141:. To establish standing, the courts have required proof of three elements. First, the plaintiff must have suffered an âinjury in factââan invasion of a legally protected interest which is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) âactual or imminent, not âconjecturalâ or âhypotheticalââ. Second, there must be a causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained ofâthe injury has to be "fairly ... trace to the challenged action of the defendant, and not ... th result the independent action of some third party not before the court." Third, it must be "likely", as opposed to merely "speculative", that the injury will be "redressed by a favorable decision."
105:
arena to begin including specific provisions for citizens to bring suit against violators or government agencies to enforce environmental laws. Today, most anti-pollution laws have provisions for citizen suits and they have become a major means of ensuring compliance with environmental laws.
275:
See
Middlesex City Board of Chosen Freeholders v. New Jersey, 645 F. Supp. 715, 721-22(D.N.J. 1986); see also RCRA Imminent Hazard Authority: A Powerful Tool for Businesses, Governments, and Citizen Enforcers, 24 Envtl. L. Rep. (Envtl. L. Inst.) 10122 (March 1994),
308:
See
Zygmunt J.B. Plater, Facing a Time of Counter-RevolutionâThe Kepone Incident and a Review of First Principles, 29 U. RICH. L. REV. 657, 701 (1995) (Environmental citizen suit provisions were âodelled after provisions in the civil rights acts . . .
891:
493:
563:
183:
509:
827:
168:
295:
See Adam Babich, The Wages of Sin: The
Violator-Pays Rule for Environmental Citizen Suits, 10 Widener L. Rev. 219 (2003); see also The Violator-Pays Rule, Envtl. F., May/June 2004, at 30,
547:
517:
1103:
789:
773:
625:
907:
697:
119:
1344:
1247:
125:
One of the limitations on the right of citizens to bring environmental lawsuits is a 60-day prior notice of the alleged violations to the alleged violator. In 1989, the
59:. Second, a private citizen can bring a lawsuit against a government body for failing to perform a non-discretionary duty. For example, a private citizen could sue the
875:
859:
843:
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781:
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75:, regardless of whether or not the defendant's conduct violates a statutory prohibition. This third type of citizen suit is analogous to the
1415:
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1201:
1197:
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1513:
1356:
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915:
717:
240:; Jeffrey G. Miller & Environmental Law Inst., Citizen Suits: Private Enforcement of Federal Pollution Control Laws (1987).
163:
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1573:
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735:
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819:
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126:
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1035:
867:
537:
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See, e.g., Citizen Suits: The Teeth in Public
Participation, 25 Envtl. L. Rep. (Envtl. L. Inst.) 10141 (Mar. 1995),
1553:
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60:
1480:
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1171:
1116:
998:
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1089:
607:
94:
340:"CITIZEN SUITS AFTER HALLSTROM: CAN A PLAINTIFF AVOID DISMISSAL AFTER FAILING TO GIVE SIXTY DAYS' NOTICE?"
1053:
134:
47:
for engaging in conduct prohibited by the statute. For example, a citizen can sue a corporation under the
1518:
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1435:
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1140:
71:
to abate a potential imminent and substantial endangerment involving generation, disposal or handling of
945:
277:
1508:
1445:
1324:
1307:
1177:
1083:
1047:
86:. In general, the law entitles plaintiffs who bring successful citizen suits to recover reasonable
39:
Citizen suits come in three forms. First, a private citizen can bring a lawsuit against a citizen,
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1596:
1591:
1528:
851:
1376:
1183:
153:
98:
67:
that the CWA required it to promulgate. In a third, less common form, citizens may sue for an
1496:
1485:
1370:
1363:
1077:
1041:
953:
485:
415:
1579:
1029:
705:
657:
122:, also contain citizen suit provisions, but the majority of regulatory statutes do not.
8:
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689:
284:
255:
237:
200:
148:
83:
72:
52:
48:
25:
1548:
138:
892:
Los
Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council
297:
http://www.tulane.edu/~telc/assets/articles/2004%20Forum%20Violator%20Pays.pdf
114:, often prosecute citizen suits. Some non-environmental statutes, such as the
1616:
1563:
1543:
87:
231:
http://www.tulane.edu/~telc/assets/articles/Citz%20Suits%20Teeth-ELR_95.pdf
107:
102:
184:
Emergency
Planning and Community Right To Know Act of 1986- SARA Title III
1568:
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64:
40:
1004:
133:
to commencing suit." Further, citizens may only bring citizen suits in
76:
68:
1277:
1017:
935:
564:
Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural
Resources Defense Council
169:
Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
278:
http://www.tulane.edu/~telc/assets/articles/RCRA%20Haz%20ELR_94.pdf
106:
Public-interest environmental legal service organizations, such as
56:
1104:
Scenic Hudson
Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission
210:
29:
21:
790:
Weyerhaeuser
Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service
774:
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon
908:
National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense
860:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
782:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
698:
HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association
876:
Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
844:
S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection
836:
South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe
79:
129:
held that such notice and the 60-day delay are "mandatory
1524:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
32:. Citizen suits are particularly common in the field of
556:
Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy
798:
United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club
642:
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA
518:
Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services
144:
Environmental laws that allow citizen suits include:
1314:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
324:
http://www.tulane.edu/~telc/assets/pdfs/lawsuits.pdf
1154:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
457:
386:"Hallstrom v. Tillamook County, 493 U.S. 20 (1989)"
1284:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
174:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
1338:Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA
320:http://earthjustice.org/our_work/cases/index.html
252:"Citizen Suits | SPR Environmental Law Blog"
1614:
1396:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1160:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
526:BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore
1406:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
650:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
572:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
1416:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1066:Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act
443:
626:Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council
322:; Tulane Environmental Law Clinic web page,
1272:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
588:Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council
580:Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance
101:was inspired by similar legislation in the
1266:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
674:American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut
666:Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.
618:Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council
450:
436:
1024:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
993:Forest Service Organic Administration Act
634:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations
987:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
1421:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1615:
1514:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
1357:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
1254:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
1242:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
916:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund
164:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
1602:Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action
1123:Environmental Quality Improvement Act
900:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.
510:Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation
431:
362:"33 U.S. Code § 1365 - Citizen suits"
337:
1331:Energy Independence and Security Act
1302:National Environmental Education Act
333:
331:
1574:Significant New Alternatives Policy
1426:U.S. Global Change Research Program
736:Southern Union Co. v. United States
682:Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA
596:Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms
13:
1351:America's Water Infrastructure Act
1341:(D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)
1060:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
820:United States v. Riverside Bayview
758:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill
728:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
14:
1639:
1367:(5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)
1129:National Environmental Policy Act
1107:(2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)
868:Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.
828:SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers
366:LII / Legal Information Institute
328:
1628:United States administrative law
1554:Presidential Climate Action Plan
1534:New Source Performance Standards
1401:Council on Environmental Quality
1290:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
350:(1) – via Digital Commons.
1190:Water Resources Development Act
1147:Coastal Zone Management Program
459:United States environmental law
409:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife,
402:
116:Americans with Disabilities Act
112:Tulane Environmental Law Clinic
61:Environmental Protection Agency
1481:Environmental impact statement
1461:Corporate average fuel economy
1345:Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act
766:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
378:
354:
344:Western New England Law Review
312:
302:
289:
269:
243:
223:
179:Endangered Species Act of 1973
1:
216:
1260:Toxic Substances Control Act
90:and other litigation costs.
7:
1519:National Climate Assessment
1466:Discharge Monitoring Report
1319:Food Quality Protection Act
1141:Coastal Zone Management Act
318:See Earthjustice web page,
189:
127:United States Supreme Court
120:Fair Housing Amendments Act
93:In 1970, when amending the
10:
1644:
1296:Global Change Research Act
946:United States v. Bestfoods
63:for failing to promulgate
1569:Section 608 Certification
1509:Maximum contaminant level
1446:Best available technology
1434:
1386:
1092:(1963, 1970, 1977, 1990)
1072:Air Pollution Control Act
1036:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
968:
934:
808:
746:
716:
606:
536:
465:
338:Snook, Robert D. (1991).
249:See, e.g., Citizen Suits
1597:Toxicity category rating
1592:Total maximum daily load
1529:National Priorities List
1411:Office of Surface Mining
1236:Federal Noxious Weed Act
1137:(1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)
1111:Solid Waste Disposal Act
852:Rapanos v. United States
16:In the United States, a
1559:Renewable Fuel Standard
1377:Inflation Reduction Act
1184:Safe Drinking Water Act
154:Safe Drinking Water Act
1172:Endangered Species Act
1117:Endangered Species Act
999:Rivers and Harbors Act
548:United States v. SCRAP
494:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC
99:United States Congress
1497:Executive Order 13990
1491:Executive Order 13432
1486:Environmental justice
1371:CHIPS and Science Act
1078:Fish and Wildlife Act
954:Guam v. United States
486:Sierra Club v. Morton
1580:State of the Climate
1248:MagnusonâStevens Act
1054:McSweeney-McNary Act
706:West Virginia v. EPA
658:Massachusetts v. EPA
131:conditions precedent
51:(CWA) for illegally
1544:Not-To-Exceed (NTE)
1476:Environmental crime
1471:Effluent guidelines
1232:, 2014, 2016, 2022)
972:federal legislation
478:Missouri v. Holland
1364:Louisiana v. Biden
1278:CERCLA (Superfund)
1186:(1974, 1986, 1996)
502:Hughes v. Oklahoma
283:2010-06-01 at the
236:2010-06-01 at the
206:Regulatory capture
159:Clean Air Act 1970
1610:
1609:
1539:New Source Review
1325:Energy Policy Act
1308:Oil Pollution Act
1178:Oil Pollution Act
1166:Noise Control Act
1096:Acid Rain Program
1084:Oil Pollution Act
1048:Oil Pollution Act
1042:ClarkeâMcNary Act
964:
963:
924:Sackett v. EPA II
139:"standing to sue"
34:environmental law
1635:
1456:Clean Power Plan
1388:Federal agencies
1030:WeeksâMcLean Act
884:Sackett v. EPA I
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254:. Archived from
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1623:Civil procedure
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1135:Clean Water Act
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690:Michigan v. EPA
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149:Clean Water Act
84:public nuisance
49:Clean Water Act
45:government body
26:private citizen
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1564:Right to know
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1090:Clean Air Act
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467:Supreme Court
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258:on 2010-01-15
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256:the original
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108:Earthjustice
103:civil rights
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18:citizen suit
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1436:Regulations
196:Money trail
65:regulations
41:corporation
1617:Categories
1005:Refuse Act
395:2024-09-21
390:Justia Law
371:2024-09-21
262:2009-11-23
217:References
77:common law
69:injunction
1018:Weeks Act
1012:Lacey Act
980:decisions
976:treaties,
470:decisions
53:polluting
1503:LDV Rule
281:Archived
234:Archived
190:See also
118:and the
110:and the
57:waterway
1143:(1972)
1001:(1899)
211:Qui tam
30:statute
22:lawsuit
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936:CERCLA
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718:RCRA
538:NEPA
416:U.S.
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810:CWA
748:ESA
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