1267:. Guidelines have been developed not only to protect persons with disabilities but also to indemnify businesses from damages related to granting access to service animals on their premises. Businesses are allowed to ask if the animal is a service animal and ask what tasks it is trained to perform, but they are not allowed to ask the service animal to perform the task nor ask for a special ID of the animal. They cannot ask what the person's disabilities are. A person with a disability cannot be removed from the premises unless either of two things happen: the animal is out of control and its owner cannot get it under control (e.g. a dog barking uncontrollably in a restaurant), or the animal is a direct threat to people's health and safety. Allergies and fear of animals would not be considered a threat to people's health and safety, so it would not be a valid reason to deny access to people with service animals. Businesses that prepare or serve food must allow service animals and their owners on the premises even if state or local health laws otherwise prohibit animals on the premises. In this case, businesses that prepare or serve food are not required to provide care or food for service animals, nor do they have to provide a designated area for the service animal to relieve itself. Lastly, people that require service dogs cannot be charged an extra fee for their service dog or be treated unfairly, for example, being isolated from people at a restaurant. People with disabilities cannot be treated as "less than" other customers. However, if a business normally charges for damages caused by the person to property, the customer with a disability will be charged for their service animal's damages to the property.
2239:
of tasks central to most people in carrying out the activities of daily living, not whether
Williams was unable to perform her specific job tasks. Therefore, the determination of whether an impairment rises to the level of a disability is not limited to activities in the workplace solely, but rather to manual tasks in life in general. When the Supreme Court applied this standard, it found that the Court of Appeals had incorrectly determined the presence of a disability because it relied solely on her inability to perform specific manual work tasks, which was insufficient in proving the presence of a disability. The Court of Appeals should have taken into account the evidence presented that Williams retained the ability to do personal tasks and household chores, such activities being the nature of tasks most people do in their daily lives, and placed too much emphasis on her job disability. Since the evidence showed that Williams was performing normal daily tasks, it ruled that the Court of Appeals erred when it found that Williams was disabled. This ruling has since been invalidated by the ADAAA. In fact, Congress explicitly cited
2508:. George Lane was unable to walk after a 1997 car accident in which he was accused of driving on the wrong side of the road. A woman was killed in the crash, and Lane faced misdemeanor charges of reckless driving. The suit was brought about because he was denied access to appear in criminal court because the courthouse had no elevator, even though the court was willing to carry him up the stairs and then willing to move the hearing to the first floor. He refused, citing he wanted to be treated as any other citizen, and was subsequently charged with failure to appear, after appearing at a previous hearing where he dragged himself up the stairs. The court ruled that Congress did have enough evidence that disabled people were being denied those fundamental rights that are protected by the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and had the enforcement powers under section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. It further ruled that "reasonable accommodations" mandated by the ADA were not unduly burdensome and disproportionate to the harm.
1693:(ADAAA) into law. The amendment broadened the definition of "disability", thereby extending the ADA's protections to a greater number of people. The ADAAA also added to the ADA examples of "major life activities" including, but not limited to, "caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting, bending, speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating, and working" as well as the operation of several specified "major bodily functions". The act overturned a 1999 US Supreme Court case that held that an employee was not disabled if the impairment could be corrected by mitigating measures; it specifically provides that such impairment must be determined without considering such ameliorative measures. It also overturned the court's finding that an impairment that substantially limits one major life activity must also limit others to be considered a disability. In 2008, the
1040:
1434:
863:
40:
871:
879:
1189:
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being provided in the end-zone areas. The U.S. Department of
Justice assisted in the suit, which was settled in March 2008. The settlement required the stadium to add 329 wheelchair seats throughout the stadium by 2010, and an additional 135 accessible seats in clubhouses to go along with the existing 88 wheelchair seats. This case was significant because it set a precedent for the uniform distribution of accessible seating and gave the DOJ the opportunity to clarify previously unclear rules. The agreement now is a blueprint for all stadiums and other public facilities regarding accessibility.
1255:"readily achievable". Other requirements exist, based on pool size, include providing a certain number of accessible means of entry and exit, which are outlined in Section 242 of the standards. However, businesses are free to consider the differences in the application of the rules depending on whether the pool is new or altered, or whether the swimming pool was in existence before the effective date of the new rule. Full compliance may not be required for existing facilities; Section 242 and 1009 of the 2010 Standards outline such exceptions.
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1956:
unable to do so. The court ruled the burden was on the employee, not the employer, and reversed a disputed decision by the lower courts. Plaintiff attorney David
Greenberg brought forth considerations of the concept that, even in the state of California, employers do not have to employ a worker who is unable to perform "essential job functions" with "reasonable accommodation". Forcing employers to do so "would defy logic and establish a poor public policy in employment matters."
1627:
1839:
1747:
7041:
1900:
1588:
2265:
7051:
5663:
2208:) in Washington, D.C. Previous to this case, which was filed only five years after the ADA was passed, the DOJ was unable or unwilling to provide clarification on the distribution requirements for accessible wheelchair locations in large assembly spaces. While Section 4.33.3 of ADAAG makes reference to lines of sight, no specific reference is made to seeing over standing patrons. The MCI Center, designed by
1936:) with their business presence on the Internet was sued because their customers with disabilities could not reserve hotel rooms through their website without substantial extra efforts that persons without disabilities were not required to perform. Such lawsuits represent a major potential expansion of the ADA in that they (known as "bricks vs. clicks"), seek to expand the ADA's authority to
1818:
that trend has been definitively identified, some researchers have characterized the ADA as ineffectual and argued that it caused this decline by raising the cost of doing business for employers, who quietly avoid hiring people with disabilities for fear of lawsuit. To these employers, hiring people with disabilities became too expensive as they had to spend extra on assistive technology.
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held that, in general, a violation of a seniority system renders an otherwise reasonable accommodation unreasonable, a plaintiff can present evidence that, despite the seniority system, the accommodation is reasonable in the specific case at hand, e.g., the plaintiff could offer evidence that the seniority system is so often disregarded that another exception would not make a difference.
1682:(EEOC) was charged with interpreting the 1990 law with regard to discrimination in employment. The EEOC developed regulations limiting an individual's impairment to one that "severely or significantly restricts" a major life activity. The ADAAA directed the EEOC to amend its regulations and replace "severely or significantly" with "substantially limits", a more lenient standard.
1570:, and immediately proceeded to crawl and pull their bodies up all 100 of the Capitol's front steps, without warning. As the activists did so, many of them chanted "ADA now", and "Vote, Now". Some activists who remained at the bottom of the steps held signs and yelled words of encouragement at the "Capitol Crawlers". Jennifer Keelan, a second grader with
1082:(excessive difficulty or expense), and the individual who receives the accommodation must still perform the essential functions of the job and meet the normal performance requirements. An employee or applicant who currently engages in the illegal use of drugs is not considered qualified when a covered entity takes adverse action based on such use.
1235:. This means that even facilities that have not been modified or altered in any way after the ADA was passed still have obligations. The standard is whether "removing barriers" (typically defined as bringing a condition into compliance with the ADAAG) is "readily achievable", defined as "...easily accomplished without much difficulty or expense".
1251:, or properties designated as historic under state or local law), those facilities must still comply with the provisions of Title III of the ADA to the "maximum extent feasible" but if following the usual standards would "threaten to destroy the historic significance of a feature of the building" then alternative standards may be used.
1538:, an organization that lobbies for small businesses, called the ADA "a disaster for small business". Pro-business conservative commentators joined in opposition, writing that the Americans with Disabilities Act was "an expensive headache to millions" that would not necessarily improve the lives of people with disabilities.
1346:. This section requires that all telecommunications companies in the U.S. take steps to ensure functionally equivalent services for consumers with disabilities, notably those who are deaf or hard of hearing and those with speech impairments. When Title IV took effect in the early 1990s, it led to the installation of public
2149:
so isolated are incapable or unworthy of participating in community life." The court added, "Confinement in an institution severely diminishes the everyday life activities of individuals, including family relations, social contacts, work options, economic independence, educational advancement, and cultural enrichment."
966:. Other mental or physical health conditions also may be disabilities, depending on what the individual's symptoms would be in the absence of "mitigating measures" (medication, therapy, assistive devices, or other means of restoring function), during an "active episode" of the condition (if the condition is episodic).
2040:, filed in March 1999, claimed that the City of Sacramento failed to comply with the ADA when, while making public street improvements, it did not bring its sidewalks into compliance with the ADA. Certain issues were resolved in federal court. One issue, whether sidewalks were covered by the ADA, was appealed to the
1457:
Among the disincentives to independence the
Council identified was the existence of large remaining gaps in civil rights coverage for people with disabilities in the United States. A principal conclusion of the report was to recommend the adoption of comprehensive civil rights legislation, which became the ADA.
1902:
1288:
accommodation can demonstrate that taking those steps would fundamentally alter the nature of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations being offered or would result in an undue burden, i.e., significant difficulty or expense." The term "auxiliary aids and services" includes:
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1905:
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against five HMOs for their practice of revoking the contracts of doctors treating disabled patients. In 1999, these HMOs sought to dismiss Provan's lawsuit, but a federal court ruled against them, and the case was settled out of court. Many decisions relating to Provan's unique lawsuit against these
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in 2005. The defendant argued that as a vessel flying the flag of a foreign nation it was exempt from the requirements of the ADA. This argument was accepted by a federal court in
Florida and, subsequently, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. However, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the ruling of the
1889:
who identify and compel the correction of illegal conditions: they may increase the number of public accommodations accessible to persons with disabilities. "Civil rights law depends heavily on private enforcement. Moreover, the inclusion of penalties and damages is the driving force that facilitates
1817:
Between 1991 (after the enactment of the ADA) and 1995, the employment rate of men with disabilities dropped by 7.8% regardless of age, educational level, or type of disability, with the most affected being young, less-educated and intellectually disabled men. While no causal link between the ADA and
1304:
Qualified readers; taped texts; audio recordings; Brailled materials and displays; screen reader software; magnification software; optical readers; secondary auditory programs (SAP); large print materials; accessible electronic and information technology; or other effective methods of making visually
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and E.W., were institutionalized in
Georgia for diagnosed "mental retardation" and schizophrenia. Clinical assessments by the state determined that the plaintiffs could be appropriately treated in a community setting rather than the state institution. The plaintiffs sued the state of Georgia and the
1894:
As a result, most ADA suits are brought by a small number of private plaintiffs who view themselves as champions of the disabled. For the ADA to yield its promise of equal access for the disabled, it may indeed be necessary and desirable for committed individuals to bring serial litigation advancing
1884:
The attorneys' fees provision of Title III does provide incentive for lawyers to specialize and engage in serial ADA litigation, but a disabled plaintiff does not obtain a financial reward from attorneys' fees unless they act as their own attorney, or as mentioned above, a disabled plaintiff resides
2238:
in favor of the respondent, Ella
Williams, that classified her inability to perform manual job-related tasks as a disability. The Court held that the "major life activity" definition for evaluating the performance of manual tasks focuses the inquiry on whether Williams was unable to perform a range
2148:
The
Supreme Court decided under Title II of the ADA that mental illness is a form of disability and therefore covered under the ADA, and that unjustified institutional isolation of a person with a disability is a form of discrimination because it "...perpetuates unwarranted assumptions that persons
1919:
However, in states that have enacted laws that allow private individuals to win monetary awards from non-compliant businesses (as of 2008, these include
California, Florida, Hawaii, and Illinois), "professional plaintiffs" are typically found. At least one of these plaintiffs in California has been
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is reported to have "inconvenienced" several senators and to have pushed them to approve the act. While there are those who do not attribute much overall importance to this action, the "Capitol Crawl" of 1990 is seen by some present-day disability activists in the United States as a central act for
1456:
In 1986, the
National Council on Disability (NCD), an independent federal agency, issued a report, Towards Independence, in which the Council examined incentives and disincentives in federal laws towards increasing the independence and full integration of people with disabilities into U.S. society.
1287:
ADA says that "a public accommodation shall take those steps that may be necessary to ensure that no individual with a disability is excluded, denied services, segregated or otherwise treated differently than other individuals because of the absence of auxiliary aids and services, unless the public
1254:
Under 2010 revisions of Department of Justice regulations, newly constructed or altered swimming pools, wading pools, and spas must have an accessible means of entrance and exit to pools for disabled people. However, the requirement is conditioned on whether providing access through a fixed lift is
2330:
In this case, Barnett was a US Airways employee who injured his back, rendering him physically unable to perform his cargo-handling job. Invoking seniority, he transferred to a less-demanding mailroom job, but this position later became open to seniority-based bidding and was bid on by more senior
1407:
III-3.6000 Retaliation or coercion. Individuals who exercise their rights under the ADA, or assist others in exercising their rights, are protected from retaliation. The prohibition against retaliation or coercion applies broadly to any individual or entity that seeks to prevent an individual from
1208:
of the goods, services, facilities, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation by any person who owns, leases, or operates a place of public accommodation. Public accommodations include most places of lodging (such as inns and hotels), recreation, transportation, education, and dining,
2322:
was decided by the US Supreme Court in 2002. This case held that even requests for accommodation that might seem reasonable on their face, e.g., a transfer to a different position, can be rendered unreasonable because it would require a violation of the company's seniority system. While the court
1320:
requires that all televisions larger than 13 inches sold in the United States after July 1993 have a special built-in decoder that enables viewers to watch closed-captioned programming. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 directs the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to adopt rules requiring
2212:
Architects & Engineers, was designed with too few wheelchair and companion seats, and the ones that were included did not provide sight lines that would enable the wheelchair user to view the playing area while the spectators in front of them were standing. This case and another related case
2181:
violated the Americans with Disabilities Act in its $ 226-million renovation by failing to add enough seats for disabled fans or accommodate the needs for disabled restrooms, concessions and parking. Additionally, the distribution of the accessible seating was at issue, with nearly all the seats
1955:
was a case in which the California Supreme Court was faced with deciding whether an employee suing the state is required to prove they are able to perform "essential" job duties, regardless of whether or not there was "reasonable accommodation", or if the employer must prove the person suing was
1077:
to job applicants and employees with disabilities. A reasonable accommodation is a change in the way things are typically done that the person needs because of a disability, and can include, among other things, special equipment that allows the person to perform the job, scheduling changes, and
3792:
The event, known as the 'Capitol Crawl', was an image that legislators couldn't ignore, Bauer said. She had fought since the 1960s to legally protect the rights of people with disabilities, and with that heroic display, she said, lawmakers simply couldn't go back to their constituents without
1512:
opposed the ADA in its original form, primarily because the ADA labeled religious institutions "public accommodations" and thus would have required churches to make costly structural changes to ensure access for all. The cost argument advanced by ACSI and others prevailed in keeping religious
1300:
decoders; open and closed captioning, including real-time captioning; voice, text, and video-based telecommunications products and systems, including text telephones (TTYs), videophones, and captioned telephones, or equally effective telecommunications devices; videotext displays; accessible
2326:
Importantly, the court held that the defendant need not provide proof that this particular application of the seniority system should prevail, and that, once the defendant showed that the accommodation violated the seniority system, it fell to Barnett to show it was nevertheless reasonable.
1825:
data showed a sharp drop in the employment of disabled workers, leading at least two economists to attribute the cause to the Act. By contrast, a study in 2003 found that while the Act may have led to short term reactions by employers, in the long term, there were either positive or neutral
1618:
I know there may have been concerns that the ADA may be too vague or too costly, or may lead endlessly to litigation. But I want to reassure you right now that my administration and the United States Congress have carefully crafted this Act. We've all been determined to ensure that it gives
1460:
The idea of federal legislation enhancing and extending civil rights legislation to millions of Americans with disabilities gained bipartisan support in late 1988 and early 1989. In early 1989 both Congress and the newly inaugurated Bush White House worked separately, then jointly, to write
2334:
The Supreme Court decision invalidated both the approach of the district court, which found that the mere presence and importance of the seniority system was enough to warrant a summary judgment in favor of US Airways, as well as the circuit court's approach that interpreted 'reasonable
1315:
Captions are considered one type of auxiliary aid. Since the passage of the ADA, the use of captioning has expanded. Entertainment, educational, informational, and training materials are captioned for deaf and hard-of-hearing audiences at the time they are produced and distributed. The
1646:
1904:
1141:. These regulations cover access to all programs and services offered by the entity. Access includes physical access described in the ADA Standards for Accessible Design and programmatic access that might be obstructed by discriminatory policies or procedures of the entity.
2472:(2005) concerned the enforceability of a mandatory arbitration agreement contained in a dispute resolution policy linked to an e-mailed company-wide announcement, insofar as it applies to employment discrimination claims brought under the Americans with Disabilities Act.
1242:
between the cost of the proposed alteration and the wherewithal of the business and/or owners of the business. Thus, what might be "readily achievable" for a sophisticated and financially capable corporation might not be readily achievable for a small or local business.
1212:
Under Title III of the ADA, all new construction (construction, modification or alterations) after the effective date of the ADA (approximately July 1992) must be fully compliant with the Americans With Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) found in the
1877:(a court order requiring the public accommodation to remedy violations of the accessibility regulations) and attorneys' fees, and does not provide monetary rewards to private plaintiffs who sue non-compliant businesses. Unless a state law, such as the California
1645:
989:, etc. are excluded under the definition of "disability" in order to prevent abuse of the statute's purpose. Additionally, sexual orientation is no longer considered a disorder and is also excluded under the definition of "disability". However, in 2022, the
2044:, which ruled that sidewalks were a "program" under the ADA and must be made accessible to persons with disabilities. The ruling was later appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which refused to hear the case, letting stand the ruling of the 9th Circuit.
1296:(VRI) services; notetakers; real-time computer-aided transcription services; written materials; exchange of written notes; telephone handset amplifiers; assistive listening devices; assistive listening systems; telephones compatible with hearing aids;
1951:
2368:
found that the "virtual ticket counter" of the website was a virtual construct, and hence not a "public place of accommodation". As such, "To expand the ADA to cover 'virtual' spaces would be to create new rights without well-defined standards."
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in 1988. A broad bipartisan coalition of legislators supported the ADA, while the bill was opposed by business interests (who argued the bill imposed costs on business) and conservative evangelicals (who opposed protection for individuals with
662:
2820:
1697:
stated that the amendment "makes it absolutely clear that the ADA is intended to provide broad coverage to protect anyone who faces discrimination on the basis of disability." Thus the ADAAA led to broader coverage of impaired employees.
2064:
class action brought on behalf of Deaf and Hard of Hearing workers throughout the country concerning workplace discrimination. It established legal precedent for these employees to be fully covered under the ADA. Key findings included:
1408:
exercising his or her rights or to retaliate against him or her for having exercised those rights ... Any form of retaliation or coercion, including threats, intimidation, or interference, is prohibited if it is intended to interfere.
1068:
committees. There are strict limitations on when a covered entity can ask job applicants or employees disability-related questions or require them to undergo medical examination, and all medical information must be kept confidential.
2108:
lower courts on the basis that Norwegian Cruise Lines was a business headquartered in the United States whose clients were predominantly Americans and, more importantly, operated out of port facilities throughout the United States.
1072:
Prohibited discrimination may include, among other things, firing or refusing to hire someone based on a real or perceived disability, segregation, and harassment based on a disability. Covered entities are also required to provide
1677:
The ADA defines a covered disability as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, a history of having such an impairment, or being regarded as having such an impairment. The
730:
2234:, was a case in which the US Supreme Court interpreted the meaning of the phrase "substantially impairs" as used in the Americans with Disabilities Act. It reversed a Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals decision to grant partial
1246:
There are exceptions to this title; many private clubs and religious organizations may not be bound by Title III. With regard to historic properties (those properties that are listed or that are eligible for listing in the
1136:
Title II prohibits disability discrimination by all public entities at the local level, e.g., school district, municipal, city, or county, and at state level. Public entities must comply with Title II regulations by the
1517:
testified against the ADA's Title I employment provisions on grounds of religious liberty. The NAE believed the regulation of the internal employment of churches was "... an improper intrusion the federal government."
1643:
6360:
5653:
1055:
procedures, hiring, advancement and discharge of employees, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment. "Covered entities" include employers with 15 or more employees, as well as
1903:
1619:
flexibility, particularly in terms of the timetable of implementation; and we've been committed to containing the costs that may be incurred.... Let the shameful wall of exclusion finally come tumbling down.
339:
2438:
681:
282:
1366:(VRS) calls, while others are text calls. In either variation, communication assistants translate between the signed or typed words of a consumer and the spoken words of others. In 2006, according to the
320:
1224:
Title III also has applications to existing facilities. One of the definitions of "discrimination" under Title III of the ADA is a "failure to remove" architectural barriers in existing facilities. See
5800:
1607:) authored what became the final bill and was its chief sponsor in the Senate. Harkin delivered part of his introduction speech in sign language, saying it was so his deaf brother could understand.
2036:
1644:
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stated that the act had the potential to "deprive millions of people of affordable intercity public transportation and thousands of rural communities of their only link to the outside world." The
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2200:
2193:
377:
200:
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4691:
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2937:
2055:
396:
5651:
6235:
2169:
2163:
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Many companies, corporations, and business groups opposed the Americans with Disabilities Act, arguing that the legislation would impose costs on businesses. Testifying before Congress,
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Therefore, under Title II no person with a disability can be unjustly excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of services, programs or activities of any public entity.
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529:
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ruling which held that the Americans with Disabilities Act protects access not just to brick-and-mortar public accommodations, but also to the websites and apps of those businesses.
1156:
services by public entities that provide fixed-route services. ADA also sets minimum requirements for space layout in order to facilitate wheelchair securement on public transport.
1920:
barred by courts from filing lawsuits unless he receives prior court permission. Through the end of fiscal year 1998, 86% of the 106,988 ADA charges filed with and resolved by the
6184:
3811:
3228:
2082:
The outcome was that UPS agreed to pay a $ 5.8 million award and agreed to a comprehensive accommodations program that was implemented in their facilities throughout the country.
5114:
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was not in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act, because the ADA is concerned with things with a physical existence and thus cannot be applied to cyberspace. Judge
3990:
1480:
Wright is known as "the General" for her work in coordinating the campaign to enact the ADA. She is widely considered the main force behind the campaign lobbying for the ADA.
4353:
Parr v. L & L Drive-Inn Restaurant (D. Hawaii 2000) 96 F.Supp.2d 1065, 1082, citing and quoting, Committee Print, Vol. II, 101st Cong., 2d Sess., at 1481β82 (1990);
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Deaf employees were routinely excluded from workplace information, denied opportunities for promotion, and exposed to unsafe conditions due to lack of accommodations by UPS;
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institution for being inappropriately treated and housed in the institutional setting rather than being treated in one of the state's community-based treatment facilities.
6025:
5896:
5652:
4850:
491:
586:
5991:
4136:
Schall (1998). "The Americans with Disabilities Actβare we keeping our promise? An analysis of the effect of the ADA on the employment of persons with disabilities".
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3741:"Disabled Persons Rally, Crawl Up Capitol Steps: Congress: Scores protest delays in passage of rights legislation. The logjam in the House is expected to break soon"
1998:
1992:
1881:, provides for monetary damages to private plaintiffs, persons with disabilities do not obtain direct financial benefits from suing businesses that violate the ADA.
1091:
434:
2075:
UPS also lacked a system to alert these employees as to emergencies, such as fires or chemical spills, to ensure that they would safely evacuate their facility; and
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2331:
employees. Barnett requested the accommodation of being allowed to stay on in the less-demanding mailroom job. US Airways denied his request, and he lost his job.
2282:
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electronic and information technology; or other effective methods of making aurally delivered information available to individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing;
4080:
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6646:
6191:
4931:
1636:
7113:
6242:
6069:
4808:
2505:
2230:
2224:
2014:
472:
1873:
Since enforcement of the act began in July 1992, it has quickly become a major component of employment law. The ADA allows private plaintiffs to receive only
7372:
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7201:
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5321:
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1354:). Title IV also led to the creation, in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, of what was then called dual-party relay services and now are known as
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1469:
Over the years, key activists and advocates played an important role in lobbying members of the U.S. Congress to develop and pass the ADA, including
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consequences for wages and employment. In 2005, the rate of employment among disabled people increased to 45% of the population of disabled people.
1103:. The Court determined that state employees cannot sue their employer for violating ADA rules. State employees can, however, file complaints at the
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7195:
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4455:
4389:
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1973:
1967:
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Schwochau, Susan; Blanck, Peter David (2000). ""Economics of the Americans with Disabilities Act, Part III: Does the ADA Disable the Disabled"".
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2760:. Series: C. Boyden Gray's Subject Files, January 20, 1989 β January 20, 1993. National Archives and Records Administration. July 26, 1990.
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17:
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Milden, Ian (October 2022). "Examining the Opposition to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990: "Nothing More than Bad Quality Hogwash"".
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legislation capable of expanding civil rights without imposing undue harm or costs on those already in compliance with existing rules and laws.
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6078:
5984:
4744:"Paralyzed Veterans of America v. Ellerbe Becket Architects United States' Memorandum in Opposition to Defendant's Motion to Dismiss (7/10/96)"
3641:
2021:. It decided that Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act was unconstitutional insofar as it allowed private citizens to sue states for
1509:
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5200:
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ADA disabilities include both mental and physical medical conditions. A condition does not need to be severe or permanent to be a disability.
6661:
6309:
5820:
5168:
4721:
4480:
4272:
3542:
1505:
Conservative evangelicals opposed the ADA because the legislation protected individuals with HIV, which they associated with homosexuality.
1395:
Title V includes technical provisions. It discusses, for example, the fact that nothing in the ADA amends, overrides or cancels anything in
5926:
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5854:
5845:
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1160:
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changes to the way work assignments are chosen or communicated. An employer is not required to provide an accommodation that would involve
1039:
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had recommended the enactment of an Americans with Disabilities Act and drafted the first version of the bill which was introduced in the
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6425:
6332:
4432:
3081:"EEOC Enforcement Guidance: Disability-Related Inquiries and Medical Examinations of Employees Under the Americans with Disabilities Act"
2204:(PVA 1996) was focused on the wheelchair accessibility of a stadium project that was still in the design phase, MCI Center (now known as
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argued that the costs of the ADA would be "enormous" and have "a disastrous impact on many small businesses struggling to survive." The
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From the George H.W. Bush Presidential Records of the George Bush Presidential Library. Folder Title: Fact Sheet on ADA . Unrestricted.
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was a case filed before the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. It was filed on behalf of the Michigan
1574:, was videotaped as she pulled herself up the steps, using mostly her hands and arms, saying "I'll take all night if I have to." This
1192:
The ADA sets standards for construction of accessible public facilities. Shown is a sign indicating an accessible fishing platform at
1043:
Speech cards used by President George H. W. Bush at the signing ceremony of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) on July 26, 1990
6395:
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4901:
3980:
1924:, were either dropped or investigated and dismissed by EEOC but not without imposing opportunity costs and legal fees on employers.
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2423:
digital library was a transformative, fair use of copyrighted works, making a large number of written text available to those with
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2930:"Federal appeals court says Americans with Disabilities Act protections cover 'gender dysphoria,' handing a win to trans people"
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826:
5233:"CROSSROADS OF TEXAS, LLC; Children's Center of Victoria, LLP, Plaintiffs, v. GREAT-WEST LIFE & ANNUITY INSURANCE COMPANY"
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United States of America Congressional Record Proceedings and Debates of the 110th Congress Second Session Volume 154-Part 10
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were not liable for a dyslexic man's inability to navigate the site regardless of how impressive the "online theater" is.
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UPS had no policy to ensure that deaf applicants and employees actually received effective communication in the workplace.
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Under Title III, no individual may be discriminated against on the basis of disability with regards to the full and equal
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2647:"Civil Rights Act of 1964 β CRA β Title VII β Equal Employment Opportunities β 42 US Code Chapter 21"
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closed captioning of most television programming. The FCC's rules on closed captioning became effective January 1, 1998.
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in a state that provides for minimum compensation and court fees in lawsuits. Moreover, there may be a benefit to these
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1981:, was sued because their web designers failed to design its website to enable persons with low or no vision to use it.
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established precedent on seat distribution and sight lines issues for ADA enforcement that continues to present day.
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Enabling Acts. The Hidden Story of How the Americans with Disabilities Act Gave the Largest US Minority Its Rights
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3127:"EEOC Enforcement Guidance: Reasonable Accommodation and Undue Hardship Under the Americans with Disabilities Act"
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UPS failed to address communication barriers and to ensure equal conditions and opportunities for deaf employees;
1362:. Today, many TRS-mediated calls are made over the Internet by consumers who use broadband connections. Some are
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The debate over the Americans with Disabilities Act led some religious groups to take opposite positions. The
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Wolffe, Jerry. "New wheelchair seats will be full at U-M's Big House." The Oakland Press. September 14, 2008.
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2817:"Regulations To Implement the Equal Employment Provisions of the Americans With Disabilities Act, as Amended"
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2174:
701:
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3204:
1159:
Title II also applies to all state and local public housing, housing assistance, and housing referrals. The
7316:
6926:
6723:
6108:
5775:βFlorida Parent Training and Information Center funded by DOED Offices of Special Education Programs (OSEP)
5327:
2844:"42 U.S. Code Β§ 12102 β Definition of disability, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, As Amended"
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5402:"CNN.com β Disabled win victory in ruling over access to government buildings β May 17, 2004"
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2018:
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An Act to establish a clear and comprehensive prohibition of discrimination on the basis of disability
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Development of George H. W. Bush Administration Disability Policy. White House Memo. April 21, 1989.
870:
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6277:
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5752:
5455:
5301:
2554:
2524:, which may aid transgender people in accessing legal protections they otherwise may be unable to.
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1470:
1074:
807:
779:
643:
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5756:
5441:(2001). "Consequences of Employment Protection? The Case of the Americans with Disabilities Act".
4713:
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4269:
878:
7004:
6951:
6946:
6875:
6325:
5525:
DeLeire Thomas (2000). "The Wage and Employment Effects of the Americans with Disabilities Act".
5026:
3554:
2275:
1188:
1144:
Title II applies to public transportation provided by public entities through regulations by the
935:
663:
Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
4664:
Erb, Robin. "U-M fans rave about new seats for disabled", Detroit Free Press. September 9, 2008.
4268:
Douglas Kruse and Lisa Schur, 'Employment of People with Disabilities Following the ADA' (2003)
3527:. The Presidential Libraries of the National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from
1932:
There have been some notable cases regarding the ADA. For example, a major hotel room marketer (
7207:
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6374:
6270:
6092:
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4213:
3418:
2498:
2390:(2011) held that a mere online presence does not subject a website to the ADA guidelines. Thus
2007:
1878:
1531:
806:. In addition, unlike the Civil Rights Act, the ADA also requires covered employers to provide
178:
5805:
2900:"42 U.S. Code Β§ 12211 β Definitions, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, As Amended"
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5488:
5353:
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4649:
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1051:" shall not discriminate against "a qualified individual with a disability". This applies to
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regulations provide a list of conditions that should easily be concluded to be disabilities:
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1277:"Auxiliary aid" redirects here. For the concept of auxiliary aid in United Kingdom law, see
1231:
1152:(Amtrak), along with all other commuter authorities. This section requires the provision of
39:
7096:
6911:
6895:
6860:
6794:
6402:
6353:
5683:
5137:"Baylor University Medical Center, Plaintiff, v.Arkansas Blue Cross Blue Shield, Defendant"
3697:
3683:
3179:
3050:"Enforcement Guidance: Preemployment Disability-Related Questions and Medical Examinations"
2185:
1065:
970:
830:
686:
4552:
726:
706:
8:
7044:
6563:
6418:
6054:
5739:
5717:
4897:
3981:"Supreme Court allows blind people to sue retailers if their websites are not accessible"
3468:
3113:
3003:
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1527:
1446:
1363:
1061:
1057:
943:
154:
5783:
4202:"Consequences of Employment Protection? The Case of the Americans with Disabilities Act"
2243:
in the text of the ADAAA itself as one of its driving influences for passing the ADAAA.
1800:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
7158:
7130:
6977:
6799:
6527:
6143:
5743:
5730:
5542:
5476:
5356:
5201:"BAYLOR UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER, et al., Plaintiffs, v. EPOCH GROUP, L.C., Defendant"
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Remarks of President George Bush at the Signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act
5401:
5370:
4149:
3276:
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2991:
1940:, where entities may not have actual physical facilities that are required to comply.
1513:
institutions from being labeled as "public accommodations". Church groups such as the
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332:
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4775:
4583:"Bates v. United Parcel Service, Inc., No. C99-2216 TEH | Casetext Search + Citator"
4243:
2963:"Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 β ADA β 42 U.S. Code Chapter 126"
1710:
as to whether websites are covered by the ADA. The Court turned down an appeal from
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7019:
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5760:
5022:"A Disabled Attorney's Novel Strategy Puts A Civil-Rights Spin on HMO Litigation"
4684:"U. of Michigan Reaches Settlement in Lawsuit Over Wheelchair Seating in Stadium"
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4484:
4393:
4276:
3208:
2626:
1474:
1343:
839:
803:
795:
5779:
Lainey Feingold's Global Law and Policy: United States β federal (national)
4106:
1399:. Additionally, Title V includes an anti-retaliation or coercion provision. The
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5438:
5434:
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5141:
3311:
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The ADA led to significant improvements in terms of access to public services,
1686:
1655:'s July 26, 1990, Remarks on the Signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act
1571:
1347:
1264:
1239:
1079:
915:
851:
767:
229:
3547:
Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management
3080:
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1305:
delivered materials available to individuals who are blind or have low vision;
1168:
7331:
7170:
6819:
6585:
5790:
5371:"CNN.com β Court debates disabled access liability β Jan. 13, 2004"
4553:"BARDEN v. CITY OF SACRAMENTO, United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit"
3637:
3334:
2873:"Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act of 2008, PL 110-325 (S 3406)"
2703:
2447:
2022:
1727:
1707:
1637:
Remarks on the Signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act (July 26, 1990)
1575:
982:
963:
811:
1984:
1587:
6936:
6804:
6764:
6085:
5088:
4047:
4014:"Health Care for Americans with Disabilities β 25 Years after the ADA"
1978:
1912:
1019:
763:
5597:
Voices from the Edge: Narratives about the Americans with Disabilities Act
5584:
The History of the Americans with Disabilities Act: A Movement Perspective
3867:
2755:
7014:
5940:
4714:"Paralyzed Veterans, America v. D.C. Arena, 117 F.3d 579 | Casetext"
4029:
3807:
Senator Tom Harkin (D-IA) Delivers Floor Speech in American Sign Language
3696:"Should the Senate Approve the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1989?"
3681:"Should the Senate Approve the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1989?"
2216:
2141:
1959:
1396:
1153:
998:
974:
5671:
was created from a revision of this article dated 9 April 2009
5472:
5433:
4235:
3569:"Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund β Patrisha A. Wright"
3277:"Americans with Disabilities Act Questions and Answers: Service Animals"
2454:
2201:
Paralyzed Veterans of America v. Ellerbe Becket Architects and Engineers
2194:
Paralyzed Veterans of America v. Ellerbe Becket Architects and Engineers
2187:
Paralyzed Veterans of America v. Ellerbe Becket Architects and Engineers
1838:
1746:
122:
7065:
7009:
6824:
6522:
6508:
5265:"Physicians and Patients Claim HMO Cost-cutting Incentives Violate ADA"
4743:
3568:
3227:. Lowndes, Drosdick, Doster, Kantor & Reed, P.A. January 29, 2013.
2729:
2420:
2289: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1937:
1933:
1664:
1596:
1563:
1559:
1116:
1001:
people in accessing legal protections they otherwise may be unable to.
978:
891:
771:
182:
5617:
Disabled Rights: American Disability Policy and the Fight for Equality
5546:
4924:"US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett | Case Brief for Law School | LexisNexis"
3947:. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office. 2008. p. 13769.
3916:
6809:
5767:
4172:
4162:
3221:"2013 ADA Pool Lift Compliance Deadline: Has Your Business Complied?"
2539:
1359:
1205:
986:
907:
4201:
4066:"The Unintended Consequences of the Americans with Disabilities Act"
2264:
2170:
Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan
2164:
Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan
2157:
Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan
1453:. It is the first iteration of the Americans with Disabilities Act.
6941:
6115:
5538:
5464:
4227:
3882:"Fact Sheet on the EEOC's Final Regulations Implementing the ADAAA"
2784:"Fact Sheet on the EEOC's Final Regulations Implementing the ADAAA"
1895:
the time when public accommodations will be compliant with the ADA.
1494:
1450:
931:
927:
923:
919:
787:
6667:
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
1209:
along with stores, care providers, and places of public displays.
6620:
4011:
3333:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3201:
2395:
2391:
1591:
President Bush signs the Americans with Disabilities Act into law
55:
6185:
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
5611:
History of the Civil Rights Movement for the Physically Disabled
4776:"U.S. v. Ellerbe Becket, Inc, 976 F. Supp. 1262 | Casetext"
1952:
Green v. State of California, No. S137770 (Cal. August 23, 2007)
5835:
2875:. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. September 25, 2008.
1279:
United Kingdom employment equality law Β§ Disability claims
1149:
911:
899:
791:
4900:. Cornell University Law School, Legal Information Institute.
3626:"Bob Dole, Old Soldier and Stalwart of the Senate, Dies at 98"
2430:
6477:
3413:
The Disability Rights Movement: from Charity to Confrontation
3378:
2442:(begun in 1998) was the first time this act was used against
1798:. The reason given is: there's been more research since 2005.
1701:
1445:
in 1985 as the Virginians with Disabilities Actβsupported by
1238:
The statutory definition of "readily achievable" calls for a
5784:
What is ADA compliance? How to Create an ADA-Compliant PDF?
5555:
Mental Disabilities and the Americans with Disabilities Act
4012:
G. Peacock; L.I. Iezzoni; T.R. Harkin (September 3, 2015).
1604:
1169:
Title IIIβpublic accommodations (and commercial facilities)
774:. It affords similar protections against discrimination to
190:
5562:
Backlash Against the ADA: Reinterpreting Disability Rights
5054:"Rogers v. CIGNA Healthcare of Texas, 227 F. Supp. 2d 652"
4199:
3432:
4498:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
2372:
1999:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
1993:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
1986:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
1821:
In 2001, for men of all working ages and women under 40,
1706:
In October 2019, the Supreme Court declined to resolve a
1092:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
835:
435:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
7238:
International Federation of Hard of Hearing Young People
3917:"ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA)βWhat Employers Need to Know"
2898:
Civil Rights Division, US Department of Justice (2009).
2842:
Civil Rights Division, US Department of Justice (2009).
2419:
was a case in which the District Court decided that the
2085:
1308:
Acquisition or modification of equipment or devices; and
866:
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1988, S. 2346, Page 1
5697:
4200:
Acemoglu, Daron; Angrist, Joshua D. (October 1, 2001).
1890:
voluntary compliance with the ADA." Courts have noted:
1370:(FCC), VRS calls averaged two million minutes a month.
1284:
The ADA provides explicit coverage for auxiliary aids.
969:
Certain specific conditions that are widely considered
7114:
Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf
6243:
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
5788:
5772:
5619:. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2003.
5588:
Disability Rights Education & Defense Fund website
4809:
Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams
2750:
2748:
2231:
Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams
2225:
Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams
2218:
Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams
2047:
1961:
National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corporation
1915:
speaking about the ADA on the 30th anniversary in 2020
1868:
473:
Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams
7202:
Hungarian Association of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
7142:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
6657:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
5322:
Campbell v. General Dynamics Government Systems Corp.
2550:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
2518:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
2469:
Campbell v. General Dynamics Government Systems Corp.
2463:
Campbell v. General Dynamics Government Systems Corp.
2456:
Campbell v. General Dynamics Government Systems Corp.
1521:
991:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
6171:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
3834:"The Americans with Disabilities Act: July 26, 1990"
2128:, 277 U.S. 438 (1928), a case regarding wiretapping.
1695:
United States House Committee on Education and Labor
1117:
Title IIβpublic entities (and public transportation)
1101:
Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
568:
Clackamas Gastroenterology Associates, P.C. v. Wells
7208:
The Royal National Institute for Deaf people (RNID)
3176:
The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
2745:
2338:
2028:
1500:
1375:
7244:International Federation of Hard of Hearing People
5169:"EDUMOZ, LLC, Plaintiff, v.REPUBLIC OF MOZAMBIQUE"
3864:"The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission"
2617:Timeline of disability rights in the United States
1085:Part of Title I was found unconstitutional by the
7292:The Qatari Center of Social Cultural for the Deaf
6317:Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act
2451:HMOs have been cited in other court cases since.
2446:when a novel lawsuit was filed by Texas attorney
2177:against the University of Michigan claiming that
1614:, on signing the measure on July 26, 1990, said:
1099:rights of the several states as specified by the
973:, or tend to result in illegal activity, such as
7329:
7196:National Association of the Deaf (United States)
6340:Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
4456:National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp.
4325:"Lawsuits by the Disabled: Abuse of the System?"
4322:
4107:"Did the ADA Reduce Employment of the Disabled?"
3251:"ADA 2010 Revised Requirements: Service Animals"
3004:"Employee Assistance Programs and Rehab Centers"
2728:. HR.BLR.com. September 25, 2008. Archived from
1974:National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp.
1968:National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp.
874:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Page 52
7298:Section des sourds et malentendants socialistes
4375:D'Lil v. Best Western Encina Lodge & Suites
3348:"Captions For Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Viewers"
1943:
882:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Page 1
798:, and other characteristics illegal, and later
7368:United States federal civil rights legislation
5564:Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003.
5524:
4954:"Order Granting Defendant's Motion to Dismiss"
4165:Berkeley Journal of Employment & Labor Law
3409:Fleischer, Doris Zames; Zames, Frieda (2001).
3408:
2401:
2246:
1510:Association of Christian Schools International
1329:
854:with changes effective as of January 1, 2009.
7081:
6662:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
6493:
6310:Housing and Community Development Act of 1992
5821:
5609:Pletcher, David and Ashlee Russeau-Pletcher.
3713:November 6, 1990, Vol. 42 Issue 11, pp. 23β24
3521:"The Americans with Disabilities Act Exhibit"
3464:"Va. Senate Kills Handicapped Bill of Rights"
3200:'Wheelchair Securement in Public Transport',
2335:accommodation' as 'effective accommodation.'
7373:United States federal disability legislation
7353:Anti-discrimination law in the United States
5493:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4826:
4373:, (9th Cir. 2007) 500 F.3d 1047, 1062;
4185:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3886:U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
2788:U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
2520:stated that the ADA covers individuals with
1734:, and societal understanding of disability.
1541:
1161:Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity
993:stated that the ADA covers individuals with
810:to employees with disabilities, and imposes
340:Cleveland v. Policy Management Systems Corp.
6333:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
4999:Zamora-Quezada v. HealthTexas Medical Group
4635:
4633:
4478:National Federation for the Blind v. Target
4318:
4316:
3491:"ADA β Findings, Purpose, and History"
3389:
3387:
3314:. US Department of Justice. June 13, 2020.
3253:. US Department of Justice. July 12, 2011.
2867:
2865:
2726:"President Bush Signs ADA Changes into Law"
2439:Zamora-Quezada v. HealthTexas Medical Group
2432:Zamora-Quezada v. HealthTexas Medical Group
1672:
1536:National Federation of Independent Business
1497:was a supporter and advocate for the bill.
682:City and County of San Francisco v. Sheehan
283:Pennsylvania Dept. of Corrections v. Yeskey
218:on May 22, 1990 (unanimous voice vote)
138:42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare
7125:Education for All Handicapped Children Act
7088:
7074:
7050:
6851:Augmentative and alternative communication
6500:
6486:
5828:
5814:
5105:"Polio survivor goes to bat for sick kids"
4059:
4057:
2891:
2353:Access Now, Inc. v. Southwest Airlines Co.
2347:Access Now, Inc. v. Southwest Airlines Co.
1702:Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, 2019
1292:Qualified interpreters on-site or through
1163:is charged with enforcing this provision.
321:Wright v. Universal Maritime Service Corp.
222:Reported by the joint conference committee
6396:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990
5773:Family Network on Disabilities FNDUSA.ORG
5454:
4976:
4803:
4801:
4377:(9th Cir. 2008) 538 F.3d 1031, 1040.
4361:(b)(2); S.Rep. No. 101-116, at 15 (1989).
4217:
4037:
3661:
3659:
3624:Seelye, Katharine Q. (December 5, 2021).
3561:
3312:"Sec. 36.303 Auxiliary aids and services"
2835:
2595:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
2493:, 541 U.S. 509 (2004), was a case in the
2305:Learn how and when to remove this message
1483:
1334:Title IV of the ADA amended the landmark
7286:National Association of the Deaf (India)
7095:
6382:North American Wetlands Conservation Act
5799:) is being considered for deletion. See
5679:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
5662:
5577:& the Case Against Disability Rights
4630:
4313:
3535:
3461:
3384:
3172:"Disability Rights in the Supreme Court"
2957:
2955:
2862:
1898:
1586:
1432:
1318:Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990
1187:
1089:as it pertains to states in the case of
1038:
896:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
877:
869:
861:
857:
7338:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
7137:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
6886:Disproportionality in special education
6440:Water Resources Development Act of 1992
6433:Water Resources Development Act of 1990
6361:Matsunaga Hydrogen RD&D Act of 1990
6178:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
6017:
5753:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
5722:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
5510:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
5277:from the original on September 25, 2022
5102:
5019:
4865:
4063:
4054:
3769:
3587:
2923:
2921:
2794:from the original on September 12, 2014
2757:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
1922:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
1680:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
1352:telecommunications devices for the deaf
1263:The ADA provides explicit coverage for
1150:National Railroad Passenger Corporation
1109:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
888:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
748:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
71:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
33:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
14:
7330:
5297:"No. 99CA0089. Salas v. Grancare, Inc"
4798:
4667:
4323:Stateman, Alison (December 29, 2008).
4135:
4117:from the original on February 28, 2018
3993:from the original on December 14, 2019
3911:
3909:
3907:
3892:from the original on September 6, 2015
3656:
3644:from the original on December 27, 2021
3623:
3231:from the original on December 17, 2013
2981:
2940:from the original on September 3, 2022
2906:from the original on February 12, 2022
2879:from the original on February 26, 2020
2850:from the original on February 12, 2022
2681:
2387:Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.
2381:Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.
2374:Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.
7069:
6481:
5809:
5579:. Louisville, KY: The Advocado Press.
4934:from the original on January 10, 2023
4904:from the original on February 6, 2017
4853:from the original on October 20, 2021
4832:
4756:from the original on October 16, 2020
4613:Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.
4593:from the original on December 2, 2022
4435:from the original on January 17, 2021
4301:from the original on October 25, 2017
4005:
3961:from the original on October 20, 2021
3923:from the original on October 24, 2008
3751:from the original on December 8, 2015
3735:
3677:
3675:
3443:from the original on February 6, 2019
3306:
3304:
3302:
2952:
2198:One of the first major ADA lawsuits,
2100:Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.
2094:Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.
2087:Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.
1829:
1403:for the ADA explains this provision:
1217:at 28 C.F.R., Part 36, Appendix
1011:
838:). The final version of the bill was
782:, which made discrimination based on
625:Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.
378:Murphy v. United Parcel Service, Inc.
7214:Italian National Agency for the Deaf
6368:National Environmental Education Act
5740:As codified in 42 U.S.C. chapter 126
5727:As codified in 42 U.S.C. chapter 126
5412:from the original on August 10, 2020
4833:Worth, Richard (November 15, 2007).
4156:
4138:Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation
4129:
3844:from the original on January 4, 2013
3726:, AugβSep 95, Vol. 27 Issue 4, p. 18
3709:Mandel, Susan. "Disabling the GOP",
3462:Battiata, Mary (February 17, 1984).
3417:. Temple University Press. pp.
3124:
3078:
3047:
3014:from the original on January 7, 2014
2927:
2918:
2823:from the original on August 22, 2016
2819:. Federal Register. March 25, 2011.
2811:
2809:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2475:
2287:adding citations to reliable sources
2258:
1833:
1780:
1741:
1515:National Association of Evangelicals
1249:National Register of Historic Places
6993:Disability in children's literature
6301:U.S. Global Change Research Program
5557:. Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 2004.
5381:from the original on August 4, 2020
4946:
4694:from the original on March 29, 2023
4335:from the original on March 15, 2021
3904:
3575:from the original on April 13, 2022
2607:List of disability rights activists
2545:American Disability rights movement
2511:
2111:
2103:was a case that was decided by the
2056:Bates v. United Parcel Service, Inc
2049:Bates v. United Parcel Service, Inc
1977:was a case where a major retailer,
1546:Shortly before the act was passed,
1311:Other similar services and actions.
24:
6856:Emotional or behavioral disability
6287:Global Change Research Act of 1990
6257:Integrated Farm Management Program
5649:
5427:
5103:Elliott, Janet (August 12, 2000).
5020:Geyelin, Milo (January 26, 2000).
4964:from the original on June 13, 2011
4786:from the original on July 14, 2019
4724:from the original on July 14, 2019
4563:from the original on July 17, 2019
4533:from the original on July 17, 2019
4104:
3814:from the original on March 4, 2016
3782:from the original on March 5, 2016
3770:Esshaki, Tiffany (July 21, 2015).
3672:
3669:, 10/8/90, Vol. 34 Issue 14, p. 71
3377:from websites or documents of the
3358:from the original on June 13, 2020
3299:
3257:from the original on July 11, 2011
3137:from the original on April 4, 2020
3091:from the original on April 3, 2020
3060:from the original on April 3, 2020
2764:from the original on July 17, 2015
2600:Architectural Barriers Act of 1968
2495:Supreme Court of the United States
1625:
1522:Opposition from business interests
1258:
25:
7384:
7358:Civil rights in the United States
7190:Royal Association for Deaf people
5803:to help reach a consensus. βΊ
5630:
5521:. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2015.
5399:
5368:
5245:from the original on June 8, 2022
5213:from the original on June 8, 2022
5181:from the original on June 8, 2022
5149:from the original on June 8, 2022
5117:from the original on June 2, 2016
5064:from the original on June 8, 2022
5034:from the original on June 2, 2016
4688:The Chronicle of Higher Education
4371:Molski v. Evergreen Dynasty Corp.
4250:from the original on May 22, 2013
4086:from the original on May 13, 2013
3772:"Remembering the 'Capitol Crawl'"
3433:"George H.W. Bush Library Center"
3318:from the original on June 9, 2020
3287:from the original on May 10, 2016
2806:
2670:
2575:Interactive accommodation process
2410:Authors Guild, Inc. v. HathiTrust
1716:U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals
1685:On September 25, 2008, President
1368:Federal Communications Commission
1356:Telecommunications Relay Services
1272:
1146:U.S. Department of Transportation
7262:Pakistan Association of the Deaf
7232:Edmonton Association of the Deaf
7226:Canadian Association of the Deaf
7049:
7040:
7039:
6412:Pollution Prevention Act of 1990
6206:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
5661:
5393:
5362:
5337:
3373: This article incorporates
3368:
3328:
2585:List of anti-discrimination acts
2340:Access Now v. Southwest Airlines
2263:
2037:Barden v. The City of Sacramento
2030:Barden v. The City of Sacramento
1837:
1785:
1745:
1737:
1663:Problems playing this file? See
1641:
1582:
1501:Opposition from religious groups
1376:Title Vβmiscellaneous provisions
530:Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Echazabal
397:Albertson's, Inc. v. Kirkingburg
359:Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc.
201:Senate Labor and Human Resources
38:
7274:Comitato Giovani Sordi Italiani
5837:Presidency of George H. W. Bush
5796:Presidency of George H. W. Bush
5768:Statute Compilations collection
5313:
5289:
5257:
5225:
5193:
5161:
5129:
5096:
5076:
5046:
5013:
5006: (W.D. Tex. 1998),
4991:
4916:
4890:
4768:
4736:
4706:
4676:
4658:
4605:
4575:
4545:
4515:
4490:
4471:
4464: (N.D. Cal. 2006),
4447:
4421:
4414: (N.D. Cal. 2007),
4399:
4380:
4364:
4347:
4281:
4262:
4193:
4098:
3973:
3935:
3874:
3856:
3826:
3798:
3763:
3729:
3716:
3703:
3690:
3617:
3513:
3483:
3455:
3425:
3402:
3340:
3269:
3243:
3213:
3194:
3164:
3149:
3118:
3103:
3072:
3041:
3026:
2996:
2928:Cole, Devan (August 16, 2022).
2667:42 U.S.C. 12112(b)(5), 12182β84
2560:Disability in the United States
2274:needs additional citations for
1449:βwhich was passed by the state
1111:, who can sue on their behalf.
842:on July 26, 1990, by President
18:Americans with Disabilities Act
7280:National Deaf Federation Nepal
6871:Disability and LGBT identities
6507:
6264:Stewardship Incentives Program
5560:Hamilton Krieger, Linda, ed.,
5330: (1st Cir. 2005),
4487:at Disability Rights Advocates
4396:at Disability Rights Advocates
3202:http://thequantumleap.com/faq/
2776:
2736:
2718:
2661:
2639:
1579:encouraging the ADA into law.
1350:(TTY) machines and other TDD (
960:post-traumatic stress disorder
823:National Council on Disability
13:
1:
7250:National Black Deaf Advocates
7220:Ukrainian Society of the Deaf
6683:Services for mental disorders
4898:"US AIRWAYS, INC. V. BARNETT"
4270:42(1) Industrial Relations 31
4150:10.1016/S1052-2263(98)00024-5
3838:U.S. House of Representatives
3543:"Disability History Timeline"
2633:
2590:Disability discrimination act
2175:Paralyzed Veterans of America
2140:in 1999. The two plaintiffs,
2060:begun in 1999) was the first
1776:
956:obsessiveβcompulsive disorder
702:Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer
7343:101st United States Congress
7317:List of schools for the deaf
7116:/The Milan Conference (1880)
6688:Services for disabled people
5626:. New York: NYU Press, 2007.
5615:Switzer, Jacqueline Vaughn.
5443:Journal of Political Economy
5084:"ABA Journal Apr 1999 pg 64"
4407:Green v. State of California
4206:Journal of Political Economy
3571:. dredf.org. June 28, 2021.
2360:decided that the website of
2062:equal opportunity employment
2042:9th Circuit Court of Appeals
1945:Green v. State of California
1338:primarily by adding section
81:101st United States Congress
7:
6971:Arts, media, culture, sport
6294:National Climate Assessment
5735:US House of Representatives
4873:US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett
4527:Disability Rights Advocates
3595:"Texas Medical Center NEWS"
2527:
2416:Authors Guild v. HathiTrust
2403:Authors Guild v. HathiTrust
2319:US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett
2255:US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett
2248:US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett
2138:United States Supreme Court
2105:United States Supreme Court
2004:United States Supreme Court
1927:
1464:
1443:Virginia House of Delegates
1428:
1401:Technical Assistance Manual
1330:Title IVβtelecommunications
1215:Code of Federal Regulations
1087:United States Supreme Court
776:Americans with disabilities
511:US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett
271:United States Supreme Court
10:
7389:
7256:European Union of the Deaf
7120:Rehabilitation Act of 1973
6998:Disability in horror films
6790:Activities of daily living
5999:Presidential proclamations
5599:. New York: Oxford, 2004.
5586:. Available online at the
5527:Journal of Human Resources
5004:34 F. Supp. 2d 433
4392:November 22, 2011, at the
2622:United States Access Board
2570:Individual rights advocate
2565:European Accessibility Act
2481:
2460:
2407:
2378:
2356:was a 2002 case where the
2344:
2252:
2222:
2191:
2161:
2123:
2117:
2091:
1990:
1965:
1691:ADA Amendments Act of 2008
1554:coalesced in front of the
1488:
1423:Rehabilitation Act of 1973
1412:
1379:
1336:Communications Act of 1934
1276:
1172:
1139:U.S. Department of Justice
1120:
722:Stanley v. City of Sanford
492:EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc.
264:ADA Amendments Act of 2008
27:1990 U.S. civil rights law
7307:
7180:
7151:
7103:
7035:
6970:
6904:
6843:
6777:
6742:
6696:
6675:
6639:
6613:
6606:
6546:
6515:
6449:
6389:Oil Pollution Act of 1990
6222:Energy Policy Act of 1992
6162:
6068:
6026:Joint session of Congress
5920:White House horseshoe pit
5844:
5704:DOJ Civil Rights Division
4462:452 F.Supp.2d 946
4412:452 F.Supp.2d 946
3810:. C-SPAN. July 13, 1990.
3525:The Presidential Timeline
3125:EEOC (October 15, 2002).
2696:10.1017/S0898030622000185
2684:Journal of Policy History
2580:Job Accommodation Network
2126:Olmstead v. United States
1887:private attorneys general
1869:"Professional plaintiffs"
1823:Current Population Survey
1794:This section needs to be
1721:
1294:video remote interpreting
1232:Β§ 12182(b)(2)(A)(iv)
1075:reasonable accommodations
1004:
940:major depressive disorder
808:reasonable accommodations
587:Raytheon Co. v. Hernandez
277:
269:
262:
257:
170:
161:
143:
133:
128:
109:
99:
94:
86:
75:
67:
54:
46:
37:
6891:Sexuality and disability
6866:Disability and disasters
6778:Structural and assistive
6465:Clinton administration β
6278:Wetlands Reserve Program
6199:Civil Rights Act of 1991
5969:Supreme Court candidates
5801:templates for discussion
5302:Colorado Bar Association
4275:August 28, 2016, at the
4064:DeLeire, Thomas (2000).
2555:Developmental disability
2124:Not to be confused with
1673:ADA Amendments Act, 2008
1471:Justin Whitlock Dart Jr.
946:requiring a wheelchair,
850:and signed by President
780:Civil Rights Act of 1964
644:United States v. Georgia
454:PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin
7005:Disability in the media
6876:Disability and religion
6815:Personal Care Assistant
6456:β Reagan administration
6326:Immigration Act of 1990
6109:Chemical Weapons Accord
5582:Mayer, Arlene. (1992).
5567:Johnson, Mary. (2000).
5027:The Wall Street Journal
3225:The National Law Review
2504:under section 5 of the
1558:, shed their crutches,
1047:The ADA states that a "
936:intellectual disability
236:on July 13, 1990 (
228:on July 12, 1990 (
197:Committee consideration
7165:Edward Miner Gallaudet
6988:Disability in the arts
6881:Disability and poverty
6820:Physical accessibility
6375:National Space Council
6271:USDA Rural Development
6123:1991 Madrid Conference
5657:
5637:Listen to this article
5508:. Available online at
4839:. Marshall Cavendish.
4523:"Barden v. Sacramento"
3553:. 2002. Archived from
3375:public domain material
3207:March 2, 2017, at the
2136:was a case before the
1916:
1897:
1879:Unruh Civil Rights Act
1846:This section is empty.
1754:This section is empty.
1630:
1621:
1592:
1532:US Chamber of Commerce
1484:Support and opposition
1438:
1410:
1201:
1044:
883:
875:
867:
226:agreed to by the House
6579:driver rehabilitation
6250:Forest Legacy Program
5955:Judicial appointments
5656:
5624:Disability Harassment
5270:University of Houston
4483:July 5, 2007, at the
3700:December (1989): 208.
3557:on December 20, 2013.
3079:EEOC (July 6, 2000).
3048:EEOC (July 6, 2000).
1910:
1892:
1629:
1616:
1590:
1552:physical disabilities
1441:The law began in the
1436:
1417:The ADA has roots in
1405:
1191:
1105:Department of Justice
1042:
881:
873:
865:
858:Disabilities included
816:public accommodations
208:on September 7, 1989
7348:1990 in American law
7097:Deaf rights movement
6912:Models of disability
6896:Youth and disability
6861:Invisible disability
6810:Orthotics and braces
6795:Assistive technology
6607:Rights, law, support
6403:Truth in Savings Act
6354:Lead and Copper Rule
6229:FDIC Improvement Act
6079:Soviet Union summits
5927:Presidential pardons
5688:More spoken articles
5328:407 F.3d 546
4030:10.1056/NEJMp1508854
3919:. HR.BLR.com. 2008.
3698:Congressional Digest
3687:December (1989): 297
3684:Congressional Digest
3531:on December 6, 2015.
2969:on December 27, 2011
2732:on February 5, 2009.
2657:on January 25, 2010.
2506:Fourteenth Amendment
2283:improve this article
2015:Fourteenth Amendment
1911:California Governor
944:mobility impairments
6564:Learning disability
6426:1992 VRA Amendments
6419:Ryan White CARE Act
5934:International trips
5713:Department of Labor
5569:Make Them Go Away:
4387:Smith v. Hotels.com
3989:. October 7, 2019.
3711:The National Review
3469:The Washington Post
3354:. August 18, 2015.
3182:on February 1, 2002
1528:Greyhound Bus Lines
1447:Warren G. Stambaugh
1364:Video Relay Service
1062:labor organizations
1058:employment agencies
766:law that prohibits
164:Legislative history
34:
7159:Lawrence R. Newman
7131:Deaf President Now
6978:Disability culture
6905:Disability studies
6800:Independent living
6528:Disability studies
6153:NAFTA negotiations
6144:Unified Task Force
6102:Invasion of Panama
6008:Clinton transition
5744:United States Code
5731:United States Code
5658:
5502:Bush, George H. W.
5439:Angrist, Joshua D.
5334:from the original.
5010:from the original.
4690:. March 11, 2008.
4468:from the original.
4418:from the original.
3870:on April 19, 2006.
3739:(March 13, 1990).
3667:Christianity Today
3630:The New York Times
3605:on August 20, 2008
3495:ADAanniversary.org
3114:Β§ 12112(b)(5)
2535:ADA Compliance Kit
2502:enforcement powers
2362:Southwest Airlines
2241:Toyota v. Williams
2011:enforcement powers
1917:
1830:Societal attitudes
1631:
1593:
1439:
1202:
1148:. It includes the
1097:sovereign immunity
1045:
1012:Title Iβemployment
952:muscular dystrophy
948:multiple sclerosis
884:
876:
868:
800:sexual orientation
224:on July 12, 1990;
32:
7363:Disability in law
7325:
7324:
7268:Action Deaf Youth
7063:
7062:
6932:Neuroqueer theory
6835:Web accessibility
6785:Accessible toilet
6773:
6772:
6626:Disability rights
6621:Ableism/disablism
6475:
6474:
6213:Acid Rain Program
6064:
6063:
6048:1992 SOTU Address
6041:1991 SOTU Address
6034:1990 SOTU Address
5985:Executive actions
5913:Broccoli comments
5906:Vomiting incident
5654:
5575:Christopher Reeve
5516:Davis, Lennard J.
5345:Tennessee v. Lane
5110:Houston Chronicle
4846:978-0-7614-2574-8
4559:. June 12, 2002.
4429:"David Greenberg"
3986:Los Angeles Times
3745:Los Angeles Times
3737:Eaton, William J.
3551:Temple University
3008:luxury.rehabs.com
2612:Stigma management
2490:Tennessee v. Lane
2484:Tennessee v. Lane
2477:Tennessee v. Lane
2366:Patricia A. Seitz
2315:
2314:
2307:
2206:Capital One Arena
1908:
1875:injunctive relief
1866:
1865:
1815:
1814:
1774:
1773:
1732:built environment
1653:George H. W. Bush
1647:
1612:George H. W. Bush
1568:assistive devices
1548:disability rights
1095:as violating the
844:George H. W. Bush
744:
743:
606:Tennessee v. Lane
302:Bragdon v. Abbott
248:George H. W. Bush
206:Passed the Senate
177:in the Senate as
112:Statutes at Large
16:(Redirected from
7380:
7090:
7083:
7076:
7067:
7066:
7053:
7052:
7043:
7042:
7025:Special Olympics
6917:Inspiration porn
6830:Universal design
6631:Pejorative terms
6611:
6610:
6574:Physical therapy
6502:
6495:
6488:
6479:
6478:
6468:
6459:
6442:
6435:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6370:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6319:
6312:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6155:
6146:
6139:
6137:Somali Civil War
6132:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6001:
5994:
5992:Executive orders
5987:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5941:Oval Office desk
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5807:
5806:
5701:
5700:
5698:Official website
5678:
5676:
5665:
5664:
5655:
5645:
5643:
5638:
5550:
5498:
5492:
5484:
5458:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5366:
5360:
5341:
5335:
5325:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5309:on May 12, 2016.
5305:. Archived from
5293:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5017:
5011:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4958:Tech Law Journal
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4894:
4888:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4830:
4824:
4805:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4755:
4748:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4656:
4641:Olmstead v. L.C.
4637:
4628:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4519:
4513:
4494:
4488:
4475:
4469:
4459:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4425:
4419:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4384:
4378:
4368:
4362:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4320:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4293:
4289:"US Census 2012"
4285:
4279:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4221:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4184:
4176:
4173:10.15779/Z38G34N
4160:
4154:
4153:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4070:
4061:
4052:
4051:
4041:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3913:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3866:. Archived from
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3733:
3727:
3722:Doherty, Brian.
3720:
3714:
3707:
3701:
3694:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3601:. Archived from
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3501:on March 7, 2020
3497:. Archived from
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3406:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3308:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3217:
3211:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3178:. Archived from
3168:
3162:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3122:
3116:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3045:
3039:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3000:
2994:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2965:. Archived from
2959:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2752:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2679:
2668:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2653:. Archived from
2643:
2522:gender dysphoria
2512:Gender dysphoria
2425:print disability
2310:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2267:
2259:
2236:summary judgment
2179:Michigan Stadium
2133:Olmstead v. L.C.
2120:Olmstead v. L.C.
2113:Olmstead v. L.C.
1909:
1861:
1858:
1848:You can help by
1841:
1834:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1769:
1766:
1756:You can help by
1749:
1742:
1714:and let stand a
1649:
1648:
1628:
1556:Capitol Building
1234:
1066:labor-management
997:, which may aid
995:gender dysphoria
904:bipolar disorder
814:requirements on
549:Barnes v. Gorman
416:Olmstead v. L.C.
258:Major amendments
250:on July 26, 1990
216:Passed the House
193:) on May 9, 1989
166:
147:sections created
113:
60:
42:
35:
31:
21:
7388:
7387:
7383:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7309:
7303:
7210:(est. 1911, UK)
7182:
7176:
7147:
7107:
7105:
7099:
7094:
7064:
7059:
7031:
6966:
6900:
6839:
6769:
6743:Activist groups
6738:
6692:
6671:
6635:
6602:
6542:
6511:
6506:
6476:
6471:
6462:
6453:
6445:
6438:
6431:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6401:
6394:
6387:
6380:
6373:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6347:JFK Records Act
6345:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6315:
6308:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6241:
6234:
6227:
6220:
6211:
6204:
6197:
6192:Cannabis policy
6190:
6183:
6176:
6169:
6163:Domestic policy
6158:
6151:
6142:
6135:
6130:New world order
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6024:
6013:
6006:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5974:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5840:
5834:
5804:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5669:This audio file
5666:
5659:
5650:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5622:Weber, Mark C.
5553:Fielder, J. F.
5486:
5485:
5435:Acemoglu, Daron
5430:
5428:Further reading
5425:
5415:
5413:
5398:
5394:
5384:
5382:
5367:
5363:
5342:
5338:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5280:
5278:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5248:
5246:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5216:
5214:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5182:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5152:
5150:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5120:
5118:
5101:
5097:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5067:
5065:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5037:
5035:
5018:
5014:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4981:
4977:
4967:
4965:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4907:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4854:
4847:
4836:Workers' Rights
4831:
4827:
4806:
4799:
4789:
4787:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4727:
4725:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4697:
4695:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4638:
4631:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4594:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4495:
4491:
4485:Wayback Machine
4476:
4472:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4436:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4394:Wayback Machine
4385:
4381:
4369:
4365:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4321:
4314:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4277:Wayback Machine
4267:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4219:10.1.1.321.1338
4198:
4194:
4178:
4177:
4161:
4157:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4068:
4062:
4055:
4024:(10): 892β893.
4018:N. Engl. J. Med
4010:
4006:
3996:
3994:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3955:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3888:. May 3, 2011.
3880:
3879:
3875:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3785:
3783:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3734:
3730:
3721:
3717:
3708:
3704:
3695:
3691:
3680:
3673:
3664:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3407:
3403:
3392:
3385:
3369:
3361:
3359:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3329:
3321:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3209:Wayback Machine
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3123:
3119:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3046:
3042:
3037:Β§ 12111(2)
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2992:Β§ 12112(a)
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2926:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2790:. May 3, 2011.
2782:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2680:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:Wheelchair ramp
2530:
2514:
2486:
2480:
2465:
2459:
2435:
2412:
2406:
2383:
2377:
2349:
2343:
2311:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2280:
2268:
2257:
2251:
2227:
2221:
2196:
2190:
2166:
2160:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2096:
2090:
2052:
2033:
1995:
1989:
1970:
1964:
1948:
1930:
1899:
1871:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1832:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1740:
1724:
1704:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1642:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1585:
1550:activists with
1544:
1542:"Capitol Crawl"
1524:
1503:
1491:
1486:
1475:Patrisha Wright
1467:
1431:
1415:
1393:
1378:
1358:(TRS), such as
1332:
1326:
1282:
1275:
1265:service animals
1261:
1259:Service animals
1226:
1186:
1171:
1134:
1119:
1053:job application
1014:
1007:
860:
848:amended in 2008
846:. It was later
840:signed into law
804:gender identity
796:national origin
740:
253:
244:Signed into law
162:
157:Β§ 12101 et seq.
111:
76:Enacted by
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7386:
7376:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7313:
7311:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7295:
7289:
7283:
7277:
7271:
7265:
7259:
7253:
7247:
7241:
7235:
7229:
7223:
7217:
7211:
7205:
7199:
7193:
7186:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7174:
7168:
7162:
7155:
7153:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7139:
7134:
7128:
7122:
7117:
7110:
7108:
7101:
7100:
7093:
7092:
7085:
7078:
7070:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7047:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7007:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6995:
6985:
6983:Disability art
6980:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6617:
6615:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6519:
6517:
6513:
6512:
6505:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6482:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6460:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6415:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6329:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6297:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6274:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6089:
6074:
6072:
6070:Foreign policy
6066:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6021:
6019:
6012:
6011:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5995:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5865:
5858:
5850:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5833:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5810:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5770:
5750:
5737:
5724:
5715:
5706:
5681:
5667:
5660:
5648:
5635:
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5632:
5631:External links
5629:
5628:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5607:
5590:
5580:
5571:Clint Eastwood
5565:
5558:
5551:
5539:10.2307/146368
5533:(4): 693β715.
5522:
5513:
5499:
5465:10.1086/322836
5456:10.1.1.510.623
5449:(5): 915β957.
5429:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5392:
5361:
5336:
5312:
5288:
5256:
5238:Google Scholar
5224:
5206:Google Scholar
5192:
5174:Google Scholar
5160:
5142:Google Scholar
5128:
5095:
5075:
5045:
5012:
4990:
4983:17 U.S.C.
4975:
4945:
4915:
4889:
4864:
4845:
4825:
4797:
4767:
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4705:
4675:
4666:
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4604:
4574:
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4514:
4489:
4470:
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4398:
4379:
4363:
4355:42 U.S.C.
4346:
4312:
4280:
4261:
4228:10.1086/322836
4212:(5): 915β957.
4192:
4155:
4128:
4097:
4053:
4004:
3972:
3953:
3934:
3903:
3873:
3855:
3825:
3797:
3762:
3728:
3715:
3702:
3689:
3671:
3655:
3616:
3586:
3560:
3534:
3512:
3482:
3454:
3437:www.bush41.org
3424:
3401:
3394:42 U.S.C.
3383:
3339:
3298:
3268:
3242:
3212:
3193:
3163:
3156:42 U.S.C.
3148:
3117:
3110:42 U.S.C.
3102:
3071:
3040:
3033:42 U.S.C.
3025:
2995:
2988:42 U.S.C.
2980:
2951:
2917:
2890:
2861:
2834:
2805:
2775:
2744:
2735:
2717:
2690:(4): 505β528.
2669:
2660:
2637:
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2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2597:
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2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2513:
2510:
2482:Main article:
2479:
2474:
2461:Main article:
2458:
2453:
2434:
2429:
2408:Main article:
2405:
2400:
2379:Main article:
2376:
2371:
2358:District Court
2345:Main article:
2342:
2337:
2313:
2312:
2271:
2269:
2262:
2253:Main article:
2250:
2245:
2223:Main article:
2220:
2215:
2210:Ellerbe Becket
2192:Main article:
2189:
2184:
2162:Main article:
2159:
2154:
2118:Main article:
2115:
2110:
2092:Main article:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2051:
2046:
2032:
2027:
1991:Main article:
1988:
1983:
1966:Main article:
1963:
1958:
1947:
1942:
1929:
1926:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1844:
1842:
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1828:
1813:
1812:
1793:
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1784:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1752:
1750:
1739:
1736:
1723:
1720:
1712:Domino's Pizza
1703:
1700:
1687:George W. Bush
1674:
1671:
1660:
1651:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1584:
1581:
1572:cerebral palsy
1543:
1540:
1523:
1520:
1502:
1499:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1466:
1463:
1430:
1427:
1414:
1411:
1382:42 U.S.C.
1377:
1374:
1348:teletypewriter
1340:47 U.S.C.
1331:
1328:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:closed caption
1274:
1273:Auxiliary aids
1271:
1260:
1257:
1240:balancing test
1175:42 U.S.C.
1170:
1167:
1123:42 U.S.C.
1118:
1115:
1080:undue hardship
1049:covered entity
1037:
1036:
1024:42 U.S.C.
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
916:cerebral palsy
859:
856:
852:George W. Bush
768:discrimination
756:42 U.S.C.
742:
741:
739:
738:
737:___ (2025)
718:
717:___ (2023)
698:
697:___ (2015)
678:
659:
640:
621:
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583:
564:
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393:
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134:Titles amended
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107:
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97:
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77:
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7171:Dorothy Miles
7169:
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6844:Social issues
6842:
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6587:
6586:Special needs
6584:
6580:
6577:
6576:
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6572:
6570:
6569:Mainstreaming
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
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6549:
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6536:
6534:
6533:Medical model
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5993:
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5982:
5977:
5976:controversies
5973:
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5625:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5606:
5605:0-19-515687-0
5602:
5598:
5594:
5593:O'Brien, Ruth
5591:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5548:
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5511:
5507:
5503:
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5496:
5490:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5400:Mears, Bill.
5396:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5369:Mears, Bill.
5365:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5340:
5333:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5316:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5292:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5260:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5228:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5196:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5099:
5092:. April 1999.
5091:
5090:
5085:
5079:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4987:Β§ 501(b)
4984:
4979:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4908:September 20,
4903:
4899:
4893:
4886:
4883:
4879:
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4777:
4771:
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4709:
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4457:
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4367:
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4297:
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4284:
4278:
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4265:
4249:
4245:
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4233:
4229:
4225:
4220:
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4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4188:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4105:Picker, Les.
4101:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4058:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4008:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3960:
3956:
3954:9786131199639
3950:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3725:
3719:
3712:
3706:
3699:
3693:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3676:
3668:
3665:Lawton, K.A.
3662:
3660:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3458:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3405:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3336:
3335:public domain
3317:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3230:
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3222:
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3210:
3206:
3203:
3197:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3167:
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3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3090:
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3075:
3059:
3055:
3051:
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3038:
3034:
3029:
3013:
3009:
3005:
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2993:
2989:
2984:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2910:September 29,
2905:
2901:
2894:
2883:September 29,
2878:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2854:September 29,
2849:
2845:
2838:
2822:
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2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2516:In 2022, the
2509:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2448:Robert Provan
2445:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2397:
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2375:
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2355:
2354:
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2332:
2328:
2324:
2321:
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2309:
2306:
2298:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2272:This section
2270:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2023:money damages
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1809:
1806:November 2022
1797:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1738:Accessibility
1735:
1733:
1729:
1728:accessibility
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:circuit split
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1668:
1666:
1654:
1638:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1583:Final passage
1580:
1577:
1576:direct action
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1386:§§ 12201
1383:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1179:§§ 12181
1176:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1127:§§ 12131
1124:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1028:§§ 12111
1025:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:exhibitionism
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
964:schizophrenia
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
880:
872:
864:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
828:
824:
821:In 1986, the
819:
817:
813:
812:accessibility
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:
719:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:
699:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:
679:
676:
673:
669:
665:
664:
660:
657:
654:
650:
646:
645:
641:
638:
635:
631:
627:
626:
622:
619:
616:
612:
608:
607:
603:
600:
597:
593:
589:
588:
584:
581:
578:
574:
570:
569:
565:
562:
559:
555:
551:
550:
546:
543:
540:
536:
532:
531:
527:
524:
521:
517:
513:
512:
508:
505:
502:
498:
494:
493:
489:
486:
483:
479:
475:
474:
470:
467:
464:
460:
456:
455:
451:
448:
445:
441:
437:
436:
432:
429:
426:
422:
418:
417:
413:
410:
407:
403:
399:
398:
394:
391:
388:
384:
380:
379:
375:
372:
369:
365:
361:
360:
356:
353:
350:
346:
342:
341:
337:
334:
331:
327:
323:
322:
318:
315:
312:
308:
304:
303:
299:
296:
293:
289:
285:
284:
280:
279:
276:
272:
268:
265:
261:
256:
249:
246:by President
245:
242:
239:
235:
232:) and by the
231:
227:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
207:
204:
202:
198:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:
172:
169:
165:
160:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
127:
124:
120:
116:
114:
108:
105:
102:
98:
93:
90:July 26, 1990
89:
85:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
7310:institutions
7136:
6947:Anthropology
6937:Deaf studies
6927:Crip as verb
6805:Mobility aid
6765:Reach Canada
6651:
6538:Social model
6463:
6454:
6177:
6055:Chicken Kiev
5862:Inauguration
5794:
5755:as amended (
5623:
5616:
5596:
5583:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5530:
5526:
5518:
5505:
5489:cite journal
5473:1721.1/63433
5446:
5442:
5414:. Retrieved
5405:
5395:
5383:. Retrieved
5374:
5364:
5359: (2004).
5343:
5339:
5320:
5315:
5307:the original
5300:
5291:
5279:. Retrieved
5268:
5259:
5247:. Retrieved
5236:
5227:
5215:. Retrieved
5204:
5195:
5183:. Retrieved
5172:
5163:
5151:. Retrieved
5140:
5131:
5119:. Retrieved
5113:. Chrn.com.
5108:
5098:
5089:Google Books
5087:
5078:
5066:. Retrieved
5057:
5048:
5036:. Retrieved
5025:
5015:
4998:
4993:
4978:
4966:. Retrieved
4957:
4948:
4936:. Retrieved
4927:
4918:
4906:. Retrieved
4892:
4887: (2002).
4871:
4867:
4855:. Retrieved
4835:
4828:
4823: (2002).
4807:
4788:. Retrieved
4780:casetext.com
4779:
4770:
4758:. Retrieved
4738:
4726:. Retrieved
4718:casetext.com
4717:
4708:
4696:. Retrieved
4687:
4678:
4669:
4660:
4655: (1999).
4639:
4627: (2005).
4611:
4607:
4595:. Retrieved
4587:casetext.com
4586:
4577:
4565:. Retrieved
4556:
4547:
4535:. Retrieved
4526:
4517:
4496:
4492:
4473:
4454:
4449:
4437:. Retrieved
4423:
4406:
4401:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:Β§ 12101
4349:
4337:. Retrieved
4328:
4303:. Retrieved
4283:
4264:
4252:. Retrieved
4236:1721.1/63433
4209:
4205:
4195:
4181:cite journal
4164:
4158:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4119:. Retrieved
4110:
4100:
4088:. Retrieved
4079:(1): 21β24.
4076:
4072:
4021:
4017:
4007:
3995:. Retrieved
3984:
3975:
3965:September 4,
3963:. Retrieved
3943:
3937:
3925:. Retrieved
3896:September 4,
3894:. Retrieved
3885:
3876:
3868:the original
3858:
3846:. Retrieved
3828:
3816:. Retrieved
3806:
3800:
3791:
3784:. Retrieved
3776:C&G News
3775:
3765:
3755:September 4,
3753:. Retrieved
3744:
3731:
3723:
3718:
3710:
3705:
3692:
3682:
3666:
3646:. Retrieved
3629:
3619:
3607:. Retrieved
3603:the original
3598:
3589:
3577:. Retrieved
3563:
3555:the original
3546:
3537:
3529:the original
3524:
3515:
3503:. Retrieved
3499:the original
3494:
3485:
3473:. Retrieved
3467:
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3436:
3427:
3412:
3404:
3398:Β§ 12187
3360:. Retrieved
3351:
3342:
3320:. Retrieved
3289:. Retrieved
3280:
3271:
3259:. Retrieved
3245:
3235:February 19,
3233:. Retrieved
3224:
3215:
3196:
3184:. Retrieved
3180:the original
3175:
3166:
3160:Β§ 12111
3151:
3141:September 6,
3139:. Retrieved
3130:
3120:
3105:
3095:September 6,
3093:. Retrieved
3084:
3074:
3064:September 6,
3062:. Retrieved
3053:
3043:
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3007:
2998:
2983:
2971:. Retrieved
2967:the original
2944:September 5,
2942:. Retrieved
2933:
2908:. Retrieved
2893:
2881:. Retrieved
2852:. Retrieved
2837:
2827:September 1,
2825:. Retrieved
2798:September 7,
2796:. Retrieved
2787:
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2756:
2738:
2730:the original
2720:
2687:
2683:
2663:
2655:the original
2650:
2641:
2515:
2488:
2487:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2455:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2414:
2413:
2402:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2351:
2350:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2301:
2295:January 2023
2292:
2281:Please help
2276:verification
2273:
2247:
2240:
2229:
2228:
2217:
2199:
2197:
2186:
2168:
2167:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2131:
2130:
2112:
2098:
2097:
2086:
2081:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2019:Constitution
1997:
1996:
1985:
1979:Target Corp.
1972:
1971:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1931:
1918:
1913:Gavin Newsom
1893:
1883:
1872:
1854:
1850:adding to it
1845:
1820:
1816:
1803:
1795:
1762:
1758:adding to it
1753:
1725:
1705:
1684:
1676:
1662:
1617:
1609:
1594:
1545:
1525:
1507:
1504:
1492:
1479:
1477:and others.
1468:
1459:
1455:
1440:
1416:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1372:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1286:
1283:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1165:
1158:
1143:
1135:
1113:
1090:
1084:
1071:
1064:, and joint
1046:
1020:US labor law
1017:
1008:
968:
962:(PTSD), and
885:
820:
764:civil rights
760:Β§ 12101
751:
747:
745:
720:
700:
680:
661:
642:
623:
604:
585:
566:
547:
528:
509:
490:
471:
452:
433:
414:
395:
376:
357:
338:
319:
300:
281:
243:
233:
225:
221:
215:
205:
196:
174:
129:Codification
59:(colloquial)
29:
7300:(est. 2010)
7294:(est. 2005)
7288:(est. 2005)
7282:(est. 1996)
7276:(est. 1994)
7270:(est. 1988)
7264:(est. 1987)
7258:(est. 1985)
7252:(est. 1982)
7246:(est. 1977)
7240:(est. 1968)
7234:(est. 1951)
7228:(est. 1940)
7222:(est. 1933)
7216:(est. 1932)
7204:(est. 1907)
7198:(est. 1880)
7192:(est. 1841)
7020:Paralympics
7015:Deaflympics
6825:Prosthetics
6516:Main topics
5839:(1989β1993)
5789:βΉ The
5406:www.cnn.com
5375:www.cnn.com
5030:. Wsj.com.
4938:January 10,
4597:December 2,
4512: (2001)
4439:January 21,
4305:December 9,
3997:January 29,
3927:October 10,
3818:January 14,
3786:January 15,
3648:December 6,
3609:January 21,
3447:December 6,
3281:www.ada.gov
3186:January 27,
2973:November 6,
2902:. ADA.gov.
2846:. ADA.gov.
2142:Lois Curtis
2006:case about
1689:signed the
1564:powerchairs
1560:wheelchairs
1419:Section 504
1397:Section 504
1154:paratransit
999:transgender
975:kleptomania
971:anti-social
677: (2012)
658: (2006)
639: (2005)
620: (2004)
601: (2003)
582: (2003)
563: (2002)
544: (2002)
525: (2002)
506: (2002)
487: (2002)
468: (2001)
449: (2001)
430: (1999)
411: (1999)
392: (1999)
373: (1999)
354: (1999)
335: (1999)
316: (1998)
297: (1998)
179:S. 933
7332:Categories
7106:and events
7010:Parasports
6547:Approaches
6523:Disability
6509:Disability
5855:Transition
5684:Audio help
5675:2009-04-09
5416:January 7,
5385:January 7,
5058:Justia.com
4857:October 7,
4073:Regulation
2634:References
2499:Congress's
2497:involving
2421:HathiTrust
2013:under the
2008:Congress's
1938:cyberspace
1934:Hotels.com
1857:April 2022
1777:Employment
1765:April 2022
1665:media help
1610:President
1597:Tom Harkin
1566:and other
1344:Β§ 225
1198:Washington
1194:Drano Lake
979:pedophilia
892:amputation
772:disability
183:Tom Harkin
175:Introduced
100:Public law
47:Long title
7173:(b. 1931)
7167:(b. 1837)
7161:(b. 1925)
7152:Activists
6957:Education
6952:Geography
6596:education
6559:Inclusion
6236:FIRRE Act
5763:) in the
5746:from the
5733:from the
5720:from the
5711:from the
5702:from the
5451:CiteSeerX
4928:Community
4698:March 29,
4339:March 15,
4214:CiteSeerX
3638:0362-4331
3018:March 27,
2712:251956132
2704:0898-0306
2651:findUSlaw
2540:ADA Signs
1360:STS relay
1228:42 U.S.C.
1206:enjoyment
1018:See also
987:voyeurism
908:blindness
770:based on
151:42 U.S.C.
117:104
95:Citations
87:Effective
68:Nicknames
7181:Activist
7045:Category
6962:Journals
6942:Eugenics
6922:Bodymind
6729:Students
6676:Services
6116:Gulf War
6093:Helsinki
6018:Speeches
5869:Timeline
5846:Timeline
5791:template
5718:ADA page
5709:ADA page
5686: Β·
5481:15460395
5410:Archived
5379:Archived
5332:archived
5275:Archived
5243:Archived
5211:Archived
5179:Archived
5147:Archived
5115:Archived
5062:Archived
5032:Archived
5008:archived
4962:Archived
4932:Archived
4902:Archived
4851:Archived
4790:July 14,
4784:Archived
4760:July 14,
4751:Archived
4728:July 14,
4722:Archived
4692:Archived
4591:Archived
4567:July 17,
4561:Archived
4537:July 17,
4531:Archived
4481:Archived
4466:archived
4433:Archived
4416:archived
4390:Archived
4333:Archived
4296:Archived
4273:Archived
4254:July 11,
4248:Archived
4244:15460395
4121:March 9,
4115:Archived
4111:nber.org
4090:July 11,
4081:Archived
4048:26225616
3991:Archived
3959:Archived
3921:Archived
3890:Archived
3848:July 27,
3842:Archived
3812:Archived
3780:Archived
3749:Archived
3642:Archived
3579:June 28,
3573:Archived
3505:March 7,
3475:April 9,
3441:Archived
3362:June 13,
3356:Archived
3322:June 13,
3316:Archived
3285:Archived
3255:Archived
3229:Archived
3205:Archived
3135:Archived
3131:EEOC.gov
3089:Archived
3085:EEOC.gov
3058:Archived
3054:EEOC.gov
3012:Archived
2938:Archived
2904:Archived
2877:Archived
2848:Archived
2821:Archived
2792:Archived
2768:July 20,
2762:Archived
2528:See also
1928:Case law
1595:Senator
1495:Bob Dole
1493:Senator
1465:Lobbying
1451:Virginia
1429:Drafting
932:HIV/AIDS
928:epilepsy
924:diabetes
920:deafness
898:(ADHD),
788:religion
56:Acronyms
6697:Support
5948:Cabinet
5897:1992β93
5793:below (
5761:details
5742:of the
5729:of the
5673: (
5644:minutes
5281:June 8,
5249:June 8,
5217:June 8,
5185:June 8,
5153:June 8,
5068:June 8,
4968:May 25,
4749:. ADA.
4557:Findlaw
4431:. ADA.
4144:: 191.
4039:4617620
3793:action.
3599:tmc.edu
3291:May 10,
3261:July 2,
2396:YouTube
2392:Myspace
2017:to the
1796:updated
1730:in the
1489:Support
1421:of the
1413:History
1107:or the
958:(OCD),
778:as the
762:) is a
687:13-1412
155:ch. 126
104:101-336
7183:groups
7144:(2008)
7133:(1988)
7127:(1975)
7104:Topics
6614:Rights
6591:school
6028:(1989)
5962:Thomas
5603:
5595:, ed.
5547:146368
5545:
5479:
5453:
5437:&
5348:,
5326:,
5121:May 2,
5038:May 2,
5002:,
4985:
4876:,
4843:
4812:,
4644:,
4616:,
4501:,
4460:,
4410:,
4357:
4242:
4216:
4046:
4036:
3951:
3724:Reason
3636:
3396:
3158:
3112:
3035:
2990:
2710:
2702:
2002:was a
1722:Impact
1384:
1342:
1230:
1177:
1125:
1026:
1005:Titles
912:cancer
900:autism
831:Senate
758:
729:,
727:23-997
725:, No.
709:,
707:22β429
705:, No.
689:,
685:, No.
234:Senate
230:377β28
212:
145:U.S.C.
121:
7055:Lists
6760:MINDS
6086:Malta
5543:JSTOR
5477:S2CID
5352:
4880:
4816:
4754:(PDF)
4747:(PDF)
4648:
4620:
4505:
4299:(PDF)
4292:(PDF)
4240:S2CID
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