Public participation

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actors who share the same values and seek the same outcomes. However, the uncertain nature of many of the environmental issues would undermine the validity of public participation, given that in many cases the actors come to the table of discussion hold very different perceptions of the problem and solution which are unlikely to be welded into a consensus due to the incommensurability of different positions. This may run the risk of expert bias, which generates further exclusion as those who are antagonistic to the consensus would be marginalised in the environmental decision-making process, which violates the assumed advantage of participatory approach to produce democratic environmental decisions. This raises the further question of whether consensus should be the measure of a successful outcome of participation. As Davies suggests, participative democracy could not guarantee the substantive environmental benefits 'if there are competing views of what the environment should be like and what it is valuable for'. Consequently, who should be involved at what points in the process of environmental decision-making and what is the goal of this kind of participation become central to the debates on public participation as a key issue in environmental governance.

563:). In addition, some opponents argue that the right to participate in environmental decision-making is a procedural right that "can be seen as part of the fundamental right to environmental protection". From this ethical perspective, environmental governance is expected to operate within a framework coinciding the "constitutional principle of fairness (inclusive of equality)", which inevitably requires the fulfillment of "environmental rights" and ultimately calls for the engagement of public. Further, in the context of considerable scientific uncertainties surrounding environmental issues, public participation helps to counter such uncertainties and bridges the gap between scientifically-defined environmental problems and the experiences and values of stakeholders. Through joint effort of the government and scientists in collaboration with the public, better governance of environment is expected to be achieved by making the most appropriate decision possible. 602:

of public participation by using analyzing data from U.S. state transportation agencies. The way these authors measured this is by observing the "effect of public participation on organizational performance" (Neshkova and Guo, 2012). The organizational performance in this instance is U.S. state transportation agencies. The researchers concluded that "public participation is, in fact, associated with enhanced organizational performance" (Neshkova and Guo, 2012). Bureaucratic agencies in general become more effective when including the public in their decision making. What these two studies show is that one the public has not only an interest in policy making but is driven by their beliefs. Lastly, public participation is indeed an effective tool when lawmakers or bureaucratic agencies are making policies or laws.

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engagement in policy drafting increased effectiveness and responsiveness of government public service delivery. All modern constitutions and fundamental laws contain and declare the concept and principle of popular sovereignty, which essentially means that the people are the ultimate source of public power or government authority. The concept of popular sovereignty holds simply that in a society organized for political action, the will of the people as a whole is the only right standard of political action. It can be regarded as an important element in the system of the checks and balances, and representative democracy. Therefore, the people are implicitly entitled even to directly participate in the process of public policy and law making.

559:. It is recognised that environmental problems cannot be solved by government alone. Participation in environmental decision-making effectively links the public to environmental governance. By involving the public, who are at the root of both causes and solutions of environmental problems, in environmental discussions, transparency and accountability are more likely to be achieved, thus securing the democratic legitimacy of decision-making that good environmental governance depends on. Arguably, a strong public participation in environmental governance could increase the commitment among stockholders, which strengthens the compliance and enforcement of environmental laws. GIS can provide a valuable tool for such work (see 158: 527:

off of work, and access to education in public matters exacerbate the lack of participation by low-income citizens. To foster greater participation of all social groups, vanguard privileged classes work to bring in low-income citizens through collaboration. The organizations establish an incentive for participation through accessible language and friendly environments. This allows for an atmosphere of consensus between middle and lower-income citizens.

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standardised terminology have been developed. For example, a beta version of Standardised Data on Initiatives (STARDIT) was published in 2022, using Wikidata to encourage consistent terminology across languages to describe the tasks of involvement, the methods, communication modes and any impacts or outcomes from involvement. STARDIT has already been used by a number of organisations to report initiatives, including

52:. This can be in relation to individuals, governments, institutions, companies or any other entities that affect public interests. The principle of public participation holds that those who are affected by a decision have a right to be involved in the decision-making process. Public participation implies that the public's contribution will influence the decision. Public participation may be regarded as a form of 141:

by community members, election of budget delegates to represent different communities, facilitation and technical assistance by public employees, local and higher level assemblies to deliberate and vote on spending priorities, and the implementation of local direct-impact community projects. Participatory budgeting may be used by towns and cities around the world, and has been widely publicised in

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until the end of the 20th century. A paradigm shift started with the Burra Charter by ICOMOS Australia in 1979 and was later developed by the work of the GCI around 2000. Today, so called “value-led conservation” is at the base of heritage management for WH sites: establishing stakeholders and associated values is a fundamental step in creating a Management Plan for such sites.

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Weible digresses his statements with a "three-tier hierarchical belief system" (Weible, 2007). The first tier is unchanging fundamental beliefs that a person holds. The middle tier is compose of core beliefs regarding policy and is more "pliable than deep core beliefs" (Weible, 2007), which is found in tier one. The final tier is merely secondary beliefs.

500:, and other democracies. Establishing direct citizen participation can increase governance's effectiveness, legitimacy, and social justice. The idea is that public should be involved more fully in the policy process in that, authorities seek public views and participation, instead of treating the public as simply passive recipients of policy decisions. 631:

states the right of every person to participate in the affairs of his country, either directly or by selecting representatives. Likewise, the right to political participation means the right under which the ruling authority is committed to providing rights to citizens, including the right to nominate

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The concept and practice of public participation has been critiqued, often using Foucauldian analytical frameworks. Such accounts detail how participation can be a method of capturing community activity into regimes of power and control although it has also been noted that capture and empowerment can

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Public participation may also be viewed as accountability enhancing. The argument being that public participation can be a means for the participating communities to hold public authorities accountable for implementation. In the United Kingdom citizens are used to ensure the fair and humane detention

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As shown in Christopher Weible's study, it is obvious that the public has an intrinsic desire to participate in policy making to some degree. That being said, how effective is public participation in the sphere of policy making? A study by Milena I. Neshkova and Hai Guo illuminates the effectiveness

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in authorities and politicians has become a widespread concern in many democratic societies.The relationship between citizens and local governments has weakened over the past two decades due to shortcomings in public service delivery. Public participation is regarded as one potential solution to the

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Why is the public motivated to participate in policy making in the first place? A study from Christopher M. Weible argues in his stakeholder example that individuals are motivated by their belief systems. More specifically, people are "motivated to convert their beliefs into policy" (Weible, 2007).

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Although broad agreements exist, the notion of public participation in environmental decision-making has been subject to a sustained critique concerning the real outcome of participatory environmental governance. Critics argue that public participation tends to focus on reaching a consensus between

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In the United States, public participation in administrative rulemaking refers to the process by which proposed rules are subject to public comment for a specified period of time. Public participation is typically mandatory for rules promulgated by executive agencies of the US government. Statutes

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Consultation with local communities is acknowledged formally in cultural management processes. They are necessary for defining the significance of a cultural place/site, otherwise you run the risk of overseeing many values, focusing on “experts’” views. This has been the case in heritage management

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Participatory budgeting is a process of democratic deliberation and decision-making, in which ordinary city residents decide how to allocate part of a municipal or public budget. Participatory budgeting is usually characterized by several basic design features: identification of spending priorities

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Many community organizations are composed of affluent middle-class citizens with the privilege and the time to participate. It is well documented that low-income citizens face difficulty organizing themselves and engaging in public issues. Obstacles like: finding affordable childcare, getting time

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The underlying assumption by political theorists, social commentators, and even politicians is that public participation increase public trust in authorities, improving citizen political efficacy, enhancing democratic ideals and even improving the quality of policy decisions. However, the assumed

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movements. Public participation may be advanced as part of a "people first" paradigm shift. In this respect, public participation may challenge the concept that "big is better" and the logic of centralized hierarchies, advancing alternative concepts of "more heads are better than one" and arguing

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The key to success in applying citizen science to policy development is data which is "suitable, robust, and of a known quality for evidence-based policy making". Barriers to applying citizen science to policy development include a lack of suitability between the data collected and the policy in

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Greater inclusion of non-professional scientists in policy research is important. It is academia's responsibly to facilitate the "democratization of policy research". This has several benefits: having citizens involved in not just the contribution of data, but also the framing and development of

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Public participation is viewed as a tool, intended to inform planning, organising or funding of activities. Public participation may also be used to measure attainable objectives, evaluate impact, and identify lessons for future practice. In Brazil's housing councils, mandated in 2005, citizen

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Reporting and evaluating methods of public participation and involvement in across multiple disciplines and languages has been an ongoing challenge, making it difficult to assess effectiveness. Some novel tools for reporting involvement, engagement and participation across disciplines using

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In 1990 practitioners established the International Association for Public Practitioners in order to respond to the increasing interest in the practice, and in turn established the International Association for Public Participation (IAP2). The practice is well established globally and the

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into their policy-making processes. Situating citizens as active actors in policy-making can work to offset government failures by allowing for reform that will better emulate the needs of citizens. By incorporating citizens, policies will reflect everyday needs and realities, and not the

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Nunn, Jack S.; Shafee, Thomas; Chang, Steven; Stephens, Richard; Elliott, Jim; Oliver, Sandy; John, Denny; Smith, Maureen; Orr, Neil; Preston, Jennifer; Borthwick, Josephine; van Vlijmen, Thijs; Ansell, James; Houyez, Francois; de Sousa, Maria Sharmila Alina (2022-07-19).

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233:. In this context are limits of solely relying on technocratic bureaucratic monopoly of decision making, and it is argued that public participation allows governments to adopt policies and enact laws that are relevant to communities and take into account their needs. 160: 668:

since 1791. More recently, since the 1970s in New Zealand numerous laws (e.g.: health, local government, environmental management) require government officials to "consult" those affected by a matter and take their views into consideration when making decisions.

191:. The desire to increase public participation in humanitarian aid and development has led to the establishment of a numerous context-specific, formal methodologies, matrices, pedagogies and ad hoc approaches. These include conscientization and praxis; 358:

research, online discussion forums, or deliberative citizens' juries. There are many different public participation mechanisms, although these often share common features (for a list over 100, and a typology of mechanisms, see Rowe and Frewer, 2005).

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and public participation are closely connected democratic societies have incorporated public participation rights into their laws for centuries. For example, in the US the right to petition has been part of the First Amendment of the

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and elect representatives, to hold public office in accordance with the principle of equal opportunities, to participate in private and public meetings, and the right to form and join political parties. Articles 20 and 27 of the

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In Australia, Indigenous communities increasingly have stewardship of conservation and management programs to care for, monitor and maintain their cultural heritage places and landscapes, particularly those containing rock art.

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benefits of public participation in restoring public trust are yet to be confirmed. Citizen participation is only sustained if citizens support it and if their involvement is actively supported by the governing body.

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making within democratic bodies, policies are rendered legitimate when citizens have the opportunity to influence the politicians and parties involved. In the UK and Canada it has been observed that all levels of

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Chapman, Colin and Crona Hodges. "Can Citizen Science Seriously Contribute to Policy Development?: A Decision Maker's View." Analyzing the Role of Citizens Science in Modern Research. IGI Global, 2017.

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There have emerged a number of arguments in favor of a more participatory approach, which stress that public participation is a crucial element in environmental governance that contributes to better

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Pring, G. and Noé, S.Y. (2002) 'The Emerging International Law of Public Participation Affecting Global Mining, Energy, and Resource Development' in Zillman, D.M., Lucas, A. and Pring, G.(eds)

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Effective public participation depends on the public having accessing to accurate and comprehensive information. Hence laws regarding public participation often deal with the issue of the

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Weible, Christopher (2007). "An Advocacy Coalition Framework Approach to Stakeholder Analysis: Understanding the Political Context of California Marine Protected Area Policy".

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With growing complexities of the environmental issues, public participation has come to the fore in academic analysis concerning the contemporary debates about

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A conservation programme in Dangeil, Sudan, has used social and economic relationship with the community to make the project sustainable over the long term.

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Richardson, Liz. "Engaging the Public in Policy Research: Are Community Researchers the Answer?" Politics and Governance, vol. 2, no. 1, 2014, pp. 32–44.

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enshrined by some international and national legal systems that protects public participation in certain decision making processes. Article 21 of the

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Rowe, G. and Frewer, L.J. (2000) Public participation methods: A framework for evaluation, Science, Technology, & Human Values, 25 (1), 3-29.

702: 1527:"Toward "Strong Democracy" in Global Cities? Social Capital Building, Theory-Driven Reform, and the Los Angeles Neighborhood Council Experience" 2178: 791: 100: 41:, is the inclusion of the public in the activities of any organization or project. Public participation is similar to but more inclusive than 1880: 639:

In some jurisdictions, the right to public participation is enshrined by law. The right to public participation may also be conceived of as

285:, education, consultation, exhibitions, academic events, publicity campaigns, among others are all effective means for local participation. 1034: 885: 278: 705:

funded research projects, La Trobe University's Academic and Research Collaborative in Health (ARCH), citizen science projects and the

475: 1462:"Accountability and Oversight of State Functions: Use of Volunteers to Monitor Equality and Diversity in Prisons in England and Wales" 1319:

Rowe, G. and Frewer, L.J. (2005) A typology of public engagement mechanisms, Science, Technology, & Human Values, 30 (2), 251-290.

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What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

2588: 1102:"Finding Sustainability in the Desert: Conservation of the Archaeological Site of Dangeil, Sudan, and Its Associated Collections" 1656:

Human Rights in Natural Resource Development: Public Participation in the Sustainable Development of Mining and Energy Resources

985: 865: 687:, meant to ensure equal and full participation of a designated group in society. For example, in the context of disabled people. 2389: 2329: 1429:

Rowe, G. and Gammack, J.G. (2004) Promise and perils of electronic public engagement, Science and Public Policy, 31 (1), 39-54.

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Nazrul Islam, Nazrul Isable Martinez and Wang Xi, "Environmental Law in Developing Countries: Selected Issues, IUCN, 2002, pg.7

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In recent years, public participation has become seen as a vital part of addressing environmental problems and bringing about

1304: 628: 237: 17: 2210: 2557: 749: 460: 204: 1245:"Participatory Governance Reform: A Good Strategy for Increasing Government Responsiveness and Improving Public Services?" 99:. Similarly major environmental and sustainability mechanisms have enshrined a right to public participation, such as the 2716: 2668: 2439: 252:

Around the globe, experts work closely with local communities. Local communities are crucial stakeholders for heritage.

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Citizen science is a coined term commonly used to describe the participation of non-scientists in scientific research.

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Du Plessis, A. (2008), 'Public Participation, Good Environmental Governance and Fulfillment of Environmental Rights',

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Bulkeley, H. and Mol, A.P.J. (2003), 'Participation and Environmental Governance: Consensus, Ambivalence and Debate',

1502:"Wampler, Brian, and Stephanie McNulty. "Does participatory governance matter." Exploring the (2011). - Google Search" 2322: 2757: 1330: 769: 560: 455: 759: 91:

Some legal and other frameworks have developed a human rights approach to public participation. For example, the

2721: 2618: 2374: 1932:"مفوضية الأمم المتحدة السامية لحقوق الإنسان | العهد الدولي الخاص بالحقوق الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية" 49: 1834:

Neshkova, Milena (2012). "Public Participation and Organizational Performance: Evidence from State Agencies".

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Public participation is part of "people centred" or "human centric" principles, which have emerged in

2706: 2648: 2211:"About the ARCH, Research, Academic and Research Collaborative in Health (ARCH), La Trobe University" 188: 174: 1954: 1046: 540:

International Association of Public Participation now has affiliate organizations across the globe.

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Davies, A. (2001). 'What silence knows – planning, public participation and environmental values',

796: 549: 440: 420: 415: 384: 2369: 1931: 1899: 1203:"Putting the Public Back into Governance: The Challenges of Citizen Participation and Its Future" 906:

3rd IGES International Workshop on Forest Conservation Strategies for the Asia and Pacific Region

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and inclusiveness, shaped by the desire for the participation of the whole community or society.

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Owens, S. (2000). 'Engaging the public: information and deliberation in environmental policy',

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make a similar declaration about the right to participate in the management of public affairs.

445: 346: 275: 208: 178: 42: 934: 2711: 2519: 2509: 2474: 1900:"The Right to Public Participation in Resources and Environmental Decision-Making in Alberta" 1347: 779: 774: 754: 719: 470: 435: 400: 124: 60:, the establishment of ongoing participatory processes is seen by some as the facilitator of 2598: 2479: 1058: 744: 513: 405: 120: 83:

and international relief and development programs. Public participation is advanced by the

57: 8: 2747: 2688: 2409: 2404: 2379: 902:

A rights-based approach to public participation and local management of natural resources

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have been undertaking several projects with local communities to protect their heritage.

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Clark, Kate. “Preserving What Matters. Value-Led Planning for Cultural Heritage Sites.”

2726: 2603: 2529: 2424: 2272: 2237: 2131: 2096: 2071: 2036: 2011: 1976: 1589: 1176: 1129: 1082: 739: 267: 1526: 993: 149:, were the first full participatory budgeting process was developed starting in 1989. 2633: 2593: 2546: 2494: 2419: 2277: 2259: 2136: 2118: 2076: 2058: 2016: 1998: 1593: 1581: 1546: 1542: 1483: 1369: 1300: 1264: 1222: 1180: 1168: 1133: 1121: 1086: 1074: 946: 425: 116: 1244: 1149:"Indigenous Stewardship of Decolonised Rock Art Conservation Processes in Australia" 2623: 2539: 2504: 2267: 2249: 2126: 2108: 2066: 2048: 2006: 1988: 1911: 1843: 1816: 1573: 1538: 1525:

Musso, Juliet; Weare, Christopher; Bryer, Thomas; Cooper, Terry L. (January 2011).

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People-Centred Approaches to the Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Living Heritage

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Video segment in 2011: "Without people participation development actions fail". -

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machinations of politicians and political parties. This may involve large-scale

2643: 2568: 2524: 2254: 2113: 2053: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1577: 1396:

International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering (IJTPE)

493: 368: 2741: 2673: 2608: 2489: 2263: 2122: 2062: 2002: 1993: 1585: 1550: 1487: 1478: 1461: 1373: 1268: 1226: 1172: 1125: 1078: 816: 672: 333: 80: 68: 1942: 1847: 1820: 1364: 2583: 2578: 2469: 2346: 2314: 2281: 2140: 2080: 2020: 1286: 883:

African Charter for Popular Participation in Development and Transformation

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African Charter for Popular Participation in Development and Transformation

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that reports on the fair and humane detention of prisoners and detainees.

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Marshall, Melissa; May, Kadeem; Dann, Robin; Nulgit, Lloyd (2020-08-31).

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In some countries public participation has become a central principle of

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involvement of those potentially affected by or interested in a decision

27:

Inclusion of the people in the activities of any organization or project

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The concept of stakeholders has widened to include local communities.

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Public participation is recognised as an environmental principle, see

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question and skepticism regarding the data collected by non-experts.

88:

that public participation can sustain productive and durable change.

72: 1975:

Nunn, Jack S.; Tiller, Jane; Fransquet, Peter; Lacaze, Paul (2019).

1348:"The Public Participation in the Drafting of Legislation in Hungary" 679:. The right to participation may also be advanced in the context of 2696: 2534: 1916: 1564:

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http://hdl.handle.net/10020/gci_pub/values_heritage_research_report

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Guiducci, Francesca; Sweek, Tracey; Anderson, Julie (2020-08-31).

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culture over the last thirty years, and has had some bearings of

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provisions in their legal systems since before the Middle Ages.

274:, and communities are all important parties. Activities such as 56:

and as a vital part of democratic governance. In the context of

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Avrami, Erica C., Randall Mason, and Marta De la Torre. 2000.

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Reporting and evaluating public participation and involvement

655:, Germany, Denmark and Sweden, have public participation and 293: 1690:"Ramos, G. Public participation in Environmental Governance" 95:

in economic and human development was enshrined in the 1990

2179:"Guidelines for Community Involvement in Genomics Research" 935:

https://www.iccrom.org/sites/default/files/PCA_Annexe-2.pdf

817:"IAP2 Core Values for the Practice of Public Participation" 492:

crisis in public trust and governance, particularly in the

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Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research Report

218: 1974: 48:

Generally public participation seeks and facilitates the

2238:"Standardised data on initiatives—STARDIT: Beta version" 2097:"Standardised data on initiatives—STARDIT: Beta version" 2037:"Standardised data on initiatives—STARDIT: Beta version" 2234: 2093: 2033: 1607: 1524: 1146: 1099: 187:

In economic development theory, there is a school of

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Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory

1809:

Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory

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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

592: 2707:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation 507: 431:Public participation geographic information system 1955:"Public participation legislation - Coastal Wiki" 1386: 1033:. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. 1017:. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. 1015:Values and Heritage Conservation: Research Report 2739: 916: 914: 861: 859: 837: 835: 833: 605: 544:Public participation in environmental governance 199:(RRA) and participatory rural appraisal (PRA); 792:Strategic lawsuit against public participation 2330: 1352:Central European Public Administration Review 911: 856: 830: 2344: 2375:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention 1733:, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, p.222. 1440:"Public participation (science in society)" 530: 2337: 2323: 1566:Journal of Planning Education and Research 1387:Assari, Ali; T.M. Mahesh (December 2011). 1380: 1288:Civil Society and Participatory Governance 476:Public participation in patent examination 2271: 2253: 2130: 2112: 2070: 2052: 2010: 1992: 1915: 1477: 1363: 786:Progress in Community Health Partnerships 1833: 1658:, Oxford University Press, Oxford, P 76. 156: 2589:Right to an adequate standard of living 1708: 1706: 1692:. Globalnation.inquirer.net. 2008-07-21 1345: 1284: 219:Environment and sustainable development 201:appreciation influence control analysis 14: 2740: 2390:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 1897: 1878: 1806: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1563: 1459: 1280: 1278: 1238: 1236: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1044: 643:, or as manifestation of the right to 519:of prisoners. Volunteers comprise the 2318: 2171: 1792: 1790: 1731:Citizens, Experts and the Environment 1242: 629:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 238:Environmental Principles and Policies 1714:Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 1703: 1200: 843:"Principles of Public Participation" 750:Localisation (humanitarian practice) 461:Participatory technology development 205:Objectives Oriented Project Planning 2242:Research Involvement and Engagement 2184:. Australian Genomics. April 2023. 2101:Research Involvement and Engagement 2041:Research Involvement and Engagement 1661: 1275: 1233: 1187: 809: 24: 1879:US EPA, OITA (February 24, 2014). 1787: 1285:Donaghy, Maureen M. (2013-03-05). 570: 25: 2769: 2510:Right to refuse medical treatment 2191:from the original on 18 July 2023 845:. Co-intelligence.org. 2008-05-23 288:For instance, local charities in 1543:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02311.x 1243:Speer, Johanna (December 2012). 1047:"A tale of a Syrian city at war" 971:Conservation, The GCI Newsletter 770:GIS and environmental governance 611:This section is an excerpt from 593:Efficacy of Public Participation 561:GIS and environmental governance 456:Participatory poverty assessment 321: 240:, and has been enshrined in the 203:(AIC); "open space" approaches; 2288: 2228: 2203: 2147: 2087: 2027: 1968: 1924: 1898:Fluker, Shaun (June 30, 2015). 1891: 1872: 1862:"What is Public Participation?" 1854: 1827: 1800: 1778: 1765: 1752: 1736: 1723: 1682: 1648: 1624: 1600: 1557: 1518: 1494: 1460:Roffee, James A. (2017-01-01). 1453: 1432: 1423: 1414: 1339: 1322: 1313: 1140: 1093: 1038: 1023: 1007: 978: 760:Participation (decision making) 508:Accountability and transparency 482: 367:or agency policies may mandate 2722:Sexual and reproductive health 2619:Right to a healthy environment 1346:Vértesy, László (2017-01-10). 1261:10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.034 1029:De la Torre, Marta, ed. 2002. 963: 939: 923: 894: 876: 152: 39:patient and public involvement 13: 1: 2639:Right to public participation 1165:10.1080/00393630.2020.1778264 1118:10.1080/00393630.2020.1761183 1071:10.1080/13604813.2019.1575605 803: 621:right to public participation 613:Right to public participation 606:Right to public participation 389:Participatory action research 225:right to public participation 193:Participatory action research 183:Participatory rural appraisal 93:right to public participation 2659:Right to science and culture 2213:. 2023-07-18. Archived from 1531:Public Administration Review 1207:Public Administration Review 1045:Azzouz, Ammar (2019-02-11). 675:, access of information and 521:Independent Monitoring Board 129: 7: 2485:Right to keep and bear arms 2395:Freedom from discrimination 1333:September 27, 2008, at the 1201:Fung, Archon (2015-02-25). 712: 247: 105: 10: 2774: 2255:10.1186/s40900-022-00363-9 2114:10.1186/s40900-022-00363-9 2054:10.1186/s40900-022-00363-9 1981:Frontiers in Public Health 1760:Environment and Planning A 1578:10.1177/0739456X0001900406 610: 574: 511: 466:Participatory organization 451:Participatory 3D modelling 378: 374: 325: 310: 222: 172: 133: 114: 2682: 2649:Right to rest and leisure 2555: 2360: 2353: 487:In recent years, loss of 189:participatory development 175:Participatory development 2664:Right to social security 2629:Right to Internet access 2574:Equal pay for equal work 2460:Presumption of innocence 1994:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00079 1479:10.1177/2158244017690792 973:16, no. 3 (2001): 5-12. 797:Visual preference survey 550:environmental governance 531:Critical interpretations 441:Participatory management 421:Participatory evaluation 416:Participatory ergonomics 393: 385:Participatory monitoring 306: 272:charitable organisations 2758:Participatory democracy 2540:right to be a candidate 2370:Equality before the law 1472:(1): 2158244017690792. 1365:10.17573/ipar.2016.4.06 1153:Studies in Conservation 1106:Studies in Conservation 765:Participatory economics 411:Participatory economics 328:Participatory democracy 231:sustainable development 136:Participatory budgeting 62:collective intelligence 2400:Freedom of information 2385:Freedom of association 870:July 11, 2008, at the 735:Deliberative democracy 677:freedom of information 657:freedom of information 645:freedom of association 446:Participatory modeling 347:stakeholder engagement 341:have started to build 209:vulnerability analysis 179:Participatory planning 170: 110: 43:stakeholder engagement 2712:Intersex human rights 2520:Right of self-defense 2475:Right to a fair trial 1848:10.1093/jopart/mur038 1821:10.1093/jopart/muj015 1297:10.4324/9780203098011 780:Participatory justice 775:Participatory culture 755:Neighborhood planning 471:Participatory sensing 436:Participatory justice 401:Participatory culture 268:research institutions 223:Further information: 197:rapid rural appraisal 165: 125:Participatory theatre 35:citizen participation 18:Citizen participation 2599:Right to development 2480:Right to family life 2430:Freedom from torture 2415:Freedom from slavery 1773:Environmental Values 1744:Environmental Values 1674:Environmental Values 990:australia.icomos.org 888:May 2, 2008, at the 745:Involve (think tank) 514:Radical transparency 406:Participatory design 371:during this period. 121:Participatory cinema 58:knowledge management 31:Public participation 2410:Freedom of religion 2405:Freedom of movement 2380:Freedom of assembly 2362:Civil and political 1729:Fischer, F. (2000) 1159:(sup1): P205–P212. 1112:(sup1): P113–P118. 1063:2019City...23..107A 649:freedom of assembly 317:Participatory video 313:Participatory media 2727:Right to sexuality 2604:Right to education 2530:Security of person 2425:Freedom of thought 1904:Alberta Law Review 1219:10.1111/puar.12361 951:unesdoc.unesco.org 740:Intentional living 720:Citizens' assembly 281:2021-05-03 at the 276:knowledge exchange 262:Various levels of 171: 2735: 2734: 2634:Right to property 2594:Right to clothing 2579:Fair remuneration 2547:Right to homeland 2495:Right to petition 2420:Freedom of speech 1306:978-0-203-09801-1 1255:(12): 2379–2398. 1249:World Development 900:Shelton, Dinah. " 585:research itself. 426:Participatory GIS 213:capacity analysis 163: 117:Participatory art 16:(Redirected from 2765: 2624:Right to housing 2558:Economic, social 2505:Right to protest 2500:Right to privacy 2339: 2332: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2306: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2275: 2257: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2222: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2190: 2183: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2165: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2134: 2116: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2074: 2056: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2014: 1996: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1962: 1951: 1940: 1939: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1785: 1782: 1776: 1769: 1763: 1756: 1750: 1740: 1734: 1727: 1721: 1720:(2): 170-201.(4) 1710: 1701: 1700: 1698: 1697: 1686: 1680: 1670: 1659: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1481: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1448: 1447: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1393: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1367: 1343: 1337: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1282: 1273: 1272: 1240: 1231: 1230: 1198: 1185: 1184: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1042: 1036: 1027: 1021: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1002: 1001: 992:. 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