274:
265:, 38% to 66%) over 24 months if the man was circumcised. The review also found a low incidence of adverse effects from circumcision in the trials reviewed. WHO assessed the trials as "gold standard" studies and found "strong and consistent" evidence from later studies that confirmed the results. In 2020, a review including post-study follow up from the three randomized controlled trials, as well as newer observational studies, found a 59% relative reduction in HIV incidence, and 1.31% absolute decrease across the three randomized controlled trials, as well as continued protection for up to 6 years after the studies began.
375:
128:
in addition to other preventive measures, for the prevention of heterosexually acquired HIV infection in men. Eastern and southern Africa had a particularly low prevalence of circumcised males. This region has a disproportionately high HIV infection rate, with a significant number of those infections stemming from heterosexual transmission. The WHO has made voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) a priority intervention in that region since their 2007 recommendations.
74:
all high priority countries. Furthermore, WHO stated that: "While circumcision reduces a man’s individual lifetime HIV risk, the indirect effect of preventing further HIV transmissions to women, their babies (vertical transmission) and from women to other men has an even greater impact on the population incidence, particularly for circumcisions performed at younger ages (under age 25 years)."
133:
sexual partners. Male circumcision should never replace other known effective prevention methods and should always be considered as part of a comprehensive prevention package, which includes correct and consistent use of male or female condoms, reduction in the number of sexual partners, delaying the onset of sexual relations, and HIV testing, counseling, and treatment.
171:(KNMG) questioned the applicability of those studies to developed countries. Circumcision has not been included in their HIV prevention recommendations. The KNMG circumcision policy statement was endorsed by several Dutch medical associations. The policy statement was initially released in 2010, but was reviewed again and accepted in 2022.
195:
85:
the HIV virus from the circumcision wound, thus increasing the immediate risk of HIV transmission to female partners. This risk of post-operative transmission presents a challenge, although in the long-term it is possible the circumcision of HIV-infected men helps lessen heterosexual HIV transmission
73:
The WHO Expert Group on Models To Inform Fast
Tracking Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision In HIV Combination Prevention in 2016 found "large benefits" of circumcision in settings with high HIV prevalence and low circumcision prevalence. The Group estimated male circumcision is cost-saving in almost
362:
In 2011, UNAIDS prioritized 15 high HIV prevalence countries in eastern and southern Africa, with a goal of circumcising 80% of men (20.8 million) by the end of 2016. As of 2020, WHO estimated that 250,000 HIV infections have been averted by the 23 million circumcisions conducted in the 15 priority
297:
The WHO recommends VMMC, as opposed to traditional circumcision. There is some evidence that traditionally circumcised men (i.e. who have been circumcised by a person who is not medically trained) use condoms less often and have higher numbers of sexual partners, increasing their risk of contracting
127:
The most recent WHO review of the evidence reiterates prior estimates of the impact of male circumcision on HIV incidence rates. In 2020, WHO again concluded that male circumcision is an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention and that the promotion of male circumcision is an essential strategy,
132:
Although these results confirm that male circumcision reduces the risk of men becoming infected with HIV, the UN agencies emphasize that it does not provide complete protection against HIV infection. Circumcised men can still become infected with the virus and, if HIV-positive, can infect their
179:
While the biological mechanism of action is not known, a 2020 meta-analysis stated "the consistent protective effect suggests that the reasons for the heterogeneity lie in concomitant individual social and medical factors, such as presence of STIs, rather than a different biological impact of
253:. All three trials were stopped early by their monitoring boards because those in the circumcised group had a substantially lower rate of HIV incidence than the control group, and hence it was seen as unethical to withhold the procedure, in light of strong evidence of efficacy. In 2009, a
225:
examined 27 studies of circumcision and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa and concluded that these showed circumcision to be "associated with a significantly reduced risk of HIV infection" that could form part of a useful public health strategy. A 2005 review of 37 observational studies expressed
220:
published his letter, "A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS," in
October, 1986. By 2000, over 40 epidemiological studies had been conducted to investigate the relationship between circumcision and HIV infection. A meta-analysis conducted by researchers at the
180:
circumcision." The inner foreskin harbours an increased density of CD4 T-cells and releases increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hence the sub-preputial space displays a pro-inflammatory environment, conducive to HIV infection.
159:(CDC). The task force concluded that circumcision may be helpful for the prevention of HIV in the United States. The CDC 2018 position on circumcision and HIV recommended that circumcision should continue to be offered to parents who are
114:
Whether circumcision is beneficial to developed countries for HIV prevention purposes is undetermined. It is not known whether the effect of male circumcision differs by HIV-1 variant. The predominant subtype of HIV-1 in the
301:
The prevalence of circumcision varies across Africa. Studies were conducted to assess the acceptability of promoting circumcision; in 2007, country consultations and planning to scale up male circumcision programmes took place in
41:(WHO) reiterated that male circumcision is an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention if carried out by medical professionals under safe conditions. Circumcision reduces the risk that a man will acquire HIV and other
1875:
163:
of the benefits and risks, including a potential reduction in risk of HIV transmission. The position asserts that circumcision conducted after sexual debut can result in missed opportunities for HIV prevention.
86:
overall. Such viral shedding can be mitigated by the use of antiretroviral drugs. Additional research is needed to ascertain the existence and potential risk of viral shedding from circumcision wounds.
489:
This led to a consensus that male circumcision should be a priority for HIV prevention in countries and regions with heterosexual epidemics and high HIV and low male circumcision prevalence.
1870:
1203:
1256:
Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks J, Volmink J, Egger M, Low N, et al. (March 2005). "HIV and male circumcision--a systematic review with assessment of the quality of studies".
186:(part of the human immune system) under the foreskin may be a source of entry for HIV. Excising the foreskin removes what is thought to be a main entry point for the HIV virus.
98:
does not recommend circumcision as protection against male to male HIV transmission, as evidence is lacking in regards to receptive anal intercourse. The WHO also states that
2182:
234:. The authors stated that three randomized controlled trials then underway in Africa would provide "essential evidence" about the effects of circumcision on preventing HIV.
2146:
1865:
1325:
Siegfried, Nandi; Muller, Martie; Deeks, Jonathan J; Volmink, Jimmy (15 April 2009). "Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men".
2237:
1552:
Joint strategic action framework to accelerate the scale-up of voluntary medical male circumcision for HIV prevention in
Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2016.
2833:
1554:
551:
Information for providers counseling male patients and parents regarding male circumcision and the prevention of HIV infection, STIs, and other health outcomes
684:
1294:
Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks JJ, Volmink J (April 2009). Siegfried N (ed.). "Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men".
70:
As of 2020, past research has shown that circumcision reduces the risk of HIV infection in heterosexual men, although these studies have had limitations.
2828:
1882:
211:
152:
1528:
1408:
708:
Tobian AA, Adamu T, Reed JB, Kiggundu V, Yazdi Y, Njeuhmeli E (December 2015). "Voluntary medical male circumcision in resource-constrained settings".
2343:
792:
1816:
1034:
222:
1663:
1493:
2217:
1588:
856:
2089:
1908:
1858:
1806:
2202:
554:
2016:
1358:"Impact of male circumcision on risk of HIV infection in men in a changing epidemic context – systematic review and meta-analysis"
630:"Impact of male circumcision on risk of HIV infection in men in a changing epidemic context - systematic review and meta-analysis"
1426:
Actor Melusi Yeni was the millionth man to undergo voluntary male medical circumcision at the
Sivananda Clinic in KwaZulu-Natal.
1928:
1758:
106:, and that circumcision may be effective at limiting the spread of HIV for MSM if they also engage in vaginal sex with women.
2177:
273:
148:
2608:
523:"Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics"
2296:
2733:
1973:
793:"WHO and UNAIDS Secretariat welcome corroborating findings of trials assessing impact of male circumcision on HIV risk"
2156:
2046:
1581:
1356:
Farley, Timothy MM; Samuelson, Julia; Grabowski, M Kate; Ameyan, Wole; Gray, Ronald H; Baggaley, Rachel (June 2020).
482:
1551:
1903:
1439:
558:
677:
2869:
1616:
216:
168:
42:
1097:
2636:
1898:
1239:
144:
457:
There is disputed immunological evidence in support of MC in preventing the heterosexual acquisition of HIV-1.
2698:
2212:
2192:
1923:
1811:
1517:
2859:
2811:
2084:
2072:
1953:
1913:
1574:
886:"The biology of how circumcision reduces HIV susceptibility: broader implications for the prevention field"
261:
found "strong" evidence that the acquisition of HIV by a man during sex with a woman was decreased by 54% (
214:. Aaron J. Fink several months later also proposed that circumcision could have a preventive role when the
1204:"Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2583:
2279:
2207:
2136:
2094:
1838:
1796:
1658:
796:
258:
241:(RCT) were commissioned as a means to reduce the effect of any confounding factors. Trials took place in
238:
231:
156:
20:
2273:
2197:
2187:
1918:
1751:
1694:
1637:
167:
Because the evidence that circumcision prevents HIV mainly comes from studies conducted in Africa, the
1054:
2747:
2715:
2703:
2656:
2232:
870:
526:
282:
99:
50:
38:
2874:
2588:
2438:
2311:
1999:
1958:
1482:
262:
678:"Models To Inform Fast Tracking Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision In HIV Combination Prevention"
2806:
2678:
2553:
2471:
2373:
1938:
1933:
1632:
818:
298:
HIV. Newly circumcised men must refrain from sexual activity until the wounds are fully healed.
2518:
2491:
2481:
2403:
2388:
2286:
2106:
2036:
1843:
1833:
1699:
380:
78:
2854:
2801:
2755:
2693:
2683:
2593:
2528:
2099:
2067:
2004:
1828:
1744:
1725:
1678:
1673:
1642:
1118:
Fink AJ (October 1986). "A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS".
522:
2770:
2688:
2603:
2578:
2563:
2501:
2453:
2433:
2358:
2353:
2338:
2011:
1709:
1518:"Towards Universal access: Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector"
1483:"Male circumcision: global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability"
409:"Circumcision as an Intervening Strategy against HIV Acquisition in the Male Genital Tract"
8:
2785:
2760:
2728:
2646:
2618:
2568:
2486:
2476:
2428:
2418:
2408:
2383:
1994:
1968:
1704:
816:
474:
388:
952:
751:
Olapade-Olaopa, Emiola
Oluwabunmi; Salami, Mudasiru Adebayo; Lawal, Taiwo Akeem (2019).
2775:
2765:
2673:
2668:
2641:
2628:
2613:
2598:
2548:
2511:
2496:
2448:
2443:
2423:
2393:
2368:
2328:
2320:
2252:
2247:
2116:
2041:
1943:
1384:
1357:
1231:
1179:
1154:
1010:
985:
961:
936:
912:
885:
774:
733:
654:
629:
607:
443:
408:
227:
199:
102:
should not be excluded from circumcision services in countries in eastern and southern
1269:
49:. The evidence regarding whether circumcision helps prevent HIV is not as clear among
19:
This article is about male circumcision and HIV. For female circumcision and HIV, see
2864:
2723:
2573:
2543:
2523:
2506:
2413:
2378:
2363:
2348:
2333:
2111:
2021:
1978:
1848:
1450:
1389:
1338:
1307:
1273:
1223:
1219:
1184:
1135:
1089:
1046:
1015:
966:
917:
848:
840:
778:
725:
659:
599:
582:
Kim HH, Li PS, Goldstein M (November 2010). "Male circumcision: Africa and beyond?".
478:
448:
430:
54:
1235:
737:
2780:
2558:
2538:
2533:
2463:
2398:
2141:
1413:
1379:
1369:
1334:
1330:
1303:
1299:
1265:
1215:
1174:
1166:
1127:
1005:
997:
956:
948:
907:
897:
830:
764:
717:
649:
641:
611:
591:
438:
420:
374:
254:
160:
31:
2291:
2031:
1801:
1558:
628:
Farley TM, Samuelson J, Grabowski MK, Ameyan W, Gray RH, Baggaley R (June 2020).
595:
183:
1131:
937:"Male circumcision for HIV prevention: current research and programmatic issues"
2242:
2026:
210:
noted that low rates of circumcision in parts of Africa had been linked to the
82:
1170:
1001:
902:
769:
752:
425:
407:
Sharma, Adhikarimayum
Lakhikumar; Hokello, Joseph; Tyagi, Mudit (2021-06-25).
237:
Experimental evidence was needed to establish a causal relationship, so three
2848:
2222:
2131:
844:
795:(Press release). World Health Organization. February 23, 2007. Archived from
434:
286:
116:
721:
2257:
1948:
1597:
1454:
1409:"'It's hassle-free,' says actor Melusi Yeni about his medical circumcision"
1393:
1342:
1311:
1277:
1227:
1188:
1019:
970:
921:
852:
835:
729:
663:
603:
452:
335:
290:
242:
27:
1139:
1093:
1050:
2161:
2062:
1853:
278:
46:
1458:
1440:"Aspects of male circumcision in sub-equatorial African culture history"
550:
2121:
1963:
1791:
1668:
1374:
645:
323:
194:
119:
is subtype B, and in Africa, the predominant subtypes are A, C, and D.
1077:
53:(MSM). The effectiveness of using circumcision to prevent HIV in the
2227:
2126:
1823:
1771:
351:
343:
307:
303:
138:
World Health
Organization, Joint WHO/UNAIDS Statement made in 2007.
1736:
817:
American
Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision (2012).
2151:
327:
315:
281:
became the 1 millionth VMMC against HIV/AIDS transmission in the
230:, since all studies to date had been observational as opposed to
2267:
1566:
347:
339:
331:
319:
250:
103:
1355:
627:
2183:
European and
Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
311:
246:
871:"Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors KNMG viewpoint"
2301:
2262:
1324:
1293:
1255:
1155:"How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection?"
986:"How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection?"
753:"Male circumcision and global HIV/AIDS epidemic challenges"
16:
Overview of relationship between male circumcision and HIV
1786:
1767:
935:
Weiss HA, Dickson KE, Agot K, Hankins CA (October 2010).
750:
95:
34:
from HIV positive women to men in high risk populations.
1866:
WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease
934:
707:
2834:
List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region
226:
reservations about the conclusion because of possible
77:
Newly circumcised HIV infected men who are not taking
370:
2829:
List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
2218:
President's
Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
2203:
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
153:
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
471:The AIDS Pandemic: Searching for a Global Response
406:
1201:
2846:
545:
543:
223:London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
1817:National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program
1202:Weiss HA, Quigley MA, Hayes RJ (October 2000).
147:(AAP) led a 2012 task force which included the
45:(STIs) from an infected female partner through
32:human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission
581:
517:
1752:
1582:
1249:
540:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
1318:
89:
1909:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
1296:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
670:
468:
2142:People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement
1759:
1745:
1589:
1575:
1152:
983:
577:
575:
555:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
494:
363:countries of eastern and southern Africa.
1383:
1373:
1362:Journal of the International AIDS Society
1195:
1178:
1009:
960:
911:
901:
834:
768:
683:. World Health Organization. March 2016.
653:
442:
424:
810:
623:
621:
469:Merson, Michael; Inrig, Stephen (2017).
272:
257:which included the results of the three
206:Valiere Alcena, in a 1986 letter to the
193:
1327:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
883:
572:
109:
2847:
1545:
1075:
1032:
884:Prodger, Jessica L. (September 2017).
785:
268:
174:
2178:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories
1740:
1570:
1437:
1406:
1289:
1287:
1146:
1026:
618:
149:American Academy of Family Physicians
1117:
21:Female genital mutilation § HIV
2297:The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert
1766:
1449:(Review). 7 Suppl (Suppl): 337–60.
1120:The New England Journal of Medicine
953:10.1097/01.aids.0000390708.66136.f4
208:New York State Journal of Medicine,
65:
13:
1284:
1082:New York State Journal of Medicine
122:
14:
2886:
1883:Countries by AIDS prevalence rate
462:
2344:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1904:AIDS-defining clinical condition
1596:
1407:Seeth, Avantika (June 1, 2018).
1220:10.1097/00002030-200010200-00018
859:from the original on 2012-09-20.
373:
1534:from the original on 2008-10-18
1510:
1499:from the original on 2015-07-15
1475:
1431:
1400:
1349:
1258:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
1153:Szabo R, Short RV (June 2000).
1111:
1100:from the original on 2014-01-10
1078:"AIDS in Third World countries"
1069:
1035:"AIDS in Third World countries"
984:Szabo R, Short RV (June 2000).
977:
943:(Randomized controlled trial).
928:
877:
863:
690:from the original on 2020-09-23
561:from the original on 2021-05-06
217:New England Journal of Medicine
169:Royal Dutch Medical Association
43:sexually transmitted infections
1335:10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2
1304:10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2
744:
701:
400:
145:American Academy of Pediatrics
1:
2213:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
2193:International AIDS Conference
2147:HIV/AIDS in the porn industry
2090:Discrimination against people
1270:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)01309-5
394:
2073:Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS
1954:HIV Drug Resistance Database
1033:Alcena V (19 October 2006).
596:10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21
259:randomized controlled trials
239:randomized controlled trials
232:randomized controlled trials
7:
2374:Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
2208:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS
2137:List of HIV-positive people
1659:Religious male circumcision
1132:10.1056/nejm198610303151818
366:
357:
157:Centers for Disease Control
60:
10:
2891:
2274:Reports from the Holocaust
2198:International AIDS Society
2188:Elton John AIDS Foundation
757:African Journal of Urology
212:high rate of HIV infection
202:based on 1999–2001 figures
198:Map showing prevalence of
189:
143:In the United States, the
18:
2824:
2794:
2746:
2714:
2664:
2655:
2627:
2462:
2319:
2310:
2233:Treatment Action Campaign
2170:
2055:
1987:
1949:Tuberculosis co-infection
1891:
1812:disease progression rates
1779:
1718:
1688:Ethical and legal aspects
1687:
1651:
1625:
1604:
1171:10.1136/bmj.320.7249.1592
1002:10.1136/bmj.320.7249.1592
903:10.1186/s12981-017-0167-6
890:AIDS Research and Therapy
770:10.1186/s12301-019-0005-2
527:World Health Organization
426:10.3390/pathogens10070806
90:Men who have sex with men
51:men who have sex with men
39:World Health Organization
1959:Innate resistance to HIV
1929:Neurocognitive disorders
1447:Health Transition Review
1076:Alcena V (August 1986).
2280:AIDS–Holocaust metaphor
2263:Gay Men's Health Crisis
1939:Opportunistic infection
722:10.1038/nrurol.2015.253
263:95% confidence interval
2870:Prevention of HIV/AIDS
2107:HIV-affected community
2047:HIV and homosexual men
1626:History and prevalence
836:10.1542/peds.2012-1990
381:Human sexuality portal
294:
203:
141:
79:antiretroviral therapy
2287:Silence=Death Project
2085:Criminal transmission
2005:Multiple sex partners
276:
197:
130:
2609:United Arab Emirates
2080:Circumcision and HIV
2037:City of Hope Patient
1797:structure and genome
110:Regional differences
30:reduces the risk of
2860:Circumcision debate
2157:AIDS Memorial Quilt
1969:HIV-positive people
557:. August 22, 2018.
475:Springer Publishing
389:Reproductive health
269:Society and culture
228:confounding factors
175:Mechanism of action
57:is not determined.
2734:Dominican Republic
2117:HIV/AIDS denialism
2042:Women and HIV/AIDS
2032:The London Patient
1899:Signs and symptoms
1807:CDC classification
1664:Early Christianity
1617:Surgical procedure
1557:2017-07-29 at the
1375:10.1002/jia2.25490
1057:on 10 January 2014
947:(Suppl 4): S61-9.
819:"Technical Report"
646:10.1002/jia2.25490
295:
204:
200:HIV/AIDS in Africa
2842:
2841:
2820:
2819:
2742:
2741:
2223:The SING Campaign
2112:HIV/AIDS activism
2100:Cost of treatment
2022:Timothy Ray Brown
2017:World AIDS Museum
1734:
1733:
1652:Religious aspects
1525:Who/Unaids/Unicef
1210:(Meta-analysis).
2882:
2812:Papua New Guinea
2662:
2661:
2317:
2316:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1522:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1457:. Archived from
1444:
1438:Marck J (1997).
1435:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1238:. Archived from
1199:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1165:(7249): 1592–4.
1150:
1144:
1143:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1053:. Archived from
1030:
1024:
1023:
1013:
996:(7249): 1592–4.
981:
975:
974:
964:
932:
926:
925:
915:
905:
881:
875:
874:
873:. 31 March 2022.
867:
861:
860:
838:
829:(3): e756–e785.
814:
808:
807:
805:
804:
789:
783:
782:
772:
748:
742:
741:
705:
699:
698:
696:
695:
689:
682:
674:
668:
667:
657:
625:
616:
615:
579:
570:
569:
567:
566:
547:
538:
537:
535:
534:
519:
492:
491:
466:
460:
459:
446:
428:
404:
383:
378:
377:
184:Langerhans cells
155:(ACOG), and the
139:
66:Heterosexual men
2890:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2816:
2790:
2738:
2710:
2651:
2623:
2569:Myanmar (Burma)
2458:
2306:
2292:Day Without Art
2238:The Global Fund
2166:
2095:Economic impact
2051:
1983:
1887:
1839:pathophysiology
1775:
1765:
1735:
1730:
1714:
1683:
1647:
1621:
1605:Medical aspects
1600:
1595:
1565:
1559:Wayback Machine
1550:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1419:
1417:
1405:
1401:
1354:
1350:
1329:(2): CD003362.
1323:
1319:
1298:(2): CD003362.
1292:
1285:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1214:(15): 2361–70.
1200:
1196:
1151:
1147:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1031:
1027:
982:
978:
933:
929:
882:
878:
869:
868:
864:
815:
811:
802:
800:
791:
790:
786:
749:
745:
706:
702:
693:
691:
687:
680:
676:
675:
671:
626:
619:
580:
573:
564:
562:
549:
548:
541:
532:
530:
521:
520:
495:
485:
477:. p. 379.
467:
463:
405:
401:
397:
379:
372:
369:
360:
271:
255:Cochrane review
192:
177:
140:
137:
125:
123:Recommendations
112:
92:
68:
63:
55:developed world
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2888:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2637:United Kingdom
2633:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2250:
2248:YAA/Youthforce
2245:
2243:World AIDS Day
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2027:Berlin Patient
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1944:Superinfection
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1924:Cardiomyopathy
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1876:Teens / Adults
1873:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1564:
1563:
1544:
1509:
1474:
1430:
1399:
1348:
1317:
1283:
1248:
1245:on 2014-01-10.
1194:
1145:
1110:
1068:
1025:
976:
927:
876:
862:
809:
784:
743:
716:(12): 661–70.
700:
669:
634:J Int AIDS Soc
617:
584:Curr Opin Urol
571:
539:
493:
483:
461:
398:
396:
393:
392:
391:
385:
384:
368:
365:
359:
356:
270:
267:
191:
188:
176:
173:
135:
124:
121:
111:
108:
91:
88:
67:
64:
62:
59:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2887:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2748:South America
2745:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2704:New York City
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:United States
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:North America
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Sex education
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:Lipodystrophy
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:Controversies
1693:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1478:
1464:on 2008-09-06
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1368:(6): e25490.
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:(3): 165–73.
1263:
1259:
1252:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:PLOS Medicine
1036:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
972:
968:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
923:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
872:
866:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
799:on 2007-02-26
798:
794:
788:
780:
776:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
747:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
704:
686:
679:
673:
665:
661:
656:
651:
647:
643:
640:(6): e25490.
639:
635:
631:
624:
622:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
578:
576:
560:
556:
552:
546:
544:
528:
524:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
490:
486:
484:9783319471334
480:
476:
472:
465:
458:
454:
450:
445:
440:
436:
432:
427:
422:
418:
414:
410:
403:
399:
390:
387:
386:
382:
376:
371:
364:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
299:
292:
288:
287:KwaZulu-Natal
284:
280:
275:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
224:
219:
218:
213:
209:
201:
196:
187:
185:
181:
172:
170:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
134:
129:
120:
118:
117:United States
107:
105:
101:
97:
87:
84:
80:
75:
71:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
37:In 2020, the
35:
33:
29:
22:
2875:Men's health
2855:Circumcision
2599:Taiwan (ROC)
2589:Saudi Arabia
2439:South Africa
2272:
2258:Larry Kramer
2079:
2000:Epidemiology
1726:Circumcision
1643:Perspectives
1611:
1598:Circumcision
1547:
1536:. Retrieved
1527:: 75. 2008.
1524:
1512:
1501:. Retrieved
1489:
1477:
1466:. Retrieved
1459:the original
1446:
1433:
1425:
1420:September 6,
1418:. Retrieved
1412:
1402:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1326:
1320:
1295:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1240:the original
1211:
1207:
1197:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1126:(18): 1167.
1123:
1119:
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1085:
1081:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:the original
1042:
1038:
1028:
993:
989:
979:
944:
940:
930:
893:
889:
879:
865:
826:
822:
812:
801:. Retrieved
797:the original
787:
760:
756:
746:
713:
710:Nat Rev Urol
709:
703:
692:. Retrieved
672:
637:
633:
590:(6): 515–9.
587:
583:
563:. Retrieved
531:. Retrieved
488:
470:
464:
456:
416:
412:
402:
361:
336:South Africa
300:
296:
291:South Africa
243:South Africa
236:
215:
207:
205:
182:
178:
166:
151:(AAFP), the
142:
131:
126:
113:
93:
76:
72:
69:
36:
28:circumcision
25:
2807:New Zealand
2679:El Salvador
2584:Philippines
2554:North Korea
2507:China (PRC)
2472:Afghanistan
2162:Product Red
2063:AIDS orphan
1919:Nephropathy
1854:vaccination
1041:(Comment).
279:Melusi Yeni
47:vaginal sex
2849:Categories
2519:East Timor
2492:Bangladesh
2482:Azerbaijan
2404:Mozambique
2389:Madagascar
2122:Red ribbon
1964:Serostatus
1892:Conditions
1844:prevention
1834:management
1792:Lentivirus
1638:Prevalence
1561:WHO. 2014.
1538:2008-10-16
1503:2008-10-16
1490:Who/Unaids
1468:2009-03-23
1260:(Review).
1161:(Review).
1122:(Letter).
1104:2014-01-10
1088:(8): 446.
1084:(Letter).
1061:10 January
1045:(8): 446.
992:(Review).
823:Pediatrics
803:2007-02-23
712:(Review).
694:2021-05-26
636:(Review).
565:2021-05-26
553:(Report).
533:2021-05-24
419:(7): 806.
395:References
324:Mozambique
2802:Australia
2756:Argentina
2716:Caribbean
2694:Nicaragua
2684:Guatemala
2594:Sri Lanka
2529:Indonesia
2312:Locations
2253:"Free Me"
1979:Pregnancy
1974:Nutrition
1829:diagnosis
896:(1): 49.
845:0031-4005
779:208085886
435:2076-0817
413:Pathogens
2865:HIV/AIDS
2771:Colombia
2689:Honduras
2604:Thailand
2579:Pakistan
2564:Malaysia
2502:Cambodia
2454:Zimbabwe
2434:Tanzania
2359:Ethiopia
2354:Eswatini
2339:Botswana
2228:Solidays
2127:Safe sex
2068:Religion
2012:Timeline
1934:Pruritus
1871:Children
1849:research
1824:HIV/AIDS
1802:subtypes
1719:Category
1555:Archived
1529:Archived
1494:Archived
1492:. 2007.
1455:10173099
1394:32558344
1343:19370585
1312:19370585
1278:15766651
1236:21857086
1228:11089625
1189:10845974
1098:Archived
1020:10845974
971:21042054
922:28893286
857:Archived
853:22926175
738:10432723
730:26526758
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