: 8532: 8530: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8462: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8431: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8412: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8366: 8358: 8350: 8342: 8337: 8327: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8312: 8310: 8305: 8303: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8284: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8261:Valentinian I 8258: 8252: 8242: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8211: 8210:Constantine I 8207: 8202: 8200: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8139:Constantine I 8135: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8117: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8076: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8051: 8046: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8035:Constantine I 8027: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8016:Constantine I 8012: 8005: 7995: 7993: 7989: 7978: 7977:by Licinius. 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7951: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7931: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7853:In 305, both 7846: 7844: 7840: 7839:Tiridates III 7835: 7833: 7829: 7828:East (Oriens) 7825: 7821: 7820:Asia (Asiana) 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7702: 7697: 7693: 7682: 7678: 7668: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7634:Gallic Empire 7631: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7540: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7487:were now the 7486: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7437: 7432: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7326:Parthamasiris 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7301: 7296: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7255: 7250: 7246: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7062: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6977: 6976:assassination 6972: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6908:Julius Caesar 6905: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6836: 6831: 6829: 6824: 6822: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6738: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6635: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6469: 6467: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6437: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6264: 6254: 6249: 6247: 6242: 6240: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6226: 6216: 6210: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6132: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6076: 6070: 6068: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6007: 5997: 5992: 5990: 5985: 5983: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5966: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5835:Mithridates V 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5773:Ariarathes IV 5770: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5621:Antiochus III 5618: 5614: 5610: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5501: 5499: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5487:client states 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5400: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5167:to the east. 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5045:in the lower 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5001: 5000:Mediterranean 4997: 4993: 4989: 4983:95–66 BC 4982: 4977: 4969: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4929:Tarcondimotus 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4831:Antiochus VII 4827: 4825: 4824:Antiochus III 4821: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4614:Ariarathes IX 4611: 4607: 4606:Nicomedes III 4603: 4599: 4595: 4594:Mithridates V 4592:. His uncle, 4591: 4587: 4586:Ariarathes VI 4583: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4515:Ariarathes IV 4511: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4403: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4308:, under King 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4037:Nicomedes III 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3809:Ariarathes IX 3806: 3802: 3798: 3797:Ariarathes VI 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3719:Mithridates V 3715: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3688:Ariarathes IV 3685: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3669:Antiochus III 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3617:Mithridates I 3613: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3184:Cleopatra VII 3181: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3081: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2940: 2936: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586:Amphimachus ( 2585: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2032: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1991:Mithridates I 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1766: 1757: 1747: 1738: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1701: 1693: 1688: 1682: 1678: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1619: 1615: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1554:Gulf of Issus 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1508:Advancing on 1502: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1449: 1444: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1412:Delian League 1407: 1403: 1402:Delian League 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1287:and later by 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273:Ionian Revolt 1265: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1215:Halicarnassus 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1167: 1162: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 990: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 917:According to 915: 913: 912:Halicarnassus 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 841: 836: 832: 831:Ionian Revolt 828: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 793: 789: 785: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 689: 685: 680: 675: 671: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 642: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 561: 557: 553: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 524: 522: 518: 514: 513:Median Empire 508: 500: 495: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 467: 465: 461: 453: 452: 451: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 400:Lydian Empire 397: 393: 385: 380: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 343: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 277: 275: 271: 267: 263: 258: 254: 253:Delian League 250: 246: 242: 238: 235:in the west, 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 210: 200: 197: 182: 179: 171: 161: 158:and read the 157: 151: 148: 143: 134: 133: 124: 121: 113: 103: 98: 94: 90: 89: 82: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 11995: 11861: 11854: 11832: 11815: 11802: 11789: 11775:. Macmillan. 11772: 11765: 11761:. E. Arnold. 11758: 11743: 11735: 11720: 11693: 11656: 11649: 11628: 11612: 11593: 11568: 11562: 11554: 11550: 11539: 11531: 11527: 11519: 11515: 11507: 11503: 11495: 11491: 11483: 11479: 11464: 11449: 11438: 11427:. Retrieved 11423:the original 11418: 11414: 11392: 11382: 11375: 11367: 11363: 11355: 11351: 11329: 11325: 11317: 11313: 11305: 11301: 11293: 11289: 11281: 11277: 11268: 11262: 11242: 11235: 11227: 11223: 11215: 11211: 11203: 11199: 11187: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11148: 11128: 11124: 11116: 11112: 11103: 11097: 11089: 11085: 11077: 11073: 11065: 11061: 11053: 11049: 11041: 11037: 11029: 11025: 11017: 11013: 11005: 11001: 10993: 10989: 10981: 10977: 10969: 10964: 10956: 10952: 10944: 10940: 10920: 10916: 10905: 10897: 10893: 10885: 10881: 10873: 10869: 10861: 10857: 10849: 10845: 10837: 10822: 10818: 10810: 10806: 10798: 10794: 10786: 10782: 10761: 10716: 10712: 10701:. Retrieved 10691: 10680: 10674:. E. Arnold. 10670: 10663: 10653: 10610: 10590: 10584: 10573: 10567:. Macmillan. 10563: 10533: 10526: 10515:. Retrieved 10505: 10481: 10435: 10391: 10284:LGBT history 10242:Christianity 10012:Kara Koyunlu 9982:Latin Empire 9860:Medieval Age 9832:Ancient Rome 9826:163 BC–72 AD 9676: 9561:Neo-Hittites 9474:Neo-Hittites 9458:1300–1250 BC 9438:1500–1290 BC 9428:1500–1300 BC 9418:1500–1320 BC 9408:1680–1220 BC 9398:1650–1450 BC 9388:1700–1300 BC 9378:1780–1680 BC 9368:1950–1750 BC 9358:2300–1400 BC 9348:2400–2150 BC 9338:2500–2000 BC 9140:Constitution 8962:Roman Greece 8778: 8755: 8747:Philadelphia 8675: 8641: 8624:Christianity 8611: 8579: 8544: 8529:Roman Empire 8526: 8517:Julius Nepos 8498: 8463: 8436: 8422:in 384 over 8413: 8390: 8381: 8377: 8371: 8320:Theodosius I 8313: 8306: 8285: 8254: 8203: 8185: 8183: 8160: 8129: 8114: 8108: 8102: 8094: 8088: 8077: 8068: 8060: 8054: 8038: 8033: 8007: 7984: 7958: 7954: 7952: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7903: 7898: 7878: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7852: 7836: 7831: 7815: 7800: 7781: 7776: 7772: 7766: 7746: 7740: 7726: 7707: 7654: 7627: 7545: 7501: 7482: 7453:third crisis 7442: 7399: 7382: 7368: 7334: 7306: 7260: 7222: 7217: 7201: 7197: 7158: 7143:Augustan age 7132: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7102:The Gate of 7075:Roman Empire 7071:Ancient Rome 7059: 7044: 6997: 6991: 6973: 6966: 6932: 6901: 6796: 6778: 6771: 6751: 6734: 6730:new province 6720:. In 25 BC, 6687: 6655:Nicomedes IV 6636: 6632: 6617: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6526: 6498: 6470: 6438: 6430: 6422:Tigranocerta 6409: 6372: 6345: 6305:Tigranocerta 6215: 6167: 6144: 6129: 6111:and then by 6106: 6096:(86 BC) and 6079: 6071: 6063: 6023:Protopachium 6018:River Amnias 5944:Nicomedes IV 5929: 5909:Gaius Marius 5886: 5878:Cimbric Wars 5864: 5847: 5845:(88–63 BC). 5817: 5767: 5752: 5725:Roman consul 5681: 5606: 5591:army in the 5553:Carthaginian 5542: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5456: 5445: 5435: 5425: 5415: 5409: 5384:Ancient Rome 5378:Roman period 5352: 5306: 5270: 5233: 5169: 5161:Artavasdes I 5126: 5098:Yervandashat 5055: 5012: 4986: 4931:in northern 4909: 4890: 4867: 4843:Antiochus IX 4828: 4817: 4797:Pleistarchus 4755: 4751:Limonlu Çayı 4746: 4742: 4709: 4694:Artaxias III 4666:Mark Anthony 4662:Ariarathes X 4630:protectorate 4627: 4579: 4547:Ariarathes V 4512: 4484:Ariarthes II 4468:Ariarathes I 4465: 4423: 4384:client state 4361: 4353:Philadelphia 4314: 4231: 4209: 4196:(36–25 BC). 4187: 4151:Tolistobogii 4140: 4120:Galatian War 4089: 4077: 4049:Nicomedes IV 4029:Nicomedes II 4011: 3983: 3945: 3910:by marrying 3880:Mark Anthony 3868:Pharnaces II 3861: 3825: 3773: 3739: 3716: 3677: 3655:, sister of 3642: 3614: 3575: 3515: 3411: 3365: 3345:Antiochus II 3342: 3311: 3248:, Satrap of 3211: 3186:(51–30 BC). 3169: 3118: 3087: 2932: 2077: 1995: 1989:which under 1983:Pleistarchus 1980: 1945: 1930: 1914:Triparadisus 1890: 1816: 1794:Alexander IV 1779: 1657: 1642: 1599: 1579:Mount Amanus 1577:On reaching 1576: 1507: 1454: 1424: 1409: 1352: 1307: 1270: 1172: 1171: 1144: 1121: 1100: 1049:(modern day 1029: 987: 937:, satrap of 929:, tyrant of 916: 873: 846: 796: 739: 692: 643: 640: 606:. Note that 585: 559: 555: 549: 525: 510: 489:Persian rule 468: 457: 390: 344: 317: 278: 216: 215: 192: 174: 165: 154:Please help 149: 147:lead section 116: 107: 100:Please help 96: 85: 61: 54: 48: 47:Please help 44: 12305:Paphlagonia 11752:Hellenistic 11370:vol. xii 98 11308:vol. xii 76 11296:vol. xii 58 11218:vol. xii 28 11131:vol. ix 438 11068:vol. ix 260 10923:vol. ix 269 10888:vol. ix 266 10876:vol. ix 135 10864:vol. ix 263 10852:vol. ix 259 10205:Oghuz Turks 10170:(1930–1945) 10168:(1923–1930) 10158:(1920–1923) 10148:(1919–1922) 10112:(1908–1922) 10102:(1789–1908) 10092:(1703–1789) 10082:(1566–1703) 10072:(1453–1566) 10062:(1299–1453) 10040:Ottoman Era 10026:(1378–1501) 10016:(1375–1468) 10006:(1256–1335) 9996:(1250–1487) 9986:(1204–1261) 9976:(1204–1461) 9966:(1101–1409) 9956:(1098–1150) 9946:(1081–1423) 9936:(1078–1375) 9926:(1077–1307) 9916:(1071–1178) 9912:Danishmends 9906:(1037–1194) 9625:1000–545 BC 9615:1000–700 BC 9605:1000–560 BC 9595:1100–560 BC 9585:1150–547 BC 9575:1200–700 BC 9565:1200–800 BC 9555:1200–800 BC 9518:1000–545 BC 9508:1000–700 BC 9498:1150–547 BC 9488:1200–700 BC 9478:1200–800 BC 9468:1200–800 BC 9448:1450–350 BC 9434:Hayasa-Azzi 9328:3000–700 BC 9229:History of 9120:Agriculture 9086:Free Greece 8810:History of 8760:as well as 8519:(474–475). 8513:Middle Ages 8326:(425–455). 8235:Cassius Dio 8165:(337–340), 8113:as well as 7883:Constantine 7769:Constantius 7493:Gordian III 7397:(193–235). 7383:High Empire 7208:, from the 7028:Mark Antony 6999:Liberatores 6920:Mesopotamia 6914:. In 53 BC 6647:Eumenes III 6599:Light green 6514:Mithridates 6486:Lex Manilia 6453:Marcius Rex 6445:Mithridates 5899:. Next was 5889:Paphlagonia 5831:Pharnaces I 5823:Mithridates 5791:. His son, 5740:before the 5717:Eumenes III 5713:Attalus III 5693:Pharnaces I 5637:Thermopylae 5477:arose from 5459:Pyrrhic War 5172:Tigranes II 5086:Orontes III 5078:Neoptolemus 5008:Caspian Sea 4901:Pythodorida 4813:Antigonus I 4811:the son of 4799:the son of 4790:Syrian Wars 4686:Pythodorida 4567:Eumenes III 4545:. His son, 4457:Paphlagonia 4372:Eumenes III 4364:Attalus III 4282:Macedonians 4233:Philetaerus 4183:Attalus III 4033:Eumenes III 4021:Pharnaces I 3998:Nicomedes I 3971:Paphlagonia 3900:Pythodorida 3776:Paphlagonia 3723:Eumenes III 3680:Pharnaces I 3665:Laodice III 3657:Seleucus II 3633:Paphlagonia 3586:Paphlagonia 3318:Syrian Wars 3314:Antiochus I 3133:Syrian Wars 2834:Amphimachus 2797:Polyperchon 2749:Neoptolemus 2704:Hephaestion 2588:Mesopotamia 2551:Paphlagonia 2433:Scythaeus ( 2337:Mesopotamia 2335:Arcesilas ( 2316:Neoptolemus 2290:Paphlagonia 2163:(to 323 BC) 2157:(to 323 BC) 2151:(to 323 BC) 2139:(to 330 BC) 2133:(to 324 BC) 2131:Hephaestion 2127:(to 323 BC) 2121:(to 333 BC) 2115:(to 323 BC) 2109:(to 331 BC) 2103:(to 333 BC) 2097:(to 332 BC) 2091:(to 323 BC) 1933:Polyperchon 1887:Neoptolemus 1866:Paphlagonia 1587:Macedonians 1560:(333 BC). 1326:Artaphernes 1322:Artaphernes 1166:Aphrodisias 1083:Demosthenes 935:Artaphernes 933:approached 927:Aristagoras 636:Paphlagonia 483:Neo-Hittite 444:Halys River 408:Caspian Sea 289:Thermopylae 104:if you can. 12245:Cappadocia 11652:. Penguin. 11534:vol. x 858 11522:vol. x 857 11510:vol. x 855 11498:vol. x 853 11486:vol. x 851 11469:Asia Minor 11429:2012-03-30 10703:2007-10-16 10517:2007-10-16 10374:References 10088:Old Regime 10022:Ak Koyunlu 9992:Karamanids 9776:282–129 BC 9726:306–168 BC 9722:Antigonids 9716:322–130 BC 9706:334–301 BC 9696:559–331 BC 9655:685–547 BC 9645:678–549 BC 9394:Kizzuwatna 9315:Bronze Age 9250:Prehistory 8838:Pelasgians 8719:Revelation 8614:Common Era 8443:Alexandria 8297:Barbarians 8143:Constans I 8121:Cappadocia 7865:, and new 7710:Diocletian 7692:Diocletian 7665:Diocletian 7620:(276–82). 7449:Principate 7206:Polemonium 7194:Polemon II 7170:Cappadocia 7139:Principate 7094:Principate 6978:in 44 BC. 6866:Cappadocia 6802:Pamphylian 6762:See also: 6744:Cappadocia 6742:See also: 6737:Polemon II 6718:Cappadocia 6694:Brogitarus 6674:See also: 6662:in 64 BC. 6605:Pale green 6596:31–19 BC, 6593:Dark green 6570:See also: 6466:praetorian 6352:propraetor 6199:pro-Consul 6098:Orchomenus 6053:Orchomenus 5901:Cappadocia 5815:in 17 BC. 5801:Prusias II 5797:Attalus II 5769:Cappadocia 5759:Cappadocia 5649:Eumenes II 5565:Macedonian 5527:Punic wars 5479:Macedonian 5467:Punic Wars 5451:Diocletian 5413:: 133 BC; 5317:Ptolemaeus 5313:Antiochian 5251:Cappadocia 5149:Artaxias I 5122:Orontes IV 5074:Orontes II 5041:as far as 5039:Lake Sevan 5023:Azerbaijan 4913:Zenophanes 4905:Polemon II 4774:Philoxenus 4563:Prusias II 4559:Attalus II 4555:Orophernes 4539:Eumenes II 4535:Stratonice 4449:Lake Tatta 4425:Cappadocia 4416:Cappadocia 4398:(Asiana). 4376:Cappadocia 4317:Eumenes II 4302:Seleucus's 4155:Tectosages 4132:Pamphylian 4116:Dying Gaul 4099:Cappadocia 4080:Dying Gaul 4045:Cappadocia 4013:Prusias II 3990:Lysimachus 3986:Zipoetes I 3908:Cappadocia 3904:Polemon II 3839:second war 3788:Cappadocia 3782:with King 3704:Laodice IV 3692:Cappadocia 3684:Eumenes II 3594:Cappadocia 3545:in 64 BC. 3434:Cappadocia 3407:Cappadocia 3322:Cappadocia 3291:Lysimachia 3262:Lysimachus 3216:in 323 BC 3091:Agathocles 3080:Lysimachus 2920:Tlepolemus 2899:Philoxenus 2729:Lysimachus 2604:Tlepolemus 2547:Cappadocia 2533:Philoxenus 2485:Arrhidaeus 2475:Lysimachus 2385:(Pelasgia) 2353:Tlepolemus 2286:Cappadocia 2208:Lysimachus 2113:Lysimachus 2089:Aristonous 1960:Lysimachus 1926:Arrhidaeus 1901:Cappadocia 1862:Cappadocia 1798:Arrhidaeus 1728:Lysimachus 1546:Cappadocia 1489:Hellespont 1465:Darius III 1395:Hellespont 1243:Hecatomnus 1199:Hecatomnus 1063:Mitrobates 1055:Hellespont 1010:Dynast of 1008:Achaemenid 715:Cappadocia 703:Cappadocia 650:Royal Road 604:Cappadocia 590:, Greater 569:Cappadocia 537:Achaemenid 464:gold coins 432:Cimmerians 320:Roman rule 50:improve it 12300:Pamphylia 12039:Igbo-Ukwu 11968:Britannia 11920:by region 11667:(review: 10002:Ilkhanate 9896:(637–656) 9822:Commagene 9816:133–27 BC 9786:281–64 BC 9766:297–74 BC 9756:302–64 BC 9746:305–30 BC 9736:305–64 BC 9277:10,000 BC 9150:Ethnonyms 9092:Civil War 8706:Ephesians 8702:Galatians 8686:Jerusalem 8644:Palestine 8598:Jerusalem 8567:Babylonia 8494:Sophanene 8478:satrapies 8470:Euphrates 8420:Sassenids 8273:Procopius 8175:Dalmatius 8147:Dalmatius 8061:Nova Roma 8057:Byzantium 8011:Mithraism 7971:Tzirallum 7967:Byzantium 7963:Bosphorus 7895:Maximinus 7875:Maxentius 7843:Ctesiphon 7796:Sassanids 7784:Nicomedia 7737:Tetrarchs 7729:provinces 7630:provinces 7593:Nicomedia 7589:Chalcedon 7573:Trebizond 7565:Black Sea 7552:Macedonia 7528:Sassanids 7520:Gallienus 7508:Chalcedon 7504:Nicomedia 7407:Caracalla 7330:Ctesiphon 7279:Pamphylia 7214:Pharnacia 7174:Archelaus 7134:Imperator 6939:civil war 6754:Archelaus 6698:Deiotarus 6602:19–9 BC, 6590:: 31 BC. 6474:new model 6405:Deiotarus 6380:Chalcedon 6335:Jerusalem 6285:Rhyndacus 6275:Chalcedon 6175:Pamphylia 6121:Rhyndacus 6117:Byzantium 6094:Chaeronea 6043:Chaeronea 5882:Scordisci 5874:Jugurthan 5777:Seleucids 5755:Galatians 5709:Galatians 5685:Prusias I 5569:Attalus I 5337:Euphrates 5335:near the 5309:Euphrates 5303:Commagene 5295:, on the 5281:Zariadres 5239:Commagene 5230:Commagene 5196:Phoenicia 5188:Cleopatra 5165:Parthians 5137:Zariadris 5133:strategos 5127:However, 5114:Commagene 5110:Arsames I 5062:Mithrenes 5027:Euphrates 5017:known as 5004:Black Sea 4897:Polemon I 4845:ruled in 4809:Demetrius 4805:Cassander 4801:Antipater 4786:Ptolemaic 4758:Syennesis 4731:Pamphylia 4670:Archelaus 4519:Antiochis 4492:Seleucids 4433:Euphrates 4368:pretender 4341:Pamphylia 4298:Seleucids 4266:defeating 4262:Attalus I 4242:Eumenes I 4167:Deiotarus 4134:coast to 4112:Attalus I 3994:Seleucids 3975:Propontis 3912:Archelaus 3896:Polemon I 3858:Aftermath 3740:His son, 3708:Antiochus 3582:Black Sea 3504:lands to 3349:Laodice I 3338:Eumenes I 3307:Antiochus 3283:Macedonia 3258:Ciliciain 3254:Demetrius 3246:Antigonus 3238:Babylonia 3228:. At the 3226:Chiliarch 3161:Pamphylia 3137:Seleucids 2916:Stasander 2907:Sibyrtius 2903:Scythaeus 2881:Peucestas 2842:Arcesilas 2802:Antigenes 2739:Leonnatus 2724:Antigonus 2699:Perdiccas 2676:Arachosia 2672:Sibyrtius 2666:Drangiana 2658:Stasander 2638:Babylonia 2624:Antigenes 2577:Peucestas 2513:Cassander 2507:Pamphylia 2495:Antigonus 2461:Antipater 2426:Amyntas ( 2417:Arachosia 2413:Sibyrtius 2407:Drangiana 2373:Antigenes 2330:Babylonia 2326:Peucestas 2256:Pamphylia 2228:Antigonus 2218:Leonnatus 2187:Antipater 2161:Peucestas 2149:Perdiccas 2143:Leonnatus 2107:Demetrius 2061:Antipater 2056:Parmenion 1968:Demetrius 1937:Cassander 1910:Antipater 1858:Antigonus 1854:Pamphylia 1825:Leonnatus 1790:Perdiccas 1782:Alexander 1719:Cassander 1665:oligarchs 1644:Alexander 1595:Alexander 1591:Euphrates 1538:Pamphylia 1526:Çanakkale 1510:Dascylium 1485:Gallipoli 1387:Byzantium 1379:Mardonius 1377:in which 1285:Mardonius 1281:Macedonia 1239:Artemisia 1075:Macedonia 1047:Dascylium 967:Byzantium 923:Histories 919:Herodotus 908:Herodotus 735:Herodotus 628:Pamphylia 581:Districts 481:speaking 448:Herodotus 428:Sadyattes 340:Byzantium 56:talk page 12340:Category 12280:Lycaonia 12240:Bithynia 12224:Anatolia 12034:Carthage 12029:Aegyptus 11996:Anatolia 11973:Germania 11963:Hispania 11719:(1999). 11634:Archived 11412:(1904). 11176:Archived 10296:Timeline 10232:Religion 10193:By topic 9962:Artuqids 9762:Bithynia 9611:Tuwanuwa 9542:Iron Age 9504:Tuwanuwa 9404:Hittites 9334:Hattians 9301:5,500 BC 9289:9,000 BC 9220:a series 9218:Part of 9160:Military 9155:Language 9125:Alphabet 8896:Mycenean 8864:Cycladic 8801:a series 8799:Part of 8791:See also 8781:Bithynia 8770:Tralleis 8766:Magnesia 8758:Colossae 8751:Laodicea 8739:Thyatira 8735:Pergamon 8652:Flavians 8509:Arcadius 8505:Honorius 8490:Anzitene 8482:Ingilene 8411:in 394. 8405:Honorius 8401:Eugenius 8386:Arcadius 8293:Saracens 8227:Pergamon 8214:Augustus 8206:Augustus 8199:Apostate 8186:Caesares 8171:Constans 8095:Augustus 7959:Augustus 7955:Augustus 7944:Caesares 7936:Licinius 7918:Augustus 7906:Augustus 7887:Augustus 7879:Augustus 7871:Caesares 7867:Caesares 7859:Caesares 7804:Dioceses 7788:Bithynia 7777:Caesares 7757:Maximian 7742:Augustus 7722:Dominate 7714:Numerian 7696:Tetrachy 7677:Dominate 7661:Numerian 7646:Aurelian 7585:Bithynia 7569:Valerian 7560:Germania 7516:Valerian 7465:Dominate 7411:Macrinus 7389:, until 7375:Commodus 7309:Domitian 7277:and the 7178:Claudius 7166:Tiberius 7121:Augustus 7104:Augustus 7020:Octavian 6935:Republic 6861:Bithynia 6774:province 6706:Lycaonia 6666:annexed 6624:Lucullus 6608:9–6 BC. 6555:Anatolia 6400:Granicus 6356:Bithynia 6310:Artaxata 6295:Heraclea 6191:Cilician 6183:Lycaonia 6075:Pergamon 5849:Bithynia 5813:province 5805:Bithynia 5787:against 5785:Pergamon 5738:Anatolia 5689:Bithynia 5669:Seleucid 5665:Pergamon 5653:Pergamon 5641:Anatolia 5633:Thessaly 5619:emperor 5617:Seleucid 5613:Philip's 5589:Philip's 5573:Pergamon 5549:Hannibal 5515:Bithynia 5511:Pergamon 5471:Carthage 5431:Augustus 5333:Samosata 5325:Tiberius 5157:Artashat 5145:Artaxiad 5047:Caucasus 5031:Lake Van 5025:and the 5006:and the 4996:Caucasus 4882:Augustus 4847:Damascus 4839:Philip I 4782:Seleucid 4770:Philotas 4674:Octavian 4571:Lycaonia 4537:married 4508:Cataonia 4496:Ariamnes 4445:Lycaonia 4435:and the 4306:Bithynia 4278:Epigonus 4270:Galatian 4211:Pergamon 4147:Tetrachs 4136:Trapezus 4085:Epigonus 4017:Pergamon 3992:and the 3967:Heraclea 3947:Bithynia 3932:Bithynia 3843:Pergamon 3649:Seleucid 3506:Pergamon 3502:Seleucid 3472:Maeander 3430:Pergamum 3422:Bithynia 3403:Bithynia 3399:Pergamon 3378:married 3326:Bithynia 3218:Seleucus 2912:Stasanor 2894:Philotas 2861:Nearchus 2792:Seleucus 2787:Craterus 2782:Meleager 2754:Erigyius 2734:Menander 2709:Philotas 2680:Gedrosia 2652:Sogdiana 2644:Stasanor 2634:Seleucus 2608:Carmania 2454:(321 BC) 2435:Sogdiana 2421:Gedrosia 2399:Stasanor 2393:Hyrcania 2272:Philotas 2262:Menander 2248:Nearchus 2180:(323 BC) 2101:Balacrus 2034:Generals 1964:Basileus 1948:Seleucus 1897:Diadochi 1878:Philotas 1833:Menander 1802:Meleager 1756:Carthage 1677:Diadochi 1652:Persians 1518:Granicus 1420:Diodorus 1359:Xerxes I 1334:Marathon 1235:Mausolus 1233:Greece. 1231:Athenian 1207:Mausolus 1203:Persians 1107:Celaenae 1101:Greater 1087:Granicus 1043:Bithynia 947:Cyclades 884:Harpagus 880:Magnesia 807:Cambyses 799:Harpagus 770:Mytilene 620:Lycaonia 552:hegemony 521:Astyages 450:writes: 436:Alyattes 424:Cyaxares 396:Assyrian 303:and the 293:Magnesia 266:Pergamon 229:Iron Age 221:Anatolia 168:May 2021 110:May 2021 86:require 12315:Pisidia 12310:Phrygia 12275:Isauria 12265:Galatia 12255:Cilicia 11991:Scythia 11958:Illyria 11953:Thracia 11933:Graecia 11780:Persian 11686:General 11579:Sources 11454:Ephesus 11172:Gephyra 10247:Judaism 9782:Galatia 9601:Aeolis 9571:Phrygia 9551:Diauehi 9484:Phrygia 9464:Diauehi 9424:Mitanni 9374:Kussara 9364:Assyria 9354:Luwians 9145:Economy 8727:Ephesus 8715:Ephesus 8690:Antioch 8682:Cilicia 8656:St Paul 8650:to the 8648:gospels 8646:in the 8612:In the 8606:Agrippa 8602:Ephesus 8575:Phrygia 8561:of the 8555:Abraham 8535:Judaism 8527:As the 8486:Sophene 8439:obelisk 8424:Armenia 8393:Gratian 8316:Gratian 8289:Isauria 8281:Phrygia 8099:prefect 7965:, took 7948:Augusti 7899:Augusti 7863:Augusti 7855:Augusti 7773:Augusti 7753:Diarchy 7718:Carinus 7657:Carinus 7614:Tacitus 7610:Ephesus 7514:forced 7510:by the 7405:(197). 7337:Hadrian 7321:Armenia 7283:Galatia 7108:Ephesus 6955:Galatia 6947:Colchis 6904:Parthia 6876:Galatia 6871:Cilicia 6851:Armenia 6780:Cilicia 6722:Amyntas 6714:Pisidia 6710:Isauria 6702:Amyntas 6690:Galatia 6676:Galatia 6651:Cilicia 6561:, 63 BC 6533:Albania 6522:Cilicia 6506:Colchis 6384:Cyzicus 6325:Pelorus 6280:Cyzicus 6203:Isauria 6187:Cilicia 6179:Pisidia 6147:Ephesus 6109:Flaccus 6048:Tenedos 5932:Italian 5921:Cilicia 5897:Galatia 5827:Macedon 5809:Armenia 5744:, 90 BC 5643:, near 5581:Macedon 5543:In the 5299:river. 5261:Sophene 5255:Cilicia 5243:Armenia 5235:Sophene 5226:Sophene 5214:Parthia 5200:Cilicia 5094:Armavir 5090:Sophene 5082:Eumenes 5002:to the 4988:Armenia 4925:Isauria 4886:Galatia 4870:Cilicia 4859:Armenia 4711:Cilicia 4706:Cilicia 4682:Cilicia 4638:Armenia 4598:Laodice 4575:Cilicia 4488:Amyntas 4480:Nicanor 4476:Eumenes 4357:Attalia 4337:Pisidia 4329:Phrygia 4310:Prusias 4294:Attalus 4238:dynasty 4223:Bergama 4219:remnant 4194:Amyntas 4095:Phrygia 4091:Galatia 4065:Galatia 4006:Galatia 3920:Cilicia 3884:Galatia 3835:Cilicia 3817:Armenia 3793:Laodice 3780:Galatia 3754:Colchis 3750:litoral 3731:Laodice 3727:Phrygia 3696:Galatia 3673:Achaeus 3653:Laodice 3610:Amaseia 3590:Colchis 3531:Armenia 3438:Galatia 3384:Phrygia 3376:Laodice 3334:remnant 3303:Antioch 3299:Macedon 3272:, near 3250:Phrygia 3222:cavalry 3157:Cilicia 3121:Ptolemy 3097:, near 2876:Peithon 2871:Nicanor 2866:Nicanor 2851:Asander 2838:Amyntas 2830:Alcetas 2823:command 2714:Ptolemy 2648:Bactria 2628:Susiana 2618:Parthia 2594:Peithon 2557:Ptolemy 2543:Nicanor 2537:Cilicia 2499:Phrygia 2465:Macedon 2448:at the 2446:Satraps 2428:Bactria 2377:Susiana 2367:Parthia 2363:Nicanor 2343:Peithon 2320:Armenia 2296:Ptolemy 2282:Eumenes 2276:Cilicia 2238:Asander 2232:Phrygia 2202:Illyria 2200:Philo ( 2191:Macedon 2172:Satraps 2155:Ptolemy 2125:Peithon 2095:Arybbas 2066:Eumenes 2051:Attalus 1952:Ptolemy 1922:Cleitus 1918:Nicanor 1883:Armenia 1874:Cilicia 1846:Phrygia 1841:Asander 1786:Macedon 1660:satrapy 1635:at the 1542:Phrygia 1483:on the 1473:Macedon 1330:Eritrea 1310:Cilicia 1168:, Caria 1127:Croesus 1123:Cilicia 1118:Cilicia 1103:Phrygia 1079:Arsites 1067:Oroetes 963:Ephesus 931:Miletus 892:Corsica 888:Phocaea 864:Miletus 852:Aeolian 815:Bagaeus 803:Oroetus 762:Mazares 754:Tabalus 750:Pactyas 742:Satrapy 707:Croesus 699:Cilicia 632:Cilicia 624:Pisidia 600:Thracia 592:Phrygia 577:Assyria 573:Armenia 560:Satrapy 533:dynasty 529:satraps 460:Croesus 440:Cilicia 404:Iranian 237:Phrygia 223:during 88:cleanup 12320:Pontus 12235:Aeolis 12016:Africa 12006:Arabia 11943:Gallia 11938:Italia 11926:Europa 11840: 11823: 11797: 11727: 11663: 11620: 11250: 10770: 10541: 10447: 10399: 9631:Urartu 9591:Doris 9524:Urartu 9454:Assuwa 9414:Arzawa 9231:Turkey 9222:on the 9135:Church 8880:Minoan 8812:Greece 8803:on the 8785:Trajan 8749:, and 8743:Sardis 8731:Smyrna 8678:Tarsus 8636:, and 8618:Judaea 8594:Cicero 8588:, and 8582:Apamea 8269:Valens 8257:Jovian 8239:Nicaea 8194:Julian 8190:Gallus 8084:Helena 8020:Julian 7975:Tarsus 7940:Caesar 7914:Caesar 7910:Caesar 7808:Cicero 7748:Caesar 7618:Probus 7605:Nicaea 7603:, and 7601:Apamea 7581:Pontus 7577:Pontus 7558:, and 7461:plague 7317:Trajan 7231:under 7190:Pontus 7129:consul 7112:Turkey 7081:, and 7026:, and 6788:Taurus 6784:Syria. 6682:, and 6664:Pompey 6628:Pompey 6587:Yellow 6559:Pompey 6537:Crimea 6529:Iberia 6518:Pontus 6494:Cicero 6482:Pompey 6459:, and 6457:Aegean 6449:Pompey 6426:battle 6413:Cabira 6368:Cicero 6300:Cabira 6290:Lemnos 6170:Senate 6086:Rhodes 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2195:Greece 2174:at the 1987:Pontus 1772: 1770: 1763: 1761: 1754: 1752: 1749:Other 1746:Epirus 1744: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1639:323 BC 1481:Sestos 1477:Thrace 1391:Sestos 1383:Mycale 1375:Platea 1316:under 1277:Thrace 1227:Rhodes 1225:, and 1211:Mylasa 1193:, and 1191:Rhodes 1071:Thrace 1051:Ergili 1041:, and 1016:psiloi 975:Cyprus 959:Athens 955:Sparta 951:Euboea 904:Thrace 900:Abdera 876:Priene 868:Sparta 856:Ionian 833:, and 792:Cibyra 788:Medusa 774:Lesbos 758:satrap 746:Sardis 727:Sardis 711:Pteria 688:Turkey 684:Sardis 658:Sardis 648:, the 626:, and 612:Aeolis 602:) and 598:, and 556:Satrap 545:satrap 535:. 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