Classical Anatolia

1150: 8810: 992: 1553: 483: 8030:, ruled from 324 to 337 and his career was dominated by two considerations, the role of religion in the empire and the need for an Eastern capital. Because his reign coincided with the spread of Christianity his life has been obscured by legend as the first Christian emperor. In Diocletian's reign, Constantine was a regular visitor to the court at Nicomedia, and again under Galerius. At the end of the civil wars in 324 he once again found himself in Bithynia. Successive Roman emperors were becoming dissatisfied with Rome as an administrative centre, with its traditions which were at odds with their new more Eastern ways, and far from the theatres of war that consumed them. Many of them had spent little time in Rome and had created centres for themselves elsewhere. 6198: 4957: 8034: 8330: 9229: 6566: 8123: 749:) (546–545 BC), shortly thereafter. Once Lydia had been subdued, Cyrus returned to deal with problems in the East leaving a garrison to assist in the governing of his new acquisition. Almost immediately Pactyas, who had been given the responsibility of raising tributes, raised a mercenary army from neighboring Greek cities and besieged Tabulus in the citadel. Herodotus' account that Cyrus intended to enslave the Lydians seems unsubstantiated. Pactyas soon found that he had no allies and furthermore that Cyrus was acting swiftly to put down the rebellion, sending 8419: 5525: 8060:). Byzantium had long been considered of strategic importance, guarding the access from the Black Sea to the Aegean. Various emperors had either fortified or dismantled its fortifications depending on which power was using it and for what. Byzantium featured in Constantine's last war against Licinius in which Constantine had besieged the city, and after the war was over he further investigated its potential. He set about renewing the city almost immediately, inaugurating it in 330. This is a year sometimes picked as the beginning of the 198: 668: 7528: 1418: 4949: 7425: 6971: 1290: 829: 5474:(214–148 BC). Direct invasion of Anatolia did not occur until the Seleucid Empire expanded its frontiers into Europe, and was crushed by Rome and its allies in 190 BC, forcing it to retreat to the eastern part of the region. Following this the major powers of western and central Anatolia (Pergamon, Bithynia, Pontus and Cappadocia) were frequently at war, with increasing Roman intervention politically and militarily. The Roman presence increased from sporadic intervention, to creating 8354: 1437: 6611:'s policy regarding expansion and overseas territory was frequently conflicted. There were those who were satisfied with diplomacy, creating allies on its borders that acted as buffer states against more distant threats. On the other hand, there were those who saw opportunities for glory and riches. central government in rome was often far from civil and military commanders in the field, and local ambitions often dragged Rome into expanding its frontiers. The military exploits of 1617: 8346: 6540: 1253: 773: 8338: 5954: 5723: 3379: 4391: 3475: 7243: 10294: 9162: 7289: 8206:

involved. Settlement was encouraged, and local governors did not place a heavy burden upon the people with regards to taxation. The wealth gained from peace and prosperity prevented great tragedy as powerful earthquakes tore through the region, and help was given from the Roman government and other parties. It was also an age that produced some of the most respected scientific men of the classical period including the philosopher

3483: 4965: 25: 7690: 7088: 3558: 1490: 373: 11865: 5393: 7507:(253–260) to move his main troop deployments to Cappadocia, weakening his efforts to contain the Sassanid threat. In the course of these latter campaigns, Valerian became the first Roman emperor to be captured by enemy forces, in 260. The Sassanid forces penetrated as far west as Isauria and Cappadocia. The major part of the Roman response fell to the forces in Syrian outpost, Valerian's successor, 4063: 1689: 127: 66: 1681: 7444:, this time lasting nearly fifty years. Twenty five emperors obtained power in the space of forty-nine years, with at least fifty one claiming it. Most were either murdered or died in military campaigns against Rome's enemies that were now pressing hard on her frontiers. In addition to instability in governance and civil war the crisis years were marked by 6089:(85 BC) restoring Roman rule to Greece. Pontus sued for peace, faced with widespread revolts in Anatolia. Mithridates was to give up Asia and Paphlagonia, to hand back Bithynia to Nicomedes and Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes. In return he was allowed to continue ruling in Pontus as an ally of Rome, having abandoned all territories south and west of the 1656:. In addition he colonised the lands he captured with Greek settlers, spreading Greek culture. One of the controversies is the extent to which the Macedonian Empire represented either rupture or continuity. The ascendancy of Greek, and by extension European culture in an area predominantly influenced by Asia to date was to leave a lasting legacy. 8388:(375–392) necessitating a further division of the western empire. Gratian was killed in 383, by the usurper Magnus Maximus (383–388). Once Theodosius had disposed of him in 388, he was again sole ruler (388–393), Valentinian II only being 17, but technically a co-ruler with a guardian. However, he died in 392, whereupon another usurper, 855:, had made terms with Cyrus. According to Herodotus, when Lydia fell to Cyrus, the Greek cities begged him to allow them to exist within the former Lydian territories on similar terms to those they had earlier enjoyed, Cyrus pointed out that they were too late, and they started building defensive structures. They appealed to 443:"On the refusal of Alyattes to give up his supplicants when Cyaxares sent to demand them of him, war broke out between the Lydians and the Medes, and continued for five years, with various success. In the course of it the Medes gained many victories over the Lydians, and the Lydians also gained many victories over the Medes." 6623:

of the kingdoms in Anatolia to client state status. Sometimes Roman rule was forced on the republic by local events such as the bequeathing of kingdoms to Rome. Annexation of territory to form provinces was based on whether there was a trustworthy effective ruler who could rule in the interests of Rome or not.

5796:(182–149 BC). He died assisting Rome overcoming the pretender Eumenes III of Pergamon (133–129 BC) in 131 BC. His reign was marked by internal conflict that required Rome to intervene to restore him. From this stage onward Rome increasingly intervened in Cappadocian affairs, assisting it against Pontus and 6081:. A number of mainland Greek states welcomed the advance of the Pontian monarch, Sulla not having set out for Greece from Italy until 87 BC. Meanwhile, Mithridates had overcome the Roman army in Macedonia. When the two armies finally met, Sulla inflicted two defeats on the Pontic forces at the battles of 7830:(287–330) and more formally as protectorate in 299. On the eastern front, Persia renewed hostilities in 296, inflicting losses on Galerius' forces, until Diocletian brought in new troops from further west the following year and clashed with the Persians in lesser Armenia, and pursued them all the way to 3194: 8465:, within the Diocese of Pontus, being lands most recently acquired from Cappadocia, and forming two provinces, Armenia prima and Armenia secunda. In the east there were also two territories. In the North lay Armenia maior had provincial status, while the southern part consisted of a federation of six 7997:

At the end of the 3rd century, the vast empire was beset by administrative and fiscal problems, and much of the power lay in the hands of the military, while there was no clear principle of succession and dynasties were short lived, their fate often determined by force of arms rather than legitimacy.

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in turn. Only the turn of the weather as winter approached kept them from penetrating further into Anatolia. However, the Goths continued their seaborn attacks not only around the coastline of Anatolia, but in Greece and Italy as well. Amongst their raids was the destruction of the Temple of Diana in

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Policy in Anatolia had consisted of trade, influence and diplomacy with occasional military interventions to maintain the status quo when local kingdoms and empires became expansionist. That influence grew as Rome became the new superpower of the Mediterranean, and repeated interventions reduced many

5346:, off the southwestern tip of Anatolia is not technically part of Anatolia, but formed an important strategic role in Anatolian history, formed alliances, and also ruled areas of southwestern Anatolia for a time. Under Persian rule Rhodes fell under the same satrap as the adjacent mainland areas. The 5163:(The Great; 95–55 BC) who made it the most powerful state east of Rome, as the various kingdoms of western Anatolia were absorbed into the Roman sphere of influence. He consolidated his influence within Armenia, once again taking over Sophene after deposing Artanes he king. This was the period of the 8002:

were spreading (including Constantine and his family). Another increasing cultural force was the Palestinian religion of Christianity, although demonstrating considerable heterogeneity of orthodoxy. Diocletian had carried out major reforms after the years of crisis, but the empire slipped into chaos

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was divided by Severus into two sections, Syria Coele in the north, and Syria Phoenicia in the south. Armenia and the Parthians continued to be a problem in the east, with neither side gaining ground in the long term. This time Septimius Severus invaded Mesopotamia in 195 AD, sacking Ctesiphon again

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from Thrace in central Anatolia. Antiochus III set about restoring the former glories of the empire, initially campaigning in the east and subduing the independent provinces, before turning his attention to the west. His ambition to fulfill the thwarted dreams of his great great grandfather Seleucus

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we learn that Paul spent a considerable time in the vicinity of his home town of Tarsus in Cilicia and that the church there was linked to the Syrian churches. Put together these various Pauline sources suggest considerable missionary activity by Paul and Barnabas throughout Anatolia, and adherence

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At the end of the wars there remained two empires and two emperors. Constantine had disposed of Maxentius in 312 and agreed to repartition the empire, with Constantine in the west and Licinius in the East. Licinius was immediately engaged in dealing with the Persian situation. By the following year

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In the Diocletian reforms provinces were divided into smaller units, almost doubling the total number soon after 293, replicating the original regions of Asia Minor. Asia was divided into seven smaller provinces, and Bithynia three (Bithynia, Honorias and Paphlagonia). Galatia lost its northern and

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in the east later that year to provide Roman rule over nearly all the southern coast. Once military conquest had been achieved Pompey set about re-organising internal government within Anatolia, including the all-important collection of taxes. He left Anatolia at the end of 62 BC, returning to Rome

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Of the three empires carved out of Alexander's possessions following the battle of Ipsus, the Lysimachian of Thrace, Western (including Lydia, Ionia, Phrygia) and Northern Asia Minor, was the shortest lived. Lysimachus attempted unsuccessfully to extend his possessions in Europe and Greece. Some of

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The third partition of 301 BC was no more effective at bringing stability to the region than its predecessors. Demetrius, who eventually became King of Macedon (294 BC – 288 BC), was still at large controlling a significant naval force, raiding Lysimachus' territory in Asia Minor. Nor did the Ipsus

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in 114, albeit for only four years. War with Parthia broke out once again in the 2nd century, generally in Rome's favour. Parthia had broken with previous agreements of choosing Armenian kings subject to approval of Rome. Trajan's policy was to depart from previous policy, invading Armenia, during

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refused to ratify it despite Mithridates' efforts. Mithridates realised Rome would remain a potential threat but nevertheless continued to respect the treaty, but made military preparations for the possibility of a third war. The next step by Rome was to restore control over the areas to the south

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Sulla set about re-organising the Roman administration in Western anatolia until 84 BC. Those cities that had resisted Mithridates were rewarded, for instance Rhodes regained the Peraea lost in the Macedonian wars. Those that had collaborated were forced to pay reparations. The combined effects of

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to surrender. Tigranes spurned the Roman overtures and indicated he was prepared to fight, so Lucullus prepared to invade Armenia in 70 BC. In 69 he marched through Cappadocia to the Euphrates, crossing it at Tomisa and entering Sophene and the lands which Tigranes had recently acquired from the

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was called upon but swiftly dealt with by Mithridates. The death of both of the sons of Ariarthanes VI effectively extinguished the dynasty. This turmoil then prompted Nicomedes to attempt to insert a pretender claiming to be a third brother. At this point Rome intervened, Mithridates withdrew,

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were to prove a source of problems in Bithynian affairs. Like the other Anatolian states Bithynia was torn by disputes within the ruling family and civil war. They formed various judicious alliances and marriages against the Seleucids and Heraclea and were often at war with neighbouring states.

3241:, to his west, who progressively enlarged his possessions to include all of Asia Minor. Eventually, at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC Antigonus was overthrown and killed, and his lands partitioned. This gave Seleucus control of south eastern Anatolia. In the ensuing years he was in conflict with 6061:

The war went well initially for the allies during 89–88 BC, since Rome was still involved in the Social War, taking Phrygia, Mysia, Bithynia, parts of the Aegean Ccoast, Paphlagonia, Caria, Lycea, Lycaonia and Pamphylia. Aquillius was defeated in the first direct engagement with the Romans, in

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removed all debts owed to the Roman Empire by the provinces and protectorates, making advanced progress possible. Roads were built to connect the larger cities in order to improve trade and transportation, and the abundance of high outputs in agricultural pursuits made more money for everyone

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By now both Bithynia and Cappadocia were ruled by Roman protégés and were indebted to Rome who urged them to invade Pontus, a fatal miscalculation. Nicomedes invaded Pontus, Mithridates complained to Rome, boasted of his power and allies and unwisely hinted that Rome was vulnerable. The Roman

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Under Augustus, Galatia became a formal province in 25 BC strengthening direct Roman rule in western Anatolia, while in 27 BC Cilicia had been absorbed into Syria. Meanwhile, Cappadocia and Armenia continued as client states. A truce of sorts was worked out in 1 AD between the Romans and the

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To proceed further required ensuring the neutrality of the next empire, the Parthians whom Tigranes had also wooed. In 68 BC Lucullus made some advances into northern Armenia but was hampered by the weather and wintered in the south. His strategy had been to dismember Armenia into its former

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to expel Jews because they were not active in their religious activities. The Romans provided some protection to Jewish communities after they occupied Anatolia in 188 BC. The existing Hellenistic communities were not favourably disposed to the distinct culture in their midst and initiated

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who was acclaimed emperor in 360 in competition with Constantius. However, the latter died before overt conflict broke out, and Julian ascended the throne (361–363). Although Julian's reign was relatively brief, his desire to return the empire to traditional gods earned him the nickname of

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By the time Lucullus arrived in 73 BC, Mithridates was anticipating him. Lucullus was assembling his legions in northern Phrygia, when Mithridates advanced rapidly through Paphlagonia into Bithynia, where he joined his naval forces and defeated the Roman fleet commanded by Cotta at the

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had arrived in eastern Anatolia with the express purpose of crushing these two states. Tigranes surrendered in 66 BC, and Armenia became a client state. The remaining members of the dynasty, which eventually petered out in 1 BC, had an uneasy relationship with both Rome to the west and

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around 278 BC to aid his campaigns but remained and settled in an adjacent area over the next decade, with Ancyra as its capital city. They frequently raided surrounding lands and were hired as mercenaries in the continuing struggles between the Anatolian states. They were defeated by

6154:(95–63 BC). After two further raids with less justifiable pretexts, Mithridates retaliated, pursuing Murena and inflicting a number of defeats on Murena until Sulla (who had less territorial ambition than Murena) intervened and both antagonists withdrew to their former positions. 5312:(70–38 BC) submitted to Pompey in 64 BC during his campaign against Armenia and Pontus, and allied Commagene with the Romans for which part of Mesopotamia was added to the kingdom. He managed to keep Commagene relatively independent until he was deposed by Mark Antony in 38 BC. 3265:

in 281 BC, Lysimachus was killed and Seleucus seized control over the remaining lands of Asia Minor. Now reigning over all of Alexander's empire except the Ptolemaic lands in Egypt, his victory was short lived. Immediately moving to take commands of the new lands in Europe,

7019:) 43–33 BC. Following this war Antony remained to govern in the east. There he found himself faced with further Parthian incursions, who had occupied Syria. Between 40 and 38 BC, the parthians penetrated as far as Caria. The Parthians were beaten back following both their 7049:

Of the surviving client kingdoms, Cappadocia was the most prominent but was plagued by internal unrest requiring frequent Roman intervention, sometimes for lack of cooperation. At various times it acquired lesser Armenia and parts of Cilicia, and was unified with Pontus.

7484:(238–244) prompted Roman retaliation, but in the ensuing battle to secure the eastern borders, the young Gordian was killed, and amongst the terms made was the ceding of Armenia to Persia. Persia again attacked in 251, annexing Armenia and invading Syria in the reign of 5840:, the other major kingdom in western Anatolia, had varying relations with Rome, and in particular its ally Pergamon. The last monarch, Nicomedes IV (94 – 74 BC) bequeathed his kingdom to Rome, precipitating the Mithridatic Wars between Rome when Pontus claimed Bithynia. 5857:(120–63 BC) quickly set about creating his own empire. In his first thrust to extend his frontiers along the Black Sea litoral he avoided drawing the attention of Rome. Rome was preoccupied with other issues that precluded it paying attention to events east of the 8248:(363–364) was chosen as the new emperor. He was not connected to Constantine's family and his brief reign was notable for re-establishing Christianity and for making a settlement with the Persians that was very much in their favour. He in turn was succeeded by 8288:

in the west. He had made his capital, Antioch, but found conditions in the East deteriorating again with the Goths pouring into Thrace. In 378 Valens decided to confront them without waiting for reinforcements from the west meeting the invading army at the

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southern parts to the new provinces of Paphlagonia and Lycaonia, respectively. Lycia et Pamphylia was once again split into its two constituent units. Cappadocia lost its Pontic and Lesser Armenian territories. Another innovation was the establishment of

7464:. It was also an era in which might of the far flung Roman Empire was now beginning to experience increasing pressure on its eastern and northern borders, whereas previously the balance of military power had concentrated on defending the eastern border. 1967:, Phrygia in 301 BC, in which Antigonus now in his 80s faced the combined forces of Cassander, Lysimachus and Seleucus. Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled, allowing his enemies to carry out a third partition, dividing his possessions between them. 7023:. However, when Antony himself decided to invade Parthian territory in 33 BC the result was a disaster, although he made two further expeditions into Armenia. In 34 BC Antony and Cleopatra decided to distribute the eastern lands between their children ( 5191:

he effectively reduced the Seleucid empire to a rump state. The aggressive behaviour of both Pontus and Armenia inevitably and fatally brought them into conflict with the eastward Roman expansion with the Armenians suffering a decisive defeat at the

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in 72 BC. After a series of naval defeats Mithridates fell back to Pontus. He had also sent troops into Lycaonia and the southern regions of Asia to create support amongst Pisidians and Isaurians, but these were now repelled by the Galatians, under

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in (188 BC) established Roman control over western Anatolia and the retreat of the Seleucids from this area. The Republic of Rhodes, as an ally of Rome in the war, was granted former Seleucid lands sharing western Anatolia with Pergamon including

3409:(223–187 BC) ascended the throne. By the time Antiochus III became king, the empire had already reached a low point. In the east provinces were breaking away, while in Asia Minor, subject states were becoming increasingly independent, including 515:

The Persians, who had scant resources for governing their vast empire, ruled relatively benignly as conquerors, attempting to obtain the cooperation of the local elite in governance. They ruled their vassal states by appointing local rulers, or

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system, his strategy being to respect and win support from the conquered (or liberated) people's, respecting their traditions. he also positioned himself as a crusader for pan-hellenism, rescuing the Greek people of Anatolia from tyrants and

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in the Anatolian lands, and ending the Achaemenid Empire by 330 BC. However, he devoted the rest of his life to military conquests further east, dying in 323 BC. Thus he fulfilled his father's ambition of liberating the Greeks of Asia Minor.

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in 188 BC retreated beyond the Taurus Mountains, dying the following year. Anatolia now lay largely in the hands of the Romans and their allies, at least in the west. Those states that had allied themselves with the Romans were freed while

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However, Herodotus, as is so often our only source, had an agenda in his imprecise accounts, which do not fit well with what is known of the period. It is likely that the affair in Naxos represented a democratic revolt against the tyrants.

8742:), a list which includes not only large urban centres but also smaller towns. Certainly Asia Minor appears to have been the centre of Christianity at least until the late 40s, before spreading across the Aegean and eventually Rome itself. 6460:

The piracy strategy initiated by Servilius in 78–75 BC was suspended during the years of fighting Mithridates. Roman naval forces were defeated in 70 BC attempting to deal with the Cretan pirates, and the problem spread to Italy itself. A

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A stronger Pergamon suited Roman interests as a buffer state between the Aegean and the Seleucid Empire. However, Rome needed to intervene on a number of occasions to ensure the integrity of the enlarged territory, including wars against

942:. With the permission of Darius he gathered a force to invade Naxos, but the expedition was a failure. Motivated by fear of the wrath of Darius he prevailed upon those in the expedition to mount an insurrection and subsequently went to 5497:

The rule of Rome in Anatolia was unlike any other part of their empire because of their light hand with regards to government and organization. Controlling unstable elements within the region was made simpler by the bequeathal of both

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With Antony dead, and Lepidus marginalised, the second triumvirate was effectively dissolved, leaving Octavian as the sole power. Thus the republic came to and end. Octavian's powers progressively increased, he was granted the title

6485:). The Lex Manilia essentially set aside the new commands of Marcius Rex and Acilius Glabrio. Pompey was granted considerable resources and explicit powers that Lucullus had never had, and command over the entire Anatolian region. 5935:(94–74 BC), creating a potential opportunity for territorial expansion. Tigranes marched into Cappadocia, Ariobarzanes fled to Rome and Nicomedes was expelled. Rome became alarmed, ordered the restoration of both monarchs and sent 726:, Cyrus treated Croesus well and with respect after the battle, but this is contradicted by the Nabonidus Chronicle, one of the Babylonian Chronicles (although whether or not the text refers to Lydia's king or prince is unclear). 5140:(190–160 BC) led a revolt against Antiochus. He reunited Armenian-speaking peoples in the region, often divided by surrounding states. In this context, the Armenian lands to the west of the Euphrates were known as Armenia Minor ( 1947:). This aggression brought pressure to bear on Antigonus, who soon found himself under attack in Thrace, Caria and Palestine. As a result, Seleucus was reinstated in 312 BC, and a treaty was arranged in 311 BC between Cassander, 6066:, and as Mithridates overran the province, both fled from the mainland. Aquillius was handed back to Mithridates who executed him. Roman rule in Anatolia had been crushed, although a few areas of Asia Minor managed to hold out. 8504:, while the west was to decay and Rome to be sacked under Honorius. The west limped on under a series of short lived emperors and progressively shrinking empire, in which the east frequently intervened, effectively ending with 8685:, our primary source suggests that converts were predominantly amongst the Jewish population, the Gentile following in Syria being the exception. Following the account of the Acts of the Apostles, we must rely on the various 8598:

discriminatory measures. In contrast the emperors promised freedom of religious practice. Jewish communities in the area collected monies to send to Jerusalem. There was more assimilation and even hybrid religious practices.

950:(successfully) for help. The Ionians attacked Sardis in approximately 499 BC, but Artarphernes managed to hold the acropolis, although the lower city was burnt. The Ionians retreated but were defeated by pursuing Persians at 7551:

were all defended successfully by the Romans, the Goths found Anatolia to be irresistible due to its wealth and deteriorating defenses. Using a captured fleet of ships from the Bosphorus and flat-bottomed boats to cross the

3788:(130 – 116 BC). Mithridates had his brother in law Ariarathes murdered, whereupon Laodice married Nicomedes III of Bithynia. Pontus and Bithynia then went to war over Cappadocia, and Mithridates had his nephew and new king, 3779:

and by extension his ally Rome setting the scene for the subsequent series of Mithridatic Wars (88–63 BC). Relations between the adjacent states of Pontus, Bithynia, Cappadocia and Armenia were complex. Mithridates' sister,

4637:(c.63–c.51 BC). Although Cappadocia continued as an independent state longer than its neighbours, it continued to require help from Rome to maintain its borders. Rome also controlled the succession. Ariobarzanes II married 8809: 7511:(260–268), being preoccupied in the west. Asia Minor then experienced the combined attacks of the Danubian Goths in the Balkans pouring into Thrace, while their Black Sea relatives ravaged coastal cities. A later emperor, 3505:

While the Seleucids continued to maintain lands in south eastern Anatolia the empire was progressively weakened on all fronts, and became progressively unstable, torn by civil war in the 2nd century BC. After the death of

8190:. He was also noted for his purging of the civil service. He died campaigning in the east. With Julian's death, the short Constantinian dynasty came to an end. Very few Roman dynasties lasted more than three generations. 248:

finally wrested control of the whole region from Persia in the 330s BC. After Alexander's death, his conquests were split amongst several of his trusted generals, but were under constant threat of invasion from both the

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states that he was directly descended from the Persian Satrap of Pontus. he consolidated his kingdom seeking alliances from neighbouring peoples, including the Gauls, as protection form the larger powers of the region.

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had dislodged Mithridates from Pontus by 65 BC, who now retreated to his northern domains but was defeated by rebellion in his own family and died, possibly by suicide, ending the Pontine Kingdom as it then existed.

698:, who had amassed great wealth and military power, but concerned by the growing Persian power and obvious intent, took advantage of the instability of the Persian revolt and besieged and captured the Persian city of 1892:

had been allocated to Eumenes, it had not yet been subdued and had to be put down in 322 BC, in the course of which Antigonus fell out with Perdiccas and fled to Europe from Phrygia, where he initiated a conspiracy

1206:, gaining a strategic naval advantage as the new capital was on the ocean. On this land he built a strong fortress and built up a strong navy. He shrewdly used this power to guarantee protection for the citizens of 6452:

to take over the eastern command. Lucullus withdrew back to Galatia and Mithridates promptly recovered all his lost territory. Meanwhile, the republic was changing the administrative governance of Anatolia to the

12158: 3471:. The balance of Antiochus' lands, the largest share, were granted to Eumenes II of Pergamum. These settlements were made on the understanding that they would all keep the peace in a manner satisfactory to Rome. 551:

corresponding to Governor and Province respectively. The administration was hierarchical, often referred to as Great, Main and Minor Satrapies. The main administrative units in Anatolia were the Great Satrapy of

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Valens was faced with war on two fronts, with the Goths in the Balkans with whom he made a hasty peace in 369, so he could deal with the Persian attacks on Armenia. His problems were compounded by a revolt in

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Cilicia was a very diverse area, both geographically and demographically and parts of it remained difficult for any occupying power to subdue. During this period, minor dynasts existed within Cilicia such as

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who had served under Lysimachus was the ruler of Pergamon, Lysimachus' treasury, at that time, exercised some autonomy under the Seleucids who seized Lysimachus' lands, ruling from 282–263 BC. The subsequent

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of Bithynia (94–74 BC) added a neighbour to the northeast along the Black Sea coast, although it took another war before this could be settled properly and combined with its eastern neighbour Pontus to form

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for help, but Sparta refused, instead warning Cyrus not to threaten the Greeks. Cyrus was unimpressed, but nevertheless headed east without bothering them further. This account seems somewhat conjectural.

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Lucullus then resumed his original plan and advanced through Galatia and Paphlagonia to Pontus in 72 BC. By 71 BC he was through the Iris and Lycus valleys and into Pontus where he engaged Mithridates at

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Pompey's first move was to persuade the Parthians to harass Tigranes' eastern flank. Following Roman tradition he offered Mithridates terms, but he rejected these. consequently Pompey engaged him at the

5120:, the Seleucid King (223–187 BC), led the last expansion of his kingdom, overthrowing and killing Orontes IV and bringing Armenia directly under Seleucid control in 212 BC, and appointing two satraps ( 6404:. The result was disastrous for the Pontic forces, and Mithridates fled to Armenia. The Romans then set about subduing Pontus and Lesser Armenia while trying to persuade Mithridates, now the guest of 3561:

Kingdom of Pontus before the reign of Mithridates VI (120 BC, Dark Purple), after his early conquests (Light Purple), and his conquests in the first Mithridatic wars (88 BC, Pink). Armenia is in Green

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grew geographically it became increasingly diverse and the influence of many religions beyond the traditional Roman values was increasingly felt. Slowly a movement for religious tolerance developed.

1955:: Βασιλεύς), effectively ending the concept of a Macedonian Empire, although it was unclear as to whether all saw themselves as the legitimate heir of the entire empire. It was Antigonus and his son 8064:. The new capital was to be distinguished from the old by being simultaneously Christian and Greek (although was initially mainly Latin speaking like its Balkan hinterland) and a centre of culture. 6532:

and the subordinate Anatolian kingdoms during 65–64 BC. During 64 BC he marched south through Cappadocia and Cilicia to Syria meeting little opposition except briefly at Commagene. He then annexed

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of 88–63 BC. Roman control of Anatolia was strengthened by a 'hands off' approach by Rome, allowing local control to govern effectively and providing military protection. In the early 4th century,

8108:. The prefect was now purely a civil administrator. By 332 there were five prefectures, anticipating he division of the empire after his death. Some provincial boundaries were changed. In c. 330 1777:, putting all he had worked for at risk. His vision of a unified empire proved short lived. He had no heir, and had not made apparent plans for succession. Some classical writers state he wished 520:

with responsibility for their satrapies (Greek: Satrapeia). However, the Greeks referred to these satraps as 'tyrants', meaning they were neither democratically elected or derived authority from

6073:', was the slaughter of tens of thousands of Romans and Italians ordered by Mithridates. Having cleansed Asia Minor of Romans, Mithridates looked further afield, his next victim that year being 6524:. By 65 BC he had concluded a truce with the Albanians before sweeping through Iberia and Colchis. He was later to be criticised for not eliminating Mithridates, who had taken refuge in the 11622: 3035: 4546:

forcing him to flee to Rome. The Romans restored him as a joint king with Orophernes in 157 BC by dividing the kingdom. Orophernes was reluctant to cede territory and with the support of

6477:. In took him only three months during 67 BC to clear the seas. Meanwhile, apprised of the disaster at Zela, there were plans to transfer the command in Anatolia to Pompey, initiated by 903:, implies this was a swift process, it is more likely that it took four years to subdue the region completely, and the Ionian colonies on the coastal islands remained largely untouched. 1521:. The Persians were routed and the Greeks moved down the Aegean coast, taking Sardis, and besieging many cities. From the Aegean they moved east along the Mediterranean coast as far as 7258:. In 72 Vespasian united all the disparate elements of Cilicia into the Roman province, many of which had remained petty dynasties. Vespasian also created a new composite province of 5896:(116–101 BC), whom he had assassinated shortly afterwards. About this time he sent envoys to Rome to elicit support for his claims, but was not successful and instead rome dispatched 8442:

in 380 that established the faith of the bishops of Rome and Alexandria as the official version of Christianity, that was still very heterogeneous. He was baptised and appointed the

5692:(170 – 168 BC) Macedon's power had been crushed and Rome no longer felt the need for such a strong Pergamon, and the Senate set about weakening it, negotiating with Eumenes' brother 7905:

simultaneously challenged Severus and indeed deposed and murdered him, declaring himself Augustus, while his father Maximian also attempted to return to power and take the role of

4854:

of Armenia (95–55 BC) that state vastly expanded its borders at the expense of the Seleucids, and incorporated Cilicia c. 80 BC, until forced to retreat from the advancing Romans.

6497:. Pompey, rather than pursue him, turned his attention to Tigranes, who pursued by Parthians surrendered promptly and was granted his inherited but not acquired lands, becoming a 4233:(263–241 BC), who revolted against Seleucid rule and defeated Antiochus near Sardis in 262 BC, guaranteeing Pergamon's independence. Eumenes enlarged Pergamon to include parts of 387:

control. The Lydian empire gained independence from Assyria by the end of the 7th century. The flourishing of Lydia during the first half of the 6th century BC is also dubbed the

6915:

in which he was killed. Sporadic raids by the Parthians against Syria continued, but were repelled and suffered a major reversal in 51 BC. However, Crassus' death unbalanced the

10086: 4677:

of Pontus (8 BC – 38 AD). In 17 BC he was summoned to Rome by the new Emperor, Tiberius (14–37 AD) whom he had angered by supporting a rival, and Tiberius declared Cappadocia a

1264:

marked the beginning of half a century of conflict between the superpowers that faced each other across the Aegean. The Persians were already in Europe, with a presence in both

7931:, while the incumbents, Galerius and Maximinus continued in the east, as a Third Tetrarchy. this proved unworkable and both Maxentius and Constantine, originally overlooked as 7572:- the wealth of the city was absconded, a larger number of ships were confiscated, and they entered the interior without much resistance. A second invasion of Anatolia through 5093:

in the tripartite division. However, the degree of control of the Seleucids, who were constantly at war, over Armenia varied. Under subsequent monarchs, including Orontes' son

3082:

in 284 BC engendered both revulsion and revolt. Distrusting Seleucus, Lysimachus had now allied himself with Ptolemy. Seleucus invaded the Lysimachian lands and in the ensuing

966:. Eventually Aristagoras realized the futility of the exercise, as Artaphernes won a number of victories, and fled. Miletus fell to the Persian forces in 494 BC, following the 3973:

Bithynians were of Thracian origin. There is some evidence that even before the invasion of Alexander the Great, Bithynia enjoyed some independence. After Alexander's death,

8086:, as their Grand Vizier, or Chief of Staff. In the civil wars that followed with multiple competing emperors, they proliferated. Constantine divided the civil duties of the 4476: 1431: 8500:

divided the empire between them and it was never again to be united. Thus the Eastern Empire was finally established by the beginning of the 5th century, as it entered the

8166:, Anatolia falling to Constantius II. Constantius rarely visited Constantinople being preoccupied with the eastern front, amongst other wars. During Constantius' reign the 7942:

Relative to the western parts of the empire, the eastern empire was stable. The transition from Diocletian to Galerius proceeded smoothly in 305. Upon assuming the role of

6963:

Meanwhile, Caesar was planning to return to the east and deal with the Parthians who were once again harassing Syria, and avenge Crassius. Plans that were cut short by his

3329:, dynast of Pergamon, revolted against Seleucid rule and defeated Antiochus near Sardis in 262 BC, guaranteeing Pergamon's independence. Antiochus died the following year, 1639:(359 BC – 336 BC) on his assassination in 336 BC. Alexander invaded Asia Minor in 335 BC with a combined land and naval force, and by 333 BC had effectively vanquished the 10096: 3309:

with the Seleucids southern neighbours, the Ptolomies. He was unable to fulfill his father's ambitions of incorporating Thrace and Macedonia and nor was he able to subdue

12169: 6724:

While much of Pontus ended up in the new province of Bithynia et Pontus, the east was divided into client kingdoms including Pontus, which continued until the last king,

5931:(95–55 BC) ascended the throne of Armenia in 95 BC and allied himself to Mithridates through marriage, while Nicomedes died in 94 BC leaving his kingdom to his young son 4448:. It was strategically situated on the overland route between Syria and the Seleucid territories in western Asia Minor, and hence important to maintain access. Even as a 543:

into regional administrations (Satrapies or provinces, depending on sources) which replaced the hegemonic kingdoms prior to the conquest. Kings were replaced by Satraps.

6239: 5982: 1797:(323 BC). Philip was unable to rule effectively due to a serious disability, and both he and Alexander were soon murdered. Perdiccas himself was assassinated in 321 BC. 12149: 12145: 296:, Rome's allies in the war, were granted the former Seleucid lands in Anatolia. Anatolia subsequently became contested between the neighboring rivalling Romans and the 7321:. Armenia was now no longer a buffer state. However, the victory was short-lived, Trajan being forced to withdraw to Antioch, and dying shortly afterwards in 117 AD. 5038:. The Armenian highlands were geographically separated from the Mesopotamian plains, and was approached through Sophene to the south west and across the Euphrates at 1951:

Satrap of Thrace, Antigonus, Seleucus and Ptolemy which divided the Empire into four spheres of influence. By 304 BC all of these had proclaimed themselves 'kings' (

12202: 8403:

Theodosius's major problems were with the Goths and his western frontier, which kept him away from Constantinople. He became notorious for his perpetration of the

12172: 3053: 1399:

Following these Persian reverses, the Greek cities of Asia Minor again rebelled. The focus of the war now moved to the Aegean islands with the formation of the

1058:(Oroetus), satrap of Sparda (Sardis), in the 520s. Because of its strategic position between Europe and Asia it was the launching pad for expeditions to subdue 12143: 3826:

by 88 BC, before Roman retaliation forced his retreat and abandonment of all the occupied territory. Mithridates still controlled his own Pontine lands and a

1586:'s hands, the battle marked the end of Persian hegemony in Anatolia. Alexander then turned his attention to Syria, the eastern Mediterranean coast and Egypt. 6821: 5002:

Armenia in the 1st century BC formed a mountainous region in eastern Anatolia, bounded to the south by Syria and Mesopotamia and to the east by that part of

4838:. With the rise of more independent states in Asia Minor, Cilicia came under the hegemony of various surrounding kingdoms, sometimes partitioned. during the 4746: 5462:

in the western Mediterranean. As a result of these wars Rome found itself with overseas colonies and was now an imperial power. The next encounter with the

3152:, as well as the Aegean islands, only to lose some of them in the second war (260–253 BC). The territorial extent of the Ptolemies reached its zenith under 12060: 8307:(375–383), son of Valentinian I and nephew of Valens, before he realised he needed someone to rule in the east separately, dispatching his brother in law, 3014: 3005: 2995: 2991: 1149: 7975:(314) the two emperors were at war, which simmered over a decade. Constantine eventually besieged Licinius in Byzantium in 324, defeated his fleet at the 5900:

in c. 99 BC to take him to task. Amongst further turmoil in that kingdom, he again sent to Rome for support of his latest candidate as did his rival. The

1880:

However, dissent was endemic, and almost continuous war ensued amongst the Macedonian generals, lasting over 40 years; these wars were referred to as the

7756:

This evolved into a tetrachy in 293, the empire being divided into four, but each Caesar reporting to an Augustus. The new co-emperors were Galerius and

5230:

were among minor Anatolian states that at times were independent kingdoms and at others were annexed to surrounding territories. Both lay to the west of

11578: 6339:(94–74 BC) died, leaving his kingdom to Rome, he created not only a potential power vacuum, but further encircled Pontus. The Senate had instructed the 8415:

establishing a firm frontier, but essentially agreeing to give up most of Greater Armenia. This arrangement proved relatively stale over a long time.

5830:(120 – 63 BC) whose aggressive expansionist powers swept through Anatolia but soon brought him into direct conflict with Rome and the ultimately fatal 1468:, putting down rebellions and securing his northern frontiers. Alexander then turned his attention to the east, landing on the shores of Anatolia near 1403:

in 477 BC. Over the next 30 years Greek forces continued to harass Persian garrisons, invading Asia Minor in the 460s with an important victory at the

991: 630:

Assyria was a Main Satrapy of the Great Satrapy of Babylon, and included Cilicia, while Armenia was a Main Satrapy within the Great Satrapy of Media.

11615: 3036: 2988: 2986: 2010: 7946:, Galerius assigned Maximinus to Egypt and Syria. On Galerius'death in 311, Maximinus divided the east seizing Asia Minor, with Licinius as western 7224:(54–68). After a disastrous battle of Rhandeia in 62. A compromise was worked out with a Parthian on the Armenian throne subject to Roman approval. 3830:

by Rome (83–81 BC) was rather inconclusive and failed to dislodge him. In the meantime the Roman presence in Anatolia was steadily growing. As with

6183: 1974:, Antipater's son and Cassander's brother ruled Cilicia, before being driven out the following year (300 BC) by Demetrius. The other exception was 12168: 8296:

Valens split Cappadocia, already much diminished into two provinces, Cappadocia prima in the north and Cappadocia secunda in the southwest around

6134:

Given that many Romans thought that Mithridates had got off rather lightly following the first war, provocation was almost inevitable. Sulla left

3028: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3002: 10899:

Encyclopédie méthodique: ou par ordre de matières: par une société de gens de lettres, de savans et d'artistes. Volume 2, Panckoucke, 1789 p. 462

8681:, and likely elsewhere in Syria and neighbouring Palestine, where Paul spent some time. The following was predominantly an urban phenomenon. The 6232: 5975: 4917: 3446:

where his defeat forced his retreat from Greece. The following year the Romans pursued him into Anatolia inflicting another major victory at the

3363:

to him following a defeat at Ancyra in 236 BC, although the latter was eventually driven out of Anatolia by Pergamon in 227 BC. Seleucus' sister

9228: 5105:, the next minor kingdom to the west, bordering on Cilicia and Cappadocia. However, the enlarged kingdom became divided in the next generation, 4336:

from the former Seleucid possessions. He subsequently enlarged and adorned the city, building amongst other things the Great Altar. His brother

1362:

gave command of the sea to the Greeks, and Xerxes retreated back to Asia. The following year (479 BC) the Greeks won a decisive land victory at

9133: 7366:(177–192). Commodus' reign ended a period of good government, known as the Five Good Emperors, and is credited with being the beginning of the 5648:

in 189 BC. There Antiochus was overwhelmed by an intensive cavalry charge by the Romans and an outflanking maneuver by Eumenes. Because of the

3834:

Nicomedes who had no heirs, bequeathed Bithynia to Rome. This provided the opportunity for Mithridates to invade Bithynia and precipitated the

3733:(120 – 63 BC) reversed earlier policies of friendship with the growing power of Rome, engaging in a series of wars that now bear his name, the 3040: 3039: 1552: 351: 7799:

used the term when he was governor of Cilicia (51 BC). Anatolia was restructured into three dioceses, which were eventually grouped under the

5268:

at least after 200 BC but with the weakening of that empire by the Romans after 190 BC it again became independent under Roman influence with

4597:

of Bithynia (127–94 BC), marrying Ariarathenes's widow, Laodice. Mithridates VI then ousted Nicomedes, replacing him with Aríarathes VI's son

4471:(321–316 BC). However, despite these Greek appointments Cappadocia continued to be governed by local rulers. Ariarthes had adopted his nephew 1920:

The second partitioning did little to quell the continuing scheming and jockeying for power. Antipater's illness in 320 BC led him to appoint

11897: 8546:. Although there may have been some settlement in the 4th century BC this was substantial before the time of the Seleucids. In about 210 BC, 7472:

During the crisis the eastern provinces felt they were on their own, and were not inclined to help prop up Rome against foreign attacks. The

6425:. Lucullus' troops were also tiring and becoming dissatisfied. Lucullus withdrew from Armenia but not in time to prevent the defeat at Zela. 3687:

in 181 BC. Ultimately he gained little, although the Romans attempted to intercede. He also continued alliances with the Seleucids, marrying

6783:

that separate it from Syria. There remained, however, troublesome tribes in the northern mountains that no power had succeeded in subduing.

5818:

had been removed. Pontus maintained an uneasy alliance with the Seleucids and was involved in a number of regional wars, particularly under

4281:

gave Pergamon control over much of Seleucid territory north of the Taurus Mountains, only to lose it under Antiochus III. The dealings with

4107:, a statue displayed in Pergamon, was a favorite in Hellenistic art. Rome launched a campaign against them in 189 BC, defeating them in the 3031: 3029: 3019: 3011: 3004: 3000: 504:

of eastern Anatolia, which had existed for barely a hundred years, was suddenly torn apart by a Persian rebellion in 553 BC under Cyrus II (

490:

at its greatest extent. Anatolia remained, however, under Persian rule until the latter's overthrow by Alexander in the late 4th century BC.

12195: 12124: 10164: 8173:

By 350 both of Constantius II's brothers had died and the empire was reunited under him. Constantius continued the tradition of appointing

4901: 4857:

Roman influence was being felt in Cilicia as early as 116 BC. In 67 BC Pompey who had suppressed the pirates created the Roman province of

3442:

appealed to it for help. He then crossed into Europe in 196 BC and Greece in 192 BC but by 191 BC came up against the Roman legions at the

2987: 1574:. Realizing that the terrain at this point favored his smaller army, Alexander attacked the Persians, who were effectively squeezed by the 482: 6741:

Cappadocia continued as an independent client, at one point being united with Pontus, until the Emperor Tiberius deposed the last monarch

3434:

I proved to be his undoing. His initial attempts to regain control of Asia Minor drew the attention of the growing Mediterranean power of

3027: 970:, who wreaked vengeance. The last pockets of resistance were obliterated by 493 BC. Herodotus depicts these events as the catalyst to the 794:(530–520 BC). Oroetus became the first satrap recorded as demonstrating insubordination with respect to the central power of Persia. When 12163: 12081: 10322: 9190: 6062:

Bithynia although the troops were actually raised locally. The other Roman commander was C. Cassius, governor of Asia, whose seat was at

5904:

promptly ordered Mithridates out of Cappadocia (and Nicomedes out of Paphlagonia). Mithridates appears to have withdrawn by 89 BC, while

12090: 8407:

in 390, and had to deal with all the problems going on in the west (see above). On the eastern front he came to an arrangement with the

4738:(Κιλικία Πεδιάς; Flat Cilicia, also Kilikia Leia or Smooth Cilicia), the flat plains to the east divided by the River Lamus, now called 3042: 1198:

continued in this manner, and expanded upon the groundwork laid by his father. He first removed the official capital of the satrap from

12170: 12156: 12155: 12132: 12131: 10247: 10152: 9074: 7130:(27 BC – 284 AD) was born. In exchange for this redistribution of powers, a long history of civil wars came to an end, replaced by the 6225: 6026: 5968: 5073:

in 321 BC. With the subsequent fall of Eumenes, Mithrenes re-assumed power (321–317 BC) and declared himself king. He was succeeded by

3696: 3641: 3364: 3336:(261–246 BC) named Theos, or "divine", who conducted the Second Syrian War (260–253 BC). Eventually he was poisoned by his first wife, 12164: 12127: 12099: 12086: 11431: 10488:

Aristodicus of Cyme and the Branchidae. Truesdell S. Brown. The American Journal of Philology Vol. 99, No. 1 (Spring, 1978), pp. 64–78

7652:(283–284) concerned themselves with the east. Numerian died before returning west leaving Carinus to face a newly proclaimed emperor, 6721:, leaving western and central Anatolia completely in Roman hands. In the East the former Armenian kingdoms remained under local rule. 6069:

Although Sulla was then appointed to deal with Mithridates, events moved very slowly. However, worse was to come later in 88 BC. the '

2992: 2982: 2980: 12105: 10142: 6814: 4162:, having allied himself with Rome against Pontus in the Mithridatic Wars. The title came with part of the Pontic lands, specifically 3301:

After the death of Seleucus, the vast and unwieldy empire he left faced many trials, both from internal and external forces. His son

12152: 12129: 8119:

During his reign, conflict with the Persians over Armenia persisted and he was planning a major campaign at the time of his death.

7890:

and Severus and Maximinus as Caesares, and heirs apparent. This oversight was to prove fatal to Diocletian's vision of a tetrarchy.

7783:), where he had originally been proclaimed emperor. This became the base for defence against invasion from the Balkans and Persia's 575:

Within the hierarchical system, Sparda was a Great Satrapy consisting of the Major Satrapies of Sarda (including minor satrapies of

12117: 12110: 12106: 12053: 5039: 4444:, while the centre and south was known as Greater Cappadocia, predominated by a plateau. At times the northern section constituted 3295: 3038: 3032: 2996: 2990: 2983: 2981: 8003:

once again on his abdication and it fell to Constantine to restore stability and continue the process of reform. From the time of

4158:(c. 105 – 42 BC) than many others. As chief tetrach of the Tolistobogii he was eventually granted the title of King of Galatia by 863:

Following the defeat of the Lydian revolt, Mazares began to reduce the other cities in the Lydian lands one by one, starting with

753:(545–544 BC), one of his generals to restore order. Pactyas subsequently fled to the coast and took refuge in the Aeolian city of 12188: 12004: 11664: 11633:

John Lemprière. A classical dictionary, containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in antient authors... 1839

11142: 7039: 6950:

in 48 BC, occupying all of Pontus. Caesar, returning from his Egyptian campaign, landed at Antioch and met Pharnaces's forces at

6638:(133–129 BC) and the early Mithridatic wars (89–85 BC), its frontiers were strengthened by creating the neighbouring province of 6421:

kingdoms. By 67 BC the Roman forces in Pontus were coming increasingly under attack by Mithridates who scored a major victory at

6101: 5826:(c. 150 – 120 BC) assisting the Romans in suppressing a revolt by the pretender of Pergamon, Eumenes III. This all changed under 3737:(88–63 BC), and which ultimately led to the end of his kingdom and dynasty. Mithridates was ambitious and planned to conquer the 12167: 12166: 12162: 12111: 12097: 12092: 12084: 12083: 8361:

Since Theodosius I (379–395) was only related to the Valentinians through marriage, he is regarded as the founder of a separate

7328:(117–138), decided not to persist with the eastern provinces, and Armenia continued to be a source of conflict in this period. 6143: 6097: 148: 135: 12150: 12144: 12139: 327:

was established with Constantinople as its capital, referred to by historians as the Byzantine Empire from the original name,

12165: 11787: 11653: 11594: 10760: 10437: 8071:

in 325 to resolve differences and establish orthodoxy, such as the date of Easter. The other great influence was his mother,

7333: 6449: 4601:(116–101 BC), his mother Laodice acting as regent. Mithridates also had him killed and replaced with Mithridates own son, as 3034: 3033: 2985: 2003: 8373:. He was also the last emperor to rule over both east and west. He continued the tradition of co-rulers, appointing his son 7998:

The empire was divided culturally with Latin predominating in the west, and Greek in the east, while eastern ideas, such as

2989: 2984: 1793:. Eventually Alexander and Philip were made joint monarchs and responsibility for regional administration divided up at the 12114: 11657: 10066: 7336:

on assuming the Imperial office. The war lasted five years and again the Parthian capital was sacked. A new threat was the

6807: 6528:. He then completed the subdual of Albania before returning to Pontus and Lesser Armenia where he set about organising the 6493:

in 66 BC inflicting great losses. Subsequently, Mithridates discovering that Tirganes would no longer support him, fled to

6352: 6096:

Mithridates' problems were further complicated by a 'rogue' Roman army dispatched by Sulla's enemies in Rome, commanded by

5822:(c. 190 – c. 155 BC) some of which attracted Roman intervention. There was a brief period of collaboration with Rome under 5700:(184 BC) free. By the time his brother Attalus II succeeded him, Pergamonian power was on the decline, and the last dynast 4804:

the following year. Cilicia had a habit of changing hands frequently, Demetrius losing it in 286 BC and then regaining it.

3688: 1806:

Power often lay with the Satraps, usually generals. In Anatolia, this initial division of power at Babylon was as follows;

875:(544–530 BC), who completed the subduing of Asia Minor. Some communities, rather than face a siege, chose exile, including 12159: 12157: 12096: 6150:. Murena proceeded to intervene in Cappadocia in 83 BC, where Mithrodates was also interfering with the recently restored 4818:

In the 2nd century BC, Cilicia was notorious for the pirates based along the southern Tracheian coast. After the death of

3037: 12046: 11869: 10205: 10056: 9005: 8396:(394–423) in the place of Valentinian, although he was only eight years old. Theodosius then disposed of Eugenius at the 7901:, was elected as Augustus by his troops, in competition with Severus, while Maxentius the other overlooked candidate for 7217: 4363:

briefly seized the throne until captured by the Romans in 129 BC. The lands occupied by Pergamon were divided up between

90: 38: 8067:

Constantine's major contribution to religion in the empire was to summon the elders of the Christian world to the great

6891:

In the year's following Pompey's departure the Roman administration in Anatolia kept a wary and at times fearful eye on

5205:

to the east. Rome saw Armenia as a buffer state in relation to Parthia, requiring frequent interventions by the Romans.

1480:

into Asia (335 BC). Initially the Persians offered little resistance and Alexander began to liberate Greek city states.

1190:

took advantage of his position. He gained for his family an autonomous hand in control of the province by providing the

12080: 7012: 6799: 6441: 2960: 1970:

In post-Ipsus Anatolia, Lysimachus held the west and north, Seleucus the east, and Ptolemy the south east. For a while

1781:

one of his generals, to take charge, and that Perdiccas envisioned sharing power, as regent, with his then unborn son,

569: 12109: 12098: 8605:(AD) the Jewish communities were more accepted in the Hellenistic world, but (other than in Cappadocia) the ties with 6347:. This coincided with the death of Servilius' successor as proconsul of Cilicia, which then came under the command of 3710:(c. 150 – 120 BC), son of Pharnaces I. He assisted the Romans in suppressing the revolt by the pretender of Pergamon, 3321:

from the north west but they were repelled in 278 BC. Within Asia Minor, the power of Pergamon on the Aegean coast, a

722:. Cyrus won, capturing Sardis after a 14-day siege, Croesus giving himself up to Cyrus. According to the Greek author 12151: 11890: 11830: 11813: 11717: 11610: 11240: 10531: 10389: 10230: 10122: 8167: 7800: 6761:

Armenia continued as a client state after the Mithridatic wars, torn between Rome and Parthia, eventually becoming a

1394: 1337: 184: 166: 108: 52: 12085: 3359:. In Asia Minor a rebellion by his younger brother Antiochus Hierax led to Seleucus II leaving the lands beyond the 3047: 1932:) with Cassander declaring himself regent in 317 BC and King in 305 BC, having had Alexander IV murdered in 309 BC. 1321:

in 490 BC, first taking islands such as Naxos which it had failed to capture in 500, in addition to disembarking at

10257: 9128: 9108: 8256:, who almost immediately divided the empire again, moving to the west leaving the east in the hands of his brother 6120:

the war and aftermath were ruinous for the region and piracy abounded. Mithradates himself faced internal problems

5936: 3608:(302 – 266 BC) in 291 BC, who assumed the title of king in 281 BC. Its capital was Sinope, now the Turkish town of 1996: 1589:

Darius himself was murdered in 330 BC, and shortly afterwards Alexander routed the remaining Persian forces at the

1310: 1284: 633:

Anatolia remained one of the most principal regions of the empire during its entire existence. During the reign of

12136: 6789:

in the extreme southwest remained independent until 43 AD when it became a province, and was then merged with the

5065:(336–331 BC). With the death of Alexander and subsequent division of the empire in 323 BC, Armenia was granted to 1342:

Greece was spared further invasions when an unplanned interbellum (490–480 BC) occurred due to an insurrection in

12091: 10315: 9183: 8660: 8609:

were weakening. Christianity made little impact on Judaism in Anatolia before the making of it a state religion.

8447: 7317:, was killed, and going on to create provinces in Mesopotamia and Assyria, and capturing the Parthian capital of 7028: 6384: 6273: 4785: 3112:(323–283 BC) settled into his new province of Egypt and Libya with the least difficulty, controlling much of the 3044: 3022: 3003: 2994: 1971: 1407:

c. 469. The wars effectively ended in 449 BC with the Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus, a peace being declared, which

954:

in 498 BC, whereupon the Athenian ships withdrew. However, over the next two years open rebellion broke out from

12120: 11402: 7716:

Diocletian managed to secure the frontiers and instituted sweeping administrative reforms that affected all the

7605:(275–276) successfully took on the Gothic invaders of Anatolia, and this was continued by a subsequent emperor, 6194:. The building of military roads through Cilicia now created a new potential threat to Mithridates and Pontus. 272:, the largest of Alexander's territories, and which included Anatolia, became involved in a disastrous war with 12146: 12130: 11602:

A Dictionary of the Bible: Dealing with Its Language, Literature, and Contents, Including the Biblical Theology

9790: 9070: 7515:(282–284), led an expedition east to restore Roman rule in Armenia and reverse earlier losses by taking on the 6964: 5309: 5300:

was at times part of Sophene and of Armenia. As with Sophene it came more firmly under Seleucid control in the

4939: 4642: 3443: 3079: 3025: 1448:(358–338 BC) achieved the throne by violent means and was rumored to have been murdered himself. His successor 277: 12115: 12104: 12087: 11164: 7923:

In 308 Galerius and Diocletian attempted a diplomatic solution, summoning an Imperial Conference that elected

3020: 3012: 2997: 536:

system of local governors continued to be used and upgraded and other governmental upgrades were carried out.

12119: 12089: 11989: 10284: 10235: 10036: 9113: 8626: 7886:. Galerius was now Augustus of the East and the Second Tetrarchy was formed with Constantius and Galerius as 7452:

and the first schism within the empire. The profound changes between the preceding Principate and succeeding

4634: 4606: 4605:(101–96 BC). In 97 BC there was a rebellion against this proxy monarchy and Ararathes VII's brother known as 4550:

of Pergamon (160–138 BC) Ariarathes was victorious in 156 BC. He then allied himself with Attalus II against

4514:(222–187 BC) as his wife, and assisting him against the Romans. Although the Romans proved victorious at the 4440:

to the Euphrates and from the Black Sea to Cilicia. The northern portion, known as Cappadocia Pontus, became

4170:

surviving to an advanced age. He formed a political alliance with Pergamon by marrying Berenice, daughter of

3851:

The lands were divided with the western part including the capital being absorbed into the Roman province of

3793: 3001: 12142: 8457:

were split in two, e.g. Cilicia I, Cilicia II. The Armenian situation was complex. In the west (west of the

7644:

By the time of Carus, the idea of two empires, west and east was emerging. Carus appointed one of his sons,

7103:

was built to honor the Emperor Augustus and his family. It led to the commercial area where goods were sold.

4269:' famous statues of the defeated Galatians. Attalus protected the Greek cities of Anatolia but harassed the 3838:(74–63 BC). Mithridates' position was considerably weakened following the fall of Armenia to Rome in 66 BC. 3775:(127 – 94 BC) in 108 BC also acquiring Galatia and Armenia Minor but soon fell out with him over control of 3167:

influence steadily increased as it progressively absorbed much of the Greek world. Egypt formed a pact with

240:, all of Anatolia remained under Persian control except for the Aegean coast, which was incorporated in the 12160: 11883: 10351: 10252: 9256: 6736: 6516:

Following the subdual of Armenia Pompey moved on to the Caucasus and the extreme end of Anatolia including

6151: 5913: 4649:

to his territory but was executed by the Romans for opposing their control, being succeeded by his brother

4611: 4488: 4408: 3801: 3789: 3652:

in 239 BC. However, the alliance between the dynasties was further consolidated when he gave his daughter,

3043: 3041: 3018: 3010: 3009: 1675: 934:

who had been forced to flee (C. 502 BC) and seek his help. He planned to annex not only Naxos but also the

12121: 12095: 11668: 10499: 9271: 8384:(375–383) his son acceded to the throne but Valentinian I's generals proclaimed his four-year-old brother 6934:(63–47 BC) saw an opportunity to expand his realms in violation of his agreement with Pompey, moving into 6619:

towards the end of the Mithridatic wars created an eastern expansion far beyond the vision of the Senate.

3597:, parallel to the coast. Its main centres were on the Lycus and Iris rivers including the royal centre of 3024: 3023: 3015: 3006: 607:

was included in semi-autonomous Caria, and Sparda included the offshore islands. Greater Phrygia included

12334: 12140: 12137: 11705: 10356: 10346: 10132: 9920: 9283: 8443: 7918: 7441: 7419: 7367: 7158: 7067: 6854: 6746: 6364: 6263: 6082: 6031: 5801: 5086: 4822:

Sidetes (138–129) the Seleucid Empire had become reduced to Syria and adjacent Cilicia. At one stage the

4678: 4602: 4574: 4503: 3797: 3785: 3723: 3552: 2826: 2453: 2179: 1484: 1269: 1063: 343: 12161: 12116: 12100: 12088: 12082: 8745:

Paul noted that "all they which dwelt in Asia heard the word" and verified the existence of a church in

8706:, the metropolis of the province of Asia, his headquarters (54-56AD). Another New Testament source, the 6197: 4661:(38 BC – 17 AD) a Cappadocian nobleman. Archelaus survived by switching allegiance from Mark Anthony to 4475:(301 – 280 BC), who fled to Armenia but then reconquered Cappadocia killing the local Macedonian satrap 4229:

was named Attalid, in honour of Philetaerus'father Attalis. On his death he was succeeded by his nephew

3249:

294 and 286 BC respectively, but then regained it shortly thereafter. His next problem was to deal with

3026: 12122: 10308: 10242: 10046: 9208: 9176: 9148: 8789: 7540: 7283: 6677:

Thus by Pompey's time the Roman provinces covered the west, north and south of Anatolia. In the centre

6323: 6006: 5573: 4650: 4535: 4456: 4254: 3930: 2854: 1960: 1929: 1590: 1012: 951: 765:. On hearing that the Mytilenians were negotiating a price for Pactyas, the destination was changed to 262: 12154: 12147: 12128: 11432:

Wilson, Michael. Cilicia:The First Christian Churches in Anatolia. Tyndale Bulletin 54.1 (2003) 15–30.

10566: 8181:

was appointed to rule the eastern provinces (351–354) until Constantius had him killed. The other was

6444:, ordered to deal with the Cilician pirate problem, that was threatening the Roman food supply in the 6190:(78–74 BC). Servilius set about cleansing the Pamphylian coast of pirates before subduing Pisidia and 383:

had become the predominant power in western Anatolia by the 7th century BC, although often subject to

12113: 12112: 12108: 12103: 12094: 11584: 10577: 10267: 9066: 9036: 7375: 7349: 7251: 7233: 6278: 6036: 5924: 5881: 5716: 5450:(280–275 BC) established supremacy over the Greek colonies of southern Italy. Shortly afterwards the 4801: 4594: 4025: 3772: 3234: 3218: 3049: 3016: 3007: 2999: 2800: 2712: 2483: 2439: 2216: 2107: 1944: 1902: 1894: 1846: 1801: 1529:(333 BC), securing all of the Anatolian naval bases. From Side they moved north into the interior of 1350:(485–465 BC) had amassed a huge army, and marched into Europe by crossing the Hellespont by means of 81: 12123: 8329: 7413: 7185:(38–62). Polemon continued as King of Cilicia until his death. Pontus consisted of three districts: 5077:(317–260 BC) and relative stability apart from his unsuccessful struggles with the minor kingdom of 3116:

and at times south-eastern Anatolia. This was confirmed following the third partition following the

2998: 2993: 1456:(336–330), then Satrap of Armenia. Darius proved to be the last king to rule since in the same year 1272:, a position they consolidated following the suppression of the revolt between 492 and 486 BC under 737:, also known as the Satrapy of Lydia and Ionia, although there was an unsuccessful rebellion led by 682:

By 550 BC Lydia controlled the Greek coastal cities, who paid tribute, and most of Anatolia, except

12138: 12135: 12133: 12027: 11588: 9056: 9024: 8768:

Even other non-Christians started to take notice of the new religion. In 112 the Roman governor in

8754: 8594: 8404: 8151: 7879: 7827: 7669: 7641:, was an exception to the general pattern in this era, succeeding in re-uniting the empire by 274. 7314: 7020: 6982: 6864: 6859: 6768: 6718: 6672: 6668: 6639: 6565: 6336: 6175: 6016: 5854: 5827: 4956: 4874: 4858: 4638: 4543: 4289:

had any meaningful success in Anatolia as the Roman Empire lay on the horizon. After that victory,

4178: 4057: 4037: 4017: 3872: 3815: 3700: 3633: 3368: 3051: 2095: 1606: 868: 12102: 12101: 12093: 8162:(337–350). They immediately set about carving up Constantine's empire, together with their cousin 6728:(38–64 AD) was deposed by the Emperor Nero and Pontus became absorbed into the provincial system. 5144:), as opposed to Greater Armenia to the east. Artaxias also moved the capital again, this time to 3048: 3046: 1414:

Skirmishes continued, and the Greek cities of Asia Minor continued to be pawns in the struggles.

757:. Mazares demanded that Cyme release Pactyas to him. Fearing retribution, the Cymeans sent him to 427:(ruled c. 605–560 BC) found himself being attacked by Cyaxares, although the neighbouring king of 12126: 11398: 9090: 9041: 8950: 8698: 8690: 8631:

We have very little information regarding the spread of Christianity from the events recorded in

8618: 8578: 8311:(379–395), to Constantinople. In the west the Valentinians continued in power until the death of 8068: 8044:

Constantine considered a number of candidate cities as a new eastern capital, before deciding on

7602: 7473: 7301: 7213: 7162: 7024: 6974: 6904: 6900: 6742: 6021: 5823: 5811: 5693: 5581: 5305: 5301: 5149: 5145: 4658: 4582: 4341: 4337: 4253:(241–197 BC) who was the first dynast of Pergamon to assume the title of 'king'. He succeeded in 4095: 3986: 3900: 3822:(89–84 BC). During this period, Mithridates swept through Asia Minor occupying most of it except 3707: 3617: 3605: 3594: 3406: 3345: 3133: 1979: 1782: 1404: 301: 44: 12134: 11532: 8150:

Constantine I's succession was complicated being succeeded by three of his sons simultaneously;

8033: 7488:(251–253) but was eventually beaten off by the local Roman forces towards the end of his reign. 5260:

Sophene had been a province of ancient Armenia but became independent following the division of

4166:

in the east. Deiotarus was adroit at manoeuvering between the various internal struggles of the

3050: 342:, who would continue the centuries long rivalry between Rome and Persia, which again culminated 12118: 12107: 10341: 10272: 9246: 8711: 8397: 8079: 7626: 7606: 7477: 7390: 7359: 7150: 7143: 7071: 6996: 6931: 6930:

between Pompey and Caesar (49–45 BC) provided opportunity for further instability in Anatolia.

6874: 6772: 6756: 6752: 6656: 6533: 6422: 6414: 6303: 6293: 6129: 6011: 5819: 5317: 5193: 5132:(190 BC) allowed Armenia to throw off Seleucid rule, the satraps assuming kingship under a new 4943: 4866: 4831: 4797: 4621:

and Ariobarzanes required regular intervention from Rome to protect him from the incursions of

4554:

of Bithynia (182–149 BC). He died in 130 BC assisting the Romans in putting down the pretender

4551: 4530:

of Pergamon (197–159 BC), a Roman ally. In this role he joined Eumenes in his struggle against

4523: 4484: 4459:

of Cappadocia (331–322 BC), and had himself proclaimed king. Ariarathes I refused to submit to

4001: 3974: 3856: 3827: 3527: 3511: 3349: 3242: 3045: 2953: 2083: 1956: 12125: 10898: 10686: 10521: 8170:

was established, incorporating the eastern dioceses, with its headquarters in Constantinople,

7795:, an intermediate administrative structure that combined together several provinces, although 7304:

presided over a period of relative peace and prosperity and its greatest territorial extent.

5136:

dynasty (189 BC – 12 AD). Zariadris took the south (Sophene) following Xerxes' assassination.

4673:. He also united Cappadocia with Pontus by marrying with Augustus' blessing, the client queen 4355:(138–133 BC), son of Eumenes II, who bequeathed his kingdom to the Roman Republic. However, a 4340:(c. 160–138 BC) fought with the Romans against Galatia and Bithynia and founded the cities of 2938: 1762: 802:(522–486 BC) finally securing control. Oroetus defied Darius' orders to assist him, whereupon 12153: 12141: 11230: 10453: 9700: 8739: 8574: 8439: 8438:

in 393 and today it also bears his name. He also played a part in religious life, issuing an

8427: 8426:

Despite all these events he was able to contribute considerably to Anatolian life. The great

8253: 8012: 7992: 7980: 7198: 6954:

in 47 BC and inflicted heavy losses on him, before returning to Rome, uttering the legendary

6927: 6919:

of which he was a member, leading to the progressive difficulties between Pompey and Caesar.

6844: 6313: 6249: 6213: 6147: 6055: 5992: 5948: 5709: 5101:(260–228 BC) that grip was loosened further allowing Armenia to acquire not only Sophene but 5066: 4889: 4862: 4827: 4819: 4681:

ending the kingdom. Pythodorida returned to Pontus, Lesser Armenia was given to his step-son

4674: 4630: 4586: 4384: 4298: 4009: 3888: 3860: 3835: 3819: 3796:(101 – 96 BC) ruled for a brief period before being replaced by Mithridates with his own son 3781: 3719: 3507: 3402: 3356: 3341: 3153: 2737: 2473: 2304: 1875: 1809: 1786: 1355: 1227: 1138: 1019: 1000: 911: 798:(530–522 BC), who succeeded his father Cyrus, died, the Persian Empire was in chaos prior to 576: 316: 8260:(364–378). Valens preoccupied himself with the east only to discover a Constatinian usurper 7209:

in the east, bordering on Cappadocia (Armenia Minor), was incorporated into that territory.

4610:

Ariarathes IX was deposed yet again and the Cappadocians were allowed to choose a new king,

4218:

plains. Capital of the Attalid dynasty, it was one of the three major cities of Asia Minor.

4210:

of the Lysimachean Empire, which was destroyed in 281 BC. Today it is at the modern town of

3030: 144: 9866: 9123: 9061: 9031: 8682: 8290: 7976: 7730: 7544: 6992: 6725: 6139: 6086: 6041: 5689: 5591: 5588:

when he said that an autonomous Greece and Greek cities in Anatolia was what Rome desired.

5042:

in Cappadocia. The horses bred on the Armenian lands made it attractive to its neighbours.

4893: 4762: 4449: 4134:

models of governance with tribes and cantons, whose rulers were described by the Greeks as

4016:(181–179 BC) but then attacked Pergamon (156–154 BC) with disastrous consequences. His son 3258: 3230: 3083: 2908: 2887: 2732: 2592: 2555: 2521: 2341: 2294: 2165: 2031: 1889: 1881: 1794: 1669: 1636: 1625: 557: 11180: 8761:, both of which already had churches, bishops, and official representatives who supported 8122: 6946:. The Galatians appealed to Caesar, but Pharnaces had already overrun a Roman army at the 4633:

against Pontus he was able to enlarge his domains before abdicating in favour of his son,

3855:, while the east was divided into client kingdoms including Pontus, with Mithridates' son 1988: 1897:). Perdiccas' murder necessitated a further partitioning and appointment of a new regent, 1333:

XI 148) differ in terms of the significance of Marathon, great victory or minor skirmish.

8: 12069: 11906: 11461: 11457: 11446: 10641: 10336: 10225: 10210: 9960: 9690: 9657: 9549: 9462: 9138: 8992: 8868: 8846: 8839: 8776:

that so many different people are flocking to Christianity, leaving the temples vacated.

8762: 8529: 8454: 8435: 8261: 8239: 8182: 8104: 8008: 7959: 7816: 7757: 7457: 6947: 6490: 6308: 5742:

The interior of Anatolia had been relatively stable despite occasional incursions by the

5601: 5577: 5545: 5467: 5261: 5176: 5117: 5054: 4905: 4885: 4754: 4511: 4460: 4270: 3924: 3884: 3880: 3279: 3275: 3202: 3160: 3072: 2923: 2790: 2612: 2361: 2077: 2019: 1770: 1632: 1583: 1575: 1457: 1449: 1367: 1346:

in 486 BC and Darius' illness and death that year. By 480 BC, Darius' successor, his son

1273: 1235: 1079: 971: 699: 459: 384: 289: 245: 213: 11680: 10469: 8702:

to the new faith in both Jewish and hellenised Gentile society. He appears to have made

6829: 5536:, Rome had suffered in Spain, Africa, and Italy because of the impressive strategies of 4987:. Its boundaries fluctuated during the 1st millennium BC but at times extended from the 4742:. A major east-west trading route passed through it exiting through the Cilician Gates. 4293:

heirs would never again expand their empire. Attalus also had to fight off neighbouring

3911:

where he continued as king after losing Pontus which then also became a Roman province.

12148: 11994: 10551: 10220: 10076: 9880: 8941: 8707: 8632: 8622: 8493: 8393: 8380:

The situation in the west was extremely complex. On the death of Valentinian I in 375,

8362: 8324: 8265: 8219: 8201:(306–337 AD), Anatolia enjoyed relative peace that allowed itself to grow as a region. 8178: 8087: 8038: 7897:

as expected. However, Constantine, who would have been eligible for the vacant role of

7776: 7693:

Roman Empire under the First Tetrarchy showing the three Dioceses of the Eastern Empire

7633:(260–273). This stretched all the way to Ancyra, and even attempted to annex Bithynia. 7557: 7504: 7485: 7259: 7004: 7000: 6999:

seized all the eastern provinces. However, their combined forces were destroyed at the

6869: 6849: 6794: 6710: 6690: 6648: 6529: 6473:

as proconsul. These extraordinary powers were further extended in the next year by the

6405: 6318: 6298: 6113: 6108:

and ravaged western Asian Minor before inflicting a defeat on the Pontic forces on the

5928: 5769: 5697: 5645: 5524: 5363:. These lands were subsequently lost to Rome in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC). 5273: 5255: 5129: 5094: 5058: 4980: 4969: 4933: 4909: 4851: 4622: 4578: 4515: 4425: 4309: 4182: 3871:, but were eventually returned to the provincial fold, forming part of the province of 3852: 3809: 3515: 3447: 3206: 2780: 2770: 2752: 2722: 2622: 2250: 1936: 1821: 1790: 1725: 1602: 1502: 1326: 1247: 1075: 565: 347: 281: 237: 11442: 11370: 10658: 9670: 8418: 6642:

to its east along the southwestern Mediterranean coast in 78 BC. A further bequest by

5784:(163 – 130 BC), continued his father's policy of alliance with Rome, joining Rome and 5360: 4753:

for some of the time, Cilicia was ruled by tributary kings. Following the division of

4463:

and remained unsubdued by the time of Alexander's death. Cappadocia was then given to

3703:(c. 155 – c. 150 BC) who allied himself with Rome and her allies, including Pergamon. 3514:(116–96 BC) there was little left outside Antioch and Syria. The invasion of Syria by 3090:

in 281 BC, Lysimachus was killed and Seleucus seized control over western Asia Minor.

1773:

died suddenly and unexpectedly in Babylon at the age of 32, leaving a power vacuum in

1510: 12017: 11826: 11809: 11783: 11713: 11649: 11606: 11236: 10756: 10527: 10433: 10385: 10262: 10215: 9930: 9856: 9740: 9730: 9710: 9680: 9217: 9046: 8999: 8798: 7812: 7721: 7638: 7449: 7433: 7379: 7178: 6916: 6912: 6525: 6521: 6506: 6283: 5807: 5777: 5751: 5685: 5235: 5168: 5106: 4861:

as the second province in Asia Minor, eventually stretching between the provinces of

4843: 4774: 4758: 4750: 4739: 4707: 4570: 4539: 4531: 4441: 4429: 4368: 4112: 4029: 4013: 3661: 3566: 3548: 3414: 3210: 3103: 3099: 2946: 2882: 2844: 2707: 2511: 2260: 2039: 1975: 1910: 1866: 1621: 1359: 1191: 1167: 719: 495: 487: 367: 335: 258: 233: 217: 76: 8581:. Additional clues to the size of the Jewish influence in the area were provided by 5876:

Rome, however, noticed once Mithridates turned his eye west in 108 BC, partitioning

4506:(220 – 163 BC) consolidated his power by marrying into the Seleucid dynasty, taking 4467:(323–321 BC) to govern, who had Ariarthes killed. Eumenes was replaced in 321 BC by 1452:(338–336 BC) also met a violent end, paving the way for the accession of his nephew 12022: 10188: 9940: 9910: 9872: 9372: 9143: 8973: 8932: 8884: 8852: 8819: 8570: 8566:, and this migration continued throughout the remainder of the Empire's existence. 8245: 8098: 8092: 8072: 8061: 8053: 7630: 7589: 7043: 7035: 6956: 6780: 6776: 6714: 6631: 6517: 6401: 6380: 6288: 6268: 5858: 5849: 5831: 5661: 5649: 5541: 5533: 5347: 5164: 5153: 5133: 5082: 5031: 5007: 4881: 4839: 4808: 4723: 4711: 4666: 4519: 4492: 4468: 4417: 4376: 4278: 4116: 4041: 4036:, attempted to annex Paphlagonia and claim Cappadocia. He was succeeded by his son 3955: 3876: 3758: 3734: 3486: 3451: 3360: 3283: 3188: 3129: 2859: 2795: 2531: 2351: 1906: 1371: 1363: 1277: 799: 711: 667: 634: 529: 324: 312: 285: 11797: 8689:

included in the New Testament, of which a number were to Anatolian churches (e.g.

7846:

stepped down, an unprecedented constitutional step, the agreement being that both

7527: 6771:

was for a short time a separate province (64–47 BC) before becoming absorbed into

4479:

in 301 BC. Nevertheless, he was permitted to continue to reign as a vassal of the

3818:(94 – 74 BC) declared war on Pontus aided by Roman legions in 89 BC launching the 354:

in the southeast, but most of Anatolia remained under Byzantine control until the

197: 12308: 12248: 12180: 11971: 11819: 11802: 11777: 11730: 11632: 11626: 11599: 11168: 10749: 10597: 10423: 10379: 9830: 9780: 9760: 9720: 9579: 9332: 9080: 9051: 8966: 8914: 8686: 8640: 8551: 8539: 8535: 8312: 7983:. Constantine then declared himself sole emperor of a reunited empire (324–337). 7808: 7717: 7618: 7576:

brought even more terror inland and wanton destruction. They entered the city of

7569: 7565: 7535:

A new problem for Anatolia emerged during this period, with the expansion of the

7516: 7414:

The Empire: the years of crisis 235–284, Schism 258–274 and Gothic invasion (255)

7407: 7403: 7383: 7353: 7337: 7329: 7255: 7237: 7131: 6570: 6560: 6070: 5939:

and Manlius Maltimus to deal with the problem, and Pontus and Armenia drew back.

5730: 5617: 5597: 5549: 5519: 5479: 5471: 5429: 5376: 5265: 5090: 5046: 4823: 4782: 4766: 4487:(280 – 230 BC) continued the policy of increasing independence. His son in turn, 4313: 4274: 4246: 4226: 4194: 3184: 3117: 3109: 3108:

Of all the major satraps appointed on the death of Alexander the Great (323 BC),

2874: 2834: 2702: 2602: 2596: 2545: 2377: 2371: 2284: 2143: 1964: 1940: 1698: 1561: 1546: 1358:

later that year and razing Athens. However, the loss of the Persian fleet at the

1351: 1226:

did not live to see his plans realized fully, and his position went to his widow

836: 823: 734: 707: 662: 561: 553: 505: 500:

The Medean Empire turned out to be short lived (c. 625 – 549 BC). By 550 BC, the

467: 408: 400: 392: 339: 297: 269: 11875: 7556:, they sailed from Black Sea bases (Black Sea Goths) in 255 during the reign of 5616:

in 196 BC, and crossed into Greece by 192 BC, deciding to ally himself with the

3522:(95–55 BC) in 83 BC virtually extinguished the empire, a process completed when 1417: 714:

led to a stalemate, the Lydians were forced to retreat to their capital city of

11921: 10673: 10578:

Briant, P. "Des Achéménides aux rois hellénistiques: continuités et ruptures,"

10028: 9800: 9011: 8923: 8907: 8666: 8462: 8385: 8207: 8155: 8139: 7963: 7760:, forming the First Tetrarchy (293–305). Thus Diocletian and Maximian were the 7736: 7461: 7445: 6970: 6951: 6939: 6923: 6608: 6502: 6498: 6478: 6466: 6433: 6388: 5920: 5893: 5862: 5768:

in their war against Rome. However, Ariarathes changed alliances following the

5564:(241–197 BC) the dominant western Anatolian power, traveled to Rome along with 5463: 5451: 5387: 5277: 5172: 5141: 4948: 4873:(27 BC – 14 AD) Cicilia had been dismembered, divided between the provinces of 4734:(Κιλικία Τραχεία; Rugged or Rough Cilicia), a mountainous area in the west and 4715: 4646: 4598: 4593:(120–63 BC) then had Ariarathes murdered. Cappadocia was then briefly ruled by 4590: 4518:(190 BC) Ariarathes had another alliance which spared Cappadocia following the 4380: 4242: 4167: 4163: 3967: 3939: 3864: 3730: 3531: 3435: 3375:

as a dowry. Despite this Mithridates joined Antiochus Hierax against Seleucus.

3355:

Seleucus II oversaw the Third Syrian War (246–241 BC) with Berenice's brother,

2650: 2391: 2125: 2064: 1753: 1538: 1518: 1506: 1445: 1330: 1008: 967: 888: 320: 273: 7189:

in the west, bordering on Galatia which was incorporated into that territory;

4308:(197–159 BC) also collaborated with Rome to defeat Antiochus the Great at the 1297:

From the Greek perspective the first war was when Darius assembled a fleet in

809: 572:

I-IV. However, the number of satrapies and their boundaries varied over time.

419:(ruled c. 624/1–610/609 BC) joined forces with Cyaxares the Mede to drive the 12328: 12012: 11956: 11774: 11691: 10429: 10298: 10200: 9890: 9166: 8648: 8547: 8412: 8303:

For a brief time the empire was reunited (378–379) under the western emperor

8249: 8198: 8127: 8113: 8023: 8004: 7871: 7792: 7622: 7424: 7406:

itself was about to come to an end, being overthrown in 224 by the resurgent

6896: 6895:

on its eastern borders, while the central government in Rome was focussed on

6839: 6762: 5884:(127–94 BC). They not only ignored Roman orders to withdraw but marched into 5761: 5609: 5475: 5409: 5018:

River. To the west lay Cappadocia and Commagene. It included the area around

5003: 4988: 4812: 4472: 4094:(Ankara). It was settled by Gauls who were originally invited to Anatolia by 4072:

c.230 BC, commemorating victory of Pergamon over Galatia Copy of original by

3867:

in 47 BC. Many of the centres brought into the Roman province reverted under

3676: 3657: 3609: 3172: 1567: 1556:

Alexander before the Battle of Issus, the best representation of his likeness

1542: 1400: 1390: 1261: 1203: 900: 828: 819: 754: 501: 463: 435:

in north central Anatolia was established as the Medes' frontier with Lydia.

388: 355: 293: 241: 8434:

to Constantinople in 390 still stands today. He rebuilt Constantine's great

8353: 7648:(282–285) as co-emperor for the western empire, while he and his other son, 6960:. Pontus continued under client kings until 17 BC, and Galatia until 25 BC. 6536:

as a province, effectively ending the Seleucid Empire now based in Antioch.

5264:'s empire. At times it incorporated Commagene. It was nominally part of the 5069:(323–321 BC). Neoptolemus, however, conspired and was killed in battle with 4896:(38 BC – 74 AD) on her death, although he lost the Pontian throne in 62 AD. 3977:(326–278 BC) had himself proclaimed king in 297 BC, waging war against both 3718:

from the Romans. He allied himself with Cappadocia by marrying his daughter

1289: 474:

kingdom of South Central Anatolia which fell under Assyrian rule in 713 BC.

10000: 9970: 9820: 8979: 8517: 8505: 8345: 8308: 7883: 7771:

There were now four Tetrarchic Capitals, with the east being governed from

7343: 7117: 7063: 7059: 6643: 6539: 6436:

brought a lot of opposition at home, some fueled by the great Roman consul

6410: 6158: 5932: 5901: 5897: 5866: 5781: 5713: 5372: 5081:

on his south-western frontier. During this time the capital was moved from

5023: 4682: 4618: 4455:

At the time of the conquest by Alexander the Great, the Persian satrap was

4372: 4290: 4214:. The site formed a natural fortress of strategic importance, guarding the 4139: 4108: 3883:. Pontus continued under client kings, initially descended from Pharnaces. 3510:(138–129) BC the empire became increasingly diminished and by the reign of 3333: 3168: 3164: 1616: 1571: 1522: 931: 308: 10643:

Ancient History: From the Earliest Times to the Fall of the Western Empire

8511: 8337: 7701:(284–305) obtained power following the death of the last Crisis Emperors, 6886: 4815:, Cilicia was left to Antiochus, despite losing most lands west of there. 1659: 1514: 1436: 1425: 772: 12293: 11926: 10193: 9900: 9848: 9422: 9085: 8501: 8446:. Then in 381 he continued Constantine's work in Nicaea by calling a new 8223: 7481: 7227: 7016: 6987: 6908: 6635: 6627: 6474: 6462: 6383:

The city held out and Mithridates withdrew suffering heavy losses at the

6090: 5877: 5722: 5705: 5701: 5681: 5625: 5447: 5160: 5128:. The retreat of the Seleucid forces from Europe and their defeat at the 5074: 5061:(334 BC) and was appointed to be the local satrap as had been his father 4996: 4778: 4654: 4555: 4445: 4360: 4352: 4221: 4171: 4021: 3959: 3868: 3764: 3745:

on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, and then extended as far north as

3711: 3668: 3653: 3645: 3621: 3586: 3574: 3306: 3302: 3121: 2785: 2692: 2576: 2539: 2325: 2278: 2119: 1921: 1854: 1314: 1252: 1154: 1071: 923: 915: 795: 624: 471: 432: 396: 8735: 8585:, who noted that a fellow Roman governor had halted the tribute sent to 7962:

in Thrace, at which he was routed, but was pursued across Asia Minor to

7734:

became the name of senior emperors, while junior emperors were known as

7728:, and dividing the responsibility for the empire between them. The term 6217: 5960: 5953: 5737: 5592:

Seleucid invasion of Europe and retreat from western Anatolia 196–188 BC

5492: 4869:

in the east, adding Cicilia Pedias in 63 BC. By the time of the Emperor

3450:

in Lydia. Antiochus was forced to sue for peace and by the terms of the

3378: 12233: 11604:. Volume III: (Part I: Kir—Nympha). Minerva 2004 (reprinted from 1898). 10010: 9980: 9382: 9303: 9238: 8826: 8602: 8431: 8285: 8131: 8109: 7698: 7680: 7653: 7437: 7182: 7134:(27 BC – 14 AD). The endless wars had been devastating for Asia Minor. 7127: 7082: 6732: 6706: 6682: 6445: 6340: 6187: 6174:). So the area was brought under provincial administration by creating 5889: 5789: 5785: 5757: 5747: 5637: 5612:(223–187 BC) to obtain it. Despite warnings by Rome, Antiochus entered 5515: 5455: 5439: 5239: 5137: 5110: 5062: 5027: 5011: 4547: 4527: 4437: 4413: 4404: 4364: 4305: 4207: 4143: 4104: 4087: 4068: 4033: 3978: 3896: 3892: 3776: 3692: 3680: 3672: 3590: 3582: 3501:(dark green before, light green after). Residual Seleucid lands in pink 3422: 3395: 3348:

and her infant son. Antiochus II's son by Laodice from his first wife,

3322: 3310: 3250: 3068: 2717: 2535: 2463: 2274: 2196: 2101: 1948: 1914: 1850: 1716: 1534: 1477: 1453: 1383: 1231: 1187: 1051: 1043: 996: 703: 691: 638: 592: 525: 512:(585–550 BC) in 550 BC. The Medes then became subject to the Persians. 420: 12038: 8284:

on Syria, and having to send troops to help with the wars against the

8264:

had declared himself emperor resulting in a civil war. In the ensuing

7744:, Diocletian entrusted the west to his junior Caesar (later Augustus) 7398:(198–217) had some successes, but these were lost under his successor 7308:(98–117) finally achieved provincialisation of the troubled region of 5509: 5485:

Part of Roman foreign policy was the declaration of foreign states as

3763:

He next turned his attention to Anatolia where he sought to partition

3193: 1785:(323–309 BC). This was not universally accepted, and his half-brother 1070:

was the last Achaemenid satrap of Dascylium (350–334 BC) according to

12288: 11158:. İstanbul 2007; F. Onur, Two Procuratorian Inscriptions from Perge, 9990: 9810: 9118: 8694: 8674: 8586: 8555: 8482: 8470: 8466: 8458: 8408: 8163: 8135: 8045: 7999: 7955: 7951: 7863: 7831: 7784: 7772: 7725: 7581: 7577: 7553: 7508: 7496: 7492: 7395: 7318: 7267: 7202: 7122: 7042:, while Antony retained Western Anatolia. Antony was defeated at the 6911:

which proved disastrous, the Parthians inflicting huge losses at the

6790: 6686: 6505:

either committed suicide or was assassinated in 63 BC and Rome added

6393: 6368: 6163: 6157:

Murena had refused to recognise the treaty on a technicality and the

6109: 6105: 5870: 5765: 5704:(138–133 BC) bequeathed his kingdom to Rome. After a brief revolt by 5673: 5557: 5325: 5297: 5269: 5227: 5218: 5184: 5125: 5121: 5102: 5098: 5050: 5015: 4992: 4793: 4789: 4719: 4589:

in order to bring Cappadocia under his control. Mithridates V's son,

4507: 4480: 4421: 4356: 4329: 4286: 4282: 4250: 4230: 4155: 4120: 4100: 3982: 3963: 3943: 3570: 3474: 3337: 3326: 3226: 3214: 3171:

and the dynasty eventually came to an end in 30 BC with the death of

3149: 3125: 2895: 2869: 2727: 2687: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2646: 2626: 2565: 2501: 2495: 2449: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2318: 2314: 2244: 2206: 2175: 2149: 2137: 2131: 2049: 2044: 1925: 1905:

in 321 BC. Eumenes was condemned and control of Cappadocia passed to

1898: 1842: 1813: 1778: 1707: 1653: 1579: 1526: 1498: 1473: 1375: 1035: 955: 907: 896: 723: 616: 452: 436: 416: 328: 11411: 7826:

Armenia returned to the Roman sphere in 287 as a vassal state under

7617:

By 258 the empire was breaking up with the defection of the western

7560:(253–260) around the eastern shores, landing in the coastal city of 7436:(222–235), the last of the Severans, brought to an end the Augustan 6830:

Provinces of Roman Anatolia prior to reforms of Diocletian (284-305)

6355:. Both consuls were instructed to prepare to pursue Mithridates, by 5171:, his north western neighbour, and Rome. He formed an alliance with 4577:(130–116 BC) was related to the Pontine monarchy through his mother 4538:(163 – 130 BC) found himself in conflict with the Seleucid Emperor, 4261:

Gauls, who had become an increasing problem in Anatolia, in 230 BC.

4215: 423:

out of Anatolia. This alliance was short lived, since his successor

12268: 12228: 12212: 11961: 11951: 11159: 10487: 9950: 9750: 9530: 9392: 9322: 8769: 8758: 8746: 8727: 8723: 8497: 8478: 8389: 8374: 8281: 8215: 8202: 8194: 8187: 8159: 8078:

Constantine's administrative reforms included restructuring of the

7924: 7875: 7745: 7710: 7702: 7684: 7665: 7649: 7634: 7573: 7548: 7453: 7399: 7363: 7297: 7250:

The Julio-Claudian dynasty ended with Nero's suicide, resulting in

7166: 7154: 7092: 7008: 6694: 6612: 6543: 6429: 6348: 6344: 6171: 6063: 5837: 5793: 5773: 5726: 5677: 5657: 5653: 5641: 5629: 5621: 5605: 5561: 5537: 5503: 5499: 5459: 5419: 5321: 5313: 5035: 5019: 4984: 4870: 4835: 4770: 4662: 4559: 4496: 4433: 4390: 4294: 4266: 4199: 4135: 4073: 4040:(94 – 74 BC) who bequeathed the kingdom to Rome, precipitating the 4005: 3935: 3920: 3859:(63–47 BC) as king. However, he attempted to take advantage of the 3831: 3671:(c. 190 – c. 155 BC) waged war on many of his neighbours including 3637: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3460: 3418: 3410: 3391: 3387: 3314: 2969: 2900: 2849: 2775: 2762: 2742: 2697: 2668: 2640: 2632: 2423: 2409: 2387: 2381: 2236: 2089: 2022: 1952: 1885: 1744: 1665: 1408: 1347: 1322: 1223: 1219: 1195: 1095: 1031: 935: 872: 787: 758: 652: 608: 540: 509: 424: 412: 254: 209: 11710:

Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean

11533:

Early Christian Writings: Ignatius – The Epistle to the Magnesians

7580:, using it as a base by which to expand their operations, sacking 7539:

during the 3rd century. Since the roads to central Europe through

7288: 7242: 7177:(54–68) organised the remaining eastern portion of the kingdom of 6413:. There Tigranes found him besieging the city, and in the ensuing 5696:(c. 160–138 BC) and Prusias while declaring the recently defeated 5620:. This was intolerable for Rome, and they soundly defeated him in 5446:

By 282 BC Rome had subdued northern Italy, and as a result of the

4964: 4585:

of Pontus (150–120 BC) had the young king married to his daughter

4495:

against the Seleucid Empire and expanded his frontiers to include

4082:

was an area in central Anatolia, situated in northern and eastern

3585:. Its mountain ranges were divided by river valleys including the 3537: 451:, ruling c. 560–546 BC, became known for being the first to issue 12303: 12298: 12263: 12253: 12243: 11979: 11946: 11941: 9770: 9559: 9539: 9472: 9452: 9412: 9362: 9352: 9342: 8715: 8703: 8678: 8670: 8644: 8636: 8590: 8563: 8543: 8474: 8381: 8304: 8293:. At the end of the battle Valens and much of his army lay dead. 8277: 8269: 7741: 7720:, preparing them for the new millennia and the transition to the 7706: 7689: 7674: 7645: 7598: 7561: 7325: 7309: 7271: 7096: 7087: 6943: 6935: 6892: 6702: 6698: 6678: 6664: 6510: 6494: 6454: 6372: 6191: 6179: 6167: 6135: 6077:, but it held out, and he moved on to the Aegean islands, taking 5909: 5885: 5815: 5797: 5743: 5569: 5553: 5243: 5231: 5223: 5214: 5202: 5188: 5078: 5070: 4976: 4913: 4847: 4730:. In ancient times Cilicia was naturally divided into two areas, 4702:

lay at the eastern end of the Mediterranean coast, just north of

4699: 4694: 4670: 4626: 4563: 4464: 4371:

while the rest came directly under Rome. Pergamon had acted as a

4345: 4325: 4317: 4258: 4211: 4124: 4083: 4079: 4053: 3994: 3908: 3823: 3805: 3768: 3742: 3738: 3715: 3684: 3598: 3578: 3519: 3426: 3372: 3291: 3287: 3271: 3246: 3238: 3145: 2864: 2839: 2818: 2679: 2636: 2616: 2606: 2582: 2525: 2487: 2477: 2434: 2416: 2365: 2355: 2331: 2308: 2270: 2264: 2226: 2220: 2210: 2190: 2160: 2113: 2054: 1871: 1862: 1858: 1834: 1829: 1774: 1648: 1530: 1461: 1318: 1298: 1162: 1115: 1111: 1091: 1067: 1055: 919: 880: 876: 852: 803: 791: 750: 742: 738: 730: 695: 687: 620: 612: 588: 580: 521: 517: 448: 428: 225: 11335:

Runciman, Steven (1933). Byzantine Civilization. Methuen, London

7709:, ushering in the next and final phase of the Roman Empire, the 7300:(81–96), the Empire passed into the hands of Nerva (96–98). The 6554: 5281: 4028:(127 – 94 BC) became entangled in the complex intermarriages of 3804:(95 – c. 63 BC). Mithrodates then dragged his eastern neighbour 3800:(101 – 96 BC). The Roman Senate then had Ariarathes replaced by 3557: 3136:(283–246 BC) resulted in extending these possessions to include 1489: 403:) from pre-historic times, their major influence began when the 372: 12223: 11864: 11735:. Routledge History of the Ancient World. (Routledge, New York) 10602:. Routledge History of the Ancient World. (Routledge, New York) 10114: 9619: 9589: 9512: 9442: 9402: 8773: 8731: 8719: 8606: 8582: 8257: 8227: 7796: 7593: 7374:(70–192 AD). There followed another period of instability, the 7305: 7126:

in effect Emperor and the first phase of the Roman Empire, the

7100: 6652: 6616: 6547: 6482: 6470: 6437: 6356: 6074: 5665: 5633: 5613: 5585: 5565: 5548:(221–179 BC) in 215 BC, Rome used a small naval force with the 5392: 5343: 5337: 5285: 5197: 4921: 4796:

ruled it separately, but he was almost immediately expelled by

4703: 4262: 4238: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4091: 3947: 3839: 3746: 3649: 3625: 3523: 3498: 3468: 3439: 3383: 3267: 3262: 3254: 3222: 3113: 3087: 2968: 2747: 2467: 2457: 2200: 2183: 1734: 1640: 1469: 1465: 1379: 1265: 1215: 1199: 1179: 1126:

remained under petty local dynasts, with allegiance to Persia.

1074:, committing suicide after the Persian defeat at the battle of 1059: 1039: 1004: 963: 947: 943: 939: 892: 864: 856: 840: 780: 776: 762: 746: 715: 676: 672: 646: 600: 533: 229: 12079: 11844:

The History of Rome: The Provinces, from Caesar to Diocletian.

8056:

in Constantine's honour (although its official title remained

7979:. Licinius fell back on Bithynia, where he surrendered at the 5528:

Western Anatolia, the Aegean and the Aetolian League in 200 BC

4569:

The Cappadocian monarchy then fell victim to the ambitions of

2979: 1928:, who now conspired with Antigonus. The result was civil war ( 1444:

The later years of the Empire were beset by internal turmoil.

1194:

with regular tribute, avoiding the look of deception. His son

334:

In the subsequent centuries up to including the advent of the

12313: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12258: 12238: 11936: 11825:, Volume 36 of Essential histories. Osprey Publishing, 2003, 11372:

The History of Rome: The Provinces, from Caesar to Diocletian

9639: 9629: 9609: 9599: 9569: 9502: 9492: 9482: 9432: 8750: 8559: 8489: 8297: 8211: 8075:

who set about re-establishing the sacred sites of Palestine.

7939:

and the empire dissolved into civil war between 309 and 313.

7935:

continued to stake their claims, and by 309 they became full

7780: 7659: 7585: 7536: 7512: 7500: 7263: 7194: 7170: 6786: 6376: 6112:

river. This finally led Mithridates to accept Sulla's terms (

6078: 5919:

By 91 BC Rome was again distracted by war, this time against

5905: 5664:(Phrygia, Lydia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, and parts of Lycia) and 5356: 5352: 5180: 5109:(228–212 BC) ruling Sophene and Commagene, while his brother 5026:

valley (emptying into the Caspian Sea), and reached north to

4727: 4333: 4321: 4234: 4203: 4131: 4062: 4020:(149 – 127 BC) sided with Rome in putting down the revolt by 3990: 3989:(278 – 255 BC) who was instrumental in inviting aid from the 3648:. Later he was part of an alliance that defeated Seleucus at 3464: 3456: 3430: 3318: 3141: 3137: 2586: 2559: 2549: 2515: 2505: 2491: 2335: 2298: 2288: 2254: 2240: 2230: 1838: 1825: 1817: 1688: 1432:

Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia

1411:

refers to as the Peace of Callias, although this is debated.

1343: 1306: 1302: 1207: 1175: 1171: 1134: 1123: 1122:, and under Persian rule, although paying tribute. Similarly 1119: 1047: 1027: 1023: 959: 927: 848: 844: 832:

The Aegean in 500 BC showing main events of the Ionian Revolt

815: 766: 710:

then marched with his army against the Lydians. Although the

683: 658: 604: 603:

were not considered separate entities by the Persians, while

596: 584: 404: 380: 250: 221: 11692:"Travels around Asia Minor 1976–2002. Anatoliaa: Historical" 10802:

vol. ix The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 b.c. 1992

8453:

During the 4th century, most of the provinces making up the

8126:

Division of the Roman Empire among the Caesars appointed by

7909:. This left multiple candidates for the Tetrarchical roles. 7076: 5489:(ally and friend of the Roman people) by treaty agreements. 5438:(solid Imperial, dotted Senatorial).... boundaries prior to 5308:(163–130 BC) revolted and established an independent state. 4416:

is a mountainous district in central Anatolia, north of the

4265:

Nikephorus's (The Victory Bearer) temple was decorated with

3294:(one of many cities with that name), named after his father 1570:, scouts found the Persians advancing through the plains of 1421:

Athens and her empire in 431 BC. The Delian League in 431 BC

1022:

lay to the north of the Lydia/Sardis satrapy, incorporating

718:. Some months later the Persian and Lydian kings met at the 11931: 9312: 7724:. He continued Carus' tradition by instituting a system of 7221: 7174: 5843: 4542:(161–150 BC) who attempted to replace him with his brother 3951: 3904: 3613: 3425:(traditionally difficult to subjugate). A new presence was 3382:

Middle East 200 BC highlighting Seleucid Empire. Notes: 5.

2569: 2345: 2018: 1935:

Meanwhile, Antigonus in Phrygia was expanding east forcing

1545:. It was there they encountered and defeated Darius at the 884: 871:. However, Mazares died, and was replaced by another Mede, 810:

The subjugation of Ionia and the Ionian Revolt (500–493 BC)

741:(Pactyes), the leader of the civil administration, against 642: 10746: 10384:. Vol. 36 of Essential histories. Osprey Publishing. 8392:

appeared (392–394). Theodosius then appointed another son

8333:

Roman Empire at final division 395 AD, showing Prefectures

6693:(36–25 BC) as a client state. Amyntas initially possessed 5045:

A satrapy under the Persians, it was largely ruled by the

4641:, daughter of Mithridates VI and was succeeded by his son 4558:

of Pergamon. His efforts were rewarded by the granting of

1680: 1329:. Greek (Herodotus) and Persian sources (for instance see 930:(c. 492 – 480), for assistance in aiding some citizens of 216:. Early in that period, Anatolia was divided into several 8112:

lost its eastern portions which became two components of

5688:(183–179 BC). Following Eumenes' support for Rome in the 5053:(331–333 BC), the local Persian commander surrendered to 4491:(255 – 220 BC) adopted the title of king, and sided with 3290:. Seleucus was noted for his founding of cities, such as 3156:(246–222 BC) and the third (Laodicean) war (246–241 BC). 1684:

The Successor kingdoms before the battle of Ipsus, 303 BC

1211: 1183: 1137:

was ruled by its own dynasty within the minor satrapy of

447:

Alyattes issued minted electrum coins, and his successor

288:

in (188 BC) saw the Seleucids retreat from Anatolia. The

11779:

From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire

10425:

From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire

8130:: from west to east, the territories of Constantine II, 8082:. Under Diocletian, there were two prefectures, one per 7950:. When Maximinus fell out with Licinius, he crossed the 7912: 7344:

The Year of Five Emperors and Severan Dynasty 193–235 AD

6685:(63–50 BC) initially as coruler with his father in law, 6630:(138–133 BC) left his kingdom to Rome and it became the 5159:

The period of greatest Armenian expansion occurred with

11762:

A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great

11156:

Stadiasmus Patarensis. Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae

10553:

A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great

8512:

Judaism and Christianity in Anatolia during Roman times

8365:. Like Constantine he is remembered in history as both 8244:

Upon Julian's death, a military commander in his army,

7893:

Constantius died in 306 and Galerius raised Severus to

7137: 6887:

The Trumvirates and last years of the Republic 61–27 BC

5668:

was given all that remained (part of Lycia and Caria).

5396:

Anatolia 264 BC – 180 AD showing Roman possessions by;

4892:

ruled Cilicia and Pontus. She was succeeded by her son

3128:

varied the degree of control they had in Anatolia. The

1660:

Wars of the Diadochi and division of Alexander's empire

1426:

Final years: the invasion of the Macedonians 358–330 BC

806:(520–517 BC) was sent by Darius to arrange his murder. 508:

c. 600 BC or 576–530 BC), overthrowing his grandfather

431:

intervened, negotiating a peace in 585 BC, whereby the

8450:

to entrench orthodoxy and repair relations with Rome.

8233: 7228:

The Year of Four Emperors and Flavian dynasty 69–96 AD

6981:

With his death, Rome lapsed into yet another war, the

6409:

Seleucids and heading for the new imperial capital of

6379:. Lucullus went to relieve Cotta and then moved on to 4979:

lay to the north-east of the Anatolian region, on the

4685:(18–35 AD), and the remaining territories to his son. 4273:

on the mainland, allying himself with Rome during the

4138:. The territory was divided between three tribes, the 4103:

of Pergamon c. 230 BC. Subsequently, the theme of the

2930:

Son of Parmenion, d. 330 BC; to be distinguished from

2919:

Son of Parmenion, d. 330 BC; to be distinguished from

1370:

was also killed, followed by another naval victory at

407:

united them in 625 BC allowing them to sweep away the

10790:

vol. viii Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C. 1989

7612: 7480:. A Persian invasion starting in 236 in the reign of 7254:

in 69 until Vespasian (69–79) ascended, founding the

6779:

range and the coastal plains beyond it as far as the

6142:, where he would eventually become dictator. He left 5738:

Involvement with central Anatolian politics 190–17 BC

5552:

to help ward off Hannibal in the east and to prevent

5544:

general. When Hannibal entered into an alliance with

5493:

Roman intervention in Anatolia 3rd – 1st centuries BC

4653:(42–36 BC) who fared little better being executed by 4177:

In 64 BC Galatia became a client state of Rome and a

3132:(274–271 BC) fought by Ptolemy I's son and successor 1493:

Alexander's route into Anatolia and beyond 334–323 BC

1234:'s family for another 20 years before the arrival of 1114:

remained a semi-independent minor satrapy under both

415:(625–585 BC) led the invasion in 612 BC. Lydian king 7862:

were not, as expected, the sons of former emperors,

5788:

of Pergamon (160–138 BC) in 154 BC in a war against

4769:

in 301 BC Cilicia became a battleground between the

851:. At the time of the fall of Sardis, only one city, 16:

Anatolia under Roman rule during classical antiquity

11595:

Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. 10 vols.

11579:

Cambridge Ancient History Online 14 vols. 1970–2000

8677:. Early accounts suggest a community practising in 8492:in 395, and was buried in Constantinople. His sons 8090:from the military, by creating separate offices of 7764:(senior emperors) with Galerius and Constantius as 7277: 7169:(41–54) dissolved the Lycaean league and organised 7149:Parthians. Augustus and his descendants formed the 7053: 6178:(which technically included none of the historical 5957:

Asia minor 89 BC at outset of first Mithridatic war

5604:defeat, and requested a shared expedition with the 5510:

Punic (264–146 BC) and Macedonian (214–148 BC) wars

5152:(160–115 BC) whose major problem was incursions by 5089:in 302 BC. During this time Armenia fell under the 4436:to the west. At one time it included the area from 4202:an Ionian city state close to the Aegean coast, in 3197:

Seleucus I Nicator, namesake of the Seleucid Empire

3078:Lysimachus' cruelty, such as the murder of his son 1094:was a minor satrapy of Sparda, with its capital at 839:had initially unsuccessfully tried to persuade the 568:in the south-east. These correspond to Herodotus's 12210: 11658:M. Weiskopf, Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2010.08.13 10748: 5912:was dispatched to install a new Cappadocian king ( 5810:had been an independent kingdom since the rule of 4880:In the 1st century BC Cilicia was tied to Pontus. 3317:in Asia Minor. A new threat was incursions by the 623:, also known as Cappadocia-beside-the-Taurus, and 11905: 8193:These were turbulent times, but from the rule of 7927:as Augustus of the West, with Constantine as his 6899:and the events in Western Europe. There followed 5596:During the period just after Rome's victory, the 4665:, later Emperor Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD), at the 4617:By this stage Cappadocia was effectively a Roman 4024:(133–129 BC), the pretender of Pergamon. His son 3938:was an area in north west Anatolia, south of the 3903:until his he was deposed in 17 BC by the Emperor 3741:of the Black Sea. His first campaign was against 1541:to the Cilician coast, and then east towards the 1098:. It concluded Lycaonia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia. 1054:was a satrap, and one of the officials killed by 895:. Although our principal source for this period, 12326: 7986: 7003:on the Greek mainland in 42 BC, by those of the 5584:in 197 BC, but also brought further hope to the 5568:and helped convince the Romans that war against 5272:declaring himself king, before being annexed by 4877:and Syria and client rulers in Cilicia Trachea. 4379:, but after the death of Attalus III became the 3062: 1241: 1101: 769:, but they too handed him over to the Persians. 653:The fall of Lydia (546 BC) and the Lydian revolt 7467: 7181:into a province, after deposing the last king, 6469:that overarched the provincial commands, under 6104:which crossed from Macedonia through Thrace to 5600:desired some of the spoils left in the wake of 4888:in 37 BC. When Polemon died in 8 BC, his widow 4811:in 188 BC, between the Romans and the Seleucid 3538:Independent, semi-independent and client states 1374:. Greece then went on the offensive, capturing 8252:(364–375), another soldier and founder of the 7858:appointed. This happened but the expected new 7675:The Tetrarchy and first Eastern Empire 284–324 6775:Pompey had enlarged it to include the western 6054:Commissioners declared a state of war and the 4781:. Following the partition of 301 BC after the 4749:dynasty, with their seat at Tarsus. Even as a 4044:between Rome and Pontus who claimed Bithynia. 3907:(54–68 AD), while Polemon II was also king of 995:A Greek mercenary (left) in the service of an 528:Persian Empire, continued its expansion under 12196: 12054: 11891: 10822: 10820: 10316: 9184: 8643:(69–96 AD), other than the life and works of 8318: 7625:. In 260 the provinces in the east including 6815: 6555:Provincialisation of Anatolia 133 BC – 114 AD 6440:. Lucullus was formally replaced in 67 BC by 6233: 5976: 5772:(190 BC), becoming Rome's friend, and joined 5764:(220 – 163 BC) was initially allied with the 5381: 5296:Commagene, a country on the west bank of the 5175:of Pontus (120–63 BC), marrying his daughter 4629:(95–55 BC). However, siding with Rome in the 4394:Roman client states Eastern Anatolia c. 50 AD 3887:ruled from 38 to 8 BC, followed by his widow 3209:(321–281 BC) was appointed to head the elite 3093: 2954: 2004: 395:peoples had existed in the area south of the 11616:Hornblower, Simon; Antony Spawforth (1996). 11232:Carausius and Allectus: the British usurpers 10747:Hornblower, Simon; Antony Spawforth (1996). 10635: 10633: 10631: 8116:, namely Armenia prima and Armenia secunda. 5280:. The capital city was Carcathiocerta, near 4830:(95–84 BC) ruling in Cilicia while his twin 3895:(38–62 AD). Pythidora joined her kingdom to 3891:(8 BC – 38 AD), and after her death her son 3863:(49–45 BC) but was driven back by Caesar at 3752: 3706:Mithridates IV was succeeded by his nephew, 3660:, and another daughter to Antiochus'cousin, 3371:in 245 BC and brought with her the lands of 3352:(246–225 BC), was proclaimed by his mother. 3233:. In particular this involved conflict with 3178: 3163:(221–179 BC) seized territory in Caria, and 1789:(323–317 BC) was advanced as a candidate by 11689: 11093:Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor 10687:"Appian's History of Rome: The Syrian Wars" 10526:. Cambridge University Press. p. 137. 10454:Encyclopaedia Iranica: Achaemanid Satrapies 8272:in 366, Procopius was captured and killed. 8145: 7837: 7568:. What ensued was a huge embarrassment for 7214:flashpoint between the Romans and Parthians 7031:(32–30 BC) and the end of the triumvirate. 6162:east which they had lost in the first war ( 4745:Cilicia had historically been ruled by the 3792:(116 – 101 BC) killed. Ariarethes' brother 3401:After the brief reign of Seleucus II's son 3332:Antiochus I Soter was succeeded by his son 3305:Soter (281–261 BC) faced the first of many 3124:(274–168 BC) between the Ptolomies and the 1578:. Although Darius escaped, back across the 1501:he first encountered Persian troops at the 1476:peninsula in 334 BC, and soon crossing the 1230:. The local control over Caria remained in 1046:. Previously it was part of the Kingdom of 458:The southeast of Anatolia was ruled by the 319:established a new administrative centre at 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 12203: 12189: 12061: 12047: 11898: 11884: 11555: 10817: 10778:vol. vii(i) 426 The Hellenistic World 1984 10684: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10609: 10593: 10591: 10589: 10567:Encyclopaedia Iranica: Alexander the Great 10463: 10461: 10323: 10309: 9191: 9177: 8422:The Eastern frontier with Persia in 384 AD 7751: 7660:The Empire: the Dominate 284 – 4th century 7193:in the centre, so called from its capital 6822: 6808: 6240: 6226: 5983: 5969: 5800:, creating a client state in 95 BC, and a 3954:and the cities of the coast, east towards 3784:was queen of Cappadocia, being married to 3159:Thereafter the Ptolemaic powers declined. 2961: 2947: 2011: 1997: 1354:, meeting and defeating the Greeks at the 323:, and by the end of the 4th century a new 201:Regions of Anatolia in Classical Antiquity 11725:The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia 11667:Walton and Maberly, London 1854. 2 vols. 11393: 11391: 10639: 10628: 10373: 10371: 7834:in 298, effectively ending the campaign. 7382:(193–211) became Emperor, initiating the 7340:(165–180), which severely affected Asia. 7077:The Empire: The Principate 27 BC – 193 AD 6381:Cyzicus, which Mithridates was besieging. 6247: 6201:Regions of Asia Minor in Classical Period 5990: 5869:(113–101 BC) as well as dealing with the 5276:of Armenia (c. 80 BC). It later became a 3993:, who having entered Anatolia settled in 3861:Roman civil war between Caesar and Pompey 3497:(dark blue before, light blue after) and 3298:, and which became the capital of Syria. 3245:, Antigonus' son gaining and then losing 3229:, but soon found himself involved in the 2922:Satrap at Partition of Babylon; possibly 1582:river, leaving the rest of his family in 185:Learn how and when to remove this message 167:Learn how and when to remove this message 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 11410:. Hodder & Stoughton. Archived from 11258:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 11090: 10814:vol. vi 219 The Fourth Century B.C. 1994 10467: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10413: 10411: 10409: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10377: 8417: 8352: 8344: 8336: 8328: 8121: 8032: 8018: 7688: 7526: 7423: 7287: 7241: 7086: 6969: 6564: 6538: 6196: 5952: 5892:, where Mithridates installed a nephew, 5844:Pontus and the Mithridatic Wars 89–63 BC 5721: 5523: 5391: 5148:(Artaxata). He was succeeded by his son 4963: 4955: 4947: 4389: 4174:(138–133 BC) the last king of Pergamon. 4061: 3640:line, acquiring Phrygia as a dowry from 3556: 3481: 3473: 3377: 3325:of the Lysimachean Empire, was growing. 3192: 1687: 1679: 1615: 1551: 1488: 1435: 1416: 1288: 1251: 1148: 990: 986: 827: 771: 666: 481: 371: 236:rule c. 550 BC. In the aftermath of the 196: 12068: 11665:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 11560:. Robert Appleton Co. pp. 788–789. 11368: 11183:from UNRV History. Retrieved 2007-3-12. 11143:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 10742: 10740: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10606: 10586: 10523:The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy 10483: 10481: 10458: 7313:which the Parthian monarch of Armenia, 7205:, annexed into Bithynia et Pontus; and 7046:in 31 BC, and died the following year. 6634:, briefly lost during the rebellion of 4714:, connected only by a narrow pass, the 4398: 4115:, they became independent again in the 3616:to the west in Bithynia, but fled from 3257:and western Asia Minor. In the ensuing 1986:alliance between the three kings last. 1943:, Satrap of Egypt and Libya in 315 BC ( 1635:(336–323 BC) succeeded his father King 1505:in 334 BC. This battle occurred on the 12327: 11397: 11388: 11255: 11249: 11145:Walton and Maberly, London 1854 ii 659 11095:. Oxford University Press. p. 41. 10920: 10918: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10722: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10714: 10545: 10543: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10368: 8673:, but spent much of his early life in 8554:relocated 2,000 families of Jews from 8485:and Balabitene) allied to the empire. 7705:(282–284), and overcoming his brother 7697:Order and stability was restored when 7410:, a new threat to the eastern empire. 7161:in 17, on the death of the last king, 6123: 4452:it had retained a degree of autonomy. 4249:. Eumenes was succeeded by his nephew 4188: 1611: 564:in the north-east and Main Satrapy of 338:, the Parthians were succeeded by the 12184: 12042: 11879: 11822:The Greek and Persian Wars 499–386 BC 11331: 11329: 11327: 11235:. Yale University Press. p. 19. 11228: 11128: 11126: 10656: 10513: 10398: 10381:The Greek and Persian Wars 499–386 BC 7913:Third Tetrarchy and civil war 308–313 7428:Roman Empire 271 AD, after the schism 6803: 6371:, Mithridates continued west towards 6343:of the province of Asia to take over 6221: 6207: 5964: 5942: 5927:, when two critical events occurred. 5316:annexed Commagene to the province of 4968:Armenia at its greatest extent under 4952:Armenia in the 4th and 3rd century BC 4241:, and held tightly onto the ports of 4119:. They controlled territory from the 3942:. It was originally just part of the 3914: 2942: 1992: 1596: 1218:as they proclaimed independence from 539:Anatolia was carved up under Persian 300:, which frequently culminated in the 11683:The History of Antiquity, Volume III 11646:Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike 11639:The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History 11195:vol. 11 The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 11132:Cambridge Ancient History vol. x 645 10549: 10519: 10478: 8589:by Jews in 66 BC, and the record of 8448:ecumenical council in Constantinople 8011:in 363, the empire was ruled by the 8007:'s accession in 324 to the death of 7440:, and the empire descended into its 7368:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 7262:in 72, out of Claudius' province of 7138:Julio-Claudian dynasty 27 BC – 68 AD 7112:by the Senate and adopted the title 6765:under the Emperor Trajan in 114 AD. 5636:. Combining forces with the Romans, 4960:Armenian expansion in 1st century BC 4688: 4047: 3985:. Zipoetes was succeeded by his son 3691:who was the daughter of his cousins 1963:). The Fourth War culminated in the 1924:as regent, passing over his own son 1593:and the Achaemenid Empire was over. 1186:at times. The appointed local ruler 790:(544–530 BC) on his death, and then 641:, which directly linked the city of 346:on the eastern fringes of Anatolia. 120: 59: 18: 11699: 11556:Herbermann, Charles George (1913). 11260:. William Benton. pp. 105–108. 10915: 10711: 10560: 10540: 10442: 8234:Jovian and the Valentinians 363–378 6713:died while pursuing enemies in the 4927: 3542: 1692:Kingdoms of the Diadochi c. 301 BC 645:with the western Anatolian city of 86:article full of irrelevant content. 13: 11790:Originally published in French as 11572: 11324: 11123: 10674:Virtual Religion: Antiochus Hierax 8654: 7969: 7748:while he took charge of the east. 7613:Schism, reunification and division 7522: 6907:led an expedition from Syria into 6717:, and Rome claimed his lands as a 6417:, was routed, fleeing northwards. 5814:(302 – 266 BC) when the threat of 5746:until the rise of the kingdoms of 5628:in 191 BC, forcing his retreat to 5432:). Provincial names underlined in 4757:'s empire Cilicia was governed by 4351:The last of the Attalid kings was 3699:. He was succeeded by his brother 3340:who also poisoned his second wife 2970:The division of Alexander's empire 1647:Administratively he continued the 1509:(Biga Çayı) river near modern-day 1085: 981: 745:, the Persian military commander ( 361: 14: 12346: 11857: 9871:(330–1453; 1204-1261 in exile as 8753:. Later he received letters from 8168:Praetorian prefecture of the East 7958:and engaged the latter in 313 at 7801:Praetorian Prefecture of the East 7740:. In the initial arrangement, or 6481:(ably assisted by the oratory of 6351:, while Bithynia was assigned to 5572:was necessary. The Roman general 5208: 3636:(c. 250–210 BC) married into the 3489:188 BC showing redistribution of 1464:. Within a year Alexander was in 1395:Second Persian invasion of Greece 1338:Second Persian invasion of Greece 232:in the east. Anatolia fell under 34:This article has multiple issues. 11863: 11753:Botsford, George Willis (1922). 10468:Botsford, George Willis (1922). 10292: 9835:224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia) 9227: 9160: 8808: 7362:ended with the assassination of 7278:Nerva-Antonine dynasty 96–192 AD 7116:in 27 BC although technically a 7054:Roman Empire 27 BC – 4th century 6432:to rid Rome once and for all of 4181:in 25 BC following the reign of 3620:to form a new dynasty in nearby 3120:in 301 BC. However, a series of 1939:, Satrap of Babylon, to flee to 1440:Macedon and the Aegean in 336 BC 1293:Events of the Greco-Persian Wars 1285:First Persian invasion of Greece 619:. Cappadocia initially included 125: 64: 23: 11733:The Greek World After Alexander 11618:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 11549: 11537: 11526: 11514: 11502: 11490: 11478: 11466: 11451: 11436: 11425: 11379: 11362: 11350: 11338: 11312: 11300: 11288: 11276: 11264: 11222: 11210: 11198: 11186: 11174: 11148: 11135: 11111: 11099: 11084: 11072: 11060: 11048: 11036: 11024: 11012: 11000: 10988: 10976: 10964: 10951: 10939: 10927: 10903: 10892: 10880: 10868: 10856: 10844: 10832: 10805: 10793: 10781: 10769: 10751:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 10699: 10678: 10667: 10650: 10600:The Greek World After Alexander 10571: 8661:Christianity in the 1st century 8612: 7531:Gothic raids in the 3rd century 7296:Following the assassination of 7157:(14–37) formed the province of 6530:Province of Pontus and Bithynia 6138:in 84 BC to return to Rome and 6071:Asiatic (or 'Ephesian') Vespers 5556:expansion in western Anatolia. 5366: 4285:proved to be the last time the 4130:The Gauls retained traditional 3812:(95–55 BC) was his son in law. 477: 42:or discuss these issues on the 11740: 10492: 9691:Kingdom of Alexander the Great 8197:(27 BC – 14 AD) until that of 7805:praefectura praetorio Orientis 7656:, who subsequently triumphed. 6985:(43–42 BC). The conspirators ( 6689:(105–40 BC), and then his son 6182:territory further east) under 5506:to the Romans by their kings. 5487:socius et amicus populi romani 5010:, which represents modern day 4940:Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity) 4154:. Of these we know more about 3612:. Originally he had inherited 3429:, a 3rd-century settlement of 3278:when he was assassinated near 2927:Satrap at Partition of Babylon 1982:managed to gain independence. 729:Lydia then became the Persian 276:culminating in the battles of 1: 11669:Direct Link to Online Version 10362: 9261: 8889: 8873: 8857: 8627:Early centers of Christianity 8461:) lay the older territory of 8430:that he had transported from 8177:, from his cousins. Of those 8058:Nova Roma Constantinopolitana 8048:in 330, initially designated 7987:Constantinian dynasty 324–363 7456:, coincide with a shift from 7332:(161–180) was faced with yet 6626:Formal Roman rule began when 6509:as a protectorate along with 5320:in 17 AD. Its capital was at 5124:), Artaxias (Artaxerxes) and 4983:to the south and west of the 4710:to the north and west by the 4312:in 190 BC. In the subsequent 3683:(220 BC – 163 BC) as well as 3581:and bordered to the south by 3063:Lysimachian Empire 301–281 BC 1913:and Hellespontine Phrygia to 1537:before returning through the 1242:Greco-Persian Wars 499–449 BC 1102:Semi-autonomous jurisdictions 556:in the west, Main satrapy of 253:and other powerful rulers in 11746:Bevan, Edwyn Robert (1902). 11685:. Richard Bentley & Son. 11385:Josephus, "Ant." xii. 3, § 4 10657:Bevan, Edwyn Robert (1902). 10520:Rose, Charles Brian (2014). 10352:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia 8772:writes to the Roman emperor 8697:). From sources such as the 8037:Helena of Constantinople by 7601:and the city itself in 263. 7519:, but died on the campaign. 7468:Persia and the eastern front 6745:(36 BC – 17 AD), creating a 6737:List of rulers of Cappadocia 5304:expansion until 163 BC when 5291: 5113:(212–200 BC) ruled Armenia. 4884:being replaced by Rome with 4842:(88–63 BC) between Rome and 4706:. It was separated from the 4409:List of rulers of Cappadocia 4316:two years later he received 3946:but was extended to include 3846: 1676:Death of Alexander the Great 1517:, on the south coast of the 1260:The preceding events of the 1256:The Persian Empire in 490 BC 1153:Marble head of a goddess in 7: 11760:Bury, John Bagnell (1913). 11712:. Oxford University Press. 11690:Suthan, Resat (2009–2014). 11583:Note: The original 11 vol. 10755:. Oxford University Press. 10580:Annali della Scuola di Pisa 10550:Bury, John Bagnell (1913). 10357:Medieval states in Anatolia 10347:Ancient regions of Anatolia 10206:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 9921:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 8779: 8569:The principal centres were 8444:Patriarch of Constantinople 8210:of Bithynia, the physician 7919:Civil wars of the Tetrarchy 7420:Crisis of the Third Century 7370:, following the era of the 7334:another invasion by Parthia 7216:. War erupted again in 36, 7068:History of the Roman Empire 6367:. Having besieged Cotta in 5914:Ariobarzanes I (95–c.63 BC) 4277:. A series of wars against 3724:Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia 3667:Mithridates II's grandson, 3553:List of kings of the Pontus 3405:( 226–223 BC), his brother 3221:in 321 BC he was appointed 1959:who continued to wage war ( 1909:, while Lydia was given to 1485:Wars of Alexander the Great 1460:became king of neighboring 1003:(center) attacking a Greek 671:The archaeological site of 560:centrally, Main Satrapy of 350:came under pressure of the 84:. The specific problem is: 10: 12351: 11792:Histoire de l'Empire perse 11768: 11674: 11567: 11375:. Charles Scribner's Sons. 11091:Mitchell, Stephen (1995). 10640:Rawlinson, George (1900). 8665:Paul came originally from 8658: 8616: 8527: 8523: 8357:Diocese of the East 400 AD 8322: 8319:Theodosian dynasty 378–455 8237: 7990: 7916: 7787:and Diocletian's capital. 7678: 7663: 7417: 7347: 7281: 7270:region of the province of 7231: 7212:Armenia continued to be a 7141: 7080: 7057: 6793:region of Galatia to form 6750: 6747:province of the same name. 6730: 6662: 6660:in triumph the next year. 6558: 6211: 6127: 5946: 5847: 5717:Aquillius Manius the Elder 5708:133–129 BC, it became the 5576:not only soundly defeated 5574:Titus Quinctius Flamininus 5513: 5385: 5382:Roman Republic 190 – 27 BC 5370: 5335: 5253: 5249: 5212: 4937: 4931: 4692: 4402: 4192: 4051: 3931:List of rulers of Bithynia 3928: 3918: 3756: 3714:. In exchange he received 3546: 3213:(ἑταῖροι, hetairoi) and a 3182: 3097: 3094:Ptolemaic Empire 301–30 BC 3066: 1961:Fourth War of the Diadochi 1930:Second War of the Diadochi 1799: 1673: 1663: 1600: 1591:Battle of the Persian Gate 1559: 1482: 1429: 1388: 1335: 1282: 1245: 1174:as well as the islands of 1106: 1078:in 334 BC at the hands of 813: 656: 493: 376:Oriental empires c. 600 BC 365: 12219: 12076: 12003: 11970: 11914: 11849:Runciman, Steven (1933). 11842:Mommsen, Theodor (1906). 11727:. Hodder & Stoughton. 11644:Marek, Christian (2010), 11620:. Oxford University Press 11585:Cambridge Ancient History 11558:The Catholic Encyclopedia 11544:Cambridge Ancient History 11521:Cambridge Ancient History 11509:Cambridge Ancient History 11497:Cambridge Ancient History 11485:Cambridge Ancient History 11473:Cambridge Ancient History 11369:Mommsen, Theodor (1906). 11357:Cambridge Ancient History 11345:Cambridge Ancient History 11319:Cambridge Ancient History 11307:Cambridge Ancient History 11295:Cambridge Ancient History 11283:Cambridge Ancient History 11271:Cambridge Ancient History 11217:Cambridge Ancient History 11205:Cambridge Ancient History 11193:Cambridge Ancient History 11118:Cambridge Ancient History 11106:Cambridge Ancient History 11079:Cambridge Ancient History 11067:Cambridge Ancient History 11055:Cambridge Ancient History 11043:Cambridge Ancient History 11031:Cambridge Ancient History 11019:Cambridge Ancient History 11007:Cambridge Ancient History 10995:Cambridge Ancient History 10983:Cambridge Ancient History 10971:Cambridge Ancient History 10946:Cambridge Ancient History 10934:Cambridge Ancient History 10910:Cambridge Ancient History 10887:Cambridge Ancient History 10875:Cambridge Ancient History 10863:Cambridge Ancient History 10851:Cambridge Ancient History 10839:Cambridge Ancient History 10827:Cambridge Ancient History 10812:Cambridge Ancient History 10800:Cambridge Ancient History 10788:Cambridge Ancient History 10776:Cambridge Ancient History 10706:Cambridge Ancient History 10378:De Souza, Philip (2003). 10087:Decline and modernization 10037:Periods of Ottoman Empire 8980:Frankish and Latin states 8593:, where the people urged 7878:Constantius), but rather 7350:Year of the Five Emperors 7234:Year of the Four Emperors 7038:and Syria and Cilicia to 6901:two centuries of conflict 6835: 6465:was proposed in 67 BC by 6259: 6058:(89–84 BC) was launched. 6002: 5882:Nicomedes III of Bithynia 5470:expansion and consequent 5331: 3773:Nicomedes III of Bithynia 3753:Mithridatic wars 88–63 BC 3219:Partition of Triparadisus 3179:Seleucid Empire 301–64 BC 2976: 2917: 2809: 2801:Ptolemy (son of Seleucus) 2761: 2678: 2440:Partition of Triparadisus 2433: 2159: 2108:Ptolemy (son of Seleucus) 2063: 2030: 1945:Third War of the Diadochi 1895:First War of the Diadochi 1888:) (323–276 BC). Although 1884:(Διάδοχοι, Diadokhoi, or 1802:Partition of Triparadisus 1382:and thus controlling the 675:, today known as Sart in 11846:Charles Scribner's Sons. 11836: 11757:. The Macmillan Company. 11589:available as free ebooks 11045:vol. ix 243–244, 248–259 10582:9/4, 1979, pp. 1375–414) 10500:"The Works of Herodotus" 10474:. The Macmillan Company. 9057:Second Hellenic Republic 8534:Jewish legend describes 8405:Massacre of Thessalonica 8349:Diocese of Pontus 400 AD 8146:Constantine's successors 7880:Flavius Valerius Severus 7866:(son of the now retired 7838:Second Tetrarchy 305–308 7670:Roman Emperor (Dominate) 7402:(217–218). However, the 7389:In 193, the province of 6673:List of kings of Galatia 6669:List of kings of Galatia 6430:Lucius Licinius Lucullus 6385:Battles of the Rhyndacus 6349:Lucius Licinius Lucullus 6337:Nicomedes IV of Bithynia 5855:Mithridates VI of Pontus 5454:became embroiled in the 4639:Athenais Philostorgos II 4058:List of kings of Galatia 3816:Nicomedes IV of Bithynia 2070:(Alexander's bodyguards) 1607:Hellenistic civilization 1144: 1129: 847:cities to rebel against 786:Mazares was followed by 139:may need to be rewritten 11731:Shipley, Graham (2000) 11637:McEvedy, Colin (1967). 11256:Gibbon, Edward (1952). 10598:Shipley, Graham (2000) 9091:Third Hellenic Republic 9071:Collaborationist regime 9042:First Hellenic Republic 9006:Venetian Ionian Islands 8699:Letter to the Galatians 8619:History of Christianity 8579:Hierapolis Euphratensis 8377:as co-ruler (383–395). 8026:, later referred to as 7752:First Tetrarchy 293–305 7629:broke away to form the 7252:a period of instability 7173:into a province in 43. 7034:Armenia was granted to 7025:Donations of Alexandria 7013:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 6975:Donations of Alexandria 6905:Marcus Licinius Crassus 6697:and successively added 6628:Attalus III of Pergamon 6140:make war on his enemies 5782:Ariarathes V Philopator 5754:in the 2nd century BC. 5694:Attalus II Philadelphus 5656:was granted all of the 5582:Battle of Cynoscephalae 5246:, from north to south. 4645:(51–c.42 BC) who added 4522:(188 BC). His daughter 4338:Attalus II Philadelphus 4146:around Ancyra, and the 4096:Nicomedes I of Bithynia 3962:, and south across the 3618:Antigonus Monophthalmos 3573:coast, stretching from 3407:Antiochus III the Great 3346:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 3134:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 1405:Battle of the Eurymedon 1007:(right) at the time of 311:entirely following the 220:kingdoms, most notably 12211:Historical regions of 11990:Levant (Greater Syria) 11851:Byzantine Civilization 11406:Seven Churches of Asia 10708:online. vol. viii c. x 10342:Prehistory of Anatolia 10258:Constitutional history 10143:Provisional government 10097:Defeat and dissolution 9247:Prehistory of Anatolia 8712:Seven Churches of Asia 8423: 8398:Battle of the Frigidus 8358: 8350: 8342: 8341:Diocese of Asia 400 AD 8334: 8142: 8080:Praetorian prefectures 8041: 7694: 7637:(270–275), one of the 7532: 7429: 7360:Nerva-Antonine dynasty 7293: 7284:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 7247: 7246:The Roman Empire 69 AD 7151:Julio-Claudian dynasty 7144:Julio-Claudian dynasty 7104: 7072:List of Roman emperors 7021:40 and 38 BC invasions 6997:Gaius Cassius Longinus 6978: 6932:Pharnaces II of Pontus 6926:'s preoccupation with 6757:List of Armenian kings 6753:List of Armenian kings 6604: 6551: 6202: 6144:Lucius Licinius Murena 6130:Second Mithridatic war 5958: 5734: 5529: 5443: 5194:Battle of Tigranocerta 5097:(260 BC) and grandson 4973: 4961: 4953: 4944:List of Armenian kings 4502:Ariarathes III's son, 4395: 4076: 3604:Pontus was founded by 3569:lay on the north west 3562: 3512:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 3502: 3479: 3398: 3350:Seleucus II Callinicus 3198: 1882:wars of the successors 1766: 1685: 1629: 1557: 1494: 1441: 1422: 1294: 1257: 1158: 1042:) on the south of the 1016: 1015:, early 4th century BC 833: 783: 679: 491: 377: 202: 11798:Encyclopaedia Iranica 11794:, Fayard, Paris, 1996 11782:, Eisenbrauns: 2002, 11748:The House of Seleucus 11723:Ramsay, W.M. (1904). 11681:Duncker, Max (1879). 11229:Casey, P. J. (1995). 10660:The House of Seleucus 10646:. The Colonial Press. 10432:, Eisenbrauns: 2002, 9701:Kingdom of Cappadocia 9257:Palaeolithic Anatolia 8617:Further information: 8575:Laodicea on the Lycus 8538:from as early as the 8528:Further information: 8421: 8356: 8348: 8340: 8332: 8254:Valentinianic dynasty 8218:, and the historians 8125: 8052:(New Rome), but then 8036: 8028:Constantine the Great 8019:Constantine I 324–337 8013:Constantinian dynasty 7993:Constantinian dynasty 7981:Battle of Chrysopolis 7850:would be promoted to 7692: 7530: 7432:The assassination of 7427: 7376:Year of Five Emperors 7291: 7245: 7090: 7027:), precipitating yet 6983:Liberators' civil war 6973: 6568: 6542: 6513:as a Roman province. 6353:Marcus Aurelius Cotta 6251:Third Mithridatic War 6214:Third Mithridatic war 6200: 6102:Gaius Flavius Fimbria 6056:First Mithridatic War 5994:First Mithridatic War 5956: 5949:First Mithridatic War 5925:Social War (91–88 BC) 5725: 5644:met Antiochus in the 5527: 5458:(264–146 BC) BC with 5395: 5371:Further information: 5359:, referred to as the 4967: 4959: 4951: 4938:Further information: 4631:Third Mithridatic War 4428:. It was bordered by 4393: 4193:Further information: 4065: 3929:Further information: 3836:Third Mithridatic War 3820:First Mithridatic War 3808:into the fray, since 3560: 3508:Antiochus VII Sidetes 3485: 3477: 3444:Battle of Thermopylae 3403:Seleucus III Ceraunus 3381: 3357:Ptolemy III Euergetes 3342:Berenice Phernophorus 3196: 3154:Ptolemy III Euergetes 2478:Hellespontine Phrygia 2211:Hellespontine Phrygia 2020:Alexander the Great's 1810:Hellespontine Phrygia 1691: 1683: 1674:Further information: 1619: 1555: 1492: 1439: 1430:Further information: 1420: 1356:Battle of Thermopylae 1292: 1255: 1152: 1139:Hellespontine Phrygia 1020:Hellespontine Phrygia 1013:Altıkulaç Sarcophagus 1001:Hellespontine Phrygia 994: 987:Hellespontine Phrygia 946:(unsuccessfully) and 914:V, VI) around 500 BC 831: 775: 670: 577:Hellespontine Phrygia 554:Sardis (Sparda/Lydia) 485: 391:period. Although the 375: 358:of the 11th century. 317:Constantine the Great 200: 11872:at Wikimedia Commons 11648:C. H. Beck, Munich, 11154:S. Şahin – M. Adak, 9867:Eastern Roman Empire 9062:4th of August Regime 9032:Septinsular Republic 8765:in the 2nd century. 8683:Acts of the Apostles 8291:Battle of Adrianople 7977:Battle of Hellespont 7324:Trajan's successor, 7120:, and shortly after 7040:Ptolemy Philadelphus 6993:Marcus Junius Brutus 5923:rebels known as the 5861:. This included the 5690:Third Macedonian War 5652:the following year, 5442:revisions c. 293 AD. 4399:Cappadocia 323–17 BC 4004:(156–154 BC) joined 3875:as the districts of 3478:Asia Minor in 188 BC 3259:Battle of Corupedium 3231:Wars of the Diadochi 3084:Battle of Corupedium 2733:Laomedon of Mytilene 2556:Laomedon of Mytilene 2295:Laomedon of Mytilene 2166:Partition of Babylon 2032:Philip II's Generals 1795:Partition of Babylon 1670:Wars of the Diadochi 1626:Partition of Babylon 1166:was a satrap of the 1034:with its capital at 411:shortly after, when 307:Anatolia came under 91:improve this article 80:to meet Knowledge's 12070:History of Anatolia 11907:Classical antiquity 11808:. Routledge, 2007. 11462:Jewish Encyclopedia 11447:Jewish Encyclopedia 11404:The Letters to the 10959:From Grachi to Nero 10337:History of Anatolia 10211:History of Anatolia 10133:War of Independence 9961:Empire of Trebizond 9825:133 BC-27 BC–330 AD 9272:Mesolithic Anatolia 9037:War of Independence 8993:Early modern Greece 8847:Helladic chronology 8763:Ignatius of Antioch 8530:Hellenistic Judaism 8488:Theodosius died in 8469:or principalities ( 8455:Diocese of the East 8240:Valentinian dynasty 8105:magister officiorum 7768:(junior emperors). 7478:Roman–Sassanid wars 7474:Roman–Parthian wars 7458:classical antiquity 7292:Roman Empire 117 AD 7207:Pontus Cappadocicus 7191:Pontus Polemoniacus 6948:Battle of Nicopolis 6569:Roman Empire under 6365:Battle of Chalcedon 6124:Second war 83–81 BC 5660:lands north of the 5546:Philip V of Macedon 5428:: 180 AD (Death of 5262:Alexander the Great 5167:(88–63 BC) between 5118:Antiochus the Great 5055:Alexander the Great 4761:(323–321 BC), then 4755:Alexander the Great 4573:. Ariarathes' son, 4512:Antiochus the Great 4461:Alexander the Great 4189:Pergamon 281–133 BC 4150:in the east around 4111:. At times part of 4090:, east and west of 3944:Chalcedon peninsula 3925:Kingdom of Bithynia 3881:Pontus Polemoniacus 3459:south of the River 3276:Thracian Chersonese 3253:who now controlled 3203:Alexander the Great 3161:Philip V of Macedon 3073:Lysimachia (Thrace) 2924:Nicanor of Stageira 1612:Alexander the Great 1458:Alexander the Great 1450:Artaxerxes IV Arses 1313:(son of the satrap 1236:Alexander the Great 1080:Alexander the Great 972:Graeco-Persian Wars 302:Roman–Parthian Wars 290:Kingdom of Pergamum 246:Alexander the Great 214:classical antiquity 12335:Classical Anatolia 11870:Classical Anatolia 11853:. Methuen, London. 11805:The Persian Empire 11625:2016-03-09 at the 11181:Five Good Emperors 11167:2012-03-14 at the 10253:Diplomatic history 10165:Multi-party period 10115:Republic of Turkey 9891:Great Seljuk State 9881:Rashidun Caliphate 9666:Classical Anatolia 9284:Neolithic Anatolia 8942:Hellenistic Greece 8623:Early Christianity 8424: 8363:Theodosian dynasty 8359: 8351: 8343: 8335: 8325:Theodosian dynasty 8266:Battle of Thyatira 8220:Memnon of Heraclea 8143: 8042: 8039:Cima da Conegliano 7695: 7533: 7486:Trebonianus Gallus 7430: 7294: 7260:Lycia et Pamphylia 7248: 7105: 7005:Second Triumvirate 7001:Battle of Philippi 6979: 6795:Lycia et Pamphylia 6649:Bithynia et Pontus 6605: 6552: 6406:Tigranes the Great 6208:Third war 75–63 BC 6203: 6114:Treaty of Dardanos 6027:Athens and Piraeus 5959: 5943:First war 89–84 BC 5929:Tigranes the Great 5770:Battle of Magnesia 5735: 5646:Battle of Magnesia 5530: 5478:to direct rule by 5444: 5418:: 14 AD (Death of 5408:: 44 BC (Death of 5274:Tigranes the Great 5256:Kingdom of Sophene 5234:proper, adjoining 5196:(69 BC). By 67 BC 5130:Battle of Magnesia 5059:Battle of Granicus 4981:Armenian highlands 4974: 4970:Tigranes the Great 4962: 4954: 4934:History of Armenia 4910:Antipater of Derbe 4852:Tigranes the Great 4726:separated it from 4722:, to the east the 4718:. To the west lay 4657:and replaced with 4623:Tigranes the Great 4579:Nysa of Cappadocia 4516:Battle of Magnesia 4483:. Ariarthes's son 4426:Armenian Highlands 4420:, and west of the 4396: 4359:, calling himself 4310:Battle of Magnesia 4077: 3915:Bithynia 326–74 BC 3853:Bithynia et Pontus 3810:Tigranes the Great 3563: 3516:Tigranes the Great 3503: 3480: 3448:Battle of Magnesia 3399: 3199: 2753:Ariston of Paionia 1870:Eastern Anatolia: 1833:Central Anatolia: 1808:Western Anatolia: 1767: 1726:Seleucus I Nicator 1686: 1630: 1603:Hellenistic period 1597:Hellenistic period 1558: 1503:Battle of Granicus 1495: 1442: 1423: 1295: 1258: 1248:Greco-Persian Wars 1159: 1026:, semi-autonomous 1017: 834: 784: 694:. In 547 BC, King 680: 532:(521–486 BC). The 492: 378: 348:Byzantine Anatolia 294:Republic of Rhodes 238:Greco-Persian Wars 234:Achaemenid Persian 228:in the center and 206:Classical Anatolia 203: 12322: 12321: 12178: 12177: 12036: 12035: 11868:Media related to 11820:Philip De Souza. 11788:978-1-57506-031-6 11654:978-3-406-59853-1 11600:Hastings, James. 10924:Hornblower(1996). 10762:978-0-19-866172-6 10502:. MIT. 2006-11-16 10438:978-1-57506-031-6 10333: 10332: 10299:Turkey portal 10216:History of Thrace 10173: 10172: 10123:Periods of Turkey 10105: 10104: 10019: 10018: 9931:Anatolian beyliks 9857:Medieval Anatolia 9839: 9838: 9741:Kingdom of Pontus 9731:Ptolemaic Kingdom 9681:Achaemenid Empire 9648: 9647: 9521: 9520: 9294: 9293: 9201: 9200: 9167:Greece portal 9047:Kingdom of Greece 8955: 8946: 8937: 8928: 8919: 8896: 8880: 8864: 8536:Jewish dispersion 8280:, attacks by the 8069:Council of Nicaea 7722:Early Middle Ages 7639:Illyrian emperors 7434:Alexander Severus 7380:Septimius Severus 7165:(38 BC – 17 AD). 7153:(27 BC – 68 AD). 7029:another civil war 6917:First Triumvirate 6913:Battle of Carrhae 6883: 6882: 6332: 6331: 6184:Publius Servilius 6050: 6049: 5680:(187–183 BC) and 5310:Antiochus I Theos 4826:was divided with 4777:empires in their 4708:Anatolian Plateau 4689:Cilicia 323–67 BC 4540:Demetrius I Soter 4432:in the North and 4142:in the west, the 4048:Galatia 276–64 BC 4008:in a war against 3695:and crown prince 3567:Kingdom of Pontus 3549:Kingdom of Pontus 3286:, future king of 3104:Ptolemaic dynasty 3100:Ptolemaic Kingdom 3059: 3058: 2936: 2935: 2845:Cleitus the White 2763:Infantry Generals 2708:Cleitus the Black 2512:Cleitus the White 1859:Eumenes of Cardia 1724: Kingdom of 1715: Kingdom of 1706: Kingdom of 1697: Kingdom of 1637:Philip of Macedon 1622:Macedonian Empire 1620:Satrapies in the 1360:Battle of Salamis 1317:) and sailed for 761:on the island of 720:Battle of Thymbra 496:Achaemenid Empire 488:Achaemenid Empire 368:Iron Age Anatolia 340:Sasanian Persians 336:Early Middle Ages 195: 194: 187: 177: 176: 169: 149:lead layout guide 119: 118: 111: 82:quality standards 73:This article may 57: 12342: 12205: 12198: 12191: 12182: 12181: 12063: 12056: 12049: 12040: 12039: 11900: 11893: 11886: 11877: 11876: 11867: 11755:Hellenic History 11706:Freeman, Charles 11700:Classical period 11695: 11562: 11561: 11553: 11547: 11541: 11535: 11530: 11524: 11518: 11512: 11506: 11500: 11494: 11488: 11482: 11476: 11470: 11464: 11455: 11449: 11440: 11434: 11429: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11419: 11395: 11386: 11383: 11377: 11376: 11366: 11360: 11354: 11348: 11342: 11336: 11333: 11322: 11316: 11310: 11304: 11298: 11292: 11286: 11280: 11274: 11268: 11262: 11261: 11253: 11247: 11246: 11226: 11220: 11214: 11208: 11202: 11196: 11190: 11184: 11178: 11172: 11171:5 (2008), 53–66. 11152: 11146: 11139: 11133: 11130: 11121: 11115: 11109: 11103: 11097: 11096: 11088: 11082: 11076: 11070: 11064: 11058: 11052: 11046: 11040: 11034: 11028: 11022: 11016: 11010: 11004: 10998: 10992: 10986: 10980: 10974: 10968: 10962: 10955: 10949: 10943: 10937: 10931: 10925: 10922: 10913: 10907: 10901: 10896: 10890: 10884: 10878: 10872: 10866: 10860: 10854: 10848: 10842: 10836: 10830: 10824: 10815: 10809: 10803: 10797: 10791: 10785: 10779: 10773: 10767: 10766: 10754: 10744: 10709: 10703: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10693: 10685:Jona Lendering. 10682: 10676: 10671: 10665: 10664: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10637: 10626: 10623: 10604: 10595: 10584: 10575: 10569: 10564: 10558: 10557: 10547: 10538: 10537: 10517: 10511: 10510: 10508: 10507: 10496: 10490: 10485: 10476: 10475: 10471:Hellenic History 10465: 10456: 10451: 10440: 10421: 10396: 10395: 10375: 10325: 10318: 10311: 10297: 10296: 10295: 10263:Cultural history 10248:Military history 10243:Economic history 10189:Turkic migration 10153:One-party period 10129: 10128: 10043: 10042: 9941:County of Edessa 9911:Sultanate of Rum 9873:Empire of Nicaea 9863: 9862: 9677: 9676: 9671:Classical Thrace 9536: 9535: 9373:Achaeans (Homer) 9309: 9308: 9276:c. 11,000– 9263: 9253: 9252: 9231: 9221: 9203: 9202: 9193: 9186: 9179: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9103:History by topic 8974:Byzantine Greece 8953: 8944: 8935: 8933:Classical Greece 8926: 8918:(1100 BC–750 BC) 8917: 8894: 8893: 1750–1050 8891: 8887: 8878: 8877: 3100–1100 8875: 8871: 8862: 8861: 3100–1000 8859: 8855: 8840:Greek Bronze Age 8820:Neolithic Greece 8812: 8802: 8784: 8783: 8647:recorded in the 8542:and the time of 8099:magister equitum 8093:magister peditum 8062:Byzantine Empire 8054:Constantinopolis 8015:(Neo-flavians). 7874:(son of the new 7821:see navbox below 7813:Pontus (Pontica) 7631:Palmyrene Empire 7187:Pontus Galaticus 7114:princeps senatus 7044:Battle of Actium 7036:Alexander Helios 6957:Veni, vidi, vici 6824: 6817: 6810: 6801: 6800: 6781:Amanus Mountains 6715:Taurus mountains 6632:Province of Asia 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6457:model in 68 BC. 6254: 6252: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6219: 6218: 6148:province of Asia 5997: 5995: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5962: 5961: 5937:Manius Aquillius 5908:the Governor of 5859:Province of Asia 5850:Mithridatic Wars 5832:Mithridatic Wars 5710:Province of Asia 5662:Taurus mountains 5650:Treaty of Apamea 5640:(197–159 BC) of 5534:Second Punic War 5480:provincilisation 5437: 5427: 5417: 5407: 5401: 5348:Treaty of Apamea 5165:Mithridatic Wars 5008:Media Atropatene 4928:Armenia 331–1 BC 4882:Darius of Pontus 4865:to the west and 4840:Mithridatic Wars 4809:Treaty of Apamea 4765:. Following the 4732:Cilicia Trachaea 4724:Amanus Mountains 4712:Taurus Mountains 4669:(31 BC) gaining 4667:Battle of Actium 4643:Ariobarzanes III 4520:Treaty of Apamea 4493:Antiochus Hierax 4418:Taurus Mountains 4301:(228 – 182 BC). 4279:Antiochus Hierax 4117:Mithridatic Wars 4042:Mithridatic Wars 3877:Pontus Galaticus 3759:Mithridatic Wars 3735:Mithradatic wars 3675:of Pergamon and 3543:Pontus 291–63 BC 3487:Treaty of Apamea 3467:were granted to 3452:Treaty of Apamea 3361:Taurus Mountains 3284:Ptolemy Keraunos 3274:he crossed into 3201:On the death of 3189:Seleucid dynasty 3130:First Syrian War 2963: 2956: 2949: 2940: 2939: 2810:Other or unknown 2680:Cavalry Generals 2134:(to 323 BC) 2013: 2006: 1999: 1990: 1989: 1769:In June 323 BC, 1760: 1751: 1742: 1732: 1723: 1714: 1705: 1696: 1327:soundly defeated 1325:where they were 1278:Darius the Great 800:Darius the Great 712:Battle of Pteria 635:Darius the Great 530:Darius the Great 356:Turkish invasion 344:in frequent wars 313:Mithridatic Wars 286:Treaty of Apamea 284:. The resulting 244:in the 470s BC. 190: 183: 172: 165: 161: 158: 152: 145:improve the lead 129: 128: 121: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 68: 67: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 12350: 12349: 12345: 12344: 12343: 12341: 12340: 12339: 12325: 12324: 12323: 12318: 12215: 12209: 12179: 12174: 12173: 12171: 12072: 12067: 12037: 12032: 11999: 11966: 11910: 11904: 11860: 11839: 11816:, 9780415436281 11771: 11743: 11702: 11694:. Thracian Ltd. 11677: 11663:Smith W (ed.), 11627:Wayback Machine 11587:1928–36 is now 11581: 11575: 11573:Reference works 11570: 11565: 11554: 11550: 11546:vol. x 853, 858 11542: 11538: 11531: 11527: 11519: 11515: 11507: 11503: 11495: 11491: 11483: 11479: 11471: 11467: 11456: 11452: 11441: 11437: 11430: 11426: 11417: 11415: 11396: 11389: 11384: 11380: 11367: 11363: 11355: 11351: 11343: 11339: 11334: 11325: 11317: 11313: 11305: 11301: 11293: 11289: 11281: 11277: 11269: 11265: 11254: 11250: 11243: 11227: 11223: 11215: 11211: 11203: 11199: 11191: 11187: 11179: 11175: 11169:Wayback Machine 11153: 11149: 11141:Smith W (ed.), 11140: 11136: 11131: 11124: 11116: 11112: 11104: 11100: 11089: 11085: 11081:vol. ix 269–270 11077: 11073: 11069:vol. ix 266–269 11065: 11061: 11053: 11049: 11041: 11037: 11033:vol. ix 240–243 11029: 11025: 11021:vol. ix 233–240 11017: 11013: 11009:vol. ix 229–233 11005: 11001: 10993: 10989: 10981: 10977: 10969: 10965: 10956: 10952: 10944: 10940: 10932: 10928: 10923: 10916: 10908: 10904: 10897: 10893: 10885: 10881: 10873: 10869: 10861: 10857: 10849: 10845: 10837: 10833: 10825: 10818: 10810: 10806: 10798: 10794: 10786: 10782: 10774: 10770: 10763: 10745: 10712: 10704: 10700: 10691: 10689: 10683: 10679: 10672: 10668: 10655: 10651: 10638: 10629: 10625:Freeman (1999). 10624: 10607: 10596: 10587: 10576: 10572: 10565: 10561: 10548: 10541: 10534: 10518: 10514: 10505: 10503: 10498: 10497: 10493: 10486: 10479: 10466: 10459: 10452: 10443: 10422: 10399: 10392: 10376: 10369: 10365: 10329: 10293: 10291: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10268:Genetic history 10183: 10175: 10174: 10158: 10127: 10117: 10107: 10106: 10041: 10031: 10021: 10020: 9861: 9851: 9841: 9840: 9831:Sasanian Empire 9791:Armenian Empire 9781:Parthian Empire 9761:Attalid kingdom 9721:Seleucid Empire 9675: 9660: 9650: 9649: 9533: 9523: 9522: 9333:Akkadian Empire 9306: 9296: 9295: 9289: 9288:c. 8,000– 9277: 9265: 9251: 9241: 9219: 9212: 9197: 9161: 9159: 9154: 9153: 9104: 9096: 9095: 9067:Axis occupation 9052:National Schism 9027: 9017: 9016: 9008: 9002: 8995: 8985: 8984: 8976: 8969: 8967:Medieval Greece 8959: 8958: 8954:(146 BC–330 AD) 8947: 8938: 8936:(500 BC–323 BC) 8929: 8927:(800 BC–480 BC) 8920: 8915:Greek Dark Ages 8910: 8900: 8899: 8892: 8881: 8876: 8865: 8860: 8849: 8842: 8832: 8831: 8822: 8800: 8793: 8782: 8687:letters of Paul 8663: 8657: 8655:The 1st century 8629: 8615: 8552:Seleucid Empire 8540:Book of Genesis 8532: 8526: 8514: 8327: 8321: 8313:Valentinian III 8242: 8236: 8148: 8021: 7995: 7989: 7972: 7970:Diarchy 313–324 7921: 7915: 7840: 7754: 7687: 7679:Main articles: 7677: 7672: 7664:Main articles: 7662: 7615: 7525: 7523:Gothic invasion 7491:The capture of 7470: 7422: 7416: 7408:Sasanian Empire 7404:Parthian Empire 7384:Severan dynasty 7356: 7354:Severan dynasty 7348:Main articles: 7346: 7338:Antonine Plague 7330:Marcus Aurelius 7302:Nerva-Antonines 7286: 7280: 7256:Flavian dynasty 7240: 7238:Flavian dynasty 7232:Main articles: 7230: 7218:and again in 58 7146: 7140: 7085: 7079: 7074: 7058:Main articles: 7056: 6942:, then part of 6889: 6884: 6879: 6831: 6828: 6759: 6739: 6675: 6603:: Client states 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6573:(31 BC – 6 AD) 6571:Augustus Caesar 6563: 6561:Roman provinces 6557: 6491:Battle of Lycus 6450:Acilius Glabrio 6428:The failure of 6333: 6328: 6255: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6216: 6210: 6132: 6126: 6051: 6046: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5951: 5945: 5865:111–104 BC and 5852: 5846: 5740: 5731:Mithridatic War 5598:Aetolian League 5594: 5550:Aetolian League 5522: 5520:Macedonian wars 5514:Main articles: 5512: 5495: 5472:Macedonian Wars 5433: 5430:Marcus Aurelius 5423: 5413: 5403: 5397: 5390: 5384: 5379: 5377:Roman Provinces 5369: 5361:Peræa Rhodiorum 5340: 5334: 5294: 5266:Seleucid empire 5258: 5252: 5221: 5213:Main articles: 5211: 5179:. By acquiring 5091:Seleucid Empire 5047:Orontid dynasty 4946: 4936: 4930: 4846:and their ally 4824:Seleucid Empire 4792:and brother of 4783:Battle of Ipsus 4767:Battle of Ipsus 4751:Persian satrapy 4697: 4691: 4635:Ariobarzanes II 4614:(95-c. 63 BC). 4607:Ariarathes VIII 4566:to his family. 4450:Persian satrapy 4411: 4403:Main articles: 4401: 4332:, and parts of 4314:Peace of Apamea 4275:Macedonian Wars 4257:the plundering 4197: 4195:Attalid dynasty 4191: 4060: 4052:Main articles: 4050: 3933: 3927: 3919:Main articles: 3917: 3849: 3794:Ariarathes VIII 3761: 3755: 3656:in marriage to 3555: 3547:Main articles: 3545: 3540: 3191: 3185:Seleucid Empire 3183:Main articles: 3181: 3118:Battle of Ipsus 3106: 3098:Main articles: 3096: 3075: 3067:Main articles: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3052: 2972: 2967: 2937: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2920: 2913: 2811: 2805: 2757: 2674: 2442: 2438: 2429: 2168: 2164: 2155: 2069: 2059: 2026: 2025: 2017: 1965:Battle of Ipsus 1869: 1832: 1807: 1804: 1765: 1758: 1756: 1749: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1730: 1728: 1721: 1719: 1712: 1710: 1703: 1701: 1699:Ptolemy I Soter 1694: 1678: 1672: 1664:Main articles: 1662: 1614: 1609: 1601:Main articles: 1599: 1564: 1562:Battle of Issus 1547:Battle of Issus 1487: 1434: 1428: 1397: 1389:Main articles: 1352:pontoon bridges 1340: 1287: 1250: 1244: 1170:which included 1147: 1132: 1109: 1104: 1088: 1086:Greater Phrygia 989: 984: 982:Other satrapies 826: 824:Ionia (satrapy) 814:Main articles: 812: 779:head mosaic in 708:Cyrus The Great 665: 663:Lydia (satrapy) 657:Main articles: 655: 506:Cyrus the Great 498: 480: 460:Assyrian Empire 409:Assyrian Empire 401:Iranian Plateau 370: 364: 362:Early antiquity 352:Muslim invasion 298:Parthian Empire 270:Seleucid Empire 191: 180: 179: 178: 173: 162: 156: 153: 142: 130: 126: 115: 104: 98: 95: 88: 69: 65: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12348: 12338: 12337: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12220: 12217: 12216: 12208: 12207: 12200: 12193: 12185: 12176: 12175: 12078: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12066: 12065: 12058: 12051: 12043: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12009: 12007: 12001: 12000: 11998: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11976: 11974: 11968: 11967: 11965: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11918: 11916: 11912: 11911: 11903: 11902: 11895: 11888: 11880: 11874: 11873: 11859: 11858:External links 11856: 11855: 11854: 11847: 11838: 11835: 11834: 11833: 11817: 11803:Amélie Kuhrt. 11800: 11795: 11770: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11758: 11751: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11737: 11728: 11721: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11696: 11687: 11676: 11673: 11672: 11671: 11661: 11642: 11635: 11630: 11613: 11597: 11592: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11563: 11548: 11536: 11525: 11513: 11501: 11489: 11477: 11465: 11450: 11435: 11424: 11387: 11378: 11361: 11349: 11347:vol. xii 90–92 11337: 11323: 11321:vol. xii 87–88 11311: 11309:vol. xii 81–83 11299: 11287: 11275: 11273:vol. xii 54–55 11263: 11248: 11241: 11221: 11219:vol. xii 42–46 11209: 11197: 11185: 11173: 11147: 11134: 11122: 11110: 11098: 11083: 11071: 11059: 11047: 11035: 11023: 11011: 10999: 10987: 10975: 10963: 10957:H H Scullard, 10950: 10938: 10926: 10914: 10902: 10891: 10879: 10867: 10855: 10843: 10831: 10816: 10804: 10792: 10780: 10768: 10761: 10710: 10698: 10677: 10666: 10649: 10627: 10605: 10585: 10570: 10559: 10539: 10532: 10512: 10491: 10477: 10457: 10441: 10397: 10390: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10327: 10320: 10313: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10288: 10287: 10281: 10280: 10276: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10185: 10184: 10181: 10180: 10177: 10176: 10171: 10170: 10169:(1945–present) 10167: 10161: 10160: 10155: 10149: 10148: 10145: 10139: 10138: 10135: 10126: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10103: 10102: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10089: 10083: 10082: 10079: 10073: 10072: 10069: 10067:Transformation 10063: 10062: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10049: 10040: 10039: 10033: 10032: 10027: 10026: 10023: 10022: 10017: 10016: 10013: 10007: 10006: 10003: 9997: 9996: 9993: 9987: 9986: 9983: 9977: 9976: 9973: 9967: 9966: 9963: 9957: 9956: 9953: 9947: 9946: 9943: 9937: 9936: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9903: 9897: 9896: 9893: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9877: 9876: 9869: 9860: 9859: 9853: 9852: 9847: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9837: 9836: 9833: 9827: 9826: 9823: 9817: 9816: 9813: 9807: 9806: 9803: 9801:Roman Republic 9797: 9796: 9793: 9787: 9786: 9783: 9777: 9776: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9763: 9757: 9756: 9753: 9747: 9746: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9723: 9717: 9716: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9703: 9697: 9696: 9693: 9687: 9686: 9683: 9674: 9673: 9668: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9645: 9642: 9636: 9635: 9632: 9626: 9625: 9624:859–595/585 BC 9622: 9616: 9615: 9612: 9606: 9605: 9602: 9596: 9595: 9592: 9586: 9585: 9582: 9576: 9575: 9572: 9566: 9565: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9552: 9546: 9545: 9542: 9534: 9529: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9519: 9518: 9517:859–595/585 BC 9515: 9509: 9508: 9505: 9499: 9498: 9495: 9489: 9488: 9485: 9479: 9478: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9455: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9439: 9438: 9435: 9429: 9428: 9425: 9419: 9418: 9415: 9409: 9408: 9405: 9399: 9398: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9385: 9379: 9378: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9365: 9359: 9358: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9335: 9329: 9328: 9325: 9319: 9318: 9315: 9307: 9302: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9292: 9291: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9264:500,000– 9259: 9250: 9249: 9243: 9242: 9237: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9224: 9223: 9214: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9195: 9188: 9181: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9156: 9155: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9086:Military Junta 9083: 9078: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9028: 9023: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9012:Ottoman Greece 9009: 9003: 9000:Venetian Crete 8996: 8991: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8977: 8970: 8965: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8957: 8956: 8948: 8945:(323 BC–31 BC) 8939: 8930: 8924:Archaic Greece 8921: 8911: 8908:Ancient Greece 8906: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8882: 8866: 8850: 8843: 8838: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8823: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8805: 8804: 8795: 8794: 8787: 8781: 8778: 8710:refers to the 8659:Main article: 8656: 8653: 8614: 8611: 8525: 8522: 8513: 8510: 8481:, Asthianene, 8463:Lesser Armenia 8386:Valentinian II 8323:Main article: 8320: 8317: 8238:Main article: 8235: 8232: 8158:(337–361) and 8156:Constantius II 8152:Constantine II 8147: 8144: 8140:Constantius II 8114:Lesser Armenia 8020: 8017: 7991:Main article: 7988: 7985: 7971: 7968: 7917:Main article: 7914: 7911: 7870:Maximian) and 7839: 7836: 7753: 7750: 7676: 7673: 7661: 7658: 7621:, to form the 7614: 7611: 7524: 7521: 7469: 7466: 7462:late antiquity 7446:hyperinflation 7418:Main article: 7415: 7412: 7345: 7342: 7282:Main article: 7279: 7276: 7229: 7226: 7142:Main article: 7139: 7136: 7081:Main article: 7078: 7075: 7055: 7052: 6940:Lesser Armenia 6888: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6804: 6681:were ruled by 6609:Roman Republic 6556: 6553: 6546:as divided by 6499:client kingdom 6479:Gaius Manilius 6467:Aulus Gabinius 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6245: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6222: 6212:Main article: 6209: 6206: 6152:Ariobarzanes I 6146:to govern the 6128:Main article: 6125: 6122: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6017:Mount Scorobas 6014: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5988: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5965: 5947:Main article: 5944: 5941: 5894:Ariarathes VII 5848:Main article: 5845: 5842: 5828:Mithridates VI 5739: 5736: 5593: 5590: 5511: 5508: 5494: 5491: 5452:Roman Republic 5388:Roman Republic 5386:Main article: 5383: 5380: 5368: 5365: 5342:The island of 5336:Main article: 5333: 5330: 5293: 5290: 5278:Roman province 5254:Main article: 5251: 5248: 5210: 5209:Minor kingdoms 5207: 5173:Mithridates VI 5142:Lesser Armenia 5057:following the 4932:Main article: 4929: 4926: 4807:Following the 4736:Cilicia Pedias 4716:Cilician Gates 4693:Main article: 4690: 4687: 4679:Roman Province 4647:Lesser Armenia 4612:Ariobarzanes I 4599:Ariarathes VII 4591:Mithridates VI 4510:, daughter of 4489:Ariarathes III 4400: 4397: 4381:Roman province 4375:to Rome after 4304:Attalus' son, 4190: 4187: 4179:Roman province 4168:Roman Republic 4164:Lesser Armenia 4049: 4046: 3968:Mysian Olympus 3940:Sea of Marmara 3916: 3913: 3848: 3845: 3802:Ariobarzanes I 3790:Ariarathes VII 3757:Main article: 3754: 3751: 3731:Mithridates VI 3701:Mithridates IV 3634:Mithridates II 3632:His grandson, 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3532:Roman Province 3369:Mithridates II 3344:, daughter of 3180: 3177: 3095: 3092: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3056: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2966: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2815: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2767: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2658: 2644: 2630: 2620: 2610: 2600: 2590: 2580: 2573: 2563: 2553: 2543: 2529: 2519: 2509: 2499: 2481: 2471: 2461: 2446: 2444: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2420: 2413: 2399: 2385: 2375: 2369: 2359: 2349: 2339: 2329: 2322: 2312: 2302: 2292: 2282: 2268: 2258: 2248: 2234: 2224: 2214: 2204: 2194: 2187: 2172: 2170: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2074: 2072: 2067:Somatophylakes 2061: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2036: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2016: 2015: 2008: 2001: 1993: 1800:Main article: 1763:Greek colonies 1757: 1754:Roman Republic 1748: 1739: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1661: 1658: 1613: 1610: 1598: 1595: 1560:Main article: 1539:Cilician Gates 1519:Sea of Marmara 1483:Main article: 1446:Artaxerxes III 1427: 1424: 1336:Main article: 1331:Dio Chrysostom 1283:Main article: 1246:Main article: 1243: 1240: 1168:Persian Empire 1146: 1143: 1131: 1128: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1087: 1084: 1009:Pharnabazus II 988: 985: 983: 980: 974:(499–449 BC). 968:Battle of Lade 811: 808: 654: 651: 494:Main article: 479: 476: 445: 444: 366:Main article: 363: 360: 325:eastern empire 321:Constantinople 193: 192: 175: 174: 134:The article's 133: 131: 124: 117: 116: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12347: 12336: 12333: 12332: 12330: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12218: 12214: 12206: 12201: 12199: 12194: 12192: 12187: 12186: 12183: 12075: 12071: 12064: 12059: 12057: 12052: 12050: 12045: 12044: 12041: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12010: 12008: 12006: 12002: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11973: 11969: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11919: 11917: 11913: 11908: 11901: 11896: 11894: 11889: 11887: 11882: 11881: 11878: 11871: 11866: 11862: 11861: 11852: 11848: 11845: 11841: 11840: 11832: 11831:9781841763583 11828: 11824: 11823: 11818: 11815: 11814:0-415-43628-1 11811: 11807: 11806: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11781: 11780: 11776: 11775:Pierre Briant 11773: 11772: 11763: 11759: 11756: 11752: 11749: 11745: 11744: 11736: 11734: 11729: 11726: 11722: 11719: 11718:0-19-872194-3 11715: 11711: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11693: 11688: 11686: 11684: 11679: 11678: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11659: 11655: 11651: 11647: 11643: 11640: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11628: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11614: 11612: 11611:9781410217264 11608: 11605: 11603: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11590: 11586: 11580: 11577: 11576: 11559: 11552: 11545: 11540: 11534: 11529: 11522: 11517: 11510: 11505: 11498: 11493: 11486: 11481: 11474: 11469: 11463: 11459: 11454: 11448: 11444: 11439: 11433: 11428: 11414:on 2018-04-19 11413: 11409: 11408: 11405: 11400: 11399:Ramsay, W. M. 11394: 11392: 11382: 11374: 11373: 11365: 11358: 11353: 11346: 11341: 11332: 11330: 11328: 11320: 11315: 11308: 11303: 11296: 11291: 11284: 11279: 11272: 11267: 11259: 11252: 11244: 11242:9780300060621 11238: 11234: 11233: 11225: 11218: 11213: 11206: 11201: 11194: 11189: 11182: 11177: 11170: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11157: 11151: 11144: 11138: 11129: 11127: 11119: 11114: 11108:vol. ix 265–6 11107: 11102: 11094: 11087: 11080: 11075: 11068: 11063: 11056: 11051: 11044: 11039: 11032: 11027: 11020: 11015: 11008: 11003: 10997:vol. ix 161–2 10996: 10991: 10985:vol. ix 156–8 10984: 10979: 10973:vol. ix 143–9 10972: 10967: 10960: 10954: 10948:vol. ix 142–3 10947: 10942: 10936:vol. ix 140–2 10935: 10930: 10921: 10919: 10911: 10906: 10900: 10895: 10889:vol. viii 362 10888: 10883: 10876: 10871: 10864: 10859: 10852: 10847: 10840: 10835: 10829:vol. viii 335 10828: 10823: 10821: 10813: 10808: 10801: 10796: 10789: 10784: 10777: 10772: 10764: 10758: 10753: 10752: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10707: 10702: 10688: 10681: 10675: 10670: 10662: 10661: 10653: 10645: 10644: 10636: 10634: 10632: 10622: 10620: 10618: 10616: 10614: 10612: 10610: 10603: 10601: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10583: 10581: 10574: 10568: 10563: 10555: 10554: 10546: 10544: 10535: 10533:9780521762076 10529: 10525: 10524: 10516: 10501: 10495: 10489: 10484: 10482: 10473: 10472: 10464: 10462: 10455: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10430:Pierre Briant 10427: 10426: 10420: 10418: 10416: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10402: 10393: 10391:9781841763583 10387: 10383: 10382: 10374: 10372: 10367: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10334: 10326: 10321: 10319: 10314: 10312: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10303: 10300: 10290: 10289: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10223: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10201:Turkification 10199: 10195: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10187: 10186: 10179: 10178: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10150: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10130: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10116: 10111: 10110: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10094: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10074: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10064: 10060: 10058: 10057:Classical Age 10055: 10054: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10038: 10035: 10034: 10030: 10025: 10024: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9988: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9968: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9928: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9908: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9888: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9850: 9845: 9844: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9795:190 BC–428 AD 9794: 9792: 9789: 9788: 9785:247 BC–224 AD 9784: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9748: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9738: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9718: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9663: 9659: 9658:Classical Age 9654: 9653: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9633: 9631: 9630:Median Empire 9628: 9627: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9617: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9597: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9557: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9526: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9500: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9299: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9254: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9240: 9235: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9225: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9204: 9194: 9189: 9187: 9182: 9180: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9171: 9168: 9158: 9157: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9026: 9025:Modern Greece 9021: 9020: 9013: 9010: 9007: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8994: 8989: 8988: 8981: 8978: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8963: 8962: 8952: 8949: 8943: 8940: 8934: 8931: 8925: 8922: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8909: 8904: 8903: 8886: 8883: 8870: 8867: 8854: 8851: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8841: 8836: 8835: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8821: 8816: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8806: 8803: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8785: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8766: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8743: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8662: 8652: 8650: 8649:New Testament 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8610: 8608: 8604: 8599: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8567: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8548:Antiochus III 8545: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8521: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8451: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8420: 8416: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8355: 8347: 8339: 8331: 8326: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8301: 8299: 8294: 8292: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8250:Valentinian I 8247: 8241: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8199:Constantine I 8196: 8191: 8189: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8128:Constantine I 8124: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8106: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8076: 8074: 8070: 8065: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8035: 8031: 8029: 8025: 8024:Constantine I 8016: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8005:Constantine I 8001: 7994: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7967: 7966:by Licinius. 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7891: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7842:In 305, both 7835: 7833: 7829: 7828:Tiridates III 7824: 7822: 7818: 7817:East (Oriens) 7814: 7810: 7809:Asia (Asiana) 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7788: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7691: 7686: 7682: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7642: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7623:Gallic Empire 7620: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7529: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7476:were now the 7475: 7465: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7426: 7421: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7322: 7320: 7316: 7315:Parthamasiris 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7290: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7244: 7239: 7235: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7051: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6966: 6965:assassination 6961: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6897:Julius Caesar 6894: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6825: 6820: 6818: 6813: 6811: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6764: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6727: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6456: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6426: 6424: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6253: 6243: 6238: 6236: 6231: 6229: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6215: 6205: 6199: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6121: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5996: 5986: 5981: 5979: 5974: 5972: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5955: 5950: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5824:Mithridates V 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5762:Ariarathes IV 5759: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5610:Antiochus III 5607: 5603: 5599: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5490: 5488: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5476:client states 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5389: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5206: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5156:to the east. 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5034:in the lower 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4989:Mediterranean 4986: 4982: 4978: 4972:95–66 BC 4971: 4966: 4958: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4918:Tarcondimotus 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4820:Antiochus VII 4816: 4814: 4813:Antiochus III 4810: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4603:Ariarathes IX 4600: 4596: 4595:Nicomedes III 4592: 4588: 4584: 4583:Mithridates V 4581:. His uncle, 4580: 4576: 4575:Ariarathes VI 4572: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4504:Ariarathes IV 4500: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4392: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4297:, under King 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4026:Nicomedes III 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3798:Ariarathes IX 3795: 3791: 3787: 3786:Ariarathes VI 3783: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3708:Mithridates V 3704: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3677:Ariarathes IV 3674: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3658:Antiochus III 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3606:Mithridates I 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3173:Cleopatra VII 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3070: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2929: 2925: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575:Amphimachus ( 2574: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1980:Mithridates I 1977: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1764: 1755: 1746: 1736: 1727: 1718: 1709: 1700: 1690: 1682: 1677: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1608: 1604: 1594: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1543:Gulf of Issus 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1497:Advancing on 1491: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1438: 1433: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1401:Delian League 1396: 1392: 1391:Delian League 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1276:and later by 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:Ionian Revolt 1254: 1249: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204:Halicarnassus 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1156: 1151: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 979: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 906:According to 904: 902: 901:Halicarnassus 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 861: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 830: 825: 821: 820:Ionian Revolt 817: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 782: 778: 774: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 678: 674: 669: 664: 660: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 631: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 513: 511: 507: 503: 502:Median Empire 497: 489: 484: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 456: 454: 450: 442: 441: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389:Lydian Empire 386: 382: 374: 369: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 266: 264: 260: 256: 252: 247: 243: 242:Delian League 239: 235: 231: 227: 224:in the west, 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 199: 189: 186: 171: 168: 160: 150: 147:and read the 146: 140: 137: 132: 123: 122: 113: 110: 102: 92: 87: 83: 79: 78: 71: 62: 61: 56: 54: 47: 46: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 11984: 11850: 11843: 11821: 11804: 11791: 11778: 11764:. Macmillan. 11761: 11754: 11750:. E. Arnold. 11747: 11732: 11724: 11709: 11682: 11645: 11638: 11617: 11601: 11582: 11557: 11551: 11543: 11539: 11528: 11520: 11516: 11508: 11504: 11496: 11492: 11484: 11480: 11472: 11468: 11453: 11438: 11427: 11416:. Retrieved 11412:the original 11407: 11403: 11381: 11371: 11364: 11356: 11352: 11344: 11340: 11318: 11314: 11306: 11302: 11294: 11290: 11282: 11278: 11270: 11266: 11257: 11251: 11231: 11224: 11216: 11212: 11204: 11200: 11192: 11188: 11176: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11137: 11117: 11113: 11105: 11101: 11092: 11086: 11078: 11074: 11066: 11062: 11054: 11050: 11042: 11038: 11030: 11026: 11018: 11014: 11006: 11002: 10994: 10990: 10982: 10978: 10970: 10966: 10958: 10953: 10945: 10941: 10933: 10929: 10909: 10905: 10894: 10886: 10882: 10874: 10870: 10862: 10858: 10850: 10846: 10838: 10834: 10826: 10811: 10807: 10799: 10795: 10787: 10783: 10775: 10771: 10750: 10705: 10701: 10690:. Retrieved 10680: 10669: 10663:. E. Arnold. 10659: 10652: 10642: 10599: 10579: 10573: 10562: 10556:. Macmillan. 10552: 10522: 10515: 10504:. Retrieved 10494: 10470: 10424: 10380: 10273:LGBT history 10231:Christianity 10001:Kara Koyunlu 9971:Latin Empire 9849:Medieval Age 9821:Ancient Rome 9815:163 BC–72 AD 9665: 9550:Neo-Hittites 9463:Neo-Hittites 9447:1300–1250 BC 9427:1500–1290 BC 9417:1500–1300 BC 9407:1500–1320 BC 9397:1680–1220 BC 9387:1650–1450 BC 9377:1700–1300 BC 9367:1780–1680 BC 9357:1950–1750 BC 9347:2300–1400 BC 9337:2400–2150 BC 9327:2500–2000 BC 9129:Constitution 8951:Roman Greece 8767: 8744: 8736:Philadelphia 8664: 8630: 8613:Christianity 8600: 8568: 8533: 8518:Roman Empire 8515: 8506:Julius Nepos 8487: 8452: 8425: 8411:in 384 over 8402: 8379: 8370: 8366: 8360: 8309:Theodosius I 8302: 8295: 8274: 8243: 8192: 8174: 8172: 8149: 8118: 8103: 8097: 8091: 8083: 8077: 8066: 8057: 8049: 8043: 8027: 8022: 7996: 7973: 7947: 7943: 7941: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7892: 7887: 7867: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7841: 7825: 7820: 7804: 7789: 7770: 7765: 7761: 7755: 7735: 7729: 7715: 7696: 7643: 7616: 7534: 7490: 7471: 7442:third crisis 7431: 7388: 7371: 7357: 7323: 7295: 7249: 7211: 7206: 7190: 7186: 7147: 7132:Augustan age 7121: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7091:The Gate of 7064:Roman Empire 7060:Ancient Rome 7048: 7033: 6986: 6980: 6962: 6955: 6921: 6890: 6785: 6767: 6760: 6740: 6723: 6719:new province 6709:. In 25 BC, 6676: 6644:Nicomedes IV 6625: 6621: 6606: 6599: 6593: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6515: 6487: 6459: 6427: 6419: 6411:Tigranocerta 6398: 6361: 6334: 6294:Tigranocerta 6204: 6156: 6133: 6118: 6100:and then by 6095: 6085:(86 BC) and 6068: 6060: 6052: 6012:Protopachium 6007:River Amnias 5933:Nicomedes IV 5918: 5898:Gaius Marius 5875: 5867:Cimbric Wars 5853: 5836: 5834:(88–63 BC). 5806: 5756: 5741: 5714:Roman consul 5670: 5595: 5580:army in the 5542:Carthaginian 5531: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5445: 5434: 5424: 5414: 5404: 5398: 5373:Ancient Rome 5367:Roman period 5341: 5295: 5259: 5222: 5158: 5150:Artavasdes I 5115: 5087:Yervandashat 5044: 5001: 4975: 4920:in northern 4898: 4879: 4856: 4832:Antiochus IX 4817: 4806: 4786:Pleistarchus 4744: 4740:Limonlu Çayı 4735: 4731: 4698: 4683:Artaxias III 4655:Mark Anthony 4651:Ariarathes X 4619:protectorate 4616: 4568: 4536:Ariarathes V 4501: 4473:Ariarthes II 4457:Ariarathes I 4454: 4412: 4373:client state 4350: 4342:Philadelphia 4303: 4220: 4198: 4185:(36–25 BC). 4176: 4140:Tolistobogii 4129: 4109:Galatian War 4078: 4066: 4038:Nicomedes IV 4018:Nicomedes II 4000: 3972: 3934: 3899:by marrying 3869:Mark Anthony 3857:Pharnaces II 3850: 3814: 3762: 3728: 3705: 3666: 3644:, sister of 3631: 3603: 3564: 3504: 3400: 3354: 3334:Antiochus II 3331: 3300: 3237:, Satrap of 3200: 3175:(51–30 BC). 3158: 3107: 3076: 2921: 2066: 1984: 1978:which under 1972:Pleistarchus 1969: 1934: 1919: 1903:Triparadisus 1879: 1805: 1783:Alexander IV 1768: 1646: 1631: 1588: 1568:Mount Amanus 1566:On reaching 1565: 1496: 1443: 1413: 1398: 1341: 1296: 1259: 1161: 1160: 1133: 1110: 1089: 1038:(modern day 1018: 976: 926:, satrap of 918:, tyrant of 905: 862: 835: 785: 728: 681: 632: 629: 595:. Note that 574: 548: 544: 538: 514: 499: 478:Persian rule 457: 446: 379: 333: 306: 267: 205: 204: 181: 163: 154: 143:Please help 138: 136:lead section 105: 96: 89:Please help 85: 74: 50: 43: 37: 36:Please help 33: 12294:Paphlagonia 11741:Hellenistic 11359:vol. xii 98 11297:vol. xii 76 11285:vol. xii 58 11207:vol. xii 28 11120:vol. ix 438 11057:vol. ix 260 10912:vol. ix 269 10877:vol. ix 266 10865:vol. ix 135 10853:vol. ix 263 10841:vol. ix 259 10194:Oghuz Turks 10159:(1930–1945) 10157:(1923–1930) 10147:(1920–1923) 10137:(1919–1922) 10101:(1908–1922) 10091:(1789–1908) 10081:(1703–1789) 10071:(1566–1703) 10061:(1453–1566) 10051:(1299–1453) 10029:Ottoman Era 10015:(1378–1501) 10005:(1375–1468) 9995:(1256–1335) 9985:(1250–1487) 9975:(1204–1261) 9965:(1204–1461) 9955:(1101–1409) 9945:(1098–1150) 9935:(1081–1423) 9925:(1078–1375) 9915:(1077–1307) 9905:(1071–1178) 9901:Danishmends 9895:(1037–1194) 9614:1000–545 BC 9604:1000–700 BC 9594:1000–560 BC 9584:1100–560 BC 9574:1150–547 BC 9564:1200–700 BC 9554:1200–800 BC 9544:1200–800 BC 9507:1000–545 BC 9497:1000–700 BC 9487:1150–547 BC 9477:1200–700 BC 9467:1200–800 BC 9457:1200–800 BC 9437:1450–350 BC 9423:Hayasa-Azzi 9317:3000–700 BC 9218:History of 9109:Agriculture 9075:Free Greece 8799:History of 8749:as well as 8508:(474–475). 8502:Middle Ages 8315:(425–455). 8224:Cassius Dio 8154:(337–340), 8102:as well as 7872:Constantine 7758:Constantius 7482:Gordian III 7386:(193–235). 7372:High Empire 7197:, from the 7017:Mark Antony 6988:Liberatores 6909:Mesopotamia 6903:. In 53 BC 6636:Eumenes III 6588:Light green 6503:Mithridates 6475:Lex Manilia 6442:Marcius Rex 6434:Mithridates 5888:. Next was 5878:Paphlagonia 5820:Pharnaces I 5812:Mithridates 5780:. His son, 5729:before the 5706:Eumenes III 5702:Attalus III 5682:Pharnaces I 5626:Thermopylae 5466:arose from 5448:Pyrrhic War 5161:Tigranes II 5075:Orontes III 5067:Neoptolemus 4997:Caspian Sea 4890:Pythodorida 4802:Antigonus I 4800:the son of 4788:the son of 4779:Syrian Wars 4675:Pythodorida 4556:Eumenes III 4534:. His son, 4446:Paphlagonia 4361:Eumenes III 4353:Attalus III 4271:Macedonians 4222:Philetaerus 4172:Attalus III 4022:Eumenes III 4010:Pharnaces I 3987:Nicomedes I 3960:Paphlagonia 3889:Pythodorida 3765:Paphlagonia 3712:Eumenes III 3669:Pharnaces I 3654:Laodice III 3646:Seleucus II 3622:Paphlagonia 3575:Paphlagonia 3307:Syrian Wars 3303:Antiochus I 3122:Syrian Wars 2823:Amphimachus 2786:Polyperchon 2738:Neoptolemus 2693:Hephaestion 2577:Mesopotamia 2540:Paphlagonia 2422:Scythaeus ( 2326:Mesopotamia 2324:Arcesilas ( 2305:Neoptolemus 2279:Paphlagonia 2152:(to 323 BC) 2146:(to 323 BC) 2140:(to 323 BC) 2128:(to 330 BC) 2122:(to 324 BC) 2120:Hephaestion 2116:(to 323 BC) 2110:(to 333 BC) 2104:(to 323 BC) 2098:(to 331 BC) 2092:(to 333 BC) 2086:(to 332 BC) 2080:(to 323 BC) 1922:Polyperchon 1876:Neoptolemus 1855:Paphlagonia 1576:Macedonians 1549:(333 BC). 1315:Artaphernes 1311:Artaphernes 1155:Aphrodisias 1072:Demosthenes 924:Artaphernes 922:approached 916:Aristagoras 625:Paphlagonia 472:Neo-Hittite 433:Halys River 397:Caspian Sea 278:Thermopylae 93:if you can. 12234:Cappadocia 11641:. Penguin. 11523:vol. x 858 11511:vol. x 857 11499:vol. x 855 11487:vol. x 853 11475:vol. x 851 11458:Asia Minor 11418:2012-03-30 10692:2007-10-16 10506:2007-10-16 10363:References 10077:Old Regime 10011:Ak Koyunlu 9981:Karamanids 9765:282–129 BC 9715:306–168 BC 9711:Antigonids 9705:322–130 BC 9695:334–301 BC 9685:559–331 BC 9644:685–547 BC 9634:678–549 BC 9383:Kizzuwatna 9304:Bronze Age 9239:Prehistory 8827:Pelasgians 8708:Revelation 8603:Common Era 8432:Alexandria 8286:Barbarians 8132:Constans I 8110:Cappadocia 7854:, and new 7699:Diocletian 7681:Diocletian 7654:Diocletian 7609:(276–82). 7438:Principate 7195:Polemonium 7183:Polemon II 7159:Cappadocia 7128:Principate 7083:Principate 6967:in 44 BC. 6855:Cappadocia 6791:Pamphylian 6751:See also: 6733:Cappadocia 6731:See also: 6726:Polemon II 6707:Cappadocia 6683:Brogitarus 6663:See also: 6651:in 64 BC. 6594:Pale green 6585:31–19 BC, 6582:Dark green 6559:See also: 6455:praetorian 6341:propraetor 6188:pro-Consul 6087:Orchomenus 6042:Orchomenus 5890:Cappadocia 5804:in 17 BC. 5790:Prusias II 5786:Attalus II 5758:Cappadocia 5748:Cappadocia 5638:Eumenes II 5554:Macedonian 5516:Punic wars 5468:Macedonian 5456:Punic Wars 5440:Diocletian 5402:: 133 BC; 5306:Ptolemaeus 5302:Antiochian 5240:Cappadocia 5138:Artaxias I 5111:Orontes IV 5063:Orontes II 5030:as far as 5028:Lake Sevan 5012:Azerbaijan 4902:Zenophanes 4894:Polemon II 4763:Philoxenus 4552:Prusias II 4548:Attalus II 4544:Orophernes 4528:Eumenes II 4524:Stratonice 4438:Lake Tatta 4414:Cappadocia 4405:Cappadocia 4387:(Asiana). 4365:Cappadocia 4306:Eumenes II 4291:Seleucus's 4144:Tectosages 4121:Pamphylian 4105:Dying Gaul 4088:Cappadocia 4069:Dying Gaul 4034:Cappadocia 4002:Prusias II 3979:Lysimachus 3975:Zipoetes I 3897:Cappadocia 3893:Polemon II 3828:second war 3777:Cappadocia 3771:with King 3693:Laodice IV 3681:Cappadocia 3673:Eumenes II 3583:Cappadocia 3534:in 64 BC. 3423:Cappadocia 3396:Cappadocia 3311:Cappadocia 3280:Lysimachia 3251:Lysimachus 3205:in 323 BC 3080:Agathocles 3069:Lysimachus 2909:Tlepolemus 2888:Philoxenus 2718:Lysimachus 2593:Tlepolemus 2536:Cappadocia 2522:Philoxenus 2474:Arrhidaeus 2464:Lysimachus 2374:(Pelasgia) 2342:Tlepolemus 2275:Cappadocia 2197:Lysimachus 2102:Lysimachus 2078:Aristonous 1949:Lysimachus 1915:Arrhidaeus 1890:Cappadocia 1851:Cappadocia 1787:Arrhidaeus 1717:Lysimachus 1535:Cappadocia 1478:Hellespont 1454:Darius III 1384:Hellespont 1232:Hecatomnus 1188:Hecatomnus 1052:Mitrobates 1044:Hellespont 999:Dynast of 997:Achaemenid 704:Cappadocia 692:Cappadocia 639:Royal Road 593:Cappadocia 579:, Greater 558:Cappadocia 526:Achaemenid 453:gold coins 421:Cimmerians 309:Roman rule 39:improve it 12289:Pamphylia 12028:Igbo-Ukwu 11957:Britannia 11909:by region 11656:(review: 9991:Ilkhanate 9885:(637–656) 9811:Commagene 9805:133–27 BC 9775:281–64 BC 9755:297–74 BC 9745:302–64 BC 9735:305–30 BC 9725:305–64 BC 9266:10,000 BC 9139:Ethnonyms 9081:Civil War 8695:Ephesians 8691:Galatians 8675:Jerusalem 8633:Palestine 8587:Jerusalem 8556:Babylonia 8483:Sophanene 8467:satrapies 8459:Euphrates 8409:Sassenids 8262:Procopius 8164:Dalmatius 8136:Dalmatius 8050:Nova Roma 8046:Byzantium 8000:Mithraism 7960:Tzirallum 7956:Byzantium 7952:Bosphorus 7884:Maximinus 7864:Maxentius 7832:Ctesiphon 7785:Sassanids 7773:Nicomedia 7726:Tetrarchs 7718:provinces 7619:provinces 7582:Nicomedia 7578:Chalcedon 7562:Trebizond 7554:Black Sea 7541:Macedonia 7517:Sassanids 7509:Gallienus 7497:Chalcedon 7493:Nicomedia 7396:Caracalla 7319:Ctesiphon 7268:Pamphylia 7203:Pharnacia 7163:Archelaus 7123:Imperator 6928:civil war 6743:Archelaus 6687:Deiotarus 6591:19–9 BC, 6579:: 31 BC. 6463:new model 6394:Deiotarus 6369:Chalcedon 6324:Jerusalem 6274:Rhyndacus 6264:Chalcedon 6164:Pamphylia 6110:Rhyndacus 6106:Byzantium 6083:Chaeronea 6032:Chaeronea 5871:Scordisci 5863:Jugurthan 5766:Seleucids 5744:Galatians 5698:Galatians 5674:Prusias I 5558:Attalus I 5326:Euphrates 5324:near the 5298:Euphrates 5292:Commagene 5284:, on the 5270:Zariadres 5228:Commagene 5219:Commagene 5185:Phoenicia 5177:Cleopatra 5154:Parthians 5126:Zariadris 5122:strategos 5116:However, 5103:Commagene 5099:Arsames I 5051:Mithrenes 5016:Euphrates 5006:known as 4993:Black Sea 4886:Polemon I 4834:ruled in 4798:Demetrius 4794:Cassander 4790:Antipater 4775:Ptolemaic 4747:Syennesis 4720:Pamphylia 4659:Archelaus 4508:Antiochis 4481:Seleucids 4422:Euphrates 4357:pretender 4330:Pamphylia 4287:Seleucids 4255:defeating 4251:Attalus I 4231:Eumenes I 4156:Deiotarus 4123:coast to 4101:Attalus I 3983:Seleucids 3964:Propontis 3901:Archelaus 3885:Polemon I 3847:Aftermath 3729:His son, 3697:Antiochus 3571:Black Sea 3493:lands to 3338:Laodice I 3327:Eumenes I 3296:Antiochus 3272:Macedonia 3247:Ciliciain 3243:Demetrius 3235:Antigonus 3227:Babylonia 3217:. At the 3215:Chiliarch 3150:Pamphylia 3126:Seleucids 2905:Stasander 2896:Sibyrtius 2892:Scythaeus 2870:Peucestas 2831:Arcesilas 2791:Antigenes 2728:Leonnatus 2713:Antigonus 2688:Perdiccas 2665:Arachosia 2661:Sibyrtius 2655:Drangiana 2647:Stasander 2627:Babylonia 2613:Antigenes 2566:Peucestas 2502:Cassander 2496:Pamphylia 2484:Antigonus 2450:Antipater 2415:Amyntas ( 2406:Arachosia 2402:Sibyrtius 2396:Drangiana 2362:Antigenes 2319:Babylonia 2315:Peucestas 2245:Pamphylia 2217:Antigonus 2207:Leonnatus 2176:Antipater 2150:Peucestas 2138:Perdiccas 2132:Leonnatus 2096:Demetrius 2050:Antipater 2045:Parmenion 1957:Demetrius 1926:Cassander 1899:Antipater 1847:Antigonus 1843:Pamphylia 1814:Leonnatus 1779:Perdiccas 1771:Alexander 1708:Cassander 1654:oligarchs 1633:Alexander 1584:Alexander 1580:Euphrates 1527:Pamphylia 1515:Çanakkale 1499:Dascylium 1474:Gallipoli 1376:Byzantium 1368:Mardonius 1366:in which 1274:Mardonius 1270:Macedonia 1228:Artemisia 1064:Macedonia 1036:Dascylium 956:Byzantium 912:Histories 908:Herodotus 897:Herodotus 724:Herodotus 617:Pamphylia 570:Districts 470:speaking 437:Herodotus 417:Sadyattes 329:Byzantium 45:talk page 12329:Category 12269:Lycaonia 12229:Bithynia 12213:Anatolia 12023:Carthage 12018:Aegyptus 11985:Anatolia 11962:Germania 11952:Hispania 11708:(1999). 11623:Archived 11401:(1904). 11165:Archived 10285:Timeline 10221:Religion 10182:By topic 9951:Artuqids 9751:Bithynia 9600:Tuwanuwa 9531:Iron Age 9493:Tuwanuwa 9393:Hittites 9323:Hattians 9290:5,500 BC 9278:9,000 BC 9209:a series 9207:Part of 9149:Military 9144:Language 9114:Alphabet 8885:Mycenean 8853:Cycladic 8790:a series 8788:Part of 8780:See also 8770:Bithynia 8759:Tralleis 8755:Magnesia 8747:Colossae 8740:Laodicea 8728:Thyatira 8724:Pergamon 8641:Flavians 8498:Arcadius 8494:Honorius 8479:Anzitene 8471:Ingilene 8400:in 394. 8394:Honorius 8390:Eugenius 8375:Arcadius 8282:Saracens 8216:Pergamon 8203:Augustus 8195:Augustus 8188:Apostate 8175:Caesares 8160:Constans 8084:Augustus 7948:Augustus 7944:Augustus 7933:Caesares 7925:Licinius 7907:Augustus 7895:Augustus 7876:Augustus 7868:Augustus 7860:Caesares 7856:Caesares 7848:Caesares 7793:Dioceses 7777:Bithynia 7766:Caesares 7746:Maximian 7731:Augustus 7711:Dominate 7703:Numerian 7685:Tetrachy 7666:Dominate 7650:Numerian 7635:Aurelian 7574:Bithynia 7558:Valerian 7549:Germania 7505:Valerian 7454:Dominate 7400:Macrinus 7378:, until 7364:Commodus 7298:Domitian 7266:and the 7167:Claudius 7155:Tiberius 7110:Augustus 7093:Augustus 7009:Octavian 6924:Republic 6850:Bithynia 6763:province 6695:Lycaonia 6655:annexed 6613:Lucullus 6597:9–6 BC. 6544:Anatolia 6389:Granicus 6345:Bithynia 6299:Artaxata 6284:Heraclea 6180:Cilician 6172:Lycaonia 6064:Pergamon 5838:Bithynia 5802:province 5794:Bithynia 5776:against 5774:Pergamon 5727:Anatolia 5678:Bithynia 5658:Seleucid 5654:Pergamon 5642:Pergamon 5630:Anatolia 5622:Thessaly 5608:emperor 5606:Seleucid 5602:Philip's 5578:Philip's 5562:Pergamon 5538:Hannibal 5504:Bithynia 5500:Pergamon 5460:Carthage 5420:Augustus 5322:Samosata 5314:Tiberius 5146:Artashat 5134:Artaxiad 5036:Caucasus 5020:Lake Van 5014:and the 4995:and the 4985:Caucasus 4871:Augustus 4836:Damascus 4828:Philip I 4771:Seleucid 4759:Philotas 4663:Octavian 4560:Lycaonia 4526:married 4497:Cataonia 4485:Ariamnes 4434:Lycaonia 4424:and the 4295:Bithynia 4267:Epigonus 4259:Galatian 4200:Pergamon 4136:Tetrachs 4125:Trapezus 4074:Epigonus 4006:Pergamon 3981:and the 3956:Heraclea 3936:Bithynia 3921:Bithynia 3832:Pergamon 3638:Seleucid 3495:Pergamon 3491:Seleucid 3461:Maeander 3419:Pergamum 3411:Bithynia 3392:Bithynia 3388:Pergamon 3367:married 3315:Bithynia 3207:Seleucus 2901:Stasanor 2883:Philotas 2850:Nearchus 2781:Seleucus 2776:Craterus 2771:Meleager 2743:Erigyius 2723:Menander 2698:Philotas 2669:Gedrosia 2641:Sogdiana 2633:Stasanor 2623:Seleucus 2597:Carmania 2443:(321 BC) 2424:Sogdiana 2410:Gedrosia 2388:Stasanor 2382:Hyrcania 2261:Philotas 2251:Menander 2237:Nearchus 2169:(323 BC) 2090:Balacrus 2023:Generals 1953:Basileus 1937:Seleucus 1886:Diadochi 1867:Philotas 1822:Menander 1791:Meleager 1745:Carthage 1666:Diadochi 1641:Persians 1507:Granicus 1409:Diodorus 1348:Xerxes I 1323:Marathon 1224:Mausolus 1222:Greece. 1220:Athenian 1196:Mausolus 1192:Persians 1096:Celaenae 1090:Greater 1076:Granicus 1032:Bithynia 936:Cyclades 873:Harpagus 869:Magnesia 796:Cambyses 788:Harpagus 759:Mytilene 609:Lycaonia 541:hegemony 510:Astyages 439:writes: 425:Alyattes 413:Cyaxares 385:Assyrian 292:and the 282:Magnesia 255:Pergamon 218:Iron Age 210:Anatolia 157:May 2021 99:May 2021 75:require 12304:Pisidia 12299:Phrygia 12264:Isauria 12254:Galatia 12244:Cilicia 11980:Scythia 11947:Illyria 11942:Thracia 11922:Graecia 11769:Persian 11675:General 11568:Sources 11443:Ephesus 11161:Gephyra 10236:Judaism 9771:Galatia 9590:Aeolis 9560:Phrygia 9540:Diauehi 9473:Phrygia 9453:Diauehi 9413:Mitanni 9363:Kussara 9353:Assyria 9343:Luwians 9134:Economy 8716:Ephesus 8704:Ephesus 8679:Antioch 8671:Cilicia 8645:St Paul 8639:to the 8637:gospels 8635:in the 8601:In the 8595:Agrippa 8591:Ephesus 8564:Phrygia 8550:of the 8544:Abraham 8524:Judaism 8516:As the 8475:Sophene 8428:obelisk 8413:Armenia 8382:Gratian 8305:Gratian 8278:Isauria 8270:Phrygia 8088:prefect 7954:, took 7937:Augusti 7888:Augusti 7852:Augusti 7844:Augusti 7762:Augusti 7742:Diarchy 7707:Carinus 7646:Carinus 7603:Tacitus 7599:Ephesus 7503:forced 7499:by the 7394:(197). 7326:Hadrian 7310:Armenia 7272:Galatia 7097:Ephesus 6944:Galatia 6936:Colchis 6893:Parthia 6865:Galatia 6860:Cilicia 6840:Armenia 6769:Cilicia 6711:Amyntas 6703:Pisidia 6699:Isauria 6691:Amyntas 6679:Galatia 6665:Galatia 6640:Cilicia 6550:, 63 BC 6522:Albania 6511:Cilicia 6495:Colchis 6373:Cyzicus 6314:Pelorus 6269:Cyzicus 6192:Isauria 6176:Cilicia 6168:Pisidia 6136:Ephesus 6098:Flaccus 6037:Tenedos 5921:Italian 5910:Cilicia 5886:Galatia 5816:Macedon 5798:Armenia 5733:, 90 BC 5632:, near 5570:Macedon 5532:In the 5288:river. 5250:Sophene 5244:Cilicia 5232:Armenia 5224:Sophene 5215:Sophene 5203:Parthia 5189:Cilicia 5083:Armavir 5079:Sophene 5071:Eumenes 4991:to the 4977:Armenia 4914:Isauria 4875:Galatia 4859:Cilicia 4848:Armenia 4700:Cilicia 4695:Cilicia 4671:Cilicia 4627:Armenia 4587:Laodice 4564:Cilicia 4477:Amyntas 4469:Nicanor 4465:Eumenes 4346:Attalia 4326:Pisidia 4318:Phrygia 4299:Prusias 4283:Attalus 4227:dynasty 4212:Bergama 4208:remnant 4183:Amyntas 4084:Phrygia 4080:Galatia 4054:Galatia 3995:Galatia 3909:Cilicia 3873:Galatia 3824:Cilicia 3806:Armenia 3782:Laodice 3769:Galatia 3743:Colchis 3739:litoral 3720:Laodice 3716:Phrygia 3685:Galatia 3662:Achaeus 3642:Laodice 3599:Amaseia 3579:Colchis 3520:Armenia 3427:Galatia 3373:Phrygia 3365:Laodice 3323:remnant 3292:Antioch 3288:Macedon 3261:, near 3239:Phrygia 3211:cavalry 3146:Cilicia 3110:Ptolemy 3086:, near 2865:Peithon 2860:Nicanor 2855:Nicanor 2840:Asander 2827:Amyntas 2819:Alcetas 2812:command 2703:Ptolemy 2637:Bactria 2617:Susiana 2607:Parthia 2583:Peithon 2546:Ptolemy 2532:Nicanor 2526:Cilicia 2488:Phrygia 2454:Macedon 2437:at the 2435:Satraps 2417:Bactria 2366:Susiana 2356:Parthia 2352:Nicanor 2332:Peithon 2309:Armenia 2285:Ptolemy 2271:Eumenes 2265:Cilicia 2227:Asander 2221:Phrygia 2191:Illyria 2189:Philo ( 2180:Macedon 2161:Satraps 2144:Ptolemy 2114:Peithon 2084:Arybbas 2055:Eumenes 2040:Attalus 1941:Ptolemy 1911:Cleitus 1907:Nicanor 1872:Armenia 1863:Cilicia 1835:Phrygia 1830:Asander 1775:Macedon 1649:satrapy 1624:at the 1531:Phrygia 1472:on the 1462:Macedon 1319:Eritrea 1299:Cilicia 1157:, Caria 1116:Croesus 1112:Cilicia 1107:Cilicia 1092:Phrygia 1068:Arsites 1056:Oroetes 952:Ephesus 920:Miletus 881:Corsica 877:Phocaea 853:Miletus 841:Aeolian 804:Bagaeus 792:Oroetus 751:Mazares 743:Tabalus 739:Pactyas 731:Satrapy 696:Croesus 688:Cilicia 621:Cilicia 613:Pisidia 589:Thracia 581:Phrygia 566:Assyria 562:Armenia 549:Satrapy 522:dynasty 518:satraps 449:Croesus 429:Cilicia 393:Iranian 226:Phrygia 212:during 77:cleanup 12309:Pontus 12224:Aeolis 12005:Africa 11995:Arabia 11932:Gallia 11927:Italia 11915:Europa 11829: 11812: 11786: 11716: 11652: 11609: 11239: 10759: 10530: 10436: 10388: 9620:Urartu 9580:Doris 9513:Urartu 9443:Assuwa 9403:Arzawa 9220:Turkey 9211:on the 9124:Church 8869:Minoan 8801:Greece 8792:on the 8774:Trajan 8738:, and 8732:Sardis 8720:Smyrna 8667:Tarsus 8625:, and 8607:Judaea 8583:Cicero 8577:, and 8571:Apamea 8258:Valens 8246:Jovian 8228:Nicaea 8183:Julian 8179:Gallus 8073:Helena 8009:Julian 7964:Tarsus 7929:Caesar 7903:Caesar 7899:Caesar 7797:Cicero 7737:Caesar 7607:Probus 7594:Nicaea 7592:, and 7590:Apamea 7570:Pontus 7566:Pontus 7547:, and 7450:plague 7306:Trajan 7220:under 7179:Pontus 7118:consul 7101:Turkey 7070:, and 7015:, and 6777:Taurus 6773:Syria. 6671:, and 6653:Pompey 6617:Pompey 6576:Yellow 6548:Pompey 6526:Crimea 6518:Iberia 6507:Pontus 6483:Cicero 6471:Pompey 6448:, and 6446:Aegean 6438:Pompey 6415:battle 6402:Cabira 6357:Cicero 6289:Cabira 6279:Lemnos 6159:Senate 6075:Rhodes 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