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at low tide, though everyone in the community could participate. Once harvested, families could consume the clams immediately or smoke them to be preserved for the winter. Resources of clams, either smoked or harvested from the gardens were important since they served as sustenance when other foods were scarce. Some nations, such as the
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wall. The rising tide brings sediment over the rock walls, where it accumulates and creates an extended soft sediment beach area, creating ideal clam habitat. The rock wall is low enough that it allows the clam garden to be submerged at high tide, but tall enough that the beach is exposed for harvesting during low tide.
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Clam gardens were a food source for many Coast Salish peoples, and provided food security to many diverse First Nation communities. This was due to the abundance of clams that could be easily harvested and were readily accessible. Women and children were the primary group tasked with harvesting clams
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Each Nation has specific protocols and governance systems around land management, and many access areas are family-based. For clam gardens, families often asserted ownership by regularly tending to the beach and maintaining the rock wall. These clam gardens were stewarded for the next generation.
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The density of the sediment was also due to the process of aerating the sand while clams were harvested. Many clam gardens also have a high amount of gravel and shell hash, which aid in aerating the sand. This density allows for freer movement of clams, in addition to easier removal of clams from
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on the rock wall. Scholars are using both methods to gain a better understanding of the age of clam gardens. The results are different depending on the sample as evidence suggests walls were built up by communities over time. Some dating results suggest that clam gardens range from 1000 to 1700
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Due to weather and the movement of tides, rock walls require continual maintenance. Historically, clam gardens were regularly tended to by First
Nations individuals who moved rocks from inside the clam gardens onto the rock wall. Both archeological evidence and traditional knowledge assert that
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Once a location was chosen by an individual or a group of First
Nations peoples, clam garden construction began with the creation of a boulder or rock wall along the shoreline of a beach. Strong individuals would roll large boulders down to the lowest tideline on the beach, thus creating a rock
112:
The accumulation of sediment trapped by the boulder wall creates a flatter beach, which is an optimal growing habitat for clams. This sediment has an optimal density for clam growth, free from fine clay and silt particles that are washed away by the high tide.
54:
peoples created an optimal habitat for clams by modifying the beach. These clam gardens are a food source for both First
Nations peoples and animals. They also provide food security as they are a food source that can be readily harvested year-round.
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Traditional clam harvesting also allowed for intergenerational knowledge transmission, with Elders passing down knowledge about clam gardens to the next generation. Clam gardens were similar to an outdoor classroom, where
269:"The Clam Garden Network", a loose affiliation of academics, researchers and First Nations groups, was formed to share current research and traditional First Nations practices related to clam garden management.
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The exact age of the origin of clam gardening is unknown. In present day, scholars argue that accurately dating clam gardens is difficult due to the rock wall being submerged, in addition to rising sea levels.
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Historically, unmanaged clam gardens could be harvested by anyone in the community. Families could claim ownership by building their own clam garden on an undeveloped beach area in their traditional territory.
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Clam gardens were not exclusive to humans but also served as a protein-rich food source for various animals during the spring or summer, such as raccoons, mink, river otters, bears, sea ducks, and geese.
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boulder walls were built up over time and continually maintained. New rocks were regularly added to the top of the boulder wall when First
Nations peoples harvested the clam beds.
519:
Augustine, Skye; Dearden, Philip (2014-03-07). "Changing paradigms in marine and coastal conservation: A case study of clam gardens in the
Southern Gulf Islands, Canada".
288:
1059:
Holmes, Keith; Cox, Kieran; Cline, Amy R.; Hatch, Marco B. A.; Black, Morgan J.; Salomon, Anne K.; Lepofsky, Dana; Smith, Nicole F.; Dudas, Sarah (2020-03-01).
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nation, states that his ancestors have maintained clam gardens over "thousands of years", citing clam gardens as proof of title to his traditional lands.
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of the
Kwakwaka'wakw nation, states that clam gardens have been around âsince the beginning of time.â Tom Sewid, a native watchman of the
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Conversely, many First
Nations peoples have a different perspective of clam garden creation. For example, Clan Chief Adam Dick,
74:. Though most clam gardens are currently untended, restoration of sections of previously untended clam gardens are occurring in
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Clam gardens are found along the west coast of North
America. Over 2,000 clam gardens have been identified on the coast of
950:"Ancient Clam Gardens Increased Shellfish Production: Adaptive Strategies from the Past Can Inform Food Security Today"
575:"Ancient Clam Gardens Increased Shellfish Production: Adaptive Strategies from the Past Can Inform Food Security Today"
273:
83:
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Clam gardens are an ideal habitat for many animals. The modified beach attracts growth of many clams, notably:
1020:"Ancient clam gardens, traditional management portfolios, and the resilience of coupled human-ocean systems"
790:"Between a rock and a soft place: Using optical ages to date ancient clam gardens on the Pacific Northwest"
788:
Neudorf, Christina M.; Smith, Nicole; Lepofsky, Dana; Toniello, Ginevra; Lian, Olav B. (9 February 2017).
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Groesbeck, Amy S.; Rowell, Kirsten; Lepofsky, Dana; Salomon, Anne K. (2014-03-11). Thrush, Simon (ed.).
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in 2022. It is believed to be the first clam garden built in the United States in over 200 years.
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313:"Gardens of plenty: K'yuu ḴudhlḴ'aat'iija (clam gardens) grow clams four times faster"
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years old, whereas other samples indicate that they date back to 3000â3500 years ago.
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nation, traditionally harvested clams from
October to early March so as to avoid the
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Deur, Douglas; Dick, Adam; Recalma-Clutesi, Kim; Turner, Nancy J. (10 April 2015).
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Jackley, Julia; Gardner, Lindsay; Djunaedi, Audrey F.; Salomon, Anne K. (2016).
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language) is a traditional
Indigenous management system used principally by
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Archeologists are studying the ages of clam gardens using methods such as
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676:"Knowing Home: Braiding Indigenous Science with Western Science, Book 1"
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724:"Gulf Islands seeing return of traditional First Nations clam gardens"
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220:, language and cultural practices could be learned by the community.
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Turner, Nancy; RecalmaâClutesi, Kim; Duer, Douglas (26 March 2013).
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In 2014, restoration work began to revive two clam gardens in the
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also live in clam gardens. Other animals such as ghost shrimp and
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1108:"Clam gardens provide new perspective on First Nations history"
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1158:"Swinomish Tribe builds modern clam garden, reviving practice"
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903:"Clam Gardens: An Alternative Approach to Coastal Adaptation"
642:"Clam Gardens Are Cultivating a New Look at Ancient Land Use"
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754:"Uncovering ancient secrets in a First Nations clam garden"
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Snively, Gloria, Williams, Wanosts'a7 Lorna (2017).
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Gulf Islands National Park Reserve official website
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1061:"Ancient Ecology: The Quadra Island Clam Gardens"
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389:Sewid, Tom, Elizaga, Andrew (18 August 2013).
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700:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
415:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
901:Lokman, Kees; Tomkins, Karen (2020-01-02).
704:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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465:"Kwakwaka'wakw "Clam Gardens""
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1106:Goodman, John (2016-07-15).
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1138:. Parks Canada. 2022-06-14
345:"Back to the Clam Gardens"
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482:10.1007/s10745-015-9743-3
1132:"Sea garden restoration"
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1037:10.5751/es-08747-210420
521:The Canadian Geographer
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682:. Ancient Clam Gardens
211:Knowledge transmission
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218:traditional knowledge
38:, luxĚʡxiwÄys in the
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866:Ecological Processes
1024:Ecology and Society
966:2014PLoSO...991235G
806:2017PLoSO..1271775N
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141:. Animals such as
23:Clam garden in the
1160:. Associated Press
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80:Salt Spring Island
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32:clam garden
1180:Categories
1142:2022-09-09
1117:2023-05-28
764:2 November
734:2 November
686:2 November
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475:(2). 205.
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299:References
131:littleneck
72:California
68:Washington
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1085:0363-2415
1065:Fisheries
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224:Ownership
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1002:24618748
954:PLOS ONE
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627:24618748
579:PLOS ONE
411:cite web
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108:Sediment
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60:Alaska
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185:Usage
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