1578:
3005:
949:
16277:
2142:
1309:
1815:
2059:
1847:
inhibitor, a CCR5 antagonist, a CD4 T lymphocyte (CD4) post-attachment inhibitor, and a gp120 attachment inhibitor. There are also two drugs, ritonavir (RTV) and cobicistat (COBI) which can be used as pharmacokinetic (PK) enhancers (or boosters) to improve the PK profiles of PIs and the INSTI elvitegravir (EVG). Depending on the guidelines being followed, initial treatment generally consists of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors along with a third ARV, either an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), or a protease inhibitor with a pharmacokinetic enhancer (also known as a booster).
496:
1561:
16325:
2540:
1068:
1437:. Thus HIV infection can only be diagnosed by PCR testing for HIV RNA or DNA, or via testing for the p24 antigen. Much of the world lacks access to reliable PCR testing, and people in many places simply wait until either symptoms develop or the child is old enough for accurate antibody testing. In sub-Saharan Africa between 2007 and 2009, between 30% and 70% of the population were aware of their HIV status. In 2009, between 3.6% and 42% of men and women in sub-Saharan countries were tested; this represented a significant increase compared to previous years.
1395:
1060:
615:
1851:
diagnosed only after treatment ideally should have begun. The desired outcome of treatment is a long-term plasma HIV-RNA count below 50 copies/mL. Levels to determine if treatment is effective are initially recommended after four weeks and once levels fall below 50 copies/mL checks every three to six months are typically adequate. Inadequate control is deemed to be greater than 400 copies/mL. Based on these criteria treatment is effective in more than 95% of people during the first year.
2413:
1806:(ART), which slows progression of the disease. As of 2022, 39 million people globally were living with HIV, and 29.8 million people were accessing ART. Treatment also includes preventive and active treatment of opportunistic infections. As of July 2022, four people have been successfully cleared of HIV. Rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy within one week of diagnosis appear to improve treatment outcomes in low and medium-income settings and is recommend for newly diagnosed HIV patients.
19769:
19752:
2292:, both of which are frequently the result of the progressive failure of the immune system. Risk of cancer appears to increase once the CD4 count is below 500/μL. The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by a number of factors such as a person's susceptibility and immune function; their access to health care, the presence of co-infections; and the particular strain (or strains) of the virus involved.
2651:
60:
19786:
19684:
1203:
2377:
460:(CDC) in 1981 and its cause—HIV infection—was identified in the early part of the decade. Between the first time AIDS was readily identified through 2021, the disease is estimated to have caused at least 40 million deaths worldwide. In 2021, there were 650,000 deaths and about 38 million people worldwide living with HIV. An estimated 20.6 million of these people live in eastern and southern Africa. HIV/AIDS is considered a
19735:
19718:
1222:
2011:, and iron can produce adverse effects in HIV-positive adults, and is not recommended unless there is documented deficiency. Dietary supplementation for people who are infected with HIV and who have inadequate nutrition or dietary deficiencies may strengthen their immune systems or help them recover from infections; however, evidence indicating an overall benefit in morbidity or reduction in mortality is not consistent.
19701:
19644:
19656:
1762:. If replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe, mothers should avoid breastfeeding their infants; however, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first months of life if this is not the case. If exclusive breastfeeding is carried out, the provision of extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to the infant decreases the risk of transmission. In 2015,
10652:
1457:. The CDC's classification system is more frequently adopted in developed countries. Since the WHO's staging system does not require laboratory tests, it is suited to the resource-restricted conditions encountered in developing countries, where it can also be used to help guide clinical management. Despite their differences, the two systems allow a comparison for statistical purposes.
1403:
2642:, two characteristic symptoms of AIDS. Contradicting the report from Gallo's group, Montagnier and his colleagues showed that core proteins of this virus were immunologically different from those of HTLV-I. Montagnier's group named their isolated virus lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV). As these two viruses turned out to be the same, in 1986, LAV and HTLV-III were renamed HIV.
2424:. As of 2022, approximately 39.0 million people worldwide are living with HIV, the number of new infections that year being about 1.3 million. This is down from 2.1 million new infections in 2010. Among new infections, 46% are in women and are children globally. There were 630,000 AIDS related deaths in 2022, down from a peak of 2 million in 2005. The
884:
transmission as 0.30% per act; the equivalent estimates for high-income countries are 0.04% per act for female-to-male transmission, and 0.08% per act for male-to-female transmission. The risk of transmission from anal intercourse is especially high, estimated as 1.4–1.7% per act in both heterosexual and homosexual contacts. While the risk of transmission from
3126:. He was diagnosed as HIV-positive on August 31, 1988, having contracted the virus from blood transfusions during heart surgery earlier in the 1980s. Further tests within 24 hours of the initial diagnosis revealed that Ashe had AIDS, but he did not tell the public about his diagnosis until April 1992. He died as a result on February 6, 1993, aged 49.
1256:. T cells are essential to the immune response and without them, the body cannot fight infections or kill cancerous cells. The mechanism of CD4 T cell depletion differs in the acute and chronic phases. During the acute phase, HIV-induced cell lysis and killing of infected cells by CD8 T cells accounts for CD4 T cell depletion, although
2432:
account for 77% of new infections among this age-range globally. Here, in contrast to other regions, adolescent girls and young women are three times more likely to acquire HIV than age-matched males. Despite these statistics, overall, new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths have substantially decreased in this region since 2010.
1648:
behavior in those who test negative but does increase condom use in those who test positive. Enhanced family planning services appear to increase the likelihood of women with HIV using contraception, compared to basic services. It is not known whether treating other sexually transmitted infections is effective in preventing HIV.
1920:(Cabenuva) is a complete regimen for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in adults to replace a current antiretroviral regimen in those who are virologically suppressed on a stable antiretroviral regimen with no history of treatment failure and with no known or suspected resistance to either
3318:. Public health officials, researchers, and programs can gain a more comprehensive picture of the barriers they face, and the efficacy of current approaches to HIV treatment and prevention, by tracking standard HIV indicators. Use of common indicators is an increasing focus of development organizations and researchers.
2829:
be traced back to a single unknown individual who became infected with HIV in Haiti and brought the infection to the U.S. at some time around 1969. The epidemic rapidly spread among high-risk groups (initially, sexually promiscuous men who have sex with men). By 1978, the prevalence of HIV-1 among gay male residents of
1910:(Vocabria), to be used together for the treatment of people with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. The two medicines are the first ARVs that come in a long-acting injectable formulation. This means that instead of daily pills, people receive intramuscular injections monthly or every two months.
2440:
geographic location, significant disparities in HIV incidence exist among men, Black or
Hispanic populations, and men who reported male-to-male sexual contact. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that in that year, 158,500 people or 13% of infected Americans were unaware of their infection.
2752:
necessary to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV. Furthermore, due to its relatively low person-to-person transmission rate, SIV can only spread throughout the population in the presence of one or more high-risk transmission channels, which are thought to have been absent in Africa before the 20th century.
5239:
Smith DK, Grohskopf LA, Black RJ, Auerbach JD, Veronese F, Struble KA, et al. (January 21, 2005). "Antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection-drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV in the United States: recommendations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human
2828:
was one of HIV's entry points to the U.S. and that a
Haitian may have carried HIV back across the Atlantic in the 1960s. Although there was known to have been at least one case of AIDS in the U.S. from 1966, the vast majority of infections occurring outside sub-Saharan Africa (including the U.S.) can
3050:
such as education and health services not related to AIDS, resulting in increasing pressure on the state's finances and slower growth of the economy. This causes a slower growth of the tax base, an effect that is reinforced if there are growing expenditures on treating the sick, training (to replace
2137:
and appropriate prevention of opportunistic infections reduces the death rate by 80%, and raises the life expectancy for a newly diagnosed young adult to 20–50 years. This is between two thirds and nearly that of the general population. If treatment is started late in the infection, prognosis is not
1846:
agents. There are eight classes of antiretroviral agents (ARVs), and over 30 individual drugs: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase, inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), a fusion
1525:
The U.S. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention also created a classification system for HIV, and updated it in 2008 and 2014. This system classifies HIV infections based on CD4 count and clinical symptoms, and describes the infection in five groups. In those greater than six years of age it is:
1385:
for all people 15 years to 65 years of age, including all pregnant women. Additionally, testing is recommended for those at high risk, which includes anyone diagnosed with a sexually transmitted illness. In many areas of the world, a third of HIV carriers only discover they are infected at
1284:
HIV seeks out and destroys CCR5 expressing CD4 T cells during acute infection. A vigorous immune response eventually controls the infection and initiates the clinically latent phase. CD4 T cells in mucosal tissues remain particularly affected. Continuous HIV replication causes a state of generalized
1208:
1207:
1204:
2439:
At the end of 2019, United States indicated that approximately 1.2 million people aged ≥13 years were living with HIV, resulting in about 18,500 deaths in 2020. There were 34,800 estimated new infections in the US in 2019, 53% of which were in the southern region of the country. In addition to
1968:
prophylaxis between four and six weeks of age, and ceasing breastfeeding of infants born to HIV-positive mothers, is recommended in resource-limited settings. It is also recommended to prevent PCP when a person's CD4 count is below 200 cells/uL and in those who have or have previously had PCP.
956:
The second-most frequent mode of HIV transmission is via blood and blood products. Blood-borne transmission can be through needle-sharing during intravenous drug use, needle-stick injury, transfusion of contaminated blood or blood product, or medical injections with unsterilized equipment. The risk
3234:
will cure AIDS, and that HIV can infect only gay men and drug users. In 2014, some among the
British public wrongly thought one could get HIV from kissing (16%), sharing a glass (5%), spitting (16%), a public toilet seat (4%), and coughing or sneezing (5%). Other misconceptions are that any act of
2447:
as of 2015, there were approximately 101,200 cases which resulted in 594 deaths. In Canada as of 2008, there were about 65,000 cases causing 53 deaths. Between the first recognition of AIDS (in 1981) and 2009, it has led to nearly 30 million deaths. Rates of HIV are lowest in North Africa and
966:
exposure to infected blood as 0.09% (about 1 in 1000) per act. This risk may, however, be up to 5% if the introduced blood was from a person with a high viral load and the cut was deep. In the United States, intravenous drug users made up 12% of all new cases of HIV in 2009, and in some areas more
622:
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is defined as an HIV infection with either a CD4 T cell count below 200 cells per μL or the occurrence of specific diseases associated with HIV infection. In the absence of specific treatment, around half of people infected with HIV develop AIDS within ten
1647:
provided at school may decrease high-risk behavior. A substantial minority of young people continues to engage in high-risk practices despite knowing about HIV/AIDS, underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV. Voluntary counseling and testing people for HIV does not affect risky
1036:
HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, during delivery, or through breast milk, resulting in the baby also contracting HIV. As of 2008, vertical transmission accounted for about 90% of cases of HIV in children. In the absence of treatment, the risk of transmission before or
2751:
activities, either as hunters or as bushmeat vendors, commonly acquire SIV. However, SIV is a weak virus which is typically suppressed by the human immune system within weeks of infection. It is thought that several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are
2435:
Eastern Europe and central Asia has observed a 43% increase in new HIV infections and 32% increase in AIDS-related deaths since 2010, the highest of all global regions. These infections are predominantly distributed in persons who inject drugs, with gay men and other men who have sex with men or
2132:
rather than an acutely fatal disease in many areas of the world. Prognosis varies between people, and both the CD4 count and viral load are useful for predicted outcomes. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV
1854:
Benefits of treatment include a decreased risk of progression to AIDS and a decreased risk of death. In the developing world, treatment also improves physical and mental health. With treatment, there is a 70% reduced risk of acquiring tuberculosis. Additional benefits include a decreased risk of
978:
is performed; for example, in the UK the risk is reported at one in five million and in the United States it was one in 1.5 million in 2008. In low-income countries, only half of transfusions may be appropriately screened (as of 2008), and it is estimated that up to 15% of HIV infections in
14174:
Dr. Marx believes that the crucial event was the introduction into Africa of millions of inexpensive, mass-produced syringes in the 1950s. ... suspect that the growth of colonial cities is to blame. Before 1910, no
Central African town had more than 10,000 people. But urban migration rose,
3073:
The topic of religion and AIDS has become highly controversial, primarily because some religious authorities have publicly declared their opposition to the use of condoms. The religious approach to prevent the spread of AIDS, according to a report by
American health expert Matthew Hanley titled
2431:
Among persons living with HIV (PLWH), the largest proportion reside in eastern and southern Africa (20.6 million, 54.6%). This region also had the highest rate of adult and child deaths due to AIDS in 2020 (310,000, 46.6%). Sub-Saharan
African adolescent girls and young women (aged 15–24 years)
1894:
Treatment recommendations for children are somewhat different from those for adults. The World Health
Organization recommends treating all children less than five years of age; children above five are treated like adults. The United States guidelines recommend treating all children less than 12
1850:
The World Health
Organization and the United States recommend antiretrovirals in people of all ages (including pregnant women) as soon as the diagnosis is made, regardless of CD4 count. Once treatment is begun, it is recommended that it is continued without breaks or "holidays". Many people are
1734:
when the perpetrator is known to be HIV-positive, but is controversial when their HIV status is unknown. The duration of treatment is usually four weeks and is frequently associated with adverse effects—where zidovudine is used, about 70% of cases result in adverse effects such as nausea (24%),
1264:
Although the symptoms of immune deficiency characteristic of AIDS do not appear for years after a person is infected, the bulk of CD4 T cell loss occurs during the first weeks of infection, especially in the intestinal mucosa, which harbors the majority of the lymphocytes found in the body. The
1044:
it may pose a risk of transmission. If a woman is untreated, two years of breastfeeding results in an HIV/AIDS risk in her baby of about 17%. Due to the increased risk of death without breastfeeding in many areas in the developing world, the World Health
Organization recommends either exclusive
578:
of HIV infection can last from about three years to over 20 years (on average, about eight years). While typically there are few or no symptoms at first, near the end of this stage many people experience fever, weight loss, gastrointestinal problems and muscle pains. Between 50% and 70% of
1209:
1168:
HIV is now known to spread between CD4 T cells by two parallel routes: cell-free spread and cell-to-cell spread, i.e. it employs hybrid spreading mechanisms. In the cell-free spread, virus particles bud from an infected T cell, enter the blood/extracellular fluid and then infect another T cell
927:
of an infected person is an important risk factor in both sexual and mother-to-child transmission. During the first 2.5 months of an HIV infection, a person's infectiousness is twelve times higher due to the high viral load associated with acute HIV. If the person is in the late stages of
2891:
of HIV-infected individuals. Stigma-related violence or the fear of violence prevents many people from seeking HIV testing, returning for their results, or securing treatment, possibly turning what could be a manageable chronic illness into a death sentence and perpetuating the spread of HIV.
1913:
The combination of Rekambys and Vocabria injection is intended for maintenance treatment of adults who have undetectable HIV levels in the blood (viral load less than 50 copies/mL) with their current ARV treatment, and when the virus has not developed resistance to a certain class of anti-HIV
2029:
supplement improves outcomes for both mothers and children. If the pregnant or lactating mother has been advised to take anti-retroviral medication to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission, multivitamin supplements should not replace these treatments. There is some evidence that vitamin A
2755:
Specific proposed high-risk transmission channels, allowing the virus to adapt to humans and spread throughout society, depend on the proposed timing of the animal-to-human crossing. Genetic studies of the virus suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the HIV-1 M group dates back to
883:
heterosexual contacts, estimates of the risk of HIV transmission per sexual act appear to be four to ten times higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries. In low-income countries, the risk of female-to-male transmission is estimated as 0.38% per act, and of male-to-female
8991:
Choopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasamai P, Sangkum U, Mock PA, Leethochawalit M, et al. (June 2013). "Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial".
1673:, is effective in people at high risk including men who have sex with men, couples where one is HIV-positive, and young heterosexuals in Africa. It may also be effective in intravenous drug users, with a study finding a decrease in risk of 0.7 to 0.4 per 100 person years. The
2784:
An alternative view holds that unsafe medical practices in Africa after World War II, such as unsterile reuse of single-use syringes during mass vaccination, antibiotic and anti-malaria treatment campaigns, were the initial vector that allowed the virus to adapt to humans and spread.
1249:. The CD8 T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels, which peak and then decline, as the CD4 T cell counts recover. A good CD8 T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis, though it does not eliminate the virus.
684:. Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common cancer, occurring in 10% to 20% of people with HIV. The second-most common cancer is lymphoma, which is the cause of death of nearly 16% of people with AIDS and is the initial sign of AIDS in 3% to 4%. Both these cancers are associated with
1184:, and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower infectivity of HIV-2 as compared with HIV-1 implies that fewer people exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure. Because of its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to
876:(82% of new HIV diagnoses among males aged 13 and older and 70% of total new diagnoses). In the US, gay and bisexual men aged 13 to 24 accounted for an estimated 92% of new HIV diagnoses among all men in their age group and 27% of new diagnoses among all gay and bisexual men.
1213:
2857:
1211:
3020:. Without proper nutrition, health care and medicine, large numbers of people die from AIDS-related complications. Before death they will not only be unable to work, but will also require significant medical care. It is estimated that as of 2007 there were 12 million
1656:
Antiretroviral treatment among people with HIV whose CD4 count ≤ 550 cells/μL is a very effective way to prevent HIV infection of their partner (a strategy known as treatment as prevention, or TASP). TASP is associated with a 10- to 20-fold reduction in transmission risk.
1212:
1210:
1855:
transmission of the disease to sexual partners and a decrease in mother-to-child transmission. The effectiveness of treatment depends to a large part on compliance. Reasons for non-adherence to treatment include poor access to medical care, inadequate social supports,
1206:
2820:, who did not leave behind an African elite to run the country. By 1962, Haitians made up the second-largest group of well-educated experts (out of the 48 national groups recruited), that totaled around 4,500 in the country. Dr. Jacques Pépin, a Canadian author of
856:
The most frequent mode of transmission of HIV is through sexual contact with an infected person. However, an HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually, known as
1169:
following a chance encounter. HIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of cell-to-cell spread. The hybrid spreading mechanisms of HIV contribute to the virus' ongoing replication against antiretroviral therapies.
1867:
may reduce adherence. Even though cost is an important issue with some medications, 47% of those who needed them were taking them in low- and middle-income countries as of 2010, and the rate of adherence is similar in low-income and high-income countries.
1460:
The World Health Organization first proposed a definition for AIDS in 1986. Since then, the WHO classification has been updated and expanded several times, with the most recent version being published in 2007. The WHO system uses the following categories:
1589:
use reduces the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 80% over the long term. When condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected, the rate of HIV infection is less than 1% per year. There is some evidence to suggest that
1260:
may also be a factor. During the chronic phase, the consequences of generalized immune activation coupled with the gradual loss of the ability of the immune system to generate new T cells appear to account for the slow decline in CD4 T cell numbers.
2298:
co-infection is one of the leading causes of sickness and death in those with HIV/AIDS being present in a third of all HIV-infected people and causing 25% of HIV-related deaths. HIV is also one of the most important risk factors for tuberculosis.
1233:, leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood. During primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood. This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the number of circulating
888:
is relatively low, it is still present. The risk from receiving oral sex has been described as "nearly nil"; however, a few cases have been reported. The per-act risk is estimated at 0–0.04% for receptive oral intercourse. In settings involving
1293:
and the immune response to ongoing HIV replication. It is also linked to the breakdown of the immune surveillance system of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier caused by the depletion of mucosal CD4 T cells during the acute phase of disease.
1623:
recommended male circumcision in 2007 as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in areas with high rates of HIV. However, whether it protects against male-to-female transmission is disputed, and whether it is of benefit in
14937:
3246:, where the government's official embrace of AIDS denialism (1999–2005) was responsible for its ineffective response to that country's AIDS epidemic, and has been blamed for hundreds of thousands of avoidable deaths and HIV infections.
16160:
1942:
Measures to prevent opportunistic infections are effective in many people with HIV/AIDS. In addition to improving current disease, treatment with antiretrovirals reduces the risk of developing additional opportunistic infections.
606:(LTNP). Another group consists of those who maintain a low or undetectable viral load without anti-retroviral treatment, known as "elite controllers" or "elite suppressors". They represent approximately 1 in 300 infected persons.
3058:
showed that households having a person with HIV/AIDS spent twice as much on medical expenses as other households. This additional expenditure also leaves less income to spend on education and other personal or family investment.
11298:
2949:
attitudes. There is also a perceived association between AIDS and all male-male sexual behavior, including sex between uninfected men. However, the dominant mode of spread worldwide for HIV remains heterosexual transmission.
2559:. AIDS was first clinically reported on June 5, 1981, with five cases in the United States. The initial cases were a cluster of injecting drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of
1753:
of HIV (from mothers to children) can reduce rates of transmission by 92–99%. This primarily involves the use of a combination of antiviral medications during pregnancy and after birth in the infant, and potentially includes
939:
is also believed to carry an increased risk of HIV transmission as condoms are rarely worn, physical trauma to the vagina or rectum is likely, and there may be a greater risk of concurrent sexually transmitted infections.
314:
Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made. An HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually. Campaigns by
12788:
4489:
2565:
pneumonia (PCP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems. Soon thereafter, a large number of homosexual men developed a generally rare skin cancer called
16685:
7974:"Revised surveillance case definitions for HIV infection among adults, adolescents, and children aged <18 months and for HIV infection and AIDS among children aged 18 months to <13 years – United States, 2008"
3199:
was diagnosed with HIV; he subsequently had unprotected sex with eleven women without disclosing his diagnosis. By 2003, seven had contracted HIV; two died from complications related to AIDS. Aziga was convicted of
468:
have pledged $ 200 million focused on developing a global cure for AIDS. While there is no cure or vaccine, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy.
3192:(HIV). Some countries or jurisdictions, including some areas of the United States, have laws that criminalize HIV transmission or exposure. Others may charge the accused under laws enacted before the HIV pandemic.
2634:(HTLVs) that his group had been the first to isolate. Gallo's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV-III. At the same time, Montagnier's group isolated a virus from a person presenting with swelling of the
16442:
16423:
16400:
10875:"Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America"
13210:
Barré-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, Chamaret S, Gruest J, et al. (May 1983). "Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)".
7413:
14794:
3051:
sick workers), sick pay, and caring for AIDS orphans. This is especially true if the sharp increase in adult mortality shifts the responsibility from the family to the government in caring for these orphans.
707:. Diarrhea is another common symptom, present in about 90% of people with AIDS. They can also be affected by diverse psychiatric and neurological symptoms independent of opportunistic infections and cancers.
2796:
presented with symptoms in 1966 and died in 1969. In the 1970s, there were cases of getting parasites and becoming sick with what was called "gay bowel disease", but what is now suspected to have been AIDS.
10637:
2776:
causing genital ulcers. Early 1900s colonial cities were notable for their high prevalence of prostitution and genital ulcers, to the degree that, as of 1928, as many as 45% of female residents of eastern
9437:"WHO HIV and Infant Feeding Technical Consultation Held on behalf of the Inter-agency Task Team (IATT) on Prevention of HIV – Infections in Pregnant Women, Mothers and their Infants – Consensus statement"
10339:
Nachega JB, Mills EJ, Schechter M (January 2010). "Antiretroviral therapy adherence and retention in care in middle-income and low-income countries: current status of knowledge and research priorities".
998:
estimates the risk of transmission as a result of a medical injection in Africa at 1.2%. Risks are also associated with invasive procedures, assisted delivery, and dental care in this area of the world.
961:
is between 0.63% and 2.4% per act, with an average of 0.8%. The risk of acquiring HIV from a needle stick from an HIV-infected person is estimated as 0.3% (about 1 in 333) per act and the risk following
4260:
14887:
Jin G, Shi H, Du J, Guo H, Yuan G, Yang H, et al. (December 2023). "Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Care Continuum for HIV Risk Populations: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses".
6587:
1205:
14252:
8907:
Chou R, Selph S, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Zakher B, Blazina I, et al. (November 2012). "Screening for HIV: systematic review to update the 2005 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation".
14941:
15131:
13462:
Gallo RC, Sarin PS, Gelmann EP, Robert-Guroff M, Richardson E, Kalyanaraman VS, et al. (May 1983). "Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)".
3107:. He had been diagnosed during 1984, announced that he had had the virus on July 25, 1985, and died a few months later on October 2, 1985. Another notable British casualty of AIDS that year was
394:, delivery, or breastfeeding. Some bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, and tears, do not transmit the virus. Oral sex has little risk of transmitting the virus. Ways to avoid catching HIV and
3238:
A small group of individuals continue to dispute the connection between HIV and AIDS, the existence of HIV itself, or the validity of HIV testing and treatment methods. These claims, known as
2138:
as good: for example, if treatment is begun following the diagnosis of AIDS, life expectancy is ~10–40 years. Half of infants born with HIV die before two years of age without treatment.
1153:
that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle. The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded
12789:
Surveillance, riques, Risk Assessment Division = Le VIH et le sida au Canada: rapport de surveillance en date du 31 décembre 2009 / Division de la surveillance et de l'évaluation des (2010).
3085:-based Centre for the Study of Sexual Health and HIV reported that several people stopped taking their medication, sometimes on the direct advice of their pastor, leading to many deaths. The
3043:
for people with HIV/AIDS. Anti-retroviral treatment may help people with HIV/AIDS work more, and may increase the chance that a person with HIV/AIDS will be employed (low-quality evidence).
9741:
16164:
10602:
2764:
and growth of large colonial African cities, leading to social changes, including a higher degree of sexual promiscuity, the spread of prostitution, and the accompanying high frequency of
661:
that are normally controlled by the immune system. Which infections occur depends partly on what organisms are common in the person's environment. These infections may affect nearly every
16680:
7269:
Gilbert PB, McKeague IW, Eisen G, Mullins C, Guéye-NDiaye A, Mboup S, et al. (February 2003). "Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in Senegal".
1788:, was published in 2009; it found a partial reduction in the risk of transmission of roughly 30%, stimulating some hope in the research community of developing a truly effective vaccine.
15386:
9677:
8594:"Effectiveness of peer education interventions for HIV prevention, adolescent pregnancy prevention and sexual health promotion for young people: a systematic review of European studies"
5971:
Ng BE, Butler LM, Horvath T, Rutherford GW (March 2011). Butler LM (ed.). "Population-based biomedical sexually transmitted infection control interventions for reducing HIV infection".
5167:
1546:
For surveillance purposes, the AIDS diagnosis still stands even if, after treatment, the CD4 T cell count rises to above 200 per μL of blood or other AIDS-defining illnesses are cured.
11294:
19229:
14741:
12772:
2772:) in nascent colonial cities. While transmission rates of HIV during vaginal intercourse are low under regular circumstances, they are increased manyfold if one of the partners has a
8514:
Wiysonge CS, Kongnyuy EJ, Shey M, Muula AS, Navti OB, Akl EA, et al. (June 2011). Wiysonge CS (ed.). "Male circumcision for prevention of homosexual acquisition of HIV in men".
4057:
1999:
The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued recommendations regarding nutrient requirements in HIV/AIDS. A generally healthy diet is promoted. Dietary intake of micronutrients at
974:
using infected blood. In developed countries the risk of acquiring HIV from a blood transfusion is extremely low (less than one in half a million) where improved donor selection and
11795:
Schackman BR, Gebo KA, Walensky RP, Losina E, Muccio T, Sax PE, et al. (November 2006). "The lifetime cost of current human immunodeficiency virus care in the United States".
10050:
Beard J, Feeley F, Rosen S (November 2009). "Economic and quality of life outcomes of antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS in developing countries: a systematic literature review".
2744:
of two viral resistance genes. HIV-1 is thought to have jumped the species barrier on at least three separate occasions, giving rise to the three groups of the virus, M, N, and O.
16350:
9894:
9820:
3937:
3081:
Some religious organizations have claimed that prayer can cure HIV/AIDS. In 2011, the BBC reported that some churches in London were claiming that prayer would cure AIDS, and the
1285:
immune activation persisting throughout the chronic phase. Immune activation, which is reflected by the increased activation state of immune cells and release of pro-inflammatory
7356:
Piatak M, Saag MS, Yang LC, Clark SJ, Kappes JC, Luk KC, et al. (March 1993). "High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR".
1946:
Adults and adolescents who are living with HIV (even on anti-retroviral therapy) with no evidence of active tuberculosis in settings with high tuberculosis burden should receive
1715:
reduces the risk of an HIV infection five-fold following a needle-stick injury. As of 2013, the prevention regimen recommended in the United States consists of three medications—
979:
these areas come from transfusion of infected blood and blood products, representing between 5% and 10% of global infections. It is possible to acquire HIV from organ and tissue
3279:
which attempts to prevent, treat, or cure HIV/AIDS, along with fundamental research about the nature of HIV as an infectious agent, and about AIDS as the disease caused by HIV.
12378:
Nicholas PK, Kemppainen JK, Canaval GE, Corless IB, Sefcik EF, Nokes KM, et al. (February 2007). "Symptom management and self-care for peripheral neuropathy in HIV/AIDS".
9405:
Siegfried N, van der Merwe L, Brocklehurst P, Sint TT (July 2011). Siegfried N (ed.). "Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection".
10287:
Orsi F, d'Almeida C (May 2010). "Soaring antiretroviral prices, TRIPS and TRIPS flexibilities: a burning issue for antiretroviral treatment scale-up in developing countries".
2581:, the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981. At one point the CDC referred to it as the "4H disease", as the syndrome seemed to affect heroin users, homosexuals,
339:. Typically, this period is followed by a prolonged incubation period with no symptoms. Eventually the HIV infection increases the risk of developing other infections such as
15283:
12790:
3235:
anal intercourse between two uninfected gay men can lead to HIV infection, and that open discussion of HIV and homosexuality in schools will lead to increased rates of AIDS.
16992:
16002:
15494:
13382:
4481:
3412:
3261:
operation to spread the claim that the United States had created HIV/AIDS. Surveys show that a significant number of people believed—and continue to believe—in such claims.
9248:"Updated US Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to human immunodeficiency virus and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis"
16956:
8471:
Templeton DJ, Millett GA, Grulich AE (February 2010). "Male circumcision to reduce the risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men".
3546:
932:
15346:
8245:
Baptista M, Ramalho-Santos J (November 2009). "Spermicides, microbicides and antiviral agents: recent advances in the development of novel multi-functional compounds".
590:
infected individuals have a detectable viral load and in the absence of treatment will eventually progress to AIDS, a small proportion (about 5%) retain high levels of
12698:
7409:"The qualitative nature of the primary immune response to HIV infection is a prognosticator of disease progression independent of the initial level of plasma viremia"
15651:
15260:
14786:
2570:(KS). Many more cases of PCP and KS emerged, alerting U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak.
15690:
11897:
10625:
18794:
16675:
1450:
17047:
12877:
2805:
12925:
12160:
11718:
19222:
17643:
14405:
6168:
Draughon JE, Sheridan DJ (2012). "Nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis following sexual assault in industrialized low-HIV-prevalence countries: a review".
4252:
1581:
People wearing AIDS awareness signs. On the left: "Facing AIDS a condom and a pill at a time"; on the right: "I am Facing AIDS because people I ♥ are infected"
9709:
3342:
1577:
15998:
15534:
15123:
10878:
8546:
6579:
6292:
2428:
has reported that deaths from HIV and AIDS have "fallen by 61%, moving from the world’s seventh leading cause of death in 2000 to the twenty-first in 2021."
15230:
14244:
8116:
4406:
1472:
with a CD4 T cell count (also known as CD4 count) greater than 500 per microlitre (μL or cubic mm) of blood. May include generalized lymph node enlargement.
1176:
have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus that was originally discovered (and initially referred to also as LAV or HTLV-III). It is more
1040:
Antiretrovirals when taken by either the mother or the baby decrease the risk of transmission in those who do breastfeed. If blood contaminates food during
15197:
11922:
Cheung MC, Pantanowitz L, Dezube BJ (June–July 2005). "AIDS-related malignancies: emerging challenges in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy".
1619:"reduces the acquisition of HIV by heterosexual men by between 38% and 66% over 24 months". Owing to these studies, both the World Health Organization and
15712:
15446:
13077:
Hymes KB, Cheung T, Greene JB, Prose NS, Marcus A, Ballard H, et al. (September 1981). "Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men-a report of eight cases".
8280:
Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks JJ, Volmink J (April 2009). Siegfried N (ed.). "Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men".
3822:
2957:
was conceived in 1985 to celebrate the lives of those who had died of AIDS when stigma prevented many from receiving funerals. It is now cared for by the
1165:, producing new RNA genomes and viral proteins that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that begin the replication cycle anew.
17638:
16692:
13342:
11050:
10539:
9976:
4564:
WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children
2303:
is another very common co-infection where each disease increases the progression of the other. The two most common cancers associated with HIV/AIDS are
1126:
characteristics. Many species of mammals are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with a long
11712:
Progression and mortality of untreated HIV-positive individuals living in resource-limited settings: update of literature review and evidence synthesis
9443:
449:
use as prevention. It has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large-scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s.
14044:"High GUD incidence in the early 20th century created a particularly permissive time window for the origin and initial spread of epidemic HIV strains"
5138:
Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH (2012). "Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice". In Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.).
3372:
893:
in low-income countries, risk of female-to-male transmission has been estimated as 2.4% per act, and of male-to-female transmission as 0.05% per act.
583:, characterized by unexplained, non-painful enlargement of more than one group of lymph nodes (other than in the groin) for over three to six months.
19215:
18217:
6321:
3770:
15472:
15323:
14372:
14330:
13875:"Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in Africa"
10567:
3878:"Risk of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus with antiretroviral therapy, suppressed viral load and condom use: a systematic review"
574:
The initial symptoms are followed by a stage called clinical latency, asymptomatic HIV, or chronic HIV. Without treatment, this second stage of the
17153:
10712:
10702:"Guidelines for intensified tuberculosis case-finding and isoniazid preventive therapy for people living with HIV in resource-constrained settings"
9731:
8311:
6857:
1312:
A generalized graph of the relationship between HIV copies (viral load) and CD4 T cell counts over the average course of untreated HIV infection:
16626:
16304:
12826:
10591:
2982:. Within the MSM community, the greatest barrier to PrEP use has been the stigma surrounding HIV and gay men. Gay men on PrEP have experienced "
1842:
Current ART options are combinations (or "cocktails") consisting of at least three medications belonging to at least two types, or "classes", of
1707:
A course of antiretrovirals administered within 48 to 72 hours after exposure to HIV-positive blood or genital secretions is referred to as
464:—a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading. The United States' National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the
14771:
10189:"Adherence to antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome among drug users: a systematic review"
13042:
11084:
6818:
3295:
2964:
In 2003, as part of an overall reform of marriage and population legislation, it became legal for those diagnosed with AIDS to marry in China.
2573:
In the early days, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of diseases associated with it, such as
15376:
11748:"Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies"
10615:
Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
9866:
4165:
527:, headache, tiredness, and/or sores of the mouth and genitals. The rash, which occurs in 20–50% of cases, presents itself on the trunk and is
18808:
18055:
17027:
15850:
14733:
12798:. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Surveillance and Risk Assessment Division.
9667:
9517:
6267:
3566:
12763:
11663:"HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries?"
7534:"Primary HIV-1 infection is associated with preferential depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes from effector sites in the gastrointestinal tract"
4049:
1974:
1382:
828:, significant exposure to infected body fluids or tissues, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding (known as
503:
The initial period following infection with HIV is called acute HIV, primary HIV or acute retroviral syndrome. Many individuals develop an
16220:
12840:
11575:
Lutge EE, Gray A, Siegfried N (April 2013). "The medical use of cannabis for reducing morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV/AIDS".
331:, sometimes taking many years. Following initial infection an individual may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of
16899:
16718:
16668:
16616:
15573:
14612:
14291:
13522:
12221:
10924:
10679:
9252:
7699:
7013:
6103:
5973:
5867:
5242:
MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control
5140:
Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice: Expert Consult – Online and Print, 6e (Bradley, Neurology in Clinical Practice e-dition 2v Set)
4857:
3997:
3748:
2979:
2851:
2620:
declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting people with AIDS, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal
1662:
1454:
1434:
426:
15612:
13346:
10003:"Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-free HIV-1-infected patients: a collaborative analysis of 18 HIV cohort studies"
9886:
9812:
6974:
6745:
5081:
4814:
4775:
4614:
4581:
3927:
3709:
2975:; this covered medical research, the U.S. government's response, and personal stories from people with AIDS, caregivers, and activists.
19447:
19295:
18474:
18305:
17012:
16300:
16184:
15414:
14468:
14460:
12734:
11104:
7825:
6064:
5628:
5594:
4365:
4151:
4023:
3847:
3506:
861:. The existence of functionally noncontagious HIV-positive people on antiretroviral therapy was controversially publicized in the 2008
685:
457:
316:
15420:
8681:
1937:
19484:
18345:
14504:
14395:
11182:
10436:"Prolongation and quality of life for HIV-infected adults treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): a balancing act"
1490:
diarrhea for longer than a month, severe bacterial infections including tuberculosis of the lung, and a CD4 count of less than 350/μL
1045:
breastfeeding or the provision of safe formula. All women known to be HIV-positive should be taking lifelong antiretroviral therapy.
872:; however, the pattern of transmission varies among countries. As of 2017, most HIV transmission in the United States occurred among
12740:
10882:
9097:
6822:
4371:
3078:, argues that cultural changes are needed, including a re-emphasis on fidelity within marriage and sexual abstinence outside of it.
3027:
Returning to work after beginning treatment for HIV/AIDS is difficult, and affected people often work less than the average worker.
16826:
15994:
15291:
13372:
13286:
12809:
6346:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (October 2010). "HIV transmission through transfusion – Missouri and Colorado, 2008".
5663:
3242:, have been examined and rejected by the scientific community. However, they have had a significant political impact, particularly
15164:
14161:
6922:
Smith JA, Daniel R (May 2006). "Following the path of the virus: the exploitation of host DNA repair mechanisms by retroviruses".
3402:
1418:
within three to twelve weeks after the initial infection. Diagnosis of primary HIV before seroconversion is done by measuring HIV-
15502:
15098:
13026:
12137:
11372:
Siegfried N, Irlam JH, Visser ME, Rollins NN (March 2012). "Micronutrient supplementation in pregnant women with HIV infection".
5600:
3851:
3467:
3139:
magazine said the photo became the one image "most powerfully identified with the HIV/AIDS epidemic." The photo was displayed in
2918:
Often, AIDS stigma is expressed in conjunction with one or more other stigmas, particularly those associated with homosexuality,
2320:
677:
15187:
4019:
935:) have an increased likelihood of contracting HIV. Rough sex can be a factor associated with an increased risk of transmission.
511:
2–4 weeks after exposure while others have no significant symptoms. Symptoms occur in 40–90% of cases and most commonly include
19611:
16738:
16568:
13193:
11001:
3089:
advertised an "anointing water" to promote God's healing, although the group denies advising people to stop taking medication.
2986:". Numerous other barriers have been identified, including lack of quality LGBTQ care, cost, and adherence to medication use.
580:
93:
11615:
Knoll B, Lassmann B, Temesgen Z (December 2007). "Current status of HIV infection: a review for non-HIV-treating physicians".
11403:
Irlam JH, Siegfried N, Visser ME, Rollins NC (October 2013). "Micronutrient supplementation for children with HIV infection".
6616:
Coutsoudis A, Kwaan L, Thomson M (October 2010). "Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings".
6384:
3542:
19313:
18210:
17676:
16987:
16356:
16290:
15926:
15757:
15606:
15567:
15354:
14606:
14437:
14366:
14324:
14285:
13516:
12803:
12215:
12173:
10918:
10440:
9860:
8675:
7693:
7516:
7007:
6968:
6348:
6097:
6058:
5902:
5861:
5147:
4851:
4808:
4769:
4608:
4575:
4291:
4159:
3991:
3816:
3742:
3703:
3221:
2908:—the use of HIV/AIDS to express attitudes toward the social groups or lifestyles perceived to be associated with the disease.
2545:
1962:
A and B is advised for all people at risk of HIV before they become infected; however, it may also be given after infection.
13435:
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (September 1982). "Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) – United States".
9763:
Mateo-Urdiales A, Johnson S, Smith R, Nachega JB, Eshun-Wilson I (June 17, 2019). Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group (ed.).
9644:
3619:
1895:
months of age and all those with HIV RNA counts greater than 100,000 copies/mL between one year and five years of age.
19792:
18438:
17418:
16190:
12963:
12687:
11198:"Efficacy and safety of zinc supplementation for adults, children and pregnant women with HIV infection: systematic review"
10216:
7115:
5805:
3882:
1914:
medicines called non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INIs).
1803:
1602:) immediately before sex seems to reduce infection rates by approximately 40% among African women. By contrast, use of the
425:
Recognized worldwide in the early 1980s, HIV/AIDS has had a large impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of
15252:
6547:
5634:
3512:
19672:
19616:
18495:
17106:
16461:
15065:
13405:
11977:"The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy"
11887:
9037:"Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"
7831:
7210:
3647:
2927:
1982:
696:(of the layer that lines the inner part of eyelids and the white part of the eye) is also more common in those with HIV.
14981:
11436:"Complementary and alternative medicine use among HIV-positive people: research synthesis and implications for HIV care"
8050:
7996:
17543:
16783:
15684:
15645:
3243:
12885:
12179:
5923:
Dosekun O, Fox J (July 2010). "An overview of the relative risks of different sexual behaviours on HIV transmission".
5301:
Dosekun O, Fox J (July 2010). "An overview of the relative risks of different sexual behaviours on HIV transmission".
4229:
2902:—a reflection of the fear and apprehension that are likely to be associated with any deadly and transmissible illness.
2452:(0.1%), and Western and Central Europe (0.2%). The worst-affected European countries, in 2009 and 2012 estimates, are
1871:
Specific adverse events are related to the antiretroviral agent taken. Some relatively common adverse events include:
18814:
18340:
18297:
18048:
16966:
16856:
12991:
12933:
11711:
6659:
5347:
3227:
2954:
1887:. Newer recommended treatments are associated with fewer adverse effects. Certain medications may be associated with
1480:
437:, such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact. The disease has become subject to many
11840:"Life expectancy of recently diagnosed asymptomatic HIV-infected patients approaches that of uninfected individuals"
10097:"Sexual transmission of HIV according to viral load and antiretroviral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis"
9169:"Opiate substitution treatment and HIV transmission in people who inject drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis"
3046:
By affecting mainly young adults, AIDS reduces the taxable population, in turn reducing the resources available for
19551:
19468:
19379:
18800:
18729:
18203:
16713:
15918:
11483:
Mills E, Wu P, Ernst E (June 2005). "Complementary therapies for the treatment of HIV: in search of the evidence".
9699:
8712:
6532:
6300:
5703:"Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies"
5368:"Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies"
3350:
2781:
were thought to have been prostitutes, and, as of 1933, around 15% of all residents of the same city had syphilis.
2133:
subtype. After the diagnosis of AIDS, if treatment is not available, survival ranges between 6 and 19 months.
1378:
387:
17:
15524:
8570:
5204:
Coovadia H (2004). "Antiretroviral agents—how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS".
5168:"Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) among Recipients of Antibody-Positive Blood Donations"
2800:
The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966, that of
2792:. The virus may have been present in the U.S. as early as the mid-to-late 1950s, as a sixteen-year-old male named
1433:
Antibody tests in children younger than 18 months are typically inaccurate, due to the continued presence of
452:
HIV made the jump from other primates to humans in west-central Africa in the early-to-mid-20th century. AIDS was
311:
for HIV. An HIV-positive person on treatment can expect to live a normal life, and die with the virus, not of it.
15220:
15118:
15116:
12585:
9918:"HIV prevention in clinical care settings: 2014 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society–USA Panel"
9035:
US Preventive Services Task F, Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, Barry MJ, Cabana M, et al. (June 11, 2019).
8120:
7856:
US Preventive Services Task F, Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, Barry MJ, Cabana M, et al. (June 18, 2019).
6213:"Risk of HIV-1 transmission for parenteral exposure and blood transfusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
5925:
5026:"Ocular surface squamous neoplasia – Review of etio-pathogenesis and an update on clinico-pathological diagnosis"
4393:
3108:
3086:
3004:
1599:
1037:
during birth is around 20%, and in those who also breastfeed 35%. Treatment decreases this risk to less than 5%.
858:
320:
12466:"Therapy insight: AIDS-related malignancies – the influence of antiviral therapy on pathogenesis and management"
9849:
Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: recommendations for a public health approach
6441:
1265:
reason for the preferential loss of mucosal CD4 T cells is that the majority of mucosal CD4 T cells express the
1161:, allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system. Alternatively, the virus may be
19621:
19491:
19363:
18399:
18385:
17685:
17446:
16708:
15723:
15442:
12501:
11059:
10528:
9285:
8171:
4761:
Primary HIV/AIDS care: a practical guide for primary health care personnel in a clinical and supportive setting
3803:
3282:
Many governments and research institutions participate in HIV/AIDS research. This research includes behavioral
3166:
campaign for AIDS education and the rights of those affected. These artists worked with various media formats.
2444:
897:
478:
167:
15468:
15113:
12656:
4909:
Walker BD (August–September 2007). "Elite control of HIV Infection: implications for vaccines and treatment".
2609:
was introduced at a meeting in July 1982. By September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS.
544:
19207:
18760:
17508:
17022:
17002:
16733:
16621:
16250:
12016:
Lawn SD (January 2004). "AIDS in Africa: the impact of coinfections on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection".
10997:"Pneumococcal vaccination among HIV-infected adult patients in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy"
9965:
9436:
6830:
3217:
2697:
2659:
2594:
2145:
1965:
1636:
1530:
Stage 0: the time between a negative or indeterminate HIV test followed less than 180 days by a positive test
434:
18837:
4482:"NIH launches new collaboration to develop gene-based cures for sickle cell disease and HIV on global scale"
1954:
can be used to help decide if IPT is needed. Children with HIV may benefit from screening for tuberculosis.
19831:
19358:
18604:
18598:
18509:
18503:
18393:
18041:
17754:
17621:
16894:
16882:
16763:
16723:
16374:– Information on HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention, and research, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
15529:
10631:
7583:"CD4+ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract"
4942:
3380:
3189:
3175:
2968:
2773:
2529:
1902:(EMA) has recommended the granting of marketing authorizations for two new antiretroviral (ARV) medicines,
1872:
1423:
1071:
1014:
are theoretically at risk of infection but no confirmed cases have been documented. It is not possible for
484:
442:
153:
72:
19690:
15313:
14560:
Snyder M, Omoto AM, Crain AL (1999). "Punished for their good deeds: stigmatization for AIDS volunteers".
14103:
Chitnis A, Rawls D, Moore J (January 2000). "Origin of HIV type 1 in colonial French Equatorial Africa?".
8312:"WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention"
6314:
5801:"Mucosal HIV transmission and vaccination strategies through oral compared with vaginal and rectal routes"
3778:
904:. Genital ulcers increase the risk approximately fivefold. Other sexually transmitted infections, such as
566:
who may have been recently exposed to HIV should consider testing to find out if they have been infected.
19471:
19323:
19290:
18967:
18893:
18887:
18560:
18120:
17980:
17934:
17393:
17089:
17017:
16946:
16904:
16648:
16606:
3205:
3098:
3054:
At the household level, AIDS causes both loss of income and increased spending on healthcare. A study in
2995:
2887:; violence against HIV-infected individuals or people who are perceived to be infected with HIV; and the
1197:
636:
555:
430:
10948:"Influenza vaccination for immunocompromised patients: summary of a systematic review and meta-analysis"
10701:
10556:
9916:
Marrazzo JM, del Rio C, Holtgrave DR, Cohen MS, Kalichman SC, Mayer KH, et al. (July 23–30, 2014).
8315:
3876:
LeMessurier J, Traversy G, Varsaneux O, Weekes M, Avey MT, Niragira O, et al. (November 19, 2018).
2058:
1883:, especially with protease inhibitors. Other common symptoms include diarrhea, and an increased risk of
994:. In 2007, between 12% and 17% of infections in this region were attributed to medical syringe use. The
279:. It can be managed with treatment. Without treatment it can lead to a spectrum of conditions including
19634:
17083:
17007:
16997:
16728:
16561:
16534:
15775:"Sex and HIV education programs: their impact on sexual behaviors of young people throughout the world"
12051:
Campbell GR, Pasquier E, Watkins J, Bourgarel-Rey V, Peyrot V, Esquieu D, et al. (November 2004).
9521:
8759:"Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for changing HIV-related risk behavior in developing countries"
5750:
Beyrer C, Baral SD, van Griensven F, Goodreau SM, Chariyalertsak S, Wirtz AL, et al. (July 2012).
2631:
2626:. Gallo claimed a virus which his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in
1696:
575:
558:
as signs of HIV infection. Family doctors or hospitals can misdiagnose cases as one of the many common
351:
which are rare in people who have normal immune function. The late stage is often also associated with
14432:
12210:(Sixth ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 154.
4938:"Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in sub-Saharan Africa"
1273:
to gain access to the cells, whereas only a small fraction of CD4 T cells in the bloodstream do so. A
19821:
19457:
19437:
19352:
19347:
19342:
19337:
19332:
19267:
19024:
18631:
18022:
17669:
17557:
17525:
17513:
17466:
17042:
16331:
16324:
14763:
10596:
8598:
6750:
6664:
3463:
3311:
3148:
3082:
2488:
2436:
persons who engage in transaction sex the second and third populations most impacted in this region.
2425:
2308:
1977:. Appropriate preventive measures reduced the rate of these infections by 50% between 1992 and 1997.
1899:
1708:
1629:
1427:
1131:
995:
407:
211:
11936:
7407:
Pantaleo G, Demarest JF, Schacker T, Vaccarezza M, Cohen OJ, Daucher M, et al. (January 1997).
2837:
was estimated at 5%, suggesting that several thousand individuals in the country had been infected.
2389:
840:, sweat, tears, urine, or vomit unless these are contaminated with blood. It is also possible to be
19816:
19506:
19254:
18733:
18645:
18550:
18380:
18353:
18325:
18258:
17718:
17398:
17248:
17121:
16809:
16768:
16472:
13040:
Friedman-Kien AE (October 1981). "Disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma syndrome in young homosexual men".
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7581:
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6260:
4140:
3307:
3181:
2363:
2285:
2042:, whose effectiveness has not been established. There is not enough evidence to support the use of
1917:
1658:
1162:
873:
688:(HHV-8). Cervical cancer occurs more frequently in those with AIDS because of its association with
642:
603:
532:
508:
403:
207:
15889:
12331:"Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis: a meta-analytic review"
10946:
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3573:
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may increase the risk of transmission due to its tendency to cause vaginal and rectal irritation.
335:. During this period the person may not know that they are HIV-positive, yet they will be able to
19606:
19591:
19587:
18529:
18138:
17735:
17616:
17488:
17363:
17281:
17183:
16748:
16743:
16377:
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The macroeconomic impact of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, Population and Human Resources Department
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5894:
5549:"HIV is not transmitted under fully suppressive therapy: The Swiss Statement – eight years later"
5166:
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4088:
2816:
experts and technicians from all over the world to assist in filling administrative gaps left by
2400:
1781:
1775:
1692:
1253:
948:
563:
415:
411:
344:
131:
126:
18195:
13821:
Kalish ML, Wolfe ND, Ndongmo CB, McNicholl J, Robbins KE, Aidoo M, et al. (December 2005).
9167:
MacArthur GJ, Minozzi S, Martin N, Vickerman P, Deren S, Bruneau J, et al. (October 2012).
7770:
Brenchley JM, Price DA, Schacker TW, Asher TE, Silvestri G, Rao S, et al. (December 2006).
3695:
Modern infectious disease epidemiology concepts, methods, mathematical models, and public health
1252:
Ultimately, HIV causes AIDS by depleting CD4 T cells. This weakens the immune system and allows
18923:
18901:
18780:
18776:
18772:
18768:
18723:
18661:
18555:
18516:
18319:
18158:
17783:
17328:
17301:
17291:
17213:
17198:
17096:
16916:
16846:
16653:
16643:
16212:
12851:
12284:
11931:
6779:"Mechanisms of CD4+ T lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS"
6474:
3130:
3013:
2958:
2938:
2347:
2000:
1994:
1969:
People with substantial immunosuppression are also advised to receive prophylactic therapy for
1884:
1797:
1683:
within the health care environment are believed to be effective in decreasing the risk of HIV.
1555:
668:
People with AIDS have an increased risk of developing various viral-induced cancers, including
632:
624:
599:
504:
419:
332:
221:
16512:
16417:
15676:
Relationships and Sex Education for Secondary Schools (2020): A Practical Toolkit for Teachers
15635:
15557:
14596:
14275:
14245:"Forty years after first documented AIDS cases, survivors reckon with 'dichotomy of feelings'"
13979:
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13665:
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13608:
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13506:
12205:
10908:
10729:
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10670:
10238:
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8950:
Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, Barry MJ, Cabana M, Caughey AB, et al. (June 11, 2019).
7683:
7504:
6997:
6755:
6087:
5851:
5073:
4979:
Chu C, Selwyn PA (February 2011). "Complications of HIV infection: a systems-based approach".
4837:
4562:
3977:
3732:
1465:
Primary HIV infection: May be either asymptomatic or associated with acute retroviral syndrome
19581:
19561:
19282:
18908:
18489:
18359:
18330:
17929:
17808:
17747:
17723:
17611:
17565:
17503:
17493:
17403:
17338:
16909:
16877:
16814:
16638:
16554:
16413:
16409:
16306:
Global HIV/AIDS Response, Epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal access
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13335:
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10001:
Sterne JA, May M, Costagliola D, de Wolf F, Phillips AN, Harris R, et al. (April 2009).
8920:
6958:
5337:
4798:
4759:
4598:
3693:
3231:
3068:
2999:
2765:
2339:
2331:
2316:
2025:
is mixed with some tentative evidence of benefit. For pregnant and lactating women with HIV,
1978:
1750:
1680:
1303:
1150:
1031:
984:
980:
829:
825:
673:
540:
438:
395:
68:
31:
19520:
15408:
14473:
7040:
Zhang C, Zhou S, Groppelli E, Pellegrino P, Williams I, Borrow P, et al. (April 2015).
6089:
The New Public Health and STD/HIV Prevention: Personal, Public and Health Systems Approaches
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2879:, discrimination and avoidance of HIV-infected people; compulsory HIV testing without prior
2577:, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus. They also used
19601:
19305:
19172:
19004:
18639:
18468:
17922:
17888:
17778:
17662:
17580:
17498:
17413:
17388:
17373:
17311:
17263:
17243:
17168:
17163:
17148:
16889:
16821:
15865:
15823:
14818:"Stigma and Shame Experiences by MSM Who Take PrEP for HIV Prevention: A Qualitative Study"
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14147:
14057:
13994:
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13621:
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13471:
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10786:
Laurence J (January 2006). "Hepatitis A and B virus immunization in HIV-infected persons".
8662:
7772:"Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection"
7422:
7365:
7227:
7063:
4843:
4205:
3315:
3303:
3283:
3119:
died from an AIDS-related illness, having revealed the diagnosis only on the previous day.
2655:
2561:
2522:
2330:
Even with anti-retroviral treatment, over the long term HIV-infected people may experience
2039:
1684:
1542:
Unknown: if insufficient information is available to make any of the above classifications.
1446:
1386:
an advanced stage of the disease when AIDS or severe immunodeficiency has become apparent.
1119:
699:
Additionally, people with AIDS frequently have systemic symptoms such as prolonged fevers,
689:
14535:
11150:
10913:(4th ed.). Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. p. 143.
9966:"Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents"
8144:"A review of the effectiveness and acceptability of the female condom for dual protection"
6865:
6834:
6556:. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Publication No. H-40101-01-93. Archived from
5267:
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2681:
The origin of HIV / AIDS and the circumstances that led to its emergence remain unsolved.
359:
can show if treatment is needed to stop this progression and to prevent infecting others.
8:
18590:
18311:
18072:
18064:
17730:
17714:
17707:
17595:
17570:
17538:
17456:
17428:
17378:
17296:
17286:
17238:
17228:
17218:
17193:
16804:
16778:
16446:
14636:"HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1991–1999"
13266:
13173:
12728:
12094:"The C terminus of HIV-1 Tat modulates the extent of CD178-mediated apoptosis of T cells"
11149:
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11052:
Nutrient requirements for people living with HIV/AIDS: Report of a technical consultation
10874:
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7468:
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5366:
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4359:
3805:
Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV
3254:
3250:
3201:
3122:
One of the first high-profile heterosexual cases of the virus was American tennis player
3047:
2567:
2516:
2304:
2030:
supplementation in children with an HIV infection reduces mortality and improves growth.
1625:
1518:
917:
909:
669:
453:
292:
80:
17654:
15869:
15827:
15156:
15034:
14999:
14204:
14151:
14061:
13998:
13879:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
13778:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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13566:
13475:
13224:
9356:
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7426:
7369:
7231:
7067:
6717:
6692:
6229:
6212:
5656:
4209:
3055:
1766:
became the first country in the world to eradicate mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
19836:
19826:
19453:
19328:
18984:
18979:
18693:
18449:
17771:
17759:
17585:
17575:
17483:
17478:
17451:
17438:
17423:
17408:
17358:
17321:
17306:
17258:
17253:
17233:
17203:
17178:
17138:
17130:
17062:
17057:
16926:
16851:
16753:
16141:
16098:
16055:
15970:
15943:
15911:
15192:
14842:
14817:
14714:
14660:
14635:
14577:
14527:
14400:
14226:
14156:
14128:
14080:
14043:
14015:
13980:
13956:
13923:
13899:
13874:
13847:
13822:
13798:
13773:
13753:
13699:
13666:
13647:
13585:
13550:
13377:
13317:
13244:
13154:
13102:
13013:
12986:
12820:
12633:
12608:
12548:
12493:
12446:
12403:
12360:
12306:
12279:
12133:
11957:
11869:
11820:
11808:
11772:
11747:
11692:
11640:
11552:
11527:
11508:
11460:
11435:
11346:
11321:
11271:
11246:
11227:
11126:
11100:"Micronutrients in HIV/AIDS: is there evidence to change the WHO 2003 recommendations?"
11099:
11078:
11023:
10996:
10972:
10947:
10851:
10826:
10763:
10730:
10674:
10505:
10478:
10365:
10312:
10264:
10239:
10169:
10126:
10077:
10027:
10002:
9942:
9917:
9789:
9764:
9518:"WHO validates elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis in Cuba"
9494:
9469:
9382:
9357:
9338:
9277:
9193:
9168:
9144:
9119:
9017:
8932:
8884:
8859:
8858:
Anglemyer A, Rutherford GW, Horvath T, Baggaley RC, Egger M, Siegfried N (April 2013).
8832:
8807:
8783:
8758:
8734:
8707:
8496:
8453:
8404:
8379:
8355:
8330:
8222:
8197:
7930:
7901:
7796:
7771:
7752:
7656:
7631:
7607:
7582:
7558:
7533:
7389:
7294:
7251:
7211:"Cell-to-cell spread of HIV permits ongoing replication despite antiretroviral therapy"
7191:
7137:
7110:
7086:
7053:
7041:
6641:
6552:
6498:
6470:"Injection drug use, unsafe medical injections, and HIV in Africa: a systematic review"
6469:
6433:
6242:
6193:
6150:
6029:
5950:
5827:
5800:
5776:
5751:
5727:
5702:
5524:
5497:
5469:
Kripke C (August 2007). "Antiretroviral prophylaxis for occupational exposure to HIV".
5441:
5416:
5392:
5367:
5050:
5025:
4735:
4710:
4462:
4336:
4311:
4221:
4112:
4083:
3904:
3877:
3459:
3185:
3163:
2129:
1616:
1594:
may provide an equivalent level of protection. Application of a vaginal gel containing
1445:
Two main clinical staging systems are used to classify HIV and HIV-related disease for
991:
845:
559:
551:
175:
104:
16086:
15090:
13090:
13055:
12092:
Campbell GR, Watkins JD, Esquieu D, Pasquier E, Loret EP, Spector SA (November 2005).
11763:
10406:
10389:
10018:
9584:
May MT, Ingle SM (December 2011). "Life expectancy of HIV-positive adults: a review".
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8808:"Behavioral interventions for improving contraceptive use among women living with HIV"
8664:
International technical guidance on sexuality education: an evidence-informed approach
8635:
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7972:
Schneider E, Whitmore S, Glynn KM, Dominguez K, Mitsch A, McKenna MT (December 2008).
5767:
5718:
5588:
5383:
4027:
3843:
2141:
1863:. The complexity of treatment regimens (due to pill numbers and dosing frequency) and
1377:
HIV/AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory testing and then staged based on the presence of
19811:
19422:
19413:
19398:
19242:
19157:
19108:
19089:
19070:
18860:
18856:
18852:
18848:
18765:
18670:
18374:
18252:
17910:
17533:
17383:
17353:
17333:
17316:
17223:
17188:
17173:
17158:
17143:
16921:
16831:
16788:
16658:
16483:
16286:
16133:
16090:
16047:
15975:
15922:
15881:
15839:
15796:
15791:
15774:
15753:
15680:
15641:
15602:
15563:
15039:
14904:
14847:
14706:
14665:
14602:
14581:
14531:
14362:
14320:
14281:
14218:
14189:"An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic"
14120:
14085:
14020:
13961:
13943:
13904:
13852:
13803:
13745:
13704:
13639:
13590:
13549:
Gilbert MT, Rambaut A, Wlasiuk G, Spira TJ, Pitchenik AE, Worobey M (November 2007).
13512:
13487:
13444:
13278:
13236:
13185:
13146:
13094:
13059:
13018:
12799:
12638:
12540:
12485:
12438:
12395:
12352:
12311:
12260:
12211:
12169:
12115:
12074:
12033:
11998:
11993:
11976:
11949:
11873:
11861:
11812:
11777:
11684:
11679:
11662:
11632:
11628:
11592:
11557:
11500:
11465:
11416:
11385:
11351:
11337:
11276:
11219:
11214:
11197:
11174:
11131:
11028:
10977:
10914:
10856:
10795:
10768:
10750:
10510:
10459:
10411:
10357:
10316:
10304:
10269:
10208:
10204:
10161:
10118:
10069:
10032:
9947:
9856:
9794:
9601:
9566:
9499:
9418:
9387:
9330:
9269:
9228:
9198:
9149:
9089:
9058:
9009:
8973:
8924:
8889:
8860:"Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples"
8837:
8788:
8739:
8671:
8644:
8617:
8562:
8527:
8488:
8445:
8428:
Kim HH, Li PS, Goldstein M (November 2010). "Male circumcision: Africa and beyond?".
8409:
8360:
8293:
8262:
8227:
8163:
8098:
8042:
7988:
7935:
7879:
7801:
7744:
7689:
7661:
7612:
7563:
7512:
7485:
7450:
7445:
7408:
7381:
7338:
7286:
7243:
7183:
7142:
7091:
7003:
6964:
6939:
6904:
6900:
6800:
6722:
6633:
6503:
6425:
6421:
6357:
6234:
6197:
6185:
6142:
6093:
6054:
6021:
5986:
5942:
5898:
5857:
5832:
5781:
5732:
5570:
5529:
5478:
5446:
5397:
5343:
5318:
5276:
5249:
5221:
5143:
5120:
5055:
4988:
4961:
4918:
4891:
4847:
4804:
4765:
4740:
4604:
4571:
4466:
4454:
4449:
4432:
4341:
4287:
4196:
4155:
4117:
3987:
3909:
3812:
3738:
3699:
3674:
3666:
3270:
3144:
3032:
2941:, and this association is correlated with higher levels of sexual prejudice, such as
2934:
2701:
2671:
2622:
2597:, had also been coined. However, after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the
2480:
1880:
1744:
1487:
1230:
1158:
1127:
1027:
971:
662:
391:
383:
379:
203:
182:
118:
88:
16523:
16455:
16451:
16102:
14718:
14132:
13300:
Gilman SL (1987). Gilman SL (ed.). "AIDS and Syphilis: The Iconography of Disease".
13158:
13106:
12552:
12497:
12450:
12407:
12364:
12053:"The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis"
11961:
11824:
11696:
11644:
10173:
10130:
10081:
9281:
8936:
8500:
7756:
7393:
7298:
7195:
6645:
6437:
6388:
6246:
6154:
5954:
4225:
3253:
have held that HIV was created by scientists, either inadvertently or deliberately.
3159:
2914:—stigmatization of people connected to the issue of HIV/AIDS or HIV-positive people.
1394:
355:. Without treatment a person living with HIV can expect to live for 11 years. Early
19501:
19432:
19246:
19238:
19132:
18842:
18522:
18454:
18335:
18266:
18110:
17590:
17368:
17348:
17343:
17273:
17208:
16951:
16299:
16161:"Operation INFEKTION Soviet Bloc Intelligence and Its AIDS Disinformation Campaign"
16145:
16125:
16082:
16059:
16037:
15965:
15955:
15873:
15831:
15786:
15029:
15019:
15015:
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13951:
13935:
13894:
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13842:
13834:
13793:
13785:
13757:
13735:
13694:
13686:
13651:
13629:
13580:
13570:
13479:
13309:
13267:"Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians in the United States"
13228:
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13008:
13000:
12909:
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11113:
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10758:
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10500:
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10449:
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10369:
10349:
10296:
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9929:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9593:
9556:
9489:
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9481:
9414:
9410:
9377:
9373:
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9342:
9320:
9261:
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9139:
9131:
9048:
9021:
9001:
8963:
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8778:
8774:
8770:
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8607:
8558:
8554:
8523:
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8457:
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8399:
8391:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8289:
8285:
8254:
8217:
8209:
8155:
8088:
7925:
7915:
7869:
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7734:
7651:
7643:
7602:
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7278:
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7173:
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6704:
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6177:
6134:
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6013:
5982:
5978:
5934:
5822:
5814:
5771:
5763:
5722:
5714:
5560:
5519:
5509:
5436:
5428:
5387:
5379:
5310:
5213:
5179:
5112:
5045:
5037:
4951:
4730:
4722:
4444:
4331:
4323:
4213:
4107:
4097:
3899:
3891:
3656:
3291:
3276:
2876:
2729:
2717:
2553:
The first news story on the disease appeared on May 18, 1981, in the gay newspaper
2047:
1242:
602:
for more than five years. These individuals are classified as "HIV controllers" or
465:
19096:
16129:
14865:
14787:"The Confusing and At-Times Counterproductive 1980s Response to the AIDS Epidemic"
14427:
13772:
Sharp PM, Bailes E, Chaudhuri RR, Rodenburg CM, Santiago MO, Hahn BH (June 2001).
13248:
10592:"First long-acting injectable antiretroviral therapy for HIV recommended approval"
9887:"HIV Clinical Guidelines: Adult and Adolescent ARV - What's New in the Guidelines"
8708:"Discerning patterns of human immunodeficiency virus risk in healthy young adults"
2385:
547:
also occur. The duration of the symptoms varies, but is usually one or two weeks.
495:
19724:
19660:
19543:
19056:
18961:
18881:
18870:
18741:
18705:
18625:
18411:
18272:
18184:
18143:
17866:
17101:
16841:
16611:
16477:
16345:
15960:
15318:
14701:
14684:
14356:
14314:
14070:
12536:
12347:
12330:
11856:
11839:
10353:
10300:
10144:
Orrell C (November 2005). "Antiretroviral adherence in a resource-poor setting".
10113:
10096:
9813:"Closing Gaps in HIV Care: Real-World Strategies to Support Rapid ART Initiation"
9634:
9470:"Interventions for preventing late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV"
9115:
8725:
8484:
8441:
8213:
7920:
7902:"HIV testing for children in resource-limited settings: what are we waiting for?"
7647:
7076:
6557:
6181:
6138:
6017:
5938:
5818:
5314:
5183:
3609:
3258:
3135:
3133:, as he lay dying from AIDS while surrounded by family, was taken in April 1990.
3116:
3040:
2884:
2813:
2737:
2627:
2574:
2555:
2324:
2043:
1814:
1560:
1476:
1173:
963:
880:
869:
862:
681:
623:
years. The most common initial conditions that alert to the presence of AIDS are
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16178:
16073:
Baleta A (March 2003). "S Africa's AIDS activists accuse government of murder".
14573:
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12609:"The spread, treatment, and prevention of HIV-1: evolution of a global pandemic"
10240:"HIV treatment adherence, drug resistance, virologic failure: evolving concepts"
10188:
8547:"Abstinence-only programs for HIV infection prevention in high-income countries"
8198:"Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence"
7723:"Immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection: causes and consequences"
7333:
7316:
7209:
Sigal A, Kim JT, Balazs AB, Dekel E, Mayo A, Milo R, et al. (August 2011).
5041:
4327:
3661:
3642:
3500:
2539:
1802:
There is currently no cure, nor an effective HIV vaccine. Treatment consists of
19648:
19596:
19496:
19318:
18292:
18153:
18148:
18133:
17803:
17052:
16836:
15906:
15381:
15124:"Thirty years after AIDS discovery, appreciation growing for Catholic approach"
13740:
13723:
13555:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
12573:
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Post FA, Holt SG (February 2009). "Recent developments in HIV and the kidney".
12029:
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9732:"Man cured of HIV, cancer following breakthrough stem cell transplant: Doctors"
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6408:
5622:
4882:
Blankson JN (March 2010). "Control of HIV-1 replication in elite suppressors".
3983:
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2809:
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2709:
2663:
2617:
2492:
1864:
1856:
1843:
1755:
1731:
1688:
1640:
1246:
1245:, which kill HIV-infected cells, and subsequently with antibody production, or
1097:
958:
936:
913:
418:. Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child
174:, medical procedures involving unsterile cutting or piercing, and experiencing
171:
19237:
16488:
16279:
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases
15058:
14938:
The long-run economic costs of AIDS: theory and an application to South Africa
13413:
12685:
12391:
12297:
12256:
11451:
11412:
11381:
10842:
10157:
10065:
9358:"Antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for occupational HIV exposure"
9135:
8395:
8028:"Revised surveillance case definition for HIV infection – United States, 2014"
7819:
6855:
6817:
6708:
4726:
2788:
The earliest well-documented case of HIV in a human dates back to 1959 in the
2412:
19805:
18287:
18282:
18230:
17876:
17871:
17032:
16941:
16341:
15225:
14970:
14833:
13947:
13774:"The origins of acquired immune deficiency syndrome viruses: where and when?"
11661:
Morgan D, Mahe C, Mayanja B, Okongo JM, Lubega R, Whitworth JA (March 2002).
11496:
10754:
10656:
9034:
8380:"Behavioral aspects of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV infection"
8027:
7973:
7906:
7855:
7481:
6693:"Antiretroviral interventions for preventing breast milk transmission of HIV"
5116:
3670:
3287:
3230:. Three misconceptions are that AIDS can spread through casual contact, that
3196:
3017:
2834:
2830:
2789:
2598:
2351:
1985:
are often recommended in people with HIV/AIDS with some evidence of benefit.
1970:
1828:
1759:
1720:
1670:
1644:
1591:
1494:
1234:
1089:
1011:
1007:
975:
952:
CDC poster from 1989 highlighting the threat of AIDS associated with drug use
901:
595:
528:
324:
299:) involves a life-long regimen of medicine to suppress the virus, making the
276:
16436:
16432:
15877:
15835:
14116:
13690:
13575:
13483:
13232:
11117:
10557:"Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection"
10495:
9078:"Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings"
8025:
7377:
7111:"HIV-1 cell to cell transfer across an Env-induced, actin-dependent synapse"
6345:
5142:. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 101.
4936:
Holmes CB, Losina E, Walensky RP, Yazdanpanah Y, Freedberg KA (March 2003).
4217:
2760:
1910. Proponents of this dating link the HIV epidemic with the emergence of
461:
19572:
19384:
19148:
18998:
18676:
18537:
18179:
18090:
17994:
17960:
17896:
17067:
16758:
16137:
16094:
16051:
15979:
15800:
15559:
Child Abuse and Neglect: Diagnosis, Treatment and Evidence – Expert Consult
15043:
14940:(Report). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3152. Archived from
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14851:
14710:
14669:
14124:
14089:
14042:
de Sousa JD, Müller V, Lemey P, Vandamme AM (April 2010). Martin DP (ed.).
14024:
13965:
13908:
13890:
13856:
13838:
13807:
13789:
13749:
13724:"Retrotransposons revisited: the restraint and rehabilitation of parasites"
13708:
13594:
13150:
13022:
12642:
12544:
12489:
12442:
12399:
12356:
12315:
12264:
12119:
12110:
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12078:
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12052:
12037:
12002:
11953:
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11816:
11781:
11745:
11688:
11636:
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11561:
11504:
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11420:
11389:
11355:
11280:
11223:
11178:
11135:
11032:
10981:
10860:
10799:
10772:
10514:
10463:
10415:
10361:
10308:
10273:
10212:
10165:
10122:
10073:
10036:
9951:
9933:
9798:
9704:
9672:
9605:
9570:
9561:
9544:
9503:
9422:
9391:
9334:
9273:
9232:
9202:
9153:
9062:
9053:
9036:
9013:
8977:
8968:
8951:
8928:
8893:
8841:
8792:
8743:
8648:
8621:
8566:
8531:
8492:
8449:
8413:
8364:
8297:
8266:
8231:
8167:
8102:
8046:
7992:
7939:
7883:
7874:
7857:
7805:
7748:
7665:
7616:
7567:
7489:
7342:
7290:
7247:
7187:
7146:
7095:
6943:
6804:
6726:
6637:
6507:
6488:
6361:
6238:
6189:
6146:
6025:
5990:
5946:
5836:
5785:
5736:
5574:
5565:
5548:
5533:
5514:
5482:
5450:
5401:
5322:
5280:
5253:
5225:
5124:
5059:
4992:
4965:
4922:
4895:
4744:
4458:
4345:
4191:
4121:
4102:
3913:
3678:
3299:
3155:
3112:
3028:
2983:
2864:
2733:
2613:
2335:
2295:
2026:
1951:
1921:
1907:
1888:
1876:
1824:
1612:
1536:
Stage 2: CD4 count 200 to 500 cells/μL and no AIDS-defining conditions
1469:
1290:
1114:
890:
700:
406:"), treatment to stop infection in someone who has been recently exposed ("
340:
15885:
15843:
14900:
14651:
14222:
13643:
13491:
13448:
13282:
13240:
13189:
13141:
13124:
13098:
13063:
13004:
12243:
Nelson VM, Benson AB (January 2017). "Epidemiology of Anal Canal Cancer".
9325:
9308:
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7685:
Control of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses During Infectious Diseases
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6795:
6778:
6691:
White AB, Mirjahangir JF, Horvath H, Anglemyer A, Read JS (October 2014).
6669:
6429:
2895:
AIDS stigma has been further divided into the following three categories:
2003:
levels by HIV-infected adults is recommended by the WHO; higher intake of
1639:
do not appear to affect subsequent HIV risk. Evidence of any benefit from
920:, are associated with somewhat smaller increases in risk of transmission.
19188:
19137:
19125:
19120:
19113:
19101:
19075:
19045:
18947:
18786:
18698:
18681:
18616:
18277:
17999:
17905:
17881:
16971:
16872:
16663:
16507:
14187:
Zhu T, Korber BT, Nahmias AJ, Hooper E, Sharp PM, Ho DD (February 1998).
10454:
10435:
9120:"Combination HIV prevention: significance, challenges, and opportunities"
8612:
8593:
7598:
7549:
7128:
6960:
RNA interference and viruses : current innovations and future trends
5432:
3123:
3104:
3036:
3021:
2923:
2919:
2761:
2741:
2725:
2582:
2496:
2343:
2312:
2300:
1955:
1925:
1903:
1724:
1606:
1565:
1498:
1411:
1270:
1185:
1181:
1059:
1041:
841:
693:
520:
375:
356:
161:
19741:
14006:
10995:
Lee KY, Tsai MS, Kuo KC, Tsai JC, Sun HY, Cheng AC, et al. (2014).
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Fonner VA, Denison J, Kennedy CE, O'Reilly K, Sweat M (September 2012).
8545:
Underhill K, Operario D, Montgomery P (October 2007). Operario D (ed.).
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in the early 20th century. HIV-1 appears to have originated in southern
2014:
People with HIV/AIDS are up to four times more likely to develop type 2
1274:
1221:
19577:
19538:
19038:
18822:
18579:
18018:
17975:
17946:
17941:
17828:
17820:
16931:
16773:
16601:
16529:
13321:
12481:
9765:"Rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy for people living with HIV"
9700:"Third person apparently cured of HIV using novel stem cell transplant"
3103:
One of the first high-profile cases of AIDS was the American gay actor
2942:
2888:
2860:
2635:
1860:
1836:
1712:
1603:
1415:
1278:
1108:
1093:
1085:
1075:
924:
300:
272:
97:
76:
18033:
16042:
16025:
15000:"Interventions for improving employment outcomes for workers with HIV"
12577:
12280:"Cognitive neuropsychology of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders"
11151:"The role of micronutrients in the diet of HIV-1-infected individuals"
10963:
10388:
Montessori V, Press N, Harris M, Akagi L, Montaner JS (January 2004).
9404:
9184:
8331:"Male circumcision, HIV and sexually transmitted infections: a review"
7739:
7722:
6935:
6629:
4253:"An African Pope Won't Change the Vatican's Views on Condoms and AIDS"
3871:
3869:
3012:
HIV/AIDS affects the economics of both individuals and countries. The
2384:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
1533:
Stage 1: CD4 count ≥ 500 cells/μL and no AIDS-defining conditions
1308:
928:
infection, rates of transmission are approximately eightfold greater.
19707:
19083:
19064:
19031:
19019:
19013:
18992:
18938:
18866:
18752:
18714:
18483:
18462:
18368:
18246:
18238:
18226:
18100:
18013:
17742:
17702:
16518:
15024:
13981:"Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960"
12624:
12569:
11014:
10052:
7282:
2801:
2704:(HIV-1 descends from the SIVcpz endemic in the chimpanzee subspecies
2479:
Groups at higher risk of acquiring HIV include persons who engage in
2449:
2038:
In the US, approximately 60% of people with HIV use various forms of
2004:
1959:
1947:
1832:
1716:
1666:
1595:
1502:
1257:
1154:
1135:
905:
228:
16392:
16371:
14866:"PrEP slutshaming is still alive and well – and it's harming us all"
13313:
12465:
12050:
11838:
van Sighem AI, Gras LA, Reiss P, Brinkman K, de Wolf F (June 2010).
9597:
9247:
8706:
Patel VL, Yoskowitz NA, Kaufman DR, Shortliffe EH (September 2008).
8159:
8143:
8093:
8076:
6887:
Levy JA (November 1993). "HIV pathogenesis and long-term survival".
6403:
2871:
AIDS stigma exists around the world in a variety of ways, including
2046:. There is insufficient evidence to recommend or support the use of
1084:
is the cause of the spectrum of disease known as HIV/AIDS. HIV is a
1067:
703:(particularly at night), swollen lymph nodes, chills, weakness, and
19263:
19181:
18828:
18570:
18163:
18105:
17795:
17766:
17694:
17037:
16936:
16242:
15913:
Denying AIDS: Conspiracy Theories, Pseudoscience, and Human Tragedy
14048:
12434:
11888:"Early diagnosis and treatment save babies from AIDS-related death"
9309:"Clinical practice. Care of the adult patient after sexual assault"
9265:
8990:
7787:
7058:
5752:"Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men"
4956:
4937:
4708:
3866:
2946:
2872:
2778:
2769:
2748:
2693:
2689:
2639:
2469:
2421:
2022:
2015:
1938:
Opportunistic infection § Opportunistic Infection and HIV/AIDS
1891:
and therefore may be unsuitable for women hoping to have children.
1819:
1286:
1177:
1015:
885:
704:
658:
646:
628:
614:
536:
399:
371:
352:
195:
16546:
16285:(7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
16213:"Community-Based Indicators for HIV Programs – MEASURE Evaluation"
14213:
14188:
13823:"Central African hunters exposed to simian immunodeficiency virus"
13634:
13609:
11245:
Visser ME, Durao S, Sinclair D, Irlam JH, Siegfried N (May 2017).
8857:
7406:
6004:
Anderson J (February 2012). "Women and HIV: motherhood and more".
5417:"Systematic review of orogenital HIV-1 transmission probabilities"
3875:
2684:
Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are believed to have originated in non-human
1539:
Stage 3: CD4 count ≤ 200 cells/μL or AIDS-defining conditions
19775:
18934:
18225:
18128:
18095:
18085:
17833:
16961:
15594:
13434:
13264:
13171:
11169:
10655:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
9762:
9075:
8806:
Lopez LM, Grey TW, Chen M, Denison J, Stuart G (August 9, 2016).
6125:
Klimas N, Koneru AO, Fletcher MA (June 2008). "Overview of HIV".
5891:
Oxford handbook of genitourinary medicine, HIV, and sexual health
2880:
2867:
for HIV after being expelled from school because he was infected.
2817:
2721:
2685:
2484:
2473:
2465:
2457:
1510:
1506:
1238:
1123:
304:
19758:
16466:
16329:
Knowledge's health care articles can be viewed offline with the
15598:
HIV/AIDS, Gender, Human Security and Violence in Southern Africa
14768:
U.S. National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine
13209:
13174:"Persistent, generalized lymphadenopathy among homosexual males"
12792:
HIV and AIDS in Canada: surveillance report to December 31, 2009
12377:
8756:
7531:
7109:
Jolly C, Kashefi K, Hollinshead M, Sattentau QJ (January 2004).
7108:
6690:
5749:
3016:
of the most affected countries has decreased due to the lack of
2416:
Trends in new cases and deaths per year from HIV/AIDS, 1990-2017
1430:
testing are confirmed either by a different antibody or by PCR.
19403:
19272:
18543:
17917:
17077:
16427:
16404:
16360:
15377:"Germany's most famous gay rights activist: Rosa von Praunheim"
13610:"Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes"
12607:
Cohen MS, Hellmann N, Levy JA, DeCock K, Lange J (April 2008).
11892:
10731:"Screening tests for active pulmonary tuberculosis in children"
9639:
9166:
8705:
7971:
4935:
4401:
3932:
3614:
3564:
3407:
3008:
Changes in life expectancy in some African countries, 1960–2012
2650:
2504:
2500:
2461:
2453:
2289:
1785:
1674:
1620:
1586:
1142:
1003:
837:
446:
348:
135:
15637:
Women's Issues for a New Generation: A Social Work Perspective
14764:"Exhibition – Surviving and Thriving – NLM Exhibition Program"
14175:
increasing sexual contacts and leading to red-light districts.
13461:
12091:
10187:
Malta M, Strathdee SA, Magnanini MM, Bastos FI (August 2008).
3035:, memory problems, and social isolation. Employment increases
2708:). The closest relative of HIV-2 is SIV (smm), a virus of the
535:
at this stage. Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting or
19666:
19194:
18953:
18585:
17843:
16993:
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
16365:
15347:"Behind the Picture: The Photo That Changed the Face of AIDS"
13771:
12878:"Country Comparison :: HIV/AIDS – Adult Prevalence Rate"
10824:
10529:"Summary of recommendations on when to start ART in children"
10390:"Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection"
10186:
9915:
8952:"Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection"
5342:(11 ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 303.
2856:
2825:
2675:
2667:
2586:
2134:
1345:
1104:
833:
654:
650:
587:
512:
319:
and organizations around the world have communicated this as
59:
19643:
16026:"Scientists, activists sue South Africa's AIDS 'denialists'"
15750:
Hope and mortality: psychodynamic approaches to AIDS and HIV
13978:
12421:
Boshoff C, Weiss R (May 2002). "AIDS-related malignancies".
12207:
Rubin's pathology: clinicopathologic foundations of medicine
11247:"Micronutrient supplementation in adults with HIV infection"
10237:
9245:
7039:
1735:
fatigue (22%), emotional distress (13%) and headaches (9%).
1486:
Stage III: Advanced symptoms, which may include unexplained
1229:
After the virus enters the body, there is a period of rapid
1130:. Lentiviruses are transmitted as single-stranded, positive-
17111:
17072:
16378:
2018 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society
14396:"Boy's 1969 Death Suggests AIDS Invaded U.S. Several Times"
14041:
13820:
13664:
11837:
11794:
11402:
11371:
10000:
8544:
8314:. World Health Organization. March 28, 2007. Archived from
8279:
8026:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (April 2014).
7769:
7268:
5238:
3691:
2008:
1763:
1677:, in 2019, recommended PrEP in those who are at high risk.
1514:
1402:
1266:
1157:
and host co-factors. Once integrated, the virus may become
524:
308:
15601:. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa. p. 47.
13548:
10387:
10095:
Attia S, Egger M, Müller M, Zwahlen M, Low N (July 2009).
9668:"Second Person Ever to Be Cleared of HIV Reveals Identity"
9520:. World Health Organization. June 30, 2015. Archived from
8141:
7580:
4570:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2007. pp. 6–16.
2148:
for HIV and AIDS per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2004:
868:
Globally, the most common mode of HIV transmission is via
18420:
17856:
17684:
16596:
16577:
13667:"Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1"
12158:
11746:
Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (July 2008).
11048:
8513:
7162:"Avoiding the void: cell-to-cell spread of human viruses"
5970:
5161:
5159:
3698:(Online-Ausg. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 88.
3147:, and acquired worldwide notoriety after being used in a
2939:
association between AIDS and homosexuality or bisexuality
1419:
1146:
1139:
1081:
1054:
591:
323:. Without treatment the infection can interfere with the
296:
16676:
WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease
15814:
Duesberg P (July 1988). "HIV is not the cause of AIDS".
14815:
14461:"Common at its core: HIV-related stigma across contexts"
11244:
11148:
10945:
10479:"Human immunodeficiency virus & cardiovascular risk"
8119:. World Health Organization. August 2003. Archived from
5165:
1451:
WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease
1145:
is converted (reverse transcribed) into double-stranded
487:
infection: acute infection, clinical latency, and AIDS.
14280:(2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Elsevier. p. 106.
13118:
13116:
12606:
11921:
11660:
11526:
Liu JP, Manheimer E, Yang M (July 2005). Liu JP (ed.).
10728:
10094:
9467:
9355:
9113:
8949:
8470:
6856:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2002).
6211:
Baggaley RF, Boily MC, White RG, Alary M (April 2006).
6210:
5495:
4764:(Updated 4th ed.). Houghton : Jacana. p. 29.
4603:. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish. 2008. p. 25.
2549:
reported in 1981 on what was later to be called "AIDS".
2018:
than those who are not tested positive with the virus.
1329:
Days after exposure needed for the test to be accurate
896:
Risk of transmission increases in the presence of many
17644:
List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region
14816:
Dubov A, Galbo P, Altice F, Fraenkel L (August 2018).
14186:
13607:
13551:"The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond"
13122:
13076:
11528:"Herbal medicines for treating HIV infection and AIDS"
11320:
Stone CA, Kawai K, Kupka R, Fawzi WW (November 2010).
10709:
Department of HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization 2011
10564:
Department of Health and Human Services, February 2014
8906:
8244:
6615:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6404:"HIV transmission by organ and tissue transplantation"
5700:
5365:
5156:
967:
than 80% of people who inject drugs are HIV-positive.
569:
19632:
15999:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
14935:
14633:
12761:
11614:
10902:
10900:
10338:
8142:
Gallo MF, Kilbourne-Brook M, Coffey PS (March 2012).
4433:"The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS"
3306:. Other medical research areas include the topics of
30:"AIDS" and "Aids" redirect here. For other uses, see
16382:
15157:"Church HIV prayer cure claims 'cause three deaths'"
13113:
12686:
Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
12463:
12277:
11319:
8805:
8634:
6124:
4360:"HIV Statistics Overview (International Statistics)"
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3610:"Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2022 fact sheet"
3111:, a gay politician and son of former prime minister
865:, and has since become accepted as medically sound.
844:
by more than one strain of HIV—a condition known as
490:
17639:
List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
17028:
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
17013:
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
16301:
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
16275:
13343:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
9855:. World Health Organization. 2010. pp. 19–20.
7355:
7208:
6456:
6285:
5023:
3565:UNAIDS, World Health Organization (December 2007).
2973:
Surviving and Thriving: AIDS, Politics, and Culture
2062:Deaths due to HIV/AIDS per million people in 2012:
1241:is almost invariably associated with activation of
1100:. It directly and indirectly destroys CD4 T cells.
832:). There is no risk of acquiring HIV if exposed to
15910:
15525:"'Virgin cure': Three women killed to 'cure' Aids"
14997:
14682:
14152:"Precursor to H.I.V. Was in Monkeys for Millennia"
13872:
13544:
13542:
13540:
13504:
13373:"New homosexual disorder worries health officials"
12278:Woods SP, Moore DJ, Weber E, Grant I (June 2009).
11741:
11739:
11574:
10897:
10811:
10809:
10383:
10381:
10379:
9214:
9212:
7502:
5966:
5964:
5414:
5137:
4084:"A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years"
3837:
3835:
1277:that alters the CCR5 protein when present in both
870:sexual contacts between people of the opposite sex
16116:Cohen J (June 2000). "South Africa's new enemy".
15772:
14634:Herek GM, Capitanio JP, Widaman KF (March 2002).
14102:
12203:
11433:
11367:
11365:
11044:
11042:
10286:
9842:
9840:
9838:
9219:"HIV exposure through contact with body fluids".
9076:Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (August 1987).
8853:
8851:
7895:
7893:
7851:
7849:
7511:(6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 905.
7467:
6776:
6387:. World Health Organization. 2001. Archived from
5496:van der Kuyl AC, Cornelissen M (September 2007).
5415:Baggaley RF, White RG, Boily MC (December 2008).
4972:
4839:Lecture Notes: Medical Microbiology and Infection
4275:
3986:/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 745.
3952:
3373:"HIV Classification: CDC and WHO Staging Systems"
2747:There is evidence that humans who participate in
1493:Stage IV or AIDS: severe symptoms, which include
1475:Stage II: Mild symptoms, which may include minor
1074:of HIV-1, colored green, budding from a cultured
19803:
14929:
14926:Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 117.
14559:
11525:
10476:
10429:
10427:
10425:
10049:
9349:
7953:
7951:
7949:
7899:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6580:"Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV"
6519:
6517:
6167:
5014:Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 169.
4797:Hicks CB (2001). Reeders JW, Goodman PC (eds.).
4664:Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 118.
4521:Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 121.
4135:
4133:
4131:
3031:in people with HIV/AIDS also is associated with
166:Unprotected anal or vaginal sex, having another
16627:National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program
15179:
15151:
15149:
13721:
13537:
13336:"Making Headway Under Hellacious Circumstances"
13265:Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (July 1982).
13123:Basavapathruni A, Anderson KS (December 2007).
12833:
12464:Yarchoan R, Tosato G, Little RF (August 2005).
11736:
10867:
10806:
10671:"F.D.A. Approves Monthly Shots to Treat H.I.V."
10376:
9635:"Global HIV & AIDS statistics — Fact sheet"
9209:
8021:
8019:
8017:
7967:
7965:
7963:
6963:. Norfolk: Caister Academic Press. p. 73.
6864:. National Institutes of Health. Archived from
6539:
5961:
5546:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4012:
3832:
3811:. World Health Organization. 2015. p. 13.
3154:Many famous artists and AIDS activists such as
2978:Stigma has proved an obstacle to the update of
2354:, may be caused both by HIV and its treatment.
2311:. Other cancers that are more frequent include
1823:– a common once-daily ART regime consisting of
1088:that primarily infects components of the human
631:in the form of HIV wasting syndrome (20%), and
16276:Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. (2010).
15672:
15369:
14502:
13205:
13203:
13172:Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (May 1982).
13043:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
11917:
11915:
11362:
11097:
11039:
10994:
9835:
8848:
8427:
8377:
8191:
8189:
7890:
7846:
7632:"CCR5 monoclonal antibodies for HIV-1 therapy"
6995:
6819:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
5918:
5916:
5914:
5361:
5359:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4527:
3692:Krämer A, Kretzschmar M, Krickeberg K (2010).
3454:
3452:
3450:
3296:microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases
3076:The Catholic Church and the Global AIDS Crisis
3024:. Many are cared for by elderly grandparents.
2284:The primary causes of death from HIV/AIDS are
27:Spectrum of conditions caused by HIV infection
19223:
18211:
18049:
17670:
16562:
16312:. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
16163:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
15935:
15773:Kirby DB, Laris BA, Rolleri LA (March 2007).
14683:De Cock KM, Jaffe HW, Curran JW (June 2012).
14498:
14496:
14494:
14037:
14035:
13260:
13258:
13125:"Reverse transcription of the HIV-1 pandemic"
13039:
12457:
12371:
11610:
11608:
11606:
11476:
11427:
10910:Concepts in immunology and immunotherapeutics
10694:
10422:
10231:
9542:
9109:
9107:
8585:
8371:
7946:
7763:
7714:
7677:
7675:
7629:
7574:
7525:
7461:
7400:
6733:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6514:
6368:
4128:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
2720:living in coastal West Africa (from southern
2612:In 1983, two separate research groups led by
2579:Kaposi's sarcoma and opportunistic infections
1138:. Upon entry into the target cell, the viral
15941:
15595:Klot, Jennifer, Monica Kathina Juma (2011).
15146:
14458:
14096:
13972:
13873:Marx PA, Alcabes PG, Drucker E (June 2001).
13868:
13866:
13601:
13070:
13033:
12987:"Pneumocystis pneumonia – Los Angeles. 1981"
12861:
12568:
12420:
12414:
12242:
11709:
11482:
11434:Littlewood RA, Vanable PA (September 2008).
11202:Tropical Medicine & International Health
10831:Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society
10521:
9300:
8074:
8014:
7960:
7509:Principles and practice of clinical virology
6777:Alimonti JB, Ball TB, Fowke KR (July 2003).
5696:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5024:Mittal R, Rath S, Vemuganti GK (July 2013).
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4305:
4303:
4141:"The impact of AIDS on people and societies"
3975:
3841:
3798:
3796:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3377:AIDS Education & Training Center Program
2050:to try to increase appetite or weight gain.
1784:. The most effective vaccine trial to date,
1383:United States Preventive Services Task Force
16719:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
15443:"Aziga found guilty of first-degree murder"
15004:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
14964:
14962:
14886:
14601:. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. p. 242.
14361:. Cambridge University Press. p. 188.
13928:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
13814:
13328:
13200:
12825:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
12328:
12204:Rubin R, Strayer DS, Rubin E, eds. (2011).
11912:
11788:
11656:
11654:
11577:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
11568:
11532:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
11405:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
11374:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
11251:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10433:
9474:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9407:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9362:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9253:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology
8864:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8812:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8763:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8551:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8516:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8282:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8195:
8186:
8109:
6921:
6697:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5974:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5911:
5547:Vernazza P, Bernard EJ (January 29, 2016).
5464:
5462:
5460:
5356:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4524:
4316:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
3634:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3365:
3129:Therese Frare's photograph of gay activist
2852:Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS
1931:
1455:CDC classification system for HIV infection
1426:. Positive results obtained by antibody or
1289:, results from the activity of several HIV
1281:very effectively prevents HIV-1 infection.
19448:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
19296:Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy
19230:
19216:
18475:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
18218:
18204:
18056:
18042:
17677:
17663:
16952:People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement
16569:
16555:
16368:– Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS
16185:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
16152:
15995:"Resources and Links, HIV-AIDS Connection"
15986:
15899:
15722:. November 2014. p. 9. Archived from
15415:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
14627:
14491:
14469:International Center for Research on Women
14032:
13765:
13428:
13255:
13165:
12735:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
12600:
12322:
12271:
12245:Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America
12085:
11974:
11717:(Report). UNAIDS Obligation HQ/05/422204.
11603:
11105:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
11083:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10668:
10586:
10584:
10582:
10580:
10323:
9104:
8699:
7826:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
7720:
7688:. New York: Springer Verlag. p. 145.
7672:
7314:
7310:
7308:
7002:. Washington, DC: ASM Press. p. 550.
6811:
6602:
6253:
6050:The Global HIV Epidemics among Sex Workers
5922:
5856:. Washington, DC: ASM Press. p. 544.
5629:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5595:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5300:
5203:
4902:
4366:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4024:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3848:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3507:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3482:
3427:
3403:"Wear your red ribbon this World AIDS Day"
3328:
3115:. On November 24, 1991, British rock star
1699:appear effective in decreasing this risk.
458:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
235:11 years life expectancy without treatment
233:Near normal life expectancy with treatment
18346:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
16041:
15969:
15959:
15905:
15807:
15790:
15713:"HIV Public Knowledge and Attitudes 2014"
15562:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 187.
15033:
15023:
14998:Robinson R, Okpo E, Mngoma N (May 2015).
14841:
14734:"China relaxes laws on love and marriage"
14700:
14659:
14350:
14348:
14273:
14212:
14079:
14069:
14014:
13955:
13921:
13898:
13863:
13846:
13797:
13739:
13698:
13633:
13584:
13574:
13140:
13012:
12632:
12516:
12346:
12305:
12136:. World Health Organization. March 2012.
12109:
12068:
12044:
11992:
11935:
11855:
11771:
11678:
11551:
11459:
11345:
11270:
11213:
11195:
11168:
11125:
11022:
10971:
10850:
10779:
10762:
10549:
10504:
10494:
10453:
10405:
10263:
10112:
10026:
9958:
9941:
9788:
9560:
9493:
9381:
9324:
9192:
9143:
9052:
8967:
8900:
8883:
8831:
8782:
8733:
8611:
8403:
8354:
8221:
8092:
8077:"Condom effectiveness: where are we now?"
7929:
7919:
7873:
7795:
7738:
7655:
7606:
7557:
7444:
7434:
7332:
7177:
7159:
7153:
7136:
7085:
7075:
7057:
6794:
6716:
6529:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
6497:
6487:
6377:
6297:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
6228:
6053:. World Bank Publications. pp. 1–5.
5853:Exposure a guide to sources of infections
5849:
5826:
5775:
5726:
5681:
5649:
5564:
5523:
5513:
5440:
5391:
5287:
5049:
4978:
4955:
4877:
4875:
4734:
4448:
4335:
4309:
4300:
4111:
4101:
4077:
4075:
3903:
3842:McCray E, Mermin J (September 27, 2017).
3793:
3660:
3640:
3553:
2740:infection, possibly because of a genomic
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609:
16158:
15813:
15747:
15666:
15640:. Oxford University Press. p. 407.
14959:
14936:Bell C, Devarajan S, Gersbach H (2003).
14922:
14920:
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13715:
13289:from the original on September 20, 2011.
12984:
12923:
12564:
12562:
12522:
12152:
11651:
11098:Forrester JE, Sztam KA (December 2011).
10818:
10785:
10573:from the original on September 14, 2015.
10477:Barbaro G, Barbarini G (December 2011).
9909:
9583:
8921:10.7326/0003-4819-157-10-201211200-00007
7681:
7035:
7033:
7031:
6956:
6770:
6204:
6046:
6003:
5457:
5266:
5232:
5197:
4881:
4667:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4430:
4424:
4250:
4189:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3527:
3169:
3003:
2971:developed a traveling exhibition titled
2855:
2649:
2538:
2411:
2140:
2057:
1813:
1665:") with a daily dose of the medications
1576:
1559:
1401:
1393:
1307:
1220:
1201:
1066:
1058:
947:
718:by exposure route to an infected source
613:
531:, classically. Some people also develop
494:
243:71.3 million – 112.8 million total cases
18063:
16179:"Indicators – Program Evaluation – CDC"
15992:
15633:
15627:
15253:"November 24, 1991: Giant of rock dies"
15218:
14968:
14784:
14731:
14685:"The evolving epidemiology of HIV/AIDS"
14615:from the original on September 24, 2015
14553:
14312:
14294:from the original on September 10, 2017
14140:
13525:from the original on September 11, 2015
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13364:
12224:from the original on September 24, 2015
11485:International Journal of STD & AIDS
11002:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
10952:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
10879:Department of Health and Human Services
10827:"HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia"
10735:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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7702:from the original on September 24, 2015
7507:. In Zuckerman AJ, et al. (eds.).
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7349:
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6977:from the original on September 11, 2015
6915:
6849:
6618:Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
6401:
6293:"HIV in the United States: An Overview"
6106:from the original on September 24, 2015
6067:from the original on September 19, 2015
5888:
5798:
5260:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4860:from the original on September 19, 2015
4835:
4778:from the original on September 11, 2015
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4617:from the original on September 19, 2015
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4148:2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic
4050:"Preventing Sexual Transmission of HIV"
4000:from the original on September 11, 2015
3979:Environmental and occupational medicine
3751:from the original on September 11, 2015
3737:. New York: Springer. pp. 676–77.
3712:from the original on September 24, 2015
3415:from the original on September 10, 2017
2321:primary central nervous system lymphoma
2033:
1317: CD4 T Lymphocyte count (cells/mm)
678:primary central nervous system lymphoma
635:. Other common signs include recurrent
562:with similar symptoms. Someone with an
328:
14:
19804:
19612:Terminal complement pathway deficiency
16253:from the original on September 2, 2018
16072:
16023:
15693:from the original on December 21, 2023
15654:from the original on December 21, 2023
15576:from the original on November 27, 2015
15475:from the original on September 3, 2012
15326:from the original on November 11, 2012
15233:from the original on November 14, 2011
15188:"Rock Hudson, Screen Idol, Dies at 59"
15185:
15101:from the original on November 12, 2011
15050:
14987:from the original on October 12, 2012.
14774:from the original on December 1, 2017.
14594:
14452:
14408:from the original on February 11, 2009
14393:
14345:
14146:
13924:"Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic"
13658:
13455:
13370:
13299:
13196:from the original on October 18, 2011.
12978:
12966:from the original on February 12, 2019
12765:HIV in the United Kingdom: 2016 Report
12723:
12721:
12719:
12681:
12679:
12677:
12525:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
11049:World Health Organization (May 2003).
10927:from the original on November 28, 2015
10718:from the original on October 19, 2014.
10545:from the original on October 18, 2014.
10536:Consolidated ARV guidelines, June 2013
10483:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
10143:
9897:from the original on November 26, 2023
9881:
9879:
9629:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9621:
9619:
9617:
9615:
9306:
8687:from the original on November 13, 2018
8473:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
8202:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
6746:"Infant feeding in the context of HIV"
6525:"Basic Information about HIV and AIDS"
6006:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
5870:from the original on November 30, 2015
5669:from the original on December 18, 2016
5468:
5102:
4929:
4908:
4872:
4587:from the original on October 31, 2013.
4492:from the original on September 4, 2021
4412:from the original on December 21, 2019
4312:"Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic"
4281:
4232:from the original on February 22, 2016
4072:
3940:from the original on December 11, 2023
3828:from the original on October 14, 2015.
3540:
3515:from the original on February 24, 2016
3470:from the original on February 17, 2016
2840:
1918:Cabotegravir combined with rilpivirine
1727:—as this may reduce the risk further.
1410:Most people infected with HIV develop
1381:. HIV screening is recommended by the
581:persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
19211:
18199:
18037:
17658:
16988:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories
16550:
16115:
15848:
15555:
15537:from the original on October 15, 2013
15469:"HIV killer ruled dangerous offender"
15449:from the original on October 29, 2013
15423:from the original on October 31, 2014
15263:from the original on October 21, 2011
15167:from the original on October 18, 2011
15134:from the original on October 16, 2011
14915:
14744:from the original on November 8, 2013
14428:"Ryan White, an American AIDS Victim"
14354:
13437:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
13397:
13271:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
13178:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
12743:from the original on December 7, 2018
12704:from the original on December 7, 2023
12613:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
12559:
12504:from the original on October 31, 2021
12329:Brown TT, Qaqish RB (November 2006).
12009:
11968:
11301:from the original on February 5, 2023
10906:
10682:from the original on January 22, 2021
10640:from the original on January 21, 2021
10605:from the original on October 17, 2020
10441:Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
10219:from the original on October 28, 2021
9982:from the original on November 1, 2016
9665:
9647:from the original on December 4, 2019
8591:
8328:
8174:from the original on October 28, 2021
8056:from the original on October 17, 2020
8002:from the original on October 17, 2020
7317:"Human immunodeficiency virus type 2"
7202:
7102:
7028:
6660:"Mother-to-child transmission of HIV"
6590:from the original on December 9, 2017
6548:"Why Mosquitoes Cannot Transmit AIDS"
6545:
6349:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
6327:from the original on October 25, 2012
5889:Pattman R, et al., eds. (2010).
5637:from the original on November 2, 2019
5603:from the original on December 1, 2019
5421:International Journal of Epidemiology
5335:
4796:
4757:
4374:from the original on December 7, 2018
4081:
4060:from the original on February 1, 2022
3854:from the original on January 30, 2018
3730:
3622:from the original on December 4, 2019
3591:
3222:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories
2696:through the evolution of SIV(cpz), a
2546:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2476:, in decreasing order of prevalence.
2040:complementary or alternative medicine
1730:PEP treatment is recommended after a
1323: HIV RNA copies per mL of plasma
790:Insertive penile-vaginal intercourse
782:Receptive penile-vaginal intercourse
472:
19673:
16223:from the original on August 25, 2018
16193:from the original on August 23, 2018
15942:Smith TC, Novella SP (August 2007).
15344:
15056:
14978:State of The Art: AIDS and Economics
14180:
14105:AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses
13922:Sharp PM, Hahn BH (September 2011).
13508:Who's who in gay and lesbian history
13403:
13029:from the original on April 22, 2009.
12778:from the original on April 25, 2017.
12588:from the original on October 4, 2019
12140:from the original on August 23, 2012
12015:
11617:International Journal of Dermatology
11185:from the original on April 16, 2015.
10394:Canadian Medical Association Journal
9680:from the original on October 6, 2020
9659:
8196:Celum C, Baeten JM (February 2012).
7900:Kellerman S, Essajee S (July 2010).
7630:Olson WC, Jacobson JM (March 2009).
7587:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
7538:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
7116:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
6886:
6880:
6467:
6444:from the original on October 6, 2020
6085:
5806:Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
4999:
4711:"The treatment of patients with HIV"
4629:
4504:
4310:Sharp PM, Hahn BH (September 2011).
4171:from the original on October 4, 2006
3883:Canadian Medical Association Journal
3844:"Dear Colleague: September 27, 2017"
3180:Criminal transmission of HIV is the
3062:
3039:, sense of dignity, confidence, and
2370:
2150:
1809:
1804:highly active antiretroviral therapy
1738:
824:HIV is spread by three main routes:
539:may occur. Neurological symptoms of
499:Main symptoms of acute HIV infection
19617:Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
18496:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
17107:The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert
16576:
15679:. Critical Publishing. p. 87.
15615:from the original on April 26, 2016
14797:from the original on March 16, 2018
14316:Geographies of the Haitian Diaspora
13385:from the original on April 30, 2013
12716:
12674:
12098:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
12057:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
11322:"Role of selenium in HIV infection"
10636:(Press release). January 21, 2021.
10601:(Press release). October 16, 2020.
9876:
9712:from the original on April 30, 2023
9612:
9545:"HIV vaccines: an attainable goal?"
9313:The New England Journal of Medicine
9227:(126): 100–01, 103–05. April 2012.
8670:. Paris: UNESCO. 2018. p. 12.
8247:Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry
7834:from the original on April 14, 2018
6999:Immunology, infection, and immunity
6535:from the original on June 18, 2017.
6385:"Blood safety ... for too few"
6230:10.1097/01.aids.0000218543.46963.6d
5498:"Identifying HIV-1 dual infections"
4486:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
3976:Rom WN, Markowitz SB, eds. (2007).
3648:The New England Journal of Medicine
1983:pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
1711:(PEP). The use of the single agent
983:, although this is rare because of
970:HIV is transmitted in about 90% of
716:Average per act risk of getting HIV
570:Second main stage: clinical latency
402:, treatment to prevent infection ("
247:39.9 million living with HIV (2022)
24:
16005:from the original on April 7, 2010
15389:from the original on July 23, 2021
15200:from the original on July 28, 2017
14505:"AIDS Stigma and sexual prejudice"
14440:from the original on July 22, 2015
13511:. London: Routledge. p. 154.
13352:from the original on June 24, 2008
12159:World Health Organization (2011).
11809:10.1097/01.mlr.0000228021.89490.2a
11724:from the original on April 9, 2008
10885:from the original on July 27, 2018
10434:Burgoyne RW, Tan DH (March 2008).
9872:from the original on July 9, 2012.
9543:Reynell L, Trkola A (March 2012).
9449:from the original on April 9, 2008
9288:from the original on June 23, 2019
9100:from the original on July 9, 2017.
6320:. National Health Services. 2011.
6315:"Will I need a blood transfusion?"
6273:from the original on July 12, 2018
5084:from the original on June 18, 2012
4715:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
4394:"Fact Sheet – World AIDS Day 2019"
4286:. Potomac Books Inc. p. 324.
4263:from the original on March 8, 2016
3549:from the original on May 24, 2012.
3092:
2989:
2407:Percentage of people with HIV/AIDS
2021:Evidence for supplementation with
1481:upper respiratory tract infections
1440:
1217:HIV/AIDS explained in a simple way
1191:
1063:Diagram of an HIV virion structure
1021:
1018:or other insects to transmit HIV.
931:Commercial sex workers (including
750:Needle-sharing injection drug use
281:acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
25:
19848:
18815:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
18341:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
17981:Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
16693:Countries by AIDS prevalence rate
16317:
15752:. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
15281:
15071:from the original on May 27, 2008
14640:American Journal of Public Health
14255:from the original on June 6, 2021
14164:from the original on May 11, 2011
12992:American Journal of Public Health
12956:"How I told the world about Aids"
12470:Nature Clinical Practice Oncology
11900:from the original on June 3, 2023
11196:Zeng L, Zhang L (December 2011).
10669:Mandavilli A (January 21, 2021).
10244:Infectious Disorders Drug Targets
9823:from the original on June 3, 2023
9744:from the original on May 22, 2023
8637:Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica
8075:Crosby R, Bounse S (March 2012).
8035:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports
7981:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports
7721:Appay V, Sauce D (January 2008).
6170:Psychology, Health & Medicine
4803:. Berlin : Springer. p. 19.
3228:misconceptions about HIV and AIDS
3211:
2969:U.S. National Library of Medicine
2955:NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt
1687:is an important risk factor, and
1572:
1521:. A CD4 count of less than 200/μL
1483:. A CD4 count of less than 500/μL
1398:HIV rapid test being administered
816:source refers to oral intercourse
491:First main stage: acute infection
363:
19784:
19767:
19750:
19733:
19716:
19699:
19682:
19654:
19642:
19380:Common variable immunodeficiency
18801:Middle East respiratory syndrome
17154:Democratic Republic of the Congo
16714:AIDS-defining clinical condition
16323:
16235:
16205:
16171:
16109:
16066:
16017:
15944:"HIV denial in the Internet era"
15792:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.11.143
15779:The Journal of Adolescent Health
15766:
15741:
15705:
15588:
15549:
15517:
15501:. March 30, 2010. Archived from
15487:
15461:
15435:
15401:
15338:
15306:
15275:
15245:
15212:
15083:
14991:
14880:
14858:
14822:American Journal of Men's Health
14809:
14778:
14756:
14725:
14676:
14588:
14420:
14387:
14375:from the original on May 9, 2016
14333:from the original on May 9, 2016
14306:
14267:
14237:
13915:
13498:
13293:
12999:(6): 980–81, discussion 982–83.
12948:
12917:
12900:
12870:
12782:
12755:
12649:
12236:
12197:
12162:Global tuberculosis control 2011
12126:
11994:10.1097/00002030-200317004-00006
11880:
11831:
11703:
11680:10.1097/00002030-200203080-00011
11629:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03520.x
11519:
11396:
11338:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00337.x
11313:
11287:
11238:
11215:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02871.x
11189:
11142:
11091:
10988:
10939:
10722:
10662:
10650:
10470:
10332:
10280:
10205:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02269.x
10180:
10137:
10088:
10043:
9994:
9975:. February 12, 2013. p. i.
9805:
9756:
9724:
9692:
9536:
9510:
9461:
9429:
9398:
9239:
9160:
9069:
9028:
8984:
8943:
8799:
8750:
8713:The American Journal of Medicine
8655:
8628:
8538:
8507:
8464:
8421:
8322:
8304:
8273:
8238:
8135:
8068:
7812:
7623:
7505:"Human Immunodeficiency Viruses"
7496:
7315:Reeves JD, Doms RW (June 2002).
7262:
7016:from the original on May 9, 2016
6901:10.1097/00002030-199311000-00001
6422:10.1097/00002030-199311002-00008
5657:"HIV Among Gay and Bisexual Men"
4817:from the original on May 9, 2016
4450:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x
4251:McCullom R (February 26, 2013).
3928:"Undetectable = untransmittable"
3232:sexual intercourse with a virgin
2688:in West-central Africa and were
2601:, it was realized that the term
2448:the Middle East (0.1% or less),
2420:HIV/AIDS is considered a global
2375:
1702:
992:HIV spread in sub-Saharan Africa
509:mononucleosis or glandular fever
439:controversies involving religion
58:
19552:Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia
18023:Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)
17686:Sexually transmitted infections
15919:Springer Science+Business Media
15259:. BBC News. November 24, 1991.
14971:"AIDS and macroeconomic impact"
14503:Herek GM, Capitanio JP (1999).
10342:Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
10289:Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
7636:Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
7321:The Journal of General Virology
6989:
6950:
6783:The Journal of General Virology
6684:
6652:
6572:
6395:
6339:
6307:
6161:
6118:
6079:
6040:
5997:
5926:Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
5882:
5843:
5792:
5743:
5707:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
5615:
5581:
5540:
5489:
5408:
5329:
5303:Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
5131:
5096:
5066:
5017:
4829:
4790:
4751:
4591:
4474:
4386:
4352:
4244:
4183:
4042:
3920:
3763:
3724:
3685:
3275:HIV/AIDS research includes all
3195:In 1996, Ugandan-born Canadian
3188:infection of a person with the
3087:Synagogue Church Of All Nations
2804:. In July 1960, in the wake of
2521:For a chronological guide, see
2357:
1780:Currently there is no licensed
1651:
1643:is equally poor. Comprehensive
1600:reverse transcriptase inhibitor
1568:, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2010
898:sexually transmitted infections
725:
710:
483:There are three main stages of
412:treating those who are infected
19622:Complement receptor deficiency
19492:Adenosine deaminase deficiency
18400:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
18386:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
15917:. New York: Copernicus Books (
15445:. CTV.ca News. April 4, 2009.
15016:10.1002/14651858.CD010090.pub2
14785:Geiling N (December 4, 2013).
12762:Public Health England (2016).
11946:10.1634/theoncologist.10-6-412
11589:10.1002/14651858.CD005175.pub3
11544:10.1002/14651858.CD003937.pub2
11263:10.1002/14651858.CD003650.pub4
10747:10.1002/14651858.CD013693.pub2
9781:10.1002/14651858.CD012962.pub2
9486:10.1002/14651858.CD006734.pub2
9415:10.1002/14651858.CD003510.pub3
9374:10.1002/14651858.CD002835.pub3
9118:, Wasserheit JN (March 2011).
9114:Kurth AE, Celum C, Baeten JM,
8876:10.1002/14651858.CD009153.pub3
8824:10.1002/14651858.CD010243.pub3
8775:10.1002/14651858.CD001224.pub4
8559:10.1002/14651858.CD005421.pub2
8524:10.1002/14651858.CD007496.pub2
8347:10.12968/bjon.2010.19.10.48201
8290:10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2
6261:"Needlestick Prevention Guide"
5983:10.1002/14651858.CD001220.pub3
5623:"HIV and Gay and Bisexual Men"
5372:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
5030:Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology
3982:(4th ed.). Philadelphia:
3543:"The quest for an HIV vaccine"
3395:
3349:. May 15, 2017. Archived from
3151:advertising campaign in 1992.
2774:sexually transmitted infection
1769:
1389:
1357:Antibody and p24 antigen test
943:
859:Undetectable = Untransmittable
479:Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS
321:Undetectable = Untransmittable
288:
168:sexually transmitted infection
13:
1:
17023:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
17003:International AIDS Conference
16957:HIV/AIDS in the porn industry
16900:Discrimination against people
16130:10.1126/science.288.5474.2168
16087:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12909-1
15673:Glazzard J, Stones S (2020).
15495:"A fraudster, not a murderer"
15284:"Frozen In Time: Arthur Ashe"
14732:Spencer R (August 21, 2003).
14562:American Behavioral Scientist
14512:American Behavioral Scientist
14394:Kolata G (October 28, 1987).
13091:10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92740-9
13056:10.1016/S0190-9622(81)80010-2
12168:. World Health Organization.
11764:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61113-7
10019:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60612-7
9006:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61127-7
7160:Sattentau Q (November 2008).
6831:National Institutes of Health
5799:Yu M, Vajdy M (August 2010).
5768:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60821-6
5719:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70021-0
5384:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70021-0
3734:Encyclopedia of Public Health
3321:
3218:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
2757:
2698:simian immunodeficiency virus
2605:was misleading, and the term
2595:gay-related immune deficiency
2146:Disability-adjusted life year
1966:Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
1549:
1479:manifestations and recurrent
957:from sharing a needle during
435:misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
429:. The disease also has large
18605:Tropical spastic paraparesis
18510:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
17755:Mycoplasma hominis infection
16883:Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS
16764:HIV Drug Resistance Database
15993:Various (January 14, 2010).
15961:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040256
15530:International Herald Tribune
15409:"HIV-Specific Criminal Laws"
15322:. London. February 8, 1993.
15186:Berger J (October 3, 1985).
14702:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328354622a
14277:Encyclopedia of Microbiology
14071:10.1371/journal.pone.0009936
13827:Emerging Infectious Diseases
12657:"The top 10 causes of death"
12537:10.1097/QCO.0b013e328320ffec
12348:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32801022eb
11857:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833a3946
10632:Food and Drug Administration
10354:10.1097/COH.0b013e328333ad61
10301:10.1097/COH.0b013e32833860ba
10114:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832b7dca
9307:Linden JA (September 2011).
8726:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.04.022
8485:10.1097/QCO.0b013e328334e54d
8442:10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21
8214:10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834ef5ef
7921:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000285
7648:10.1097/COH.0b013e3283224015
7166:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
7077:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004179
6996:Gerald B. Pier, ed. (2004).
6754:. April 2011. Archived from
6402:Simonds RJ (November 1993).
6299:. March 2012. Archived from
6182:10.1080/13548506.2011.579984
6139:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31817ae69f
6018:10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834ef514
5939:10.1097/COH.0b013e32833a88a3
5819:10.1517/14712598.2010.496776
5315:10.1097/COH.0b013e32833a88a3
5184:10.7326/0003-4819-113-10-733
4943:Clinical Infectious Diseases
4437:Journal of Internal Medicine
3190:human immunodeficiency virus
3176:Criminal transmission of HIV
2632:human T-lymphotropic viruses
2534:
2530:Category:HIV/AIDS by country
2053:
1948:isoniazid preventive therapy
1791:
1297:
1269:protein which HIV uses as a
1072:Scanning electron micrograph
836:, nasal secretions, saliva,
637:respiratory tract infections
265:human immunodeficiency virus
245:1.3 million new cases (2022)
154:Human immunodeficiency virus
7:
19291:X-linked agammaglobulinemia
18968:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
18888:Human parainfluenza viruses
18561:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
17184:Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
17018:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS
16947:List of HIV-positive people
15219:Coleman B (June 25, 2007).
14574:10.1177/0002764299042007009
14524:10.1177/0002764299042007006
14459:Ogden J, Nyblade L (2005).
13940:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841
12924:Cloutier B (May 17, 2020).
12913:. May 18, 2020. p. 2A.
11710:Zwahlen M, Egger M (2006).
8909:Annals of Internal Medicine
7334:10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1253
5172:Annals of Internal Medicine
5042:10.1016/j.sjopt.2013.07.002
4721:(28–29): 507–15, quiz 516.
4328:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841
4026:(CDC). 2003. Archived from
3662:10.1056/NEJM200106073442306
3643:"AIDS – the first 20 years"
3567:"2007 AIDS epidemic update"
3460:"HIV/AIDS Fact sheet N°360"
3264:
3099:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS
2996:Economic impact of HIV/AIDS
2706:Pan troglodytes troglodytes
2350:. Some conditions, such as
1697:opioid substitution therapy
1198:Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS
1048:
1002:People giving or receiving
806:Insertive oral intercourse
798:Receptive oral intercourse
774:Insertive anal intercourse
766:Receptive anal intercourse
336:
83:and those living with AIDS.
10:
19853:
17084:Reports from the Holocaust
17008:International AIDS Society
16998:Elton John AIDS Foundation
14889:AIDS Patient Care and STDs
13741:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.022
13371:Altman LK (May 11, 1982).
12926:"Today in History, May 18"
12841:"Global Report Fact Sheet"
12030:10.1016/j.jinf.2003.09.001
11975:Tang J, Kaslow RA (2003).
10256:10.2174/187152611795589663
8430:Current Opinion in Urology
8335:British Journal of Nursing
8259:10.2174/138955709790361548
8117:"Condom Facts and Figures"
7046:PLOS Computational Biology
5339:Antibiotic Essentials 2012
4431:Kallings LO (March 2008).
4020:"HIV and Its Transmission"
3641:Sepkowitz KA (June 2001).
3268:
3215:
3173:
3096:
3066:
2993:
2849:
2645:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2361:
1992:
1935:
1795:
1773:
1742:
1553:
1468:Stage I: HIV infection is
1301:
1195:
1118:. Lentiviruses share many
1052:
1025:
758:Percutaneous needle stick
722:
476:
443:Catholic Church's position
303:undetectable. There is no
53:HIV disease, HIV infection
29:
19560:
19537:
19519:
19467:
19397:
19372:
19304:
19281:
19262:
19253:
19171:
19147:
19055:
18978:
18933:
18922:
18751:
18713:
18692:
18660:
18632:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
18615:
18569:
18448:
18437:
18410:
18237:
18172:
18139:African sleeping sickness
18119:
18071:
17957:
17842:
17819:
17794:
17693:
17634:
17604:
17556:
17524:
17474:
17465:
17437:
17272:
17129:
17120:
17043:Treatment Action Campaign
16980:
16865:
16797:
16759:Tuberculosis co-infection
16701:
16622:disease progression rates
16589:
16498:
16386:
16247:World Health Organization
16024:Watson J (January 2006).
15851:"The Duesberg phenomenon"
15849:Cohen J (December 1994).
15314:"Tributes to Arthur Ashe"
14319:. Routledge. p. 12.
14274:Lederberg J, ed. (2000).
12985:Gottlieb MS (June 2006).
12392:10.1080/09540120600971083
12298:10.1007/s11065-009-9102-5
12257:10.1016/j.soc.2016.07.001
11452:10.1080/09540120701767216
11413:10.1002/14651858.CD010666
11382:10.1002/14651858.CD009755
10843:10.1513/pats.201009-062WR
10597:European Medicines Agency
10158:10.1007/s11904-005-0012-8
10066:10.1080/09540120902889926
9666:Davis N (March 8, 2020).
9136:10.1007/s11904-010-0063-3
8599:Health Education Research
8592:Tolli MV (October 2012).
8396:10.1007/s11904-009-0025-9
6957:Martínez MA, ed. (2010).
6751:World Health Organization
6709:10.1002/14651858.CD011323
6665:World Health Organization
6546:Crans WJ (June 1, 2010).
6092:. Springer. p. 120.
5471:American Family Physician
5269:American Family Physician
4981:American Family Physician
4727:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0507
4082:Gallo RC (October 2006).
3464:World Health Organization
3312:post-exposure prophylaxis
3149:United Colors of Benetton
2845:
2489:men who have sex with men
2426:World Health Organization
1900:European Medicines Agency
1709:post-exposure prophylaxis
1630:men who have sex with men
1379:certain signs or symptoms
996:World Health Organization
851:
813:
420:antiretroviral medication
255:42.3 million total deaths
251:
239:
227:
217:
212:post-exposure prophylaxis
191:
181:
160:
149:
141:
125:
103:
87:
66:
57:
49:
44:
19507:Bare lymphocyte syndrome
19359:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
18734:Infectious mononucleosis
18551:Chandipura vesiculovirus
18381:Hepatocellular carcinoma
18326:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
18259:Hepatocellular carcinoma
17719:lymphogranuloma venereum
16769:Innate resistance to HIV
16739:Neurocognitive disorders
16269:
14980:. IAEN. pp. 49–55.
14834:10.1177/1557988318797437
14313:Jackson RO, ed. (2011).
13404:Kher U (July 27, 1982).
12018:The Journal of Infection
11497:10.1258/0956462054093962
11058:. Geneva. Archived from
10146:Current HIV/AIDS Reports
9124:Current HIV/AIDS Reports
8384:Current HIV/AIDS Reports
8329:Larke N (May 27, 2010).
7727:The Journal of Pathology
7682:Aliberti J, ed. (2011).
7482:10.1016/j.it.2006.04.007
5893:(2nd ed.). Oxford:
5117:10.2174/1570162054368084
3343:"What Are HIV and AIDS?"
3308:pre-exposure prophylaxis
3294:, such as research into
3143:, was the winner of the
2900:Instrumental AIDS stigma
2700:(SIV) that infects wild
2493:persons who inject drugs
2364:Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
2332:neurocognitive disorders
2286:opportunistic infections
1932:Opportunistic infections
1749:Programs to prevent the
1693:needle-exchange programs
1659:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
1254:opportunistic infections
874:men who had sex with men
643:Opportunistic infections
604:long-term nonprogressors
533:opportunistic infections
517:large tender lymph nodes
416:needle exchange programs
345:opportunistic infections
208:pre-exposure prophylaxis
132:Opportunistic infections
19607:Complement 3 deficiency
19592:Complement 4 deficiency
19588:Complement 2 deficiency
18530:Encephalitis lethargica
18231:viral systemic diseases
18185:Priority review voucher
17736:Klebsiella granulomatis
17090:AIDS–Holocaust metaphor
17073:Gay Men's Health Crisis
16749:Opportunistic infection
16351:considered for deletion
15878:10.1126/science.7992043
15836:10.1126/science.3399880
15221:"Thatcher the gay icon"
14433:Encyclopædia Britannica
14137:(subscription required)
14117:10.1089/088922200309548
14029:(subscription required)
13762:(subscription required)
13691:10.1126/science.1126531
13576:10.1073/pnas.0705329104
13484:10.1126/science.6601823
13406:"A Name for the Plague"
13233:10.1126/science.6189183
12476:(8): 406–15, quiz 423.
11156:Frontiers in Bioscience
11118:10.3945/ajcn.111.011999
10815:UNAIDS 2011 pg. 150–160
10496:10.4103/0971-5916.92634
9442:. October 25–27, 2006.
9221:Prescrire International
8418:(subscription required)
7378:10.1126/science.8096089
6468:Reid SR (August 2009).
5895:Oxford University Press
4471:(subscription required)
4218:10.1126/science.aad2891
3771:"Retrovirus Definition"
3541:UNAIDS (May 18, 2012).
3257:was a worldwide Soviet
1988:
1782:vaccine for HIV or AIDS
1776:HIV vaccine development
1275:specific genetic change
1103:HIV is a member of the
814:assuming no condom use
545:Guillain–Barré syndrome
18902:Human orthopneumovirus
18556:Herpesviral meningitis
18517:Arbovirus encephalitis
17784:Ureaplasma urealyticum
16917:HIV-affected community
16857:HIV and homosexual men
15128:Catholicnewsagency.com
15064:(Report). World Bank.
14976:. In Forsyth S (ed.).
14598:Population and society
14150:(September 16, 2010).
13891:10.1098/rstb.2001.0867
13839:10.3201/eid1112.050394
13790:10.1098/rstb.2001.0863
13443:(37): 507–08, 513–14.
13277:(26): 353–54, 360–61.
12857:on September 16, 2013.
12850:. 2010. Archived from
12423:Nature Reviews. Cancer
12285:Neuropsychology Review
12111:10.1074/jbc.M506630200
12070:10.1074/jbc.M406195200
10907:Smith BT, ed. (2008).
9934:10.1001/jama.2014.7999
9562:10.4414/smw.2012.13535
9054:10.1001/jama.2019.6390
8969:10.1001/jama.2019.6390
7875:10.1001/jama.2019.6587
7271:Statistics in Medicine
6489:10.1186/1477-7517-6-24
6475:Harm Reduction Journal
6266:. 2002. pp. 5–6.
6127:Psychosomatic Medicine
5566:10.4414/smw.2016.14246
5515:10.1186/1742-4690-4-67
4911:Topics in HIV Medicine
4600:Diseases and disorders
4103:10.1186/1742-4690-3-72
3014:gross domestic product
3009:
2959:National AIDS Memorial
2868:
2766:genital ulcer diseases
2678:
2550:
2417:
2348:cardiovascular disease
2309:non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
2281:
2128:HIV/AIDS has become a
2125:
1995:Nutrition and HIV/AIDS
1885:cardiovascular disease
1873:lipodystrophy syndrome
1839:
1798:Management of HIV/AIDS
1582:
1569:
1556:Prevention of HIV/AIDS
1407:
1399:
1325:
1226:
1218:
1078:
1064:
953:
705:unintended weight loss
633:esophageal candidiasis
625:pneumocystis pneumonia
619:
610:Third main stage: AIDS
600:antiretroviral therapy
505:illness like influenza
500:
353:unintended weight loss
333:influenza-like illness
222:Antiretroviral therapy
19582:Hereditary angioedema
19438:Ataxia–telangiectasia
19283:Hypogammaglobulinemia
18360:Merkel-cell carcinoma
17930:Molluscum contagiosum
17809:Trichomonas vaginalis
17748:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
17724:Chlamydia trachomatis
17097:Silence=Death Project
16895:Criminal transmission
16815:Multiple sex partners
16332:Medical Knowledge app
16243:"Data and statistics"
16217:measureevaluation.org
15533:. February 28, 2013.
14901:10.1089/apc.2023.0158
14652:10.2105/AJPH.92.3.371
13142:10.1096/fj.07-8697rev
13005:10.2105/AJPH.96.6.980
12867:UNAIDS 2011 pp. 40–50
12729:"Statistics Overview"
12695:UNAIDS 2021 Reference
9708:. February 15, 2022.
9326:10.1056/NEJMcp1102869
7957:UNAIDS 2011 pg. 70–80
7436:10.1073/pnas.94.1.254
6796:10.1099/vir.0.19110-0
6374:UNAIDS 2011 pg. 60–70
5850:Stürchler DA (2006).
4844:John Wiley & Sons
4284:AIDS at 30: A History
3353:on September 22, 2019
3170:Criminal transmission
3069:Religion and HIV/AIDS
3007:
3000:Cost of HIV treatment
2859:
2690:transferred to humans
2653:
2542:
2528:Further information:
2415:
2144:
2061:
1979:Influenza vaccination
1817:
1751:vertical transmission
1681:Universal precautions
1635:Programs encouraging
1580:
1563:
1405:
1397:
1311:
1304:Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS
1225:HIV replication cycle
1224:
1216:
1151:reverse transcriptase
1149:by a virally encoded
1112:, part of the family
1092:such as CD4 T cells,
1070:
1062:
1032:HIV and breastfeeding
951:
830:vertical transmission
618:Main symptoms of AIDS
617:
541:peripheral neuropathy
498:
396:preventing the spread
32:AIDS (disambiguation)
19602:Properdin deficiency
19423:Di George's syndrome
19306:Dysgammaglobulinemia
19005:Adenovirus infection
18469:Human polyomavirus 2
18298:Oropharyngeal cancer
17890:Human papillomavirus
17779:Ureaplasma infection
17419:United Arab Emirates
16890:Circumcision and HIV
16847:City of Hope Patient
16607:structure and genome
15748:Blechner MJ (1997).
15729:on February 12, 2015
15163:. October 18, 2011.
15097:. December 7, 2009.
14479:on February 17, 2007
14436:. November 7, 2013.
12888:on December 21, 2014
12815:on January 19, 2012.
12185:on September 6, 2012
10881:. February 2, 2007.
10329:UNAIDS 2011 pg. 1–10
9891:clinicalinfo.hiv.gov
9549:Swiss Medical Weekly
9524:on September 4, 2015
8573:on November 25, 2010
7599:10.1084/jem.20040874
7550:10.1084/jem.20041196
7470:Trends in Immunology
7129:10.1084/jem.20030648
6924:ACS Chemical Biology
6868:on December 17, 2001
6823:"61.0.6. Lentivirus"
6391:on January 17, 2005.
5553:Swiss Medical Weekly
5105:Current HIV Research
4488:. October 23, 2019.
3781:on December 28, 2019
3511:. December 6, 2015.
3316:circumcision and HIV
3304:antiretroviral drugs
3284:health interventions
3249:Several discredited
2928:intravenous drug use
2926:, prostitution, and
2912:Courtesy AIDS stigma
2906:Symbolic AIDS stigma
2806:Congo's independence
2714:Cercocebus atys atys
2656:African green monkey
2562:Pneumocystis carinii
2523:Timeline of HIV/AIDS
2499:, and those who are
2034:Alternative medicine
1952:tuberculin skin test
1685:Intravenous drug use
933:those in pornography
726:Chance of infection
690:human papillomavirus
579:people also develop
388:from mother to child
295:(people living with
121:, fever, weight loss
19832:Slow virus diseases
18591:Post-polio syndrome
18227:Infectious diseases
18073:Diseases of poverty
18065:Diseases of poverty
17708:Haemophilus ducreyi
16967:AIDS Memorial Quilt
16779:HIV-positive people
16159:Boghardt T (2009).
15895:on January 1, 2007.
15870:1994Sci...266.1642C
15828:1988Sci...241..514D
15720:National AIDS Trust
14205:1998Natur.391..594Z
14062:2010PLoSO...5.9936S
14007:10.1038/nature07390
13999:2008Natur.455..661W
13683:2006Sci...313..523K
13626:1999Natur.397..436G
13567:2007PNAS..10418566G
13476:1983Sci...220..865G
13225:1983Sci...220..868B
12930:Republican-American
12739:. August 10, 2022.
11987:(Suppl 4): S51–60.
11297:. HIVInfo.NIH.gov.
8123:on October 18, 2012
7427:1997PNAS...94..254P
7370:1993Sci...259.1749P
7240:10.1038/nature10347
7232:2011Natur.477...95S
7179:10.1038/nrmicro1972
7068:2015PLSCB..11E4179Z
6672:on October 18, 2019
6416:(Suppl 2): S35–38.
6047:Kerrigan D (2012).
5218:10.1056/NEJMe048128
4210:2016Sci...351...35E
4190:Endersby J (2016).
4030:on February 4, 2005
3896:10.1503/cmaj.180311
3890:(46): E1350–E1360.
3383:on October 18, 2017
3255:Operation INFEKTION
3251:conspiracy theories
3202:first-degree murder
3048:public expenditures
2935:developed countries
2841:Society and culture
2822:The Origins of AIDS
2654:Left to right: the
2517:History of HIV/AIDS
2497:transgender persons
1691:strategies such as
1626:developed countries
1435:maternal antibodies
1414:(antigen-specific)
1330:
918:bacterial vaginosis
818:performed on a man
719:
694:Conjunctival cancer
686:human herpesvirus 8
560:infectious diseases
521:throat inflammation
343:, as well as other
293:HIV-positive people
81:HIV-positive people
19454:Hyper IgM syndrome
19364:Hyper-IgE syndrome
19329:Hyper IgM syndrome
19245:disorders causing
18724:Epstein–Barr virus
18694:Respiratory system
18331:Burkitt's lymphoma
18121:Neglected diseases
18106:Diarrheal diseases
17772:Treponema pallidum
17760:Mycoplasma hominis
17544:Dominican Republic
16927:HIV/AIDS denialism
16852:Women and HIV/AIDS
16842:The London Patient
16709:Signs and symptoms
16617:CDC classification
16499:External resources
15822:(4865): 514, 517.
15634:Ukockis G (2016).
15357:on August 14, 2012
15193:The New York Times
14969:Greener R (2002).
14401:The New York Times
14358:The Origin of Aids
14157:The New York Times
13378:The New York Times
12882:CIA World Factbook
12688:"UNAIDS Data 2021"
12482:10.1038/ncponc0253
11295:"HIV and Diabetes"
11112:(6): 1683S–1689S.
10958:(Suppl 2): 72–75.
10675:The New York Times
10455:10.1093/jac/dkm499
9893:. March 23, 2023.
9179:(oct03 3): e5945.
8613:10.1093/her/cys055
7830:. March 16, 2018.
7820:"HIV/AIDS Testing"
6858:"61. Retroviridae"
6553:Rutgers University
5433:10.1093/ije/dyn151
4884:Discovery Medicine
4836:Elliott T (2012).
4282:Harden VA (2012).
3164:Rosa von Praunheim
3010:
2961:in San Francisco.
2869:
2824:, stipulates that
2679:
2593:, which stood for
2551:
2418:
2317:Burkitt's lymphoma
2282:
2126:
1840:
1669:, with or without
1617:sub-Saharan Africa
1583:
1570:
1408:
1400:
1328:
1326:
1227:
1219:
1079:
1065:
972:blood transfusions
954:
846:HIV superinfection
731:Blood transfusion
715:
674:Burkitt's lymphoma
620:
501:
473:Signs and symptoms
384:blood transfusions
380:hypodermic needles
176:needlestick injury
112:: Flu-like illness
94:Infectious disease
19630:
19629:
19515:
19514:
19414:thymic hypoplasia
19399:T cell deficiency
19393:
19392:
19205:
19204:
19167:
19166:
18918:
18917:
18849:Influenza virus A
18766:Human coronavirus
18656:
18655:
18646:Herpes of the eye
18193:
18192:
18031:
18030:
17923:HSV-1 & HSV-2
17911:Hepatitis B virus
17652:
17651:
17630:
17629:
17552:
17551:
17033:The SING Campaign
16922:HIV/AIDS activism
16910:Cost of treatment
16832:Timothy Ray Brown
16827:World AIDS Museum
16544:
16543:
16292:978-0-443-06839-3
16124:(5474): 2168–70.
16043:10.1038/nm0106-6a
15928:978-0-387-79475-4
15864:(5191): 1642–44.
15759:978-0-88163-223-1
15608:978-0-7983-0253-1
15569:978-1-4377-3621-2
15419:. June 30, 2014.
14608:978-81-8069-818-7
14595:Sharma A (2012).
14368:978-0-521-18637-7
14326:978-0-415-88708-3
14287:978-0-08-054848-7
13518:978-0-415-22974-6
13345:. July 28, 2006.
13085:(8247): 598–600.
12910:News & Record
12805:978-1-100-52141-1
12582:Our World in Data
12576:(April 3, 2018).
12217:978-1-60547-968-2
12175:978-92-4-156438-0
12063:(46): 48197–204.
11326:Nutrition Reviews
11065:on March 25, 2009
10964:10.1111/irv.12084
10920:978-1-58528-127-5
10013:(9672): 1352–63.
9862:978-92-4-159976-4
9185:10.1136/bmj.e5945
9047:(22): 2203–2213.
9000:(9883): 2083–90.
8962:(22): 2203–2213.
8677:978-92-3-100259-5
7868:(23): 2326–2336.
7740:10.1002/path.2276
7695:978-1-4614-0483-5
7518:978-0-470-51799-4
7364:(5102): 1749–54.
7327:(Pt 6): 1253–65.
7009:978-1-55581-246-1
6970:978-1-904455-56-1
6936:10.1021/cb600131q
6837:on April 18, 2006
6789:(Pt 7): 1649–61.
6630:10.1586/eri.10.94
6560:on March 29, 2014
6099:978-1-4614-4526-5
6060:978-0-8213-9775-6
5904:978-0-19-957166-6
5863:978-1-55581-376-5
5149:978-1-4377-0434-1
4853:978-1-118-37226-5
4810:978-3-540-66510-6
4800:Radiology of AIDS
4771:978-1-77009-198-6
4610:978-0-7614-7771-6
4577:978-92-4-159562-9
4293:978-1-59797-294-9
4161:978-92-9173-479-5
4056:. April 9, 2021.
3993:978-0-7817-6299-1
3818:978-92-4-150956-5
3744:978-1-4020-5613-0
3705:978-0-387-93835-6
3466:. November 2015.
3271:HIV/AIDS research
3206:life imprisonment
3204:and sentenced to
3145:World Press Photo
3063:Religion and AIDS
3033:suicidal ideation
2883:or protection of
2736:are resistant to
2730:New World monkeys
2640:physical weakness
2481:transactional sex
2404:
2397:
2396:
2307:and AIDS-related
2279:
2278:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2122: 1,403–5,828
1881:diabetes mellitus
1810:Antiviral therapy
1745:HIV and pregnancy
1637:sexual abstinence
1632:is undetermined.
1406:Oraquick HIV test
1375:
1374:
1360:
1349:
1231:viral replication
1214:
1128:incubation period
1028:HIV and pregnancy
822:
821:
742:
645:may be caused by
564:unexplained fever
433:. There are many
337:pass on the virus
327:, and eventually
275:that attacks the
261:
260:
204:male circumcision
183:Diagnostic method
119:Large lymph nodes
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
19844:
19822:Health disasters
19797:
19796:from Wikispecies
19789:
19788:
19787:
19780:
19772:
19771:
19770:
19763:
19762:from Wikiversity
19755:
19754:
19753:
19746:
19738:
19737:
19736:
19729:
19721:
19720:
19719:
19712:
19704:
19703:
19702:
19695:
19687:
19686:
19685:
19675:
19659:
19658:
19657:
19647:
19646:
19638:
19502:ZAP70 deficiency
19433:Nezelof syndrome
19279:
19278:
19260:
19259:
19247:immunodeficiency
19232:
19225:
19218:
19209:
19208:
18931:
18930:
18926:digestive system
18843:Orthomyxoviridae
18809:SARS coronavirus
18795:MERS coronavirus
18711:
18710:
18523:Orthomyxoviridae
18446:
18445:
18412:Immune disorders
18336:Hodgkin lymphoma
18312:Kaposi's sarcoma
18220:
18213:
18206:
18197:
18196:
18058:
18051:
18044:
18035:
18034:
18010:
17991:
17972:
17679:
17672:
17665:
17656:
17655:
17622:Papua New Guinea
17472:
17471:
17127:
17126:
16571:
16564:
16557:
16548:
16547:
16384:
16383:
16354:
16327:
16313:
16311:
16296:
16284:
16263:
16262:
16260:
16258:
16239:
16233:
16232:
16230:
16228:
16209:
16203:
16202:
16200:
16198:
16175:
16169:
16168:
16167:on May 14, 2011.
16156:
16150:
16149:
16113:
16107:
16106:
16070:
16064:
16063:
16045:
16021:
16015:
16014:
16012:
16010:
15990:
15984:
15983:
15973:
15963:
15939:
15933:
15932:
15916:
15903:
15897:
15896:
15894:
15888:. Archived from
15855:
15847:
15811:
15805:
15804:
15794:
15770:
15764:
15763:
15745:
15739:
15738:
15736:
15734:
15728:
15717:
15709:
15703:
15702:
15700:
15698:
15670:
15664:
15663:
15661:
15659:
15631:
15625:
15624:
15622:
15620:
15592:
15586:
15585:
15583:
15581:
15556:Jenny C (2010).
15553:
15547:
15546:
15544:
15542:
15521:
15515:
15514:
15512:
15510:
15491:
15485:
15484:
15482:
15480:
15465:
15459:
15458:
15456:
15454:
15439:
15433:
15432:
15430:
15428:
15405:
15399:
15398:
15396:
15394:
15373:
15367:
15366:
15364:
15362:
15353:. Archived from
15342:
15336:
15335:
15333:
15331:
15310:
15304:
15303:
15301:
15299:
15294:on July 30, 2013
15290:. Archived from
15288:iTENNISstore.com
15279:
15273:
15272:
15270:
15268:
15249:
15243:
15242:
15240:
15238:
15216:
15210:
15209:
15207:
15205:
15183:
15177:
15176:
15174:
15172:
15153:
15144:
15143:
15141:
15139:
15130:. June 5, 2011.
15120:
15111:
15110:
15108:
15106:
15095:News-medical.net
15087:
15081:
15080:
15078:
15076:
15070:
15063:
15054:
15048:
15047:
15037:
15027:
14995:
14989:
14988:
14986:
14975:
14966:
14957:
14956:
14954:
14952:
14946:
14933:
14927:
14924:
14913:
14912:
14884:
14878:
14877:
14875:
14873:
14862:
14856:
14855:
14845:
14828:(6): 1843–1854.
14813:
14807:
14806:
14804:
14802:
14782:
14776:
14775:
14760:
14754:
14753:
14751:
14749:
14729:
14723:
14722:
14704:
14680:
14674:
14673:
14663:
14631:
14625:
14624:
14622:
14620:
14592:
14586:
14585:
14557:
14551:
14550:
14548:
14546:
14541:on April 9, 2006
14540:
14534:. Archived from
14509:
14500:
14489:
14488:
14486:
14484:
14478:
14472:. Archived from
14465:
14456:
14450:
14449:
14447:
14445:
14424:
14418:
14417:
14415:
14413:
14391:
14385:
14384:
14382:
14380:
14355:Pépin J (2011).
14352:
14343:
14342:
14340:
14338:
14310:
14304:
14303:
14301:
14299:
14271:
14265:
14264:
14262:
14260:
14251:. June 5, 2021.
14241:
14235:
14234:
14216:
14199:(6667): 594–97.
14184:
14178:
14177:
14171:
14169:
14144:
14138:
14136:
14100:
14094:
14093:
14083:
14073:
14039:
14030:
14028:
14018:
13993:(7213): 661–64.
13976:
13970:
13969:
13959:
13919:
13913:
13912:
13902:
13885:(1410): 911–20.
13870:
13861:
13860:
13850:
13818:
13812:
13811:
13801:
13784:(1410): 867–76.
13769:
13763:
13761:
13743:
13719:
13713:
13712:
13702:
13677:(5786): 523–26.
13662:
13656:
13655:
13637:
13620:(6718): 436–41.
13605:
13599:
13598:
13588:
13578:
13561:(47): 18566–70.
13546:
13535:
13534:
13532:
13530:
13502:
13496:
13495:
13470:(4599): 865–67.
13459:
13453:
13452:
13432:
13426:
13425:
13423:
13421:
13416:on March 7, 2008
13412:. Archived from
13401:
13395:
13394:
13392:
13390:
13368:
13362:
13361:
13359:
13357:
13351:
13340:
13332:
13326:
13325:
13297:
13291:
13290:
13262:
13253:
13252:
13219:(4599): 868–71.
13207:
13198:
13197:
13169:
13163:
13162:
13144:
13135:(14): 3795–808.
13120:
13111:
13110:
13074:
13068:
13067:
13037:
13031:
13030:
13016:
12982:
12976:
12975:
12973:
12971:
12962:. June 5, 2006.
12952:
12946:
12945:
12943:
12941:
12932:. Archived from
12921:
12915:
12914:
12904:
12898:
12897:
12895:
12893:
12884:. Archived from
12874:
12868:
12865:
12859:
12858:
12856:
12845:
12837:
12831:
12830:
12824:
12816:
12814:
12808:. Archived from
12797:
12786:
12780:
12779:
12777:
12770:
12759:
12753:
12752:
12750:
12748:
12725:
12714:
12713:
12711:
12709:
12703:
12692:
12683:
12672:
12671:
12669:
12667:
12653:
12647:
12646:
12636:
12625:10.1172/JCI34706
12604:
12598:
12597:
12595:
12593:
12566:
12557:
12556:
12520:
12514:
12513:
12511:
12509:
12461:
12455:
12454:
12418:
12412:
12411:
12375:
12369:
12368:
12350:
12326:
12320:
12319:
12309:
12275:
12269:
12268:
12240:
12234:
12233:
12231:
12229:
12201:
12195:
12194:
12192:
12190:
12184:
12178:. Archived from
12167:
12156:
12150:
12149:
12147:
12145:
12130:
12124:
12123:
12113:
12104:(46): 38376–82.
12089:
12083:
12082:
12072:
12048:
12042:
12041:
12013:
12007:
12006:
11996:
11972:
11966:
11965:
11939:
11919:
11910:
11909:
11907:
11905:
11884:
11878:
11877:
11859:
11835:
11829:
11828:
11792:
11786:
11785:
11775:
11758:(9635): 293–99.
11743:
11734:
11733:
11731:
11729:
11723:
11716:
11707:
11701:
11700:
11682:
11658:
11649:
11648:
11612:
11601:
11600:
11572:
11566:
11565:
11555:
11523:
11517:
11516:
11480:
11474:
11473:
11463:
11431:
11425:
11424:
11407:(10): CD010666.
11400:
11394:
11393:
11369:
11360:
11359:
11349:
11317:
11311:
11310:
11308:
11306:
11291:
11285:
11284:
11274:
11242:
11236:
11235:
11217:
11193:
11187:
11186:
11172:
11146:
11140:
11139:
11129:
11095:
11089:
11088:
11082:
11074:
11072:
11070:
11064:
11057:
11046:
11037:
11036:
11026:
11015:10.4161/hv.32247
10992:
10986:
10985:
10975:
10943:
10937:
10936:
10934:
10932:
10904:
10895:
10894:
10892:
10890:
10871:
10865:
10864:
10854:
10822:
10816:
10813:
10804:
10803:
10783:
10777:
10776:
10766:
10726:
10720:
10719:
10717:
10706:
10698:
10692:
10691:
10689:
10687:
10666:
10660:
10654:
10653:
10649:
10647:
10645:
10622:
10616:
10614:
10612:
10610:
10588:
10575:
10574:
10572:
10561:
10553:
10547:
10546:
10544:
10533:
10525:
10519:
10518:
10508:
10498:
10474:
10468:
10467:
10457:
10431:
10420:
10419:
10409:
10385:
10374:
10373:
10336:
10330:
10327:
10321:
10320:
10284:
10278:
10277:
10267:
10235:
10229:
10228:
10226:
10224:
10184:
10178:
10177:
10141:
10135:
10134:
10116:
10107:(11): 1397–404.
10092:
10086:
10085:
10047:
10041:
10040:
10030:
9998:
9992:
9991:
9989:
9987:
9981:
9970:
9962:
9956:
9955:
9945:
9913:
9907:
9906:
9904:
9902:
9883:
9874:
9873:
9871:
9854:
9844:
9833:
9832:
9830:
9828:
9809:
9803:
9802:
9792:
9760:
9754:
9753:
9751:
9749:
9728:
9722:
9721:
9719:
9717:
9696:
9690:
9689:
9687:
9685:
9663:
9657:
9656:
9654:
9652:
9631:
9610:
9609:
9581:
9575:
9574:
9564:
9540:
9534:
9533:
9531:
9529:
9514:
9508:
9507:
9497:
9465:
9459:
9458:
9456:
9454:
9448:
9441:
9433:
9427:
9426:
9402:
9396:
9395:
9385:
9353:
9347:
9346:
9328:
9304:
9298:
9297:
9295:
9293:
9243:
9237:
9236:
9216:
9207:
9206:
9196:
9164:
9158:
9157:
9147:
9111:
9102:
9101:
9082:MMWR Supplements
9073:
9067:
9066:
9056:
9032:
9026:
9025:
8988:
8982:
8981:
8971:
8947:
8941:
8940:
8904:
8898:
8897:
8887:
8855:
8846:
8845:
8835:
8803:
8797:
8796:
8786:
8754:
8748:
8747:
8737:
8703:
8697:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8686:
8669:
8659:
8653:
8652:
8632:
8626:
8625:
8615:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8580:
8578:
8569:. Archived from
8542:
8536:
8535:
8511:
8505:
8504:
8468:
8462:
8461:
8425:
8419:
8417:
8407:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8358:
8326:
8320:
8319:
8318:on July 3, 2011.
8308:
8302:
8301:
8277:
8271:
8270:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8225:
8193:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8179:
8139:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8128:
8113:
8107:
8106:
8096:
8072:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8061:
8055:
8032:
8023:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8007:
8001:
7978:
7969:
7958:
7955:
7944:
7943:
7933:
7923:
7897:
7888:
7887:
7877:
7853:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7839:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7799:
7767:
7761:
7760:
7742:
7718:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7707:
7679:
7670:
7669:
7659:
7627:
7621:
7620:
7610:
7578:
7572:
7571:
7561:
7529:
7523:
7522:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7448:
7438:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7353:
7347:
7346:
7336:
7312:
7303:
7302:
7283:10.1002/sim.1342
7266:
7260:
7259:
7215:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7181:
7157:
7151:
7150:
7140:
7106:
7100:
7099:
7089:
7079:
7061:
7037:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7021:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6919:
6913:
6912:
6884:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6833:. Archived from
6815:
6809:
6808:
6798:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6758:on March 9, 2017
6742:
6731:
6730:
6720:
6703:(10): CD011323.
6688:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6668:. Archived from
6656:
6650:
6649:
6613:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6521:
6512:
6511:
6501:
6491:
6465:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6381:
6375:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6326:
6319:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6272:
6265:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6232:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5968:
5959:
5958:
5920:
5909:
5908:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5847:
5841:
5840:
5830:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5779:
5762:(9839): 367–77.
5747:
5741:
5740:
5730:
5698:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5668:
5661:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5568:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5527:
5517:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5466:
5455:
5454:
5444:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5395:
5363:
5354:
5353:
5336:Cunha B (2012).
5333:
5327:
5326:
5298:
5285:
5284:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5163:
5154:
5153:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5053:
5021:
5015:
5012:
4997:
4996:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4959:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4758:Evian C (2006).
4755:
4749:
4748:
4738:
4706:
4665:
4662:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4569:
4559:
4522:
4519:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4452:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4411:
4398:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4307:
4298:
4297:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4170:
4145:
4137:
4126:
4125:
4115:
4105:
4079:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3973:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3810:
3800:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3777:. Archived from
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3731:Kirch W (2008).
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3664:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3606:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3572:. Archived from
3571:
3562:
3551:
3550:
3538:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3501:"About HIV/AIDS"
3497:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3456:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3379:. Archived from
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3339:
3292:drug development
3277:medical research
2759:
2718:Old World monkey
2638:of the neck and
2568:Kaposi's sarcoma
2398:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2305:Kaposi's sarcoma
2271:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2048:medical cannabis
2044:herbal medicines
1835:and the booster
1645:sexual education
1519:Kaposi's sarcoma
1358:
1343:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1215:
740:
720:
714:
670:Kaposi's sarcoma
466:Gates Foundation
454:first recognized
441:, including the
431:economic impacts
378:), contaminated
329:progress to AIDS
62:
42:
41:
21:
18:HIV transmission
19852:
19851:
19847:
19846:
19845:
19843:
19842:
19841:
19817:1981 in biology
19802:
19801:
19800:
19790:
19785:
19783:
19779:from Wikivoyage
19773:
19768:
19766:
19756:
19751:
19749:
19739:
19734:
19732:
19722:
19717:
19715:
19705:
19700:
19698:
19694:from Wiktionary
19688:
19683:
19681:
19678:
19674:sister projects
19671:at Knowledge's
19665:
19655:
19653:
19641:
19633:
19631:
19626:
19563:
19556:
19544:Lymphocytopenia
19542:
19533:
19511:
19487:
19474:
19463:
19419:hypoparathyroid
19401:
19389:
19368:
19300:
19270:
19249:
19236:
19206:
19201:
19163:
19143:
19051:
19025:Gastroenteritis
18983:
18980:Gastroenteritis
18974:
18962:Cytomegalovirus
18925:
18914:
18882:Paramyxoviridae
18871:Avian influenza
18747:
18742:Cytomegalovirus
18706:viral pneumonia
18704:
18701:nasopharyngitis
18700:
18697:
18688:
18652:
18626:Cytomegalovirus
18611:
18565:
18453:
18440:
18433:
18406:
18273:Cervical cancer
18233:
18224:
18194:
18189:
18168:
18154:River blindness
18144:Schistosomiasis
18115:
18067:
18062:
18032:
18027:
18006:
17987:
17968:
17959:
17953:
17897:Genital warts (
17838:
17815:
17790:
17689:
17683:
17653:
17648:
17626:
17600:
17548:
17520:
17461:
17433:
17379:Myanmar (Burma)
17268:
17116:
17102:Day Without Art
17048:The Global Fund
16976:
16905:Economic impact
16861:
16793:
16697:
16649:pathophysiology
16585:
16575:
16545:
16540:
16539:
16494:
16493:
16395:
16339:
16336:
16328:
16320:
16309:
16293:
16282:
16272:
16267:
16266:
16256:
16254:
16241:
16240:
16236:
16226:
16224:
16211:
16210:
16206:
16196:
16194:
16177:
16176:
16172:
16157:
16153:
16114:
16110:
16071:
16067:
16030:Nature Medicine
16022:
16018:
16008:
16006:
15991:
15987:
15940:
15936:
15929:
15904:
15900:
15892:
15853:
15812:
15808:
15771:
15767:
15760:
15746:
15742:
15732:
15730:
15726:
15715:
15711:
15710:
15706:
15696:
15694:
15687:
15671:
15667:
15657:
15655:
15648:
15632:
15628:
15618:
15616:
15609:
15593:
15589:
15579:
15577:
15570:
15554:
15550:
15540:
15538:
15523:
15522:
15518:
15508:
15506:
15505:on May 15, 2016
15493:
15492:
15488:
15478:
15476:
15467:
15466:
15462:
15452:
15450:
15441:
15440:
15436:
15426:
15424:
15407:
15406:
15402:
15392:
15390:
15375:
15374:
15370:
15360:
15358:
15343:
15339:
15329:
15327:
15319:The Independent
15312:
15311:
15307:
15297:
15295:
15280:
15276:
15266:
15264:
15257:BBC On This Day
15251:
15250:
15246:
15236:
15234:
15217:
15213:
15203:
15201:
15184:
15180:
15170:
15168:
15155:
15154:
15147:
15137:
15135:
15122:
15121:
15114:
15104:
15102:
15089:
15088:
15084:
15074:
15072:
15068:
15061:
15057:Over M (1992).
15055:
15051:
15010:(5): CD010090.
14996:
14992:
14984:
14973:
14967:
14960:
14950:
14948:
14947:on June 5, 2013
14944:
14934:
14930:
14925:
14916:
14895:(12): 583–615.
14885:
14881:
14871:
14869:
14864:
14863:
14859:
14814:
14810:
14800:
14798:
14791:Smithsonian.com
14783:
14779:
14762:
14761:
14757:
14747:
14745:
14730:
14726:
14695:(10): 1205–13.
14681:
14677:
14632:
14628:
14618:
14616:
14609:
14593:
14589:
14558:
14554:
14544:
14542:
14538:
14507:
14501:
14492:
14482:
14480:
14476:
14463:
14457:
14453:
14443:
14441:
14426:
14425:
14421:
14411:
14409:
14392:
14388:
14378:
14376:
14369:
14353:
14346:
14336:
14334:
14327:
14311:
14307:
14297:
14295:
14288:
14272:
14268:
14258:
14256:
14243:
14242:
14238:
14185:
14181:
14167:
14165:
14145:
14141:
14101:
14097:
14040:
14033:
13977:
13973:
13920:
13916:
13871:
13864:
13833:(12): 1928–30.
13819:
13815:
13770:
13766:
13720:
13716:
13663:
13659:
13606:
13602:
13547:
13538:
13528:
13526:
13519:
13503:
13499:
13460:
13456:
13433:
13429:
13419:
13417:
13402:
13398:
13388:
13386:
13369:
13365:
13355:
13353:
13349:
13338:
13334:
13333:
13329:
13314:10.2307/3397566
13298:
13294:
13263:
13256:
13208:
13201:
13170:
13166:
13121:
13114:
13075:
13071:
13038:
13034:
12983:
12979:
12969:
12967:
12954:
12953:
12949:
12939:
12937:
12936:on June 1, 2020
12922:
12918:
12907:"On this day".
12906:
12905:
12901:
12891:
12889:
12876:
12875:
12871:
12866:
12862:
12854:
12843:
12839:
12838:
12834:
12818:
12817:
12812:
12806:
12795:
12787:
12783:
12775:
12768:
12760:
12756:
12746:
12744:
12727:
12726:
12717:
12707:
12705:
12701:
12690:
12684:
12675:
12665:
12663:
12655:
12654:
12650:
12605:
12601:
12591:
12589:
12567:
12560:
12521:
12517:
12507:
12505:
12462:
12458:
12419:
12415:
12376:
12372:
12341:(17): 2165–74.
12327:
12323:
12276:
12272:
12241:
12237:
12227:
12225:
12218:
12202:
12198:
12188:
12186:
12182:
12176:
12165:
12157:
12153:
12143:
12141:
12132:
12131:
12127:
12090:
12086:
12049:
12045:
12014:
12010:
11973:
11969:
11937:10.1.1.561.4760
11920:
11913:
11903:
11901:
11886:
11885:
11881:
11850:(10): 1527–35.
11836:
11832:
11793:
11789:
11744:
11737:
11727:
11725:
11721:
11714:
11708:
11704:
11659:
11652:
11623:(12): 1219–28.
11613:
11604:
11583:(4): CD005175.
11573:
11569:
11538:(3): CD003937.
11524:
11520:
11481:
11477:
11432:
11428:
11401:
11397:
11376:(3): CD009755.
11370:
11363:
11318:
11314:
11304:
11302:
11293:
11292:
11288:
11257:(5): CD003650.
11243:
11239:
11208:(12): 1474–82.
11194:
11190:
11147:
11143:
11096:
11092:
11076:
11075:
11068:
11066:
11062:
11055:
11047:
11040:
11009:(12): 3700–10.
10993:
10989:
10944:
10940:
10930:
10928:
10921:
10905:
10898:
10888:
10886:
10873:
10872:
10868:
10823:
10819:
10814:
10807:
10788:The AIDS Reader
10784:
10780:
10741:(6): CD013693.
10727:
10723:
10715:
10704:
10700:
10699:
10695:
10685:
10683:
10667:
10663:
10651:
10643:
10641:
10624:
10623:
10619:
10608:
10606:
10590:
10589:
10578:
10570:
10559:
10555:
10554:
10550:
10542:
10531:
10527:
10526:
10522:
10475:
10471:
10432:
10423:
10386:
10377:
10337:
10333:
10328:
10324:
10285:
10281:
10236:
10232:
10222:
10220:
10185:
10181:
10142:
10138:
10093:
10089:
10060:(11): 1343–56.
10048:
10044:
9999:
9995:
9985:
9983:
9979:
9968:
9964:
9963:
9959:
9914:
9910:
9900:
9898:
9885:
9884:
9877:
9869:
9863:
9852:
9846:
9845:
9836:
9826:
9824:
9811:
9810:
9806:
9775:(6): CD012962.
9761:
9757:
9747:
9745:
9730:
9729:
9725:
9715:
9713:
9698:
9697:
9693:
9683:
9681:
9664:
9660:
9650:
9648:
9633:
9632:
9613:
9598:10.1071/SH11046
9582:
9578:
9541:
9537:
9527:
9525:
9516:
9515:
9511:
9480:(1): CD006734.
9466:
9462:
9452:
9450:
9446:
9439:
9435:
9434:
9430:
9409:(7): CD003510.
9403:
9399:
9368:(1): CD002835.
9354:
9350:
9305:
9301:
9291:
9289:
9244:
9240:
9218:
9217:
9210:
9165:
9161:
9112:
9105:
9074:
9070:
9033:
9029:
8989:
8985:
8948:
8944:
8905:
8901:
8870:(4): CD009153.
8856:
8849:
8818:(8): CD010243.
8804:
8800:
8769:(9): CD001224.
8755:
8751:
8704:
8700:
8690:
8688:
8684:
8678:
8667:
8661:
8660:
8656:
8633:
8629:
8590:
8586:
8576:
8574:
8553:(4): CD005421.
8543:
8539:
8518:(6): CD007496.
8512:
8508:
8469:
8465:
8426:
8422:
8376:
8372:
8327:
8323:
8310:
8309:
8305:
8284:(2): CD003362.
8278:
8274:
8253:(13): 1556–67.
8243:
8239:
8194:
8187:
8177:
8175:
8160:10.1071/SH11037
8140:
8136:
8126:
8124:
8115:
8114:
8110:
8094:10.1071/SH11036
8073:
8069:
8059:
8057:
8053:
8041:(RR-03): 1–10.
8030:
8024:
8015:
8005:
8003:
7999:
7987:(RR-10): 1–12.
7976:
7970:
7961:
7956:
7947:
7914:(7): e1000285.
7898:
7891:
7854:
7847:
7837:
7835:
7818:
7817:
7813:
7782:(12): 1365–71.
7776:Nature Medicine
7768:
7764:
7719:
7715:
7705:
7703:
7696:
7680:
7673:
7628:
7624:
7579:
7575:
7530:
7526:
7519:
7501:
7497:
7466:
7462:
7405:
7401:
7354:
7350:
7313:
7306:
7267:
7263:
7226:(7362): 95–98.
7213:
7207:
7203:
7158:
7154:
7107:
7103:
7052:(4): e1004179.
7038:
7029:
7019:
7017:
7010:
6994:
6990:
6980:
6978:
6971:
6955:
6951:
6920:
6916:
6895:(11): 1401–10.
6885:
6881:
6871:
6869:
6854:
6850:
6840:
6838:
6816:
6812:
6775:
6771:
6761:
6759:
6744:
6743:
6734:
6689:
6685:
6675:
6673:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6624:(10): 1163–75.
6614:
6603:
6593:
6591:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6563:
6561:
6544:
6540:
6523:
6522:
6515:
6466:
6457:
6447:
6445:
6400:
6396:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6373:
6369:
6356:(41): 1335–39.
6344:
6340:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6303:on May 1, 2013.
6291:
6290:
6286:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6209:
6205:
6166:
6162:
6123:
6119:
6109:
6107:
6100:
6086:Aral S (2013).
6084:
6080:
6070:
6068:
6061:
6045:
6041:
6002:
5998:
5977:(3): CD001220.
5969:
5962:
5921:
5912:
5905:
5887:
5883:
5873:
5871:
5864:
5848:
5844:
5797:
5793:
5748:
5744:
5699:
5682:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5640:
5638:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5604:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5545:
5541:
5494:
5490:
5467:
5458:
5413:
5409:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5334:
5330:
5299:
5288:
5265:
5261:
5237:
5233:
5206:N. Engl. J. Med
5202:
5198:
5188:
5186:
5178:(10): 733–739.
5164:
5157:
5150:
5136:
5132:
5101:
5097:
5087:
5085:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5000:
4977:
4973:
4934:
4930:
4907:
4903:
4880:
4873:
4863:
4861:
4854:
4846:. p. 273.
4834:
4830:
4820:
4818:
4811:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4779:
4772:
4756:
4752:
4707:
4668:
4663:
4630:
4620:
4618:
4611:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4584:
4578:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4525:
4520:
4505:
4495:
4493:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4377:
4375:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4129:
4080:
4073:
4063:
4061:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3994:
3974:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3874:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3819:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3745:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3706:
3690:
3686:
3655:(23): 1764–72.
3639:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3608:
3607:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3579:on May 27, 2008
3576:
3569:
3563:
3554:
3539:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3499:
3498:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3458:
3457:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3341:
3340:
3329:
3324:
3273:
3267:
3259:active measures
3244:in South Africa
3226:There are many
3224:
3216:Main articles:
3214:
3178:
3172:
3117:Freddie Mercury
3101:
3095:
3093:Media portrayal
3071:
3065:
3041:quality of life
3002:
2994:Main articles:
2992:
2990:Economic impact
2943:anti-homosexual
2885:confidentiality
2854:
2848:
2843:
2648:
2575:lymphadenopathy
2556:New York Native
2537:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2513:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2393:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2360:
2325:cervical cancer
2280:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2220:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2155:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2116: 459–1,402
2113:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2036:
1997:
1991:
1940:
1934:
1906:(Rekambys) and
1865:adverse effects
1812:
1800:
1794:
1778:
1772:
1747:
1741:
1739:Mother-to-child
1705:
1654:
1575:
1558:
1552:
1443:
1441:Classifications
1392:
1359:(ELISA 4th gen)
1324:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1300:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1192:Pathophysiology
1098:dendritic cells
1057:
1051:
1034:
1026:Main articles:
1024:
1022:Mother-to-child
981:transplantation
964:mucous membrane
946:
879:With regard to
863:Swiss Statement
854:
817:
815:
723:Exposure route
717:
713:
682:cervical cancer
612:
576:natural history
572:
493:
481:
475:
445:not to support
368:unprotected sex
256:
246:
244:
234:
200:needle exchange
113:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
19850:
19840:
19839:
19834:
19829:
19824:
19819:
19814:
19799:
19798:
19781:
19764:
19747:
19745:from Wikiquote
19730:
19713:
19696:
19667:
19664:
19663:
19651:
19628:
19627:
19625:
19624:
19619:
19614:
19609:
19604:
19599:
19597:MBL deficiency
19594:
19585:
19568:
19566:
19558:
19557:
19555:
19554:
19548:
19546:
19535:
19534:
19532:
19531:
19525:
19523:
19517:
19516:
19513:
19512:
19510:
19509:
19504:
19499:
19497:Omenn syndrome
19494:
19478:
19476:
19465:
19464:
19462:
19461:
19442:
19441:
19435:
19426:
19409:
19407:
19395:
19394:
19391:
19390:
19388:
19387:
19382:
19376:
19374:
19370:
19369:
19367:
19366:
19361:
19356:
19350:
19345:
19340:
19335:
19326:
19324:IgM deficiency
19321:
19319:IgG deficiency
19316:
19314:IgA deficiency
19310:
19308:
19302:
19301:
19299:
19298:
19293:
19287:
19285:
19276:
19257:
19251:
19250:
19235:
19234:
19227:
19220:
19212:
19203:
19202:
19200:
19199:
19198:
19197:
19185:
19177:
19175:
19169:
19168:
19165:
19164:
19162:
19161:
19153:
19151:
19145:
19144:
19142:
19141:
19129:
19117:
19105:
19093:
19086:
19080:
19079:
19067:
19061:
19059:
19053:
19052:
19050:
19049:
19042:
19035:
19028:
19016:
19010:
19009:
19008:
19007:
18995:
18989:
18987:
18976:
18975:
18973:
18972:
18971:
18970:
18958:
18957:
18956:
18943:
18941:
18928:
18920:
18919:
18916:
18915:
18913:
18912:
18905:
18898:
18897:
18896:
18876:
18875:
18874:
18873:
18834:
18833:
18832:
18831:
18819:
18818:
18817:
18805:
18804:
18803:
18791:
18790:
18789:
18757:
18755:
18749:
18748:
18746:
18745:
18738:
18737:
18736:
18719:
18717:
18708:
18690:
18689:
18687:
18686:
18685:
18684:
18679:
18666:
18664:
18662:Cardiovascular
18658:
18657:
18654:
18653:
18651:
18650:
18649:
18648:
18636:
18635:
18634:
18621:
18619:
18613:
18612:
18610:
18609:
18608:
18607:
18595:
18594:
18593:
18588:
18575:
18573:
18567:
18566:
18564:
18563:
18558:
18553:
18548:
18547:
18546:
18534:
18533:
18532:
18519:
18514:
18513:
18512:
18500:
18499:
18498:
18486:
18480:
18479:
18478:
18477:
18465:
18459:
18457:
18443:
18441:nervous system
18435:
18434:
18432:
18431:
18430:
18429:
18416:
18414:
18408:
18407:
18405:
18404:
18403:
18402:
18390:
18389:
18388:
18383:
18371:
18365:
18364:
18363:
18362:
18350:
18349:
18348:
18343:
18338:
18333:
18328:
18316:
18315:
18314:
18302:
18301:
18300:
18295:
18293:Vaginal cancer
18290:
18285:
18280:
18275:
18263:
18262:
18261:
18249:
18243:
18241:
18235:
18234:
18223:
18222:
18215:
18208:
18200:
18191:
18190:
18188:
18187:
18182:
18176:
18174:
18170:
18169:
18167:
18166:
18161:
18156:
18151:
18149:Dracunculiasis
18146:
18141:
18136:
18134:Chagas disease
18131:
18125:
18123:
18117:
18116:
18114:
18113:
18108:
18103:
18098:
18093:
18088:
18083:
18077:
18075:
18069:
18068:
18061:
18060:
18053:
18046:
18038:
18029:
18028:
18026:
18025:
18016:
18011:
18003:
18002:
17997:
17992:
17984:
17983:
17978:
17973:
17965:
17963:
17955:
17954:
17952:
17951:
17939:
17927:
17926:
17925:
17918:Herpes simplex
17915:
17903:
17894:
17886:
17885:
17884:
17879:
17874:
17869:
17861:
17848:
17846:
17840:
17839:
17837:
17836:
17831:
17825:
17823:
17817:
17816:
17814:
17813:
17804:Trichomoniasis
17800:
17798:
17792:
17791:
17789:
17788:
17776:
17764:
17752:
17740:
17728:
17712:
17699:
17697:
17691:
17690:
17682:
17681:
17674:
17667:
17659:
17650:
17649:
17647:
17646:
17641:
17635:
17632:
17631:
17628:
17627:
17625:
17624:
17619:
17614:
17608:
17606:
17602:
17601:
17599:
17598:
17593:
17588:
17583:
17578:
17573:
17568:
17562:
17560:
17554:
17553:
17550:
17549:
17547:
17546:
17541:
17536:
17530:
17528:
17522:
17521:
17519:
17518:
17517:
17516:
17506:
17501:
17496:
17491:
17486:
17481:
17475:
17469:
17463:
17462:
17460:
17459:
17454:
17449:
17447:United Kingdom
17443:
17441:
17435:
17434:
17432:
17431:
17426:
17421:
17416:
17411:
17406:
17401:
17396:
17391:
17386:
17381:
17376:
17371:
17366:
17361:
17356:
17351:
17346:
17341:
17336:
17331:
17326:
17325:
17324:
17314:
17309:
17304:
17299:
17294:
17289:
17284:
17278:
17276:
17270:
17269:
17267:
17266:
17261:
17256:
17251:
17246:
17241:
17236:
17231:
17226:
17221:
17216:
17211:
17206:
17201:
17196:
17191:
17186:
17181:
17176:
17171:
17166:
17161:
17156:
17151:
17146:
17141:
17135:
17133:
17124:
17118:
17117:
17115:
17114:
17109:
17104:
17099:
17094:
17093:
17092:
17087:
17080:
17075:
17065:
17060:
17058:YAA/Youthforce
17055:
17053:World AIDS Day
17050:
17045:
17040:
17035:
17030:
17025:
17020:
17015:
17010:
17005:
17000:
16995:
16990:
16984:
16982:
16978:
16977:
16975:
16974:
16969:
16964:
16959:
16954:
16949:
16944:
16939:
16934:
16929:
16924:
16919:
16914:
16913:
16912:
16902:
16897:
16892:
16887:
16886:
16885:
16875:
16869:
16867:
16863:
16862:
16860:
16859:
16854:
16849:
16844:
16839:
16837:Berlin Patient
16834:
16829:
16824:
16819:
16818:
16817:
16807:
16801:
16799:
16795:
16794:
16792:
16791:
16786:
16781:
16776:
16771:
16766:
16761:
16756:
16754:Superinfection
16751:
16746:
16741:
16736:
16734:Cardiomyopathy
16731:
16726:
16721:
16716:
16711:
16705:
16703:
16699:
16698:
16696:
16695:
16690:
16689:
16688:
16686:Teens / Adults
16683:
16673:
16672:
16671:
16666:
16661:
16656:
16651:
16646:
16641:
16631:
16630:
16629:
16624:
16619:
16614:
16609:
16604:
16593:
16591:
16587:
16586:
16574:
16573:
16566:
16559:
16551:
16542:
16541:
16538:
16537:
16526:
16515:
16503:
16502:
16500:
16496:
16495:
16492:
16491:
16480:
16469:
16458:
16439:
16420:
16396:
16391:
16390:
16388:
16387:Classification
16381:
16380:
16375:
16369:
16363:
16322:
16321:
16319:
16318:External links
16316:
16315:
16314:
16297:
16291:
16271:
16268:
16265:
16264:
16234:
16204:
16170:
16151:
16108:
16081:(9363): 1105.
16065:
16016:
15985:
15934:
15927:
15898:
15806:
15765:
15758:
15740:
15704:
15686:978-1913063689
15685:
15665:
15647:978-0190239404
15646:
15626:
15607:
15587:
15568:
15548:
15516:
15486:
15460:
15434:
15400:
15382:Deutsche Welle
15368:
15337:
15305:
15274:
15244:
15211:
15178:
15145:
15112:
15082:
15049:
14990:
14958:
14928:
14914:
14879:
14857:
14808:
14777:
14755:
14724:
14675:
14626:
14607:
14587:
14568:(7): 1175–92.
14552:
14518:(7): 1130–47.
14490:
14451:
14419:
14386:
14367:
14344:
14325:
14305:
14286:
14266:
14236:
14179:
14139:
14095:
14031:
13971:
13934:(1): a006841.
13914:
13862:
13813:
13764:
13714:
13657:
13600:
13536:
13517:
13497:
13454:
13427:
13396:
13363:
13327:
13292:
13254:
13199:
13184:(19): 249–51.
13164:
13112:
13069:
13032:
12977:
12947:
12916:
12899:
12869:
12860:
12832:
12804:
12781:
12754:
12715:
12673:
12648:
12619:(4): 1244–54.
12599:
12558:
12515:
12456:
12435:10.1038/nrc797
12413:
12370:
12321:
12270:
12235:
12216:
12196:
12174:
12151:
12134:"Tuberculosis"
12125:
12084:
12043:
12008:
11967:
11924:The Oncologist
11911:
11879:
11830:
11803:(11): 990–97.
11787:
11735:
11702:
11673:(4): 597–603.
11650:
11602:
11567:
11518:
11491:(6): 395–403.
11475:
11446:(8): 1002–18.
11426:
11395:
11361:
11332:(11): 671–81.
11312:
11286:
11237:
11188:
11163:(7): 2442–56.
11141:
11090:
11038:
10987:
10938:
10919:
10896:
10866:
10837:(3): 294–300.
10817:
10805:
10778:
10721:
10693:
10661:
10617:
10576:
10566:. March 2014.
10548:
10520:
10489:(6): 898–903.
10469:
10421:
10375:
10331:
10322:
10279:
10230:
10199:(8): 1242–57.
10179:
10136:
10087:
10042:
9993:
9957:
9928:(4): 390–409.
9908:
9875:
9861:
9834:
9804:
9755:
9723:
9691:
9658:
9611:
9576:
9535:
9509:
9460:
9428:
9397:
9348:
9299:
9266:10.1086/672271
9238:
9208:
9159:
9103:
9068:
9027:
8983:
8942:
8915:(10): 706–18.
8899:
8847:
8798:
8749:
8698:
8676:
8654:
8627:
8584:
8537:
8506:
8463:
8420:
8370:
8341:(10): 629–34.
8321:
8303:
8272:
8237:
8185:
8134:
8108:
8067:
8013:
7959:
7945:
7889:
7845:
7811:
7788:10.1038/nm1511
7762:
7713:
7694:
7671:
7622:
7573:
7524:
7517:
7495:
7460:
7399:
7348:
7304:
7261:
7201:
7172:(11): 815–26.
7152:
7101:
7027:
7008:
6988:
6969:
6949:
6914:
6879:
6848:
6810:
6769:
6732:
6683:
6651:
6601:
6571:
6538:
6531:. April 2012.
6513:
6455:
6394:
6376:
6367:
6338:
6306:
6284:
6252:
6203:
6160:
6117:
6098:
6078:
6059:
6039:
5996:
5960:
5910:
5903:
5897:. p. 95.
5881:
5862:
5842:
5813:(8): 1181–95.
5791:
5742:
5680:
5648:
5614:
5580:
5539:
5488:
5456:
5427:(6): 1255–65.
5407:
5355:
5348:
5328:
5286:
5259:
5248:(RR-2): 1–20.
5231:
5212:(3): 289–292.
5196:
5155:
5148:
5130:
5111:(3): 199–205.
5095:
5065:
5016:
4998:
4987:(4): 395–406.
4971:
4957:10.1086/367655
4928:
4901:
4890:(46): 261–66.
4871:
4852:
4828:
4809:
4789:
4770:
4750:
4666:
4628:
4609:
4590:
4576:
4523:
4503:
4473:
4423:
4385:
4351:
4322:(1): a006841.
4299:
4292:
4274:
4243:
4192:"Myth Busters"
4182:
4160:
4127:
4071:
4041:
4011:
3992:
3984:Wolters Kluwer
3951:
3919:
3865:
3831:
3817:
3792:
3762:
3743:
3723:
3704:
3684:
3633:
3590:
3552:
3526:
3481:
3426:
3394:
3364:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3269:Main article:
3266:
3263:
3240:AIDS denialism
3213:
3212:Misconceptions
3210:
3174:Main article:
3171:
3168:
3160:Diamanda Galás
3097:Main article:
3094:
3091:
3067:Main article:
3064:
3061:
2991:
2988:
2937:, there is an
2916:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2850:Main article:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2810:United Nations
2794:Robert Rayford
2710:sooty mangabey
2664:sooty mangabey
2647:
2644:
2618:Luc Montagnier
2536:
2533:
2515:Main article:
2512:
2509:
2445:United Kingdom
2406:
2395:
2394:
2383:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2362:Main article:
2359:
2356:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2149:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2052:
2035:
2032:
1993:Main article:
1990:
1987:
1936:Main article:
1933:
1930:
1857:mental illness
1844:antiretroviral
1811:
1808:
1796:Main article:
1793:
1790:
1774:Main article:
1771:
1768:
1756:bottle feeding
1743:Main article:
1740:
1737:
1732:sexual assault
1704:
1701:
1689:harm reduction
1653:
1650:
1641:peer education
1592:female condoms
1574:
1573:Sexual contact
1571:
1554:Main article:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1497:of the brain,
1491:
1484:
1473:
1466:
1449:purposes: the
1442:
1439:
1391:
1388:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1342:Antibody test
1339:
1338:
1335:
1319:
1313:
1302:Main article:
1299:
1296:
1247:seroconversion
1196:Main article:
1193:
1190:
1053:Main article:
1050:
1047:
1023:
1020:
959:drug injection
945:
942:
937:Sexual assault
914:trichomoniasis
902:genital ulcers
853:
850:
826:sexual contact
820:
819:
811:
810:
807:
803:
802:
799:
795:
794:
791:
787:
786:
783:
779:
778:
775:
771:
770:
767:
763:
762:
759:
755:
754:
751:
747:
746:
743:
736:
735:
732:
728:
727:
724:
712:
709:
611:
608:
596:T helper cells
586:Although most
571:
568:
554:are not often
492:
489:
477:Main article:
474:
471:
427:discrimination
259:
258:
257:630,000 (2023)
253:
249:
248:
241:
237:
236:
231:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
193:
189:
188:
185:
179:
178:
172:needle sharing
164:
158:
157:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
129:
123:
122:
107:
101:
100:
91:
85:
84:
64:
63:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19849:
19838:
19835:
19833:
19830:
19828:
19825:
19823:
19820:
19818:
19815:
19813:
19810:
19809:
19807:
19795:
19794:
19782:
19778:
19777:
19776:Travel guides
19765:
19761:
19760:
19748:
19744:
19743:
19731:
19728:from Wikinews
19727:
19726:
19714:
19710:
19709:
19697:
19693:
19692:
19680:
19679:
19676:
19670:
19662:
19652:
19650:
19645:
19640:
19639:
19636:
19623:
19620:
19618:
19615:
19613:
19610:
19608:
19605:
19603:
19600:
19598:
19595:
19593:
19589:
19586:
19583:
19579:
19575:
19574:
19570:
19569:
19567:
19565:
19559:
19553:
19550:
19549:
19547:
19545:
19540:
19536:
19530:
19527:
19526:
19524:
19522:
19518:
19508:
19505:
19503:
19500:
19498:
19495:
19493:
19490:
19486:
19483:
19480:
19479:
19477:
19473:
19470:
19466:
19459:
19455:
19452:
19451:
19450:
19449:
19446:
19439:
19436:
19434:
19430:
19429:euparathyroid
19427:
19424:
19420:
19417:
19415:
19411:
19410:
19408:
19405:
19400:
19396:
19386:
19383:
19381:
19378:
19377:
19375:
19371:
19365:
19362:
19360:
19357:
19354:
19351:
19349:
19346:
19344:
19341:
19339:
19336:
19334:
19330:
19327:
19325:
19322:
19320:
19317:
19315:
19312:
19311:
19309:
19307:
19303:
19297:
19294:
19292:
19289:
19288:
19286:
19284:
19280:
19277:
19274:
19269:
19265:
19261:
19258:
19256:
19252:
19248:
19244:
19240:
19233:
19228:
19226:
19221:
19219:
19214:
19213:
19210:
19196:
19193:
19192:
19191:
19190:
19186:
19184:
19183:
19179:
19178:
19176:
19174:
19170:
19160:
19159:
19155:
19154:
19152:
19150:
19146:
19139:
19135:
19134:
19130:
19127:
19123:
19122:
19118:
19115:
19111:
19110:
19106:
19103:
19099:
19098:
19094:
19092:
19091:
19087:
19085:
19082:
19081:
19077:
19073:
19072:
19068:
19066:
19063:
19062:
19060:
19058:
19054:
19048:
19047:
19043:
19041:
19040:
19036:
19034:
19033:
19029:
19026:
19022:
19021:
19017:
19015:
19012:
19011:
19006:
19003:
19002:
19001:
19000:
18996:
18994:
18991:
18990:
18988:
18986:
18981:
18977:
18969:
18966:
18965:
18964:
18963:
18959:
18955:
18952:
18951:
18950:
18949:
18945:
18944:
18942:
18940:
18936:
18932:
18929:
18927:
18921:
18911:
18910:
18906:
18904:
18903:
18899:
18895:
18894:Parainfluenza
18892:
18891:
18890:
18889:
18884:
18883:
18878:
18877:
18872:
18868:
18865:
18864:
18863:
18862:
18858:
18854:
18850:
18845:
18844:
18839:
18836:
18835:
18830:
18827:
18826:
18825:
18824:
18820:
18816:
18813:
18812:
18811:
18810:
18806:
18802:
18799:
18798:
18797:
18796:
18792:
18788:
18785:
18784:
18783:
18782:
18778:
18774:
18770:
18767:
18762:
18759:
18758:
18756:
18754:
18750:
18744:
18743:
18739:
18735:
18731:
18730:EBV infection
18728:
18727:
18726:
18725:
18721:
18720:
18718:
18716:
18712:
18709:
18707:
18702:
18695:
18691:
18683:
18680:
18678:
18675:
18674:
18673:
18672:
18668:
18667:
18665:
18663:
18659:
18647:
18644:
18643:
18642:
18641:
18637:
18633:
18630:
18629:
18628:
18627:
18623:
18622:
18620:
18618:
18614:
18606:
18603:
18602:
18601:
18600:
18596:
18592:
18589:
18587:
18586:Poliomyelitis
18584:
18583:
18582:
18581:
18577:
18576:
18574:
18572:
18568:
18562:
18559:
18557:
18554:
18552:
18549:
18545:
18542:
18541:
18540:
18539:
18535:
18531:
18528:
18527:
18525:
18524:
18520:
18518:
18515:
18511:
18508:
18507:
18506:
18505:
18501:
18497:
18494:
18493:
18492:
18491:
18487:
18485:
18482:
18481:
18476:
18473:
18472:
18471:
18470:
18466:
18464:
18461:
18460:
18458:
18456:
18451:
18447:
18444:
18442:
18436:
18428:
18425:
18424:
18423:
18422:
18418:
18417:
18415:
18413:
18409:
18401:
18398:
18397:
18396:
18395:
18391:
18387:
18384:
18382:
18379:
18378:
18377:
18376:
18372:
18370:
18367:
18366:
18361:
18358:
18357:
18356:
18355:
18351:
18347:
18344:
18342:
18339:
18337:
18334:
18332:
18329:
18327:
18324:
18323:
18322:
18321:
18317:
18313:
18310:
18309:
18308:
18307:
18303:
18299:
18296:
18294:
18291:
18289:
18288:Vulvar cancer
18286:
18284:
18283:Penile cancer
18281:
18279:
18276:
18274:
18271:
18270:
18269:
18268:
18264:
18260:
18257:
18256:
18255:
18254:
18250:
18248:
18245:
18244:
18242:
18240:
18236:
18232:
18228:
18221:
18216:
18214:
18209:
18207:
18202:
18201:
18198:
18186:
18183:
18181:
18178:
18177:
18175:
18173:Miscellaneous
18171:
18165:
18162:
18160:
18159:Leishmaniasis
18157:
18155:
18152:
18150:
18147:
18145:
18142:
18140:
18137:
18135:
18132:
18130:
18127:
18126:
18124:
18122:
18118:
18112:
18109:
18107:
18104:
18102:
18099:
18097:
18094:
18092:
18089:
18087:
18084:
18082:
18079:
18078:
18076:
18074:
18070:
18066:
18059:
18054:
18052:
18047:
18045:
18040:
18039:
18036:
18024:
18020:
18017:
18015:
18012:
18009:
18005:
18004:
18001:
17998:
17996:
17993:
17990:
17986:
17985:
17982:
17979:
17977:
17974:
17971:
17967:
17966:
17964:
17962:
17956:
17949:
17948:
17943:
17940:
17937:
17936:
17931:
17928:
17924:
17921:
17920:
17919:
17916:
17913:
17912:
17907:
17904:
17902:
17900:
17895:
17893:
17891:
17887:
17883:
17880:
17878:
17875:
17873:
17870:
17868:
17865:
17864:
17862:
17859:
17858:
17853:
17850:
17849:
17847:
17845:
17841:
17835:
17832:
17830:
17827:
17826:
17824:
17822:
17818:
17811:
17810:
17805:
17802:
17801:
17799:
17797:
17793:
17786:
17785:
17780:
17777:
17774:
17773:
17768:
17765:
17762:
17761:
17756:
17753:
17750:
17749:
17744:
17741:
17738:
17737:
17732:
17729:
17726:
17725:
17720:
17716:
17713:
17710:
17709:
17704:
17701:
17700:
17698:
17696:
17692:
17687:
17680:
17675:
17673:
17668:
17666:
17661:
17660:
17657:
17645:
17642:
17640:
17637:
17636:
17633:
17623:
17620:
17618:
17615:
17613:
17610:
17609:
17607:
17603:
17597:
17594:
17592:
17589:
17587:
17584:
17582:
17579:
17577:
17574:
17572:
17569:
17567:
17564:
17563:
17561:
17559:
17558:South America
17555:
17545:
17542:
17540:
17537:
17535:
17532:
17531:
17529:
17527:
17523:
17515:
17514:New York City
17512:
17511:
17510:
17509:United States
17507:
17505:
17502:
17500:
17497:
17495:
17492:
17490:
17487:
17485:
17482:
17480:
17477:
17476:
17473:
17470:
17468:
17467:North America
17464:
17458:
17455:
17453:
17450:
17448:
17445:
17444:
17442:
17440:
17436:
17430:
17427:
17425:
17422:
17420:
17417:
17415:
17412:
17410:
17407:
17405:
17402:
17400:
17397:
17395:
17392:
17390:
17387:
17385:
17382:
17380:
17377:
17375:
17372:
17370:
17367:
17365:
17362:
17360:
17357:
17355:
17352:
17350:
17347:
17345:
17342:
17340:
17337:
17335:
17332:
17330:
17327:
17323:
17320:
17319:
17318:
17315:
17313:
17310:
17308:
17305:
17303:
17300:
17298:
17295:
17293:
17290:
17288:
17285:
17283:
17280:
17279:
17277:
17275:
17271:
17265:
17262:
17260:
17257:
17255:
17252:
17250:
17247:
17245:
17242:
17240:
17237:
17235:
17232:
17230:
17227:
17225:
17222:
17220:
17217:
17215:
17212:
17210:
17207:
17205:
17202:
17200:
17197:
17195:
17192:
17190:
17187:
17185:
17182:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17137:
17136:
17134:
17132:
17128:
17125:
17123:
17119:
17113:
17110:
17108:
17105:
17103:
17100:
17098:
17095:
17091:
17088:
17086:
17085:
17081:
17079:
17076:
17074:
17071:
17070:
17069:
17066:
17064:
17061:
17059:
17056:
17054:
17051:
17049:
17046:
17044:
17041:
17039:
17036:
17034:
17031:
17029:
17026:
17024:
17021:
17019:
17016:
17014:
17011:
17009:
17006:
17004:
17001:
16999:
16996:
16994:
16991:
16989:
16986:
16985:
16983:
16979:
16973:
16970:
16968:
16965:
16963:
16960:
16958:
16955:
16953:
16950:
16948:
16945:
16943:
16942:Sex education
16940:
16938:
16935:
16933:
16930:
16928:
16925:
16923:
16920:
16918:
16915:
16911:
16908:
16907:
16906:
16903:
16901:
16898:
16896:
16893:
16891:
16888:
16884:
16881:
16880:
16879:
16876:
16874:
16871:
16870:
16868:
16864:
16858:
16855:
16853:
16850:
16848:
16845:
16843:
16840:
16838:
16835:
16833:
16830:
16828:
16825:
16823:
16820:
16816:
16813:
16812:
16811:
16808:
16806:
16803:
16802:
16800:
16796:
16790:
16787:
16785:
16782:
16780:
16777:
16775:
16772:
16770:
16767:
16765:
16762:
16760:
16757:
16755:
16752:
16750:
16747:
16745:
16742:
16740:
16737:
16735:
16732:
16730:
16727:
16725:
16724:Lipodystrophy
16722:
16720:
16717:
16715:
16712:
16710:
16707:
16706:
16704:
16700:
16694:
16691:
16687:
16684:
16682:
16679:
16678:
16677:
16674:
16670:
16667:
16665:
16662:
16660:
16657:
16655:
16652:
16650:
16647:
16645:
16642:
16640:
16637:
16636:
16635:
16632:
16628:
16625:
16623:
16620:
16618:
16615:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16605:
16603:
16600:
16599:
16598:
16595:
16594:
16592:
16588:
16583:
16579:
16572:
16567:
16565:
16560:
16558:
16553:
16552:
16549:
16536:
16532:
16531:
16527:
16525:
16521:
16520:
16516:
16514:
16510:
16509:
16505:
16504:
16501:
16497:
16490:
16486:
16485:
16481:
16479:
16475:
16474:
16470:
16468:
16464:
16463:
16459:
16457:
16453:
16449:
16448:
16444:
16440:
16438:
16434:
16430:
16429:
16425:
16421:
16419:
16415:
16411:
16407:
16406:
16402:
16398:
16397:
16394:
16389:
16385:
16379:
16376:
16373:
16370:
16367:
16364:
16362:
16358:
16352:
16348:
16347:
16343:
16338:
16337:
16334:
16333:
16326:
16308:
16307:
16302:
16298:
16294:
16288:
16281:
16280:
16274:
16273:
16252:
16248:
16244:
16238:
16222:
16218:
16214:
16208:
16192:
16188:
16186:
16180:
16174:
16166:
16162:
16155:
16147:
16143:
16139:
16135:
16131:
16127:
16123:
16119:
16112:
16104:
16100:
16096:
16092:
16088:
16084:
16080:
16076:
16069:
16061:
16057:
16053:
16049:
16044:
16039:
16035:
16031:
16027:
16020:
16004:
16000:
15996:
15989:
15981:
15977:
15972:
15967:
15962:
15957:
15953:
15949:
15948:PLOS Medicine
15945:
15938:
15930:
15924:
15920:
15915:
15914:
15908:
15902:
15891:
15887:
15883:
15879:
15875:
15871:
15867:
15863:
15859:
15852:
15845:
15841:
15837:
15833:
15829:
15825:
15821:
15817:
15810:
15802:
15798:
15793:
15788:
15785:(3): 206–17.
15784:
15780:
15776:
15769:
15761:
15755:
15751:
15744:
15725:
15721:
15714:
15708:
15692:
15688:
15682:
15678:
15677:
15669:
15653:
15649:
15643:
15639:
15638:
15630:
15614:
15610:
15604:
15600:
15599:
15591:
15575:
15571:
15565:
15561:
15560:
15552:
15541:September 14,
15536:
15532:
15531:
15526:
15520:
15504:
15500:
15499:National Post
15496:
15490:
15474:
15470:
15464:
15448:
15444:
15438:
15422:
15418:
15416:
15410:
15404:
15388:
15384:
15383:
15378:
15372:
15356:
15352:
15351:LIFE magazine
15348:
15341:
15325:
15321:
15320:
15315:
15309:
15293:
15289:
15285:
15278:
15262:
15258:
15254:
15248:
15232:
15228:
15227:
15226:New Statesman
15222:
15215:
15199:
15195:
15194:
15189:
15182:
15166:
15162:
15158:
15152:
15150:
15133:
15129:
15125:
15119:
15117:
15100:
15096:
15092:
15091:"AIDS Stigma"
15086:
15067:
15060:
15053:
15045:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15021:
15017:
15013:
15009:
15005:
15001:
14994:
14983:
14979:
14972:
14965:
14963:
14943:
14939:
14932:
14923:
14921:
14919:
14910:
14906:
14902:
14898:
14894:
14890:
14883:
14868:. May 3, 2024
14867:
14861:
14853:
14849:
14844:
14839:
14835:
14831:
14827:
14823:
14819:
14812:
14796:
14792:
14788:
14781:
14773:
14769:
14765:
14759:
14743:
14739:
14738:The Telegraph
14735:
14728:
14720:
14716:
14712:
14708:
14703:
14698:
14694:
14690:
14686:
14679:
14671:
14667:
14662:
14657:
14653:
14649:
14646:(3): 371–77.
14645:
14641:
14637:
14630:
14614:
14610:
14604:
14600:
14599:
14591:
14583:
14579:
14575:
14571:
14567:
14563:
14556:
14537:
14533:
14529:
14525:
14521:
14517:
14513:
14506:
14499:
14497:
14495:
14475:
14471:
14470:
14462:
14455:
14439:
14435:
14434:
14429:
14423:
14407:
14403:
14402:
14397:
14390:
14374:
14370:
14364:
14360:
14359:
14351:
14349:
14332:
14328:
14322:
14318:
14317:
14309:
14293:
14289:
14283:
14279:
14278:
14270:
14254:
14250:
14246:
14240:
14232:
14228:
14224:
14220:
14215:
14214:10.1038/35400
14210:
14206:
14202:
14198:
14194:
14190:
14183:
14176:
14168:September 17,
14163:
14159:
14158:
14153:
14149:
14143:
14134:
14130:
14126:
14122:
14118:
14114:
14110:
14106:
14099:
14091:
14087:
14082:
14077:
14072:
14067:
14063:
14059:
14055:
14051:
14050:
14045:
14038:
14036:
14026:
14022:
14017:
14012:
14008:
14004:
14000:
13996:
13992:
13988:
13987:
13982:
13975:
13967:
13963:
13958:
13953:
13949:
13945:
13941:
13937:
13933:
13929:
13925:
13918:
13910:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13892:
13888:
13884:
13880:
13876:
13869:
13867:
13858:
13854:
13849:
13844:
13840:
13836:
13832:
13828:
13824:
13817:
13809:
13805:
13800:
13795:
13791:
13787:
13783:
13779:
13775:
13768:
13759:
13755:
13751:
13747:
13742:
13737:
13733:
13729:
13725:
13718:
13710:
13706:
13701:
13696:
13692:
13688:
13684:
13680:
13676:
13672:
13668:
13661:
13653:
13649:
13645:
13641:
13636:
13635:10.1038/17130
13631:
13627:
13623:
13619:
13615:
13611:
13604:
13596:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13577:
13572:
13568:
13564:
13560:
13556:
13552:
13545:
13543:
13541:
13524:
13520:
13514:
13510:
13509:
13501:
13493:
13489:
13485:
13481:
13477:
13473:
13469:
13465:
13458:
13450:
13446:
13442:
13438:
13431:
13415:
13411:
13407:
13400:
13384:
13380:
13379:
13374:
13367:
13348:
13344:
13337:
13331:
13323:
13319:
13315:
13311:
13307:
13303:
13296:
13288:
13284:
13280:
13276:
13272:
13268:
13261:
13259:
13250:
13246:
13242:
13238:
13234:
13230:
13226:
13222:
13218:
13214:
13206:
13204:
13195:
13191:
13187:
13183:
13179:
13175:
13168:
13160:
13156:
13152:
13148:
13143:
13138:
13134:
13130:
13129:FASEB Journal
13126:
13119:
13117:
13108:
13104:
13100:
13096:
13092:
13088:
13084:
13080:
13073:
13065:
13061:
13057:
13053:
13050:(4): 468–71.
13049:
13045:
13044:
13036:
13028:
13024:
13020:
13015:
13010:
13006:
13002:
12998:
12994:
12993:
12988:
12981:
12965:
12961:
12957:
12951:
12935:
12931:
12927:
12920:
12912:
12911:
12903:
12887:
12883:
12879:
12873:
12864:
12853:
12849:
12842:
12836:
12828:
12822:
12811:
12807:
12801:
12794:
12793:
12785:
12774:
12767:
12766:
12758:
12742:
12738:
12736:
12730:
12724:
12722:
12720:
12700:
12696:
12689:
12682:
12680:
12678:
12662:
12658:
12652:
12644:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12626:
12622:
12618:
12614:
12610:
12603:
12587:
12583:
12579:
12575:
12571:
12565:
12563:
12554:
12550:
12546:
12542:
12538:
12534:
12530:
12526:
12519:
12503:
12499:
12495:
12491:
12487:
12483:
12479:
12475:
12471:
12467:
12460:
12452:
12448:
12444:
12440:
12436:
12432:
12429:(5): 373–82.
12428:
12424:
12417:
12409:
12405:
12401:
12397:
12393:
12389:
12386:(2): 179–89.
12385:
12381:
12374:
12366:
12362:
12358:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12340:
12336:
12332:
12325:
12317:
12313:
12308:
12303:
12299:
12295:
12292:(2): 152–68.
12291:
12287:
12286:
12281:
12274:
12266:
12262:
12258:
12254:
12250:
12246:
12239:
12223:
12219:
12213:
12209:
12208:
12200:
12181:
12177:
12171:
12164:
12163:
12155:
12139:
12135:
12129:
12121:
12117:
12112:
12107:
12103:
12099:
12095:
12088:
12080:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12062:
12058:
12054:
12047:
12039:
12035:
12031:
12027:
12023:
12019:
12012:
12004:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11986:
11982:
11978:
11971:
11963:
11959:
11955:
11951:
11947:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11930:(6): 412–26.
11929:
11925:
11918:
11916:
11899:
11895:
11894:
11889:
11883:
11875:
11871:
11867:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11849:
11845:
11841:
11834:
11826:
11822:
11818:
11814:
11810:
11806:
11802:
11798:
11791:
11783:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11765:
11761:
11757:
11753:
11749:
11742:
11740:
11720:
11713:
11706:
11698:
11694:
11690:
11686:
11681:
11676:
11672:
11668:
11664:
11657:
11655:
11646:
11642:
11638:
11634:
11630:
11626:
11622:
11618:
11611:
11609:
11607:
11598:
11594:
11590:
11586:
11582:
11578:
11571:
11563:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11545:
11541:
11537:
11533:
11529:
11522:
11514:
11510:
11506:
11502:
11498:
11494:
11490:
11486:
11479:
11471:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11453:
11449:
11445:
11441:
11437:
11430:
11422:
11418:
11414:
11410:
11406:
11399:
11391:
11387:
11383:
11379:
11375:
11368:
11366:
11357:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11339:
11335:
11331:
11327:
11323:
11316:
11300:
11296:
11290:
11282:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11264:
11260:
11256:
11252:
11248:
11241:
11233:
11229:
11225:
11221:
11216:
11211:
11207:
11203:
11199:
11192:
11184:
11180:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11162:
11158:
11157:
11152:
11145:
11137:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11119:
11115:
11111:
11107:
11106:
11101:
11094:
11086:
11080:
11061:
11054:
11053:
11045:
11043:
11034:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11016:
11012:
11008:
11004:
11003:
10998:
10991:
10983:
10979:
10974:
10969:
10965:
10961:
10957:
10953:
10949:
10942:
10926:
10922:
10916:
10912:
10911:
10903:
10901:
10884:
10880:
10876:
10870:
10862:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10844:
10840:
10836:
10832:
10828:
10821:
10812:
10810:
10801:
10797:
10793:
10789:
10782:
10774:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10756:
10752:
10748:
10744:
10740:
10736:
10732:
10725:
10714:
10710:
10703:
10697:
10681:
10677:
10676:
10672:
10665:
10658:
10657:public domain
10639:
10635:
10633:
10627:
10621:
10604:
10600:
10598:
10593:
10587:
10585:
10583:
10581:
10569:
10565:
10558:
10552:
10541:
10538:. June 2013.
10537:
10530:
10524:
10516:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10480:
10473:
10465:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10448:(3): 469–73.
10447:
10443:
10442:
10437:
10430:
10428:
10426:
10417:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10400:(2): 229–38.
10399:
10395:
10391:
10384:
10382:
10380:
10371:
10367:
10363:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10347:
10343:
10335:
10326:
10318:
10314:
10310:
10306:
10302:
10298:
10295:(3): 237–41.
10294:
10290:
10283:
10275:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10257:
10253:
10250:(2): 167–74.
10249:
10245:
10241:
10234:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10190:
10183:
10175:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10159:
10155:
10152:(4): 171–76.
10151:
10147:
10140:
10132:
10128:
10124:
10120:
10115:
10110:
10106:
10102:
10098:
10091:
10083:
10079:
10075:
10071:
10067:
10063:
10059:
10055:
10054:
10046:
10038:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10020:
10016:
10012:
10008:
10004:
9997:
9978:
9974:
9967:
9961:
9953:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9912:
9896:
9892:
9888:
9882:
9880:
9868:
9864:
9858:
9851:
9850:
9843:
9841:
9839:
9822:
9818:
9814:
9808:
9800:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9782:
9778:
9774:
9770:
9766:
9759:
9743:
9739:
9738:
9733:
9727:
9711:
9707:
9706:
9701:
9695:
9679:
9675:
9674:
9669:
9662:
9646:
9642:
9641:
9636:
9630:
9628:
9626:
9624:
9622:
9620:
9618:
9616:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9592:(4): 526–33.
9591:
9587:
9586:Sexual Health
9580:
9572:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9539:
9523:
9519:
9513:
9505:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9487:
9483:
9479:
9475:
9471:
9464:
9445:
9438:
9432:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9401:
9393:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9375:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9352:
9344:
9340:
9336:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9319:(9): 834–41.
9318:
9314:
9310:
9303:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9263:
9260:(9): 875–92.
9259:
9255:
9254:
9249:
9242:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9215:
9213:
9204:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9163:
9155:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9137:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9110:
9108:
9099:
9095:
9091:
9088:(2): 1S–18S.
9087:
9083:
9079:
9072:
9064:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9031:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8987:
8979:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8953:
8946:
8938:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8903:
8895:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8854:
8852:
8843:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8802:
8794:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8760:
8753:
8745:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8720:(9): 758–64.
8719:
8715:
8714:
8709:
8702:
8683:
8679:
8673:
8666:
8665:
8658:
8650:
8646:
8643:(4): 305–10.
8642:
8638:
8631:
8623:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8606:(5): 904–13.
8605:
8601:
8600:
8595:
8588:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8541:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8510:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8467:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8436:(6): 515–19.
8435:
8431:
8424:
8415:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8390:(4): 187–93.
8389:
8385:
8381:
8374:
8366:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8325:
8317:
8313:
8307:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8276:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8241:
8233:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8192:
8190:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8148:Sexual Health
8145:
8138:
8122:
8118:
8112:
8104:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8081:Sexual Health
8078:
8071:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8029:
8022:
8020:
8018:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7975:
7968:
7966:
7964:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7941:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7908:
7907:PLOS Medicine
7903:
7896:
7894:
7885:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7852:
7850:
7833:
7829:
7827:
7821:
7815:
7807:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7766:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7733:(2): 231–41.
7732:
7728:
7724:
7717:
7701:
7697:
7691:
7687:
7686:
7678:
7676:
7667:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7642:(2): 104–11.
7641:
7637:
7633:
7626:
7618:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7593:(6): 749–59.
7592:
7588:
7584:
7577:
7569:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7544:(6): 761–70.
7543:
7539:
7535:
7528:
7520:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7499:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7476:(6): 274–81.
7475:
7471:
7464:
7456:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7421:(1): 254–58.
7420:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7403:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7352:
7344:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7311:
7309:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7277:(4): 573–93.
7276:
7272:
7265:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7220:
7212:
7205:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7156:
7148:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7123:(2): 283–93.
7122:
7118:
7117:
7112:
7105:
7097:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7015:
7011:
7005:
7001:
7000:
6992:
6976:
6972:
6966:
6962:
6961:
6953:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6930:(4): 217–26.
6929:
6925:
6918:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6883:
6867:
6863:
6862:Men's Journal
6859:
6852:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6827:Men's Journal
6824:
6820:
6814:
6806:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6773:
6757:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6728:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6687:
6671:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6655:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6575:
6559:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6542:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6520:
6518:
6509:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6476:
6471:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6398:
6390:
6386:
6380:
6371:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6342:
6323:
6316:
6310:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6269:
6262:
6256:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6223:(6): 805–12.
6222:
6218:
6214:
6207:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6176:(2): 235–54.
6175:
6171:
6164:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6133:(5): 523–30.
6132:
6128:
6121:
6105:
6101:
6095:
6091:
6090:
6082:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6052:
6051:
6043:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6000:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5967:
5965:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5933:(4): 291–97.
5932:
5928:
5927:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5906:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5846:
5838:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5795:
5787:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5713:(2): 118–29.
5712:
5708:
5704:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5665:
5658:
5652:
5636:
5632:
5630:
5624:
5618:
5602:
5598:
5596:
5590:
5589:"HIV and Men"
5584:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5535:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5502:Retrovirology
5499:
5492:
5484:
5480:
5477:(3): 375–76.
5476:
5472:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5378:(2): 118–29.
5377:
5373:
5369:
5362:
5360:
5351:
5349:9781449693831
5345:
5341:
5340:
5332:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5263:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5200:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5162:
5160:
5151:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5036:(3): 177–86.
5035:
5031:
5027:
5020:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4950:(5): 652–62.
4949:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4932:
4924:
4920:
4917:(4): 134–36.
4916:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4876:
4859:
4855:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4832:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4793:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4728:
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4496:September 24,
4491:
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4443:(3): 218–43.
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4089:Retrovirology
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3419:September 10,
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3387:September 10,
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3357:September 10,
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3288:sex education
3285:
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3197:Johnson Aziga
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3110:
3109:Nicholas Eden
3106:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3070:
3060:
3057:
3056:Côte d'Ivoire
3052:
3049:
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3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:human capital
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2997:
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2976:
2974:
2970:
2967:In 2013, the
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2947:anti-bisexual
2944:
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2936:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
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2890:
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2835:San Francisco
2832:
2831:New York City
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2604:
2600:
2599:gay community
2596:
2592:
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2583:haemophiliacs
2580:
2576:
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2390:MediaWiki.org
2387:
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2352:lipodystrophy
2349:
2345:
2341:
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2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
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2287:
2272:≥ 50,000
2263:10,000–50,000
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2152:
2147:
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2139:
2136:
2131:
2110: 216–458
2104: 135–215
2060:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:toxoplasmosis
1967:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1909:
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1896:
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1890:
1889:birth defects
1886:
1882:
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1852:
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1834:
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1829:emtricitabine
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1783:
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1760:breastfeeding
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1726:
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1721:emtricitabine
1718:
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1703:Post-exposure
1700:
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1690:
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1671:emtricitabine
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1291:gene products
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1090:immune system
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274:
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173:
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163:
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152:
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130:
128:
127:Complications
124:
120:
116:
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99:
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19711:from Commons
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19573:C1-inhibitor
19571:
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19481:
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18180:Malnutrition
18091:Tuberculosis
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17961:inflammation
17945:
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17399:Saudi Arabia
17249:South Africa
17082:
17068:Larry Kramer
16810:Epidemiology
16633:
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16246:
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16195:. Retrieved
16182:
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16165:the original
16154:
16121:
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16029:
16019:
16009:February 22,
16007:. Retrieved
15988:
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15890:the original
15861:
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15733:February 12,
15731:. Retrieved
15724:the original
15719:
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15695:. Retrieved
15675:
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15656:. Retrieved
15636:
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15503:the original
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15477:. Retrieved
15471:. CBC News.
15463:
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15437:
15427:November 22,
15425:. Retrieved
15412:
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15380:
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15355:the original
15350:
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15340:
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15292:the original
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14942:the original
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12745:. Retrieved
12732:
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12694:
12664:. Retrieved
12660:
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12590:. Retrieved
12581:
12578:"HIV / AIDS"
12531:(1): 43–48.
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12473:
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11060:the original
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10196:
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9890:
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9817:primeinc.org
9816:
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9746:. Retrieved
9735:
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9705:The Guardian
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9673:The Guardian
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9638:
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9522:the original
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8571:the original
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8121:the original
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6866:the original
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6756:the original
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6670:the original
6663:
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6558:the original
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6413:
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6309:
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6296:
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6255:
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6088:
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6049:
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5651:
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5592:
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5175:
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5077:
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4760:
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4599:
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4485:
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4416:December 21,
4414:. Retrieved
4400:
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4363:
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4283:
4277:
4267:February 14,
4265:. Retrieved
4257:The Atlantic
4256:
4246:
4236:February 14,
4234:. Retrieved
4204:(6268): 35.
4201:
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4147:
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4053:
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4028:the original
4014:
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3978:
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3931:
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3881:
3856:. Retrieved
3804:
3785:December 28,
3783:. Retrieved
3779:the original
3774:
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3753:. Retrieved
3733:
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3694:
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3613:
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3574:the original
3519:February 11,
3517:. Retrieved
3504:
3474:February 11,
3472:. Retrieved
3417:. Retrieved
3406:
3397:
3385:. Retrieved
3381:the original
3376:
3367:
3355:. Retrieved
3351:the original
3346:
3300:HIV vaccines
3281:
3274:
3248:
3237:
3225:
3194:
3179:
3156:Larry Kramer
3153:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3121:
3113:Anthony Eden
3102:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3053:
3045:
3029:Unemployment
3026:
3022:AIDS orphans
3011:
2984:slut-shaming
2977:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2952:
2932:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2894:
2870:
2865:poster child
2821:
2799:
2787:
2783:
2754:
2746:
2732:such as the
2713:
2705:
2683:
2680:
2621:
2614:Robert Gallo
2611:
2606:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2572:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2501:incarcerated
2478:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2419:
2399:See or edit
2358:Epidemiology
2336:osteoporosis
2329:
2296:Tuberculosis
2294:
2283:
2254:7,500–10,000
2127:
2098: 62–134
2037:
2027:multivitamin
2020:
2013:
1998:
1964:
1945:
1941:
1922:cabotegravir
1916:
1912:
1908:cabotegravir
1897:
1893:
1877:dyslipidemia
1870:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1825:elvitegravir
1818:
1801:
1779:
1758:rather than
1748:
1729:
1706:
1679:
1655:
1652:Pre-exposure
1634:
1613:Circumcision
1611:
1584:
1545:
1524:
1470:asymptomatic
1459:
1447:surveillance
1444:
1432:
1409:
1376:
1283:
1263:
1251:
1237:. The acute
1228:
1174:types of HIV
1171:
1167:
1134:, enveloped
1115:Retroviridae
1113:
1107:
1102:
1080:
1039:
1035:
1001:
989:
969:
955:
930:
922:
895:
891:prostitution
878:
867:
855:
823:
711:Transmission
698:
667:
663:organ system
641:
621:
585:
573:
549:
502:
482:
456:by the U.S.
451:
424:
361:
341:tuberculosis
313:
284:
280:
268:
264:
262:
162:Risk factors
114:
109:
36:
19691:Definitions
19445:peripheral:
19046:Coronavirus
18787:Common cold
18699:acute viral
18682:Myocarditis
18526:(probable)
18278:Anal cancer
18000:Prostatitis
17906:Hepatitis B
17857:HIV-1/HIV-2
17731:Donovanosis
17617:New Zealand
17489:El Salvador
17394:Philippines
17364:North Korea
17317:China (PRC)
17282:Afghanistan
16972:Product Red
16873:AIDS orphan
16729:Nephropathy
16664:vaccination
16508:MedlinePlus
15954:(8): e256.
15907:Kalichman S
15267:November 1,
15237:November 1,
15204:November 6,
15171:October 18,
15138:November 1,
15105:November 1,
14748:October 24,
12892:November 6,
12747:December 1,
12708:December 1,
12661:www.who.int
12508:December 7,
12251:(1): 9–15.
12024:(1): 1–12.
11305:February 9,
10686:January 22,
10644:January 21,
10609:October 16,
9901:December 1,
9651:December 1,
9292:October 20,
8127:January 17,
8060:October 17,
8006:October 17,
6594:December 8,
6448:October 16,
5641:November 3,
5607:November 3,
5240:Services".
5078:MedlinePlus
4064:February 1,
3858:February 1,
3182:intentional
3131:David Kirby
3124:Arthur Ashe
3105:Rock Hudson
3037:self-esteem
2924:promiscuity
2920:bisexuality
2814:Francophone
2762:colonialism
2726:Ivory Coast
2724:to western
2702:chimpanzees
2636:lymph nodes
2589:. The term
2401:source data
2386:Phabricator
2344:nephropathy
2342:, cancers,
2313:anal cancer
2301:Hepatitis C
2234:2,500–5,000
2225:1,000–2,500
2092: 35–61
2086: 13–34
1956:Vaccination
1950:(IPT); the
1926:rilpivirine
1904:rilpivirine
1770:Vaccination
1725:raltegravir
1607:nonoxynol-9
1585:Consistent
1566:McLeod Ganj
1499:candidiasis
1424:p24 antigen
1390:HIV testing
1334:Blood test
1279:chromosomes
1271:co-receptor
1243:CD8 T cells
1235:CD4 T cells
1186:West Africa
1163:transcribed
1136:RNA viruses
1094:macrophages
1042:pre-chewing
944:Body fluids
881:unprotected
842:co-infected
793:0.01–0.38%
785:0.05–0.30%
739:Childbirth
376:vaginal sex
370:(including
187:Blood tests
50:Other names
19806:Categories
19742:Quotations
19578:Angioedema
19564:deficiency
19562:Complement
19539:Leukopenia
19489:autosomal:
19243:complement
19173:Urogenital
19039:Astrovirus
18999:Adenovirus
18823:SARS-CoV-2
18580:Poliovirus
18455:meningitis
18019:Urethritis
17976:Cervicitis
17947:Zika virus
17942:Zika fever
17829:Crab louse
17329:East Timor
17302:Bangladesh
17292:Azerbaijan
17214:Mozambique
17199:Madagascar
16932:Red ribbon
16774:Serostatus
16702:Conditions
16654:prevention
16644:management
16602:Lentivirus
16530:Patient UK
16484:DiseasesDB
16257:August 24,
16227:August 24,
16197:August 24,
16075:The Lancet
15361:August 16,
14111:(1): 5–8.
13389:August 31,
13308:: 87–107.
13079:The Lancet
12666:August 12,
12592:October 4,
12189:August 29,
12144:August 29,
11752:The Lancet
10223:August 31,
10007:The Lancet
9986:January 3,
9555:: w13535.
9528:August 30,
9116:Vermund SH
8994:The Lancet
7059:1503.08992
6331:August 29,
5756:The Lancet
5673:January 1,
5559:: w14246.
3944:August 26,
3322:References
2889:quarantine
2861:Ryan White
2812:recruited
2734:owl monkey
2674:source of
2672:chimpanzee
2670:, and the
2666:source of
2658:source of
2487:and other
2340:neuropathy
2243:5,000–7500
2080: 5–12
1861:drug abuse
1837:cobicistat
1713:zidovudine
1661:for HIV ("
1628:and among
1604:spermicide
1550:Prevention
1453:, and the
1416:antibodies
1124:biological
1109:Lentivirus
1086:retrovirus
1076:lymphocyte
1016:mosquitoes
925:viral load
769:0.04–3.0%
741:(to child)
598:) without
556:recognized
301:viral load
273:retrovirus
192:Prevention
98:immunology
77:solidarity
69:red ribbon
19837:Syndromes
19827:Pandemics
19759:Resources
19482:x-linked:
19084:RNA virus
19065:DNA virus
19057:Hepatitis
19032:Norovirus
19020:Rotavirus
19014:RNA virus
18993:DNA virus
18939:Esophagus
18867:Influenza
18753:RNA virus
18715:DNA virus
18484:RNA virus
18463:DNA virus
18369:RNA virus
18247:DNA virus
18239:Oncovirus
18101:Pneumonia
18014:Proctitis
17899:condyloma
17821:Parasitic
17796:Protozoal
17743:Gonorrhea
17715:Chlamydia
17703:Chancroid
17695:Bacterial
17612:Australia
17566:Argentina
17526:Caribbean
17504:Nicaragua
17494:Guatemala
17404:Sri Lanka
17339:Indonesia
17122:Locations
17063:"Free Me"
16789:Pregnancy
16784:Nutrition
16639:diagnosis
16524:emerg/253
16519:eMedicine
16349:is being
15282:Bliss D.
15025:2164/6021
14951:April 28,
14801:March 16,
14582:144929159
14545:March 27,
14532:143508360
14379:March 13,
14337:March 13,
13948:2157-1422
13420:March 10,
12821:cite book
12574:Ritchie H
12380:AIDS Care
11932:CiteSeerX
11874:205987336
11728:March 19,
11440:AIDS Care
11079:cite book
11069:March 31,
10755:1465-1858
10317:205565246
10193:Addiction
10053:AIDS Care
9748:August 1,
9716:August 1,
9453:March 12,
7838:April 14,
6564:March 29,
6198:205771853
4467:205339589
4096:(1): 72.
3671:0028-4793
3583:March 12,
2877:rejection
2873:ostracism
2863:became a
2802:Arvid Noe
2768:(such as
2630:to other
2535:Discovery
2450:East Asia
2169:≤ 10
2074: 1–4
2054:Prognosis
2005:vitamin A
1960:hepatitis
1833:tenofovir
1792:Treatment
1717:tenofovir
1667:tenofovir
1596:tenofovir
1503:esophagus
1298:Diagnosis
1287:cytokines
1258:apoptosis
1182:infective
1155:integrase
1008:piercings
985:screening
910:chlamydia
906:gonorrhea
809:0–0.005%
659:parasites
594:T cells (
392:pregnancy
289:treatment
240:Frequency
229:Prognosis
218:Treatment
89:Specialty
19812:HIV/AIDS
19669:HIV/AIDS
19661:Medicine
19529:HIV/AIDS
19521:Acquired
19472:combined
19264:Antibody
19239:Lymphoid
19182:BK virus
18985:diarrhea
18829:COVID-19
18571:Myelitis
18164:Trachoma
17867:cervical
17767:Syphilis
17581:Colombia
17499:Honduras
17414:Thailand
17389:Pakistan
17374:Malaysia
17312:Cambodia
17264:Zimbabwe
17244:Tanzania
17169:Ethiopia
17164:Eswatini
17149:Botswana
17038:Solidays
16937:Safe sex
16878:Religion
16822:Timeline
16744:Pruritus
16681:Children
16659:research
16634:HIV/AIDS
16612:subtypes
16535:HIV/AIDS
16357:HIV/AIDS
16342:template
16303:(2011).
16251:Archived
16221:Archived
16191:Archived
16138:10896606
16103:43699468
16095:12672319
16052:16397537
16036:(1): 6.
16003:Archived
15980:17713982
15909:(2009).
15801:17321420
15691:Archived
15652:Archived
15619:June 27,
15613:Archived
15580:June 27,
15574:Archived
15535:Archived
15509:April 9,
15479:April 9,
15473:Archived
15453:April 9,
15447:Archived
15421:Archived
15393:June 14,
15387:Archived
15330:July 24,
15324:Archived
15298:June 25,
15261:Archived
15231:Archived
15198:Archived
15165:Archived
15161:BBC News
15132:Archived
15099:Archived
15066:Archived
15044:26022149
15035:10793712
14982:Archived
14909:38011347
14852:30160195
14795:Archived
14772:Archived
14742:Archived
14719:30648421
14711:22706007
14670:11867313
14619:June 27,
14613:Archived
14444:July 16,
14438:Archived
14406:Archived
14373:Archived
14331:Archived
14292:Archived
14253:Archived
14249:NBC News
14162:Archived
14133:17783758
14125:10628811
14090:20376191
14049:PLOS One
14025:18833279
13966:22229120
13909:11405938
13857:16485481
13808:11405934
13750:18854152
13709:16728595
13595:17978186
13529:June 27,
13523:Archived
13383:Archived
13356:June 23,
13347:Archived
13287:Archived
13194:Archived
13159:24960391
13151:17639073
13107:43529542
13027:Archived
13023:16714472
12964:Archived
12960:BBC News
12773:Archived
12741:Archived
12699:Archived
12643:18382737
12586:Archived
12553:23085633
12545:19106702
12502:Archived
12498:23476060
12490:16130937
12451:13513517
12443:12044013
12408:30220269
12400:17364396
12365:19217950
12357:17086056
12316:19462243
12265:27889039
12228:June 27,
12222:Archived
12138:Archived
12120:16155003
12079:15331610
12038:14667787
12003:15080180
11962:24329763
11954:15967835
11898:Archived
11866:20467289
11825:21175266
11817:17063130
11782:18657708
11719:Archived
11697:35450422
11689:11873003
11645:26248996
11637:18173512
11597:23633327
11562:16034917
11505:15969772
11470:18608078
11421:24114375
11390:22419344
11356:20961297
11299:Archived
11281:28518221
11224:21895892
11183:Archived
11179:22652651
11136:22089440
11033:25483681
10982:24034488
10931:June 27,
10925:Archived
10889:July 26,
10883:Archived
10861:21653531
10800:16433468
10773:34180536
10713:Archived
10711:. 2011.
10680:Archived
10638:Archived
10603:Archived
10568:Archived
10540:Archived
10515:22310821
10464:18174196
10416:14734438
10362:20046150
10309:20539080
10274:21406048
10217:Archived
10213:18855813
10174:44808279
10166:16343374
10131:12221693
10123:19381076
10082:21883819
10074:20024710
10037:19361855
9977:Archived
9952:25038358
9895:Archived
9867:Archived
9821:Archived
9799:31206168
9742:Archived
9737:ABC News
9710:Archived
9684:March 8,
9678:Archived
9645:Archived
9606:22127039
9571:22389197
9504:19160297
9444:Archived
9423:21735394
9392:17253483
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9286:Archived
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9274:23917901
9233:22515138
9203:23038795
9154:20941553
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9063:31184747
9014:23769234
8978:31184747
8937:27494096
8929:23165662
8894:23633367
8842:27505053
8793:22972050
8744:18724961
8682:Archived
8649:21251451
8622:22641791
8567:17943855
8532:21678366
8501:43878584
8493:19935420
8450:20844437
8414:19849961
8365:20622758
8298:19370585
8267:20205637
8232:22156901
8172:Archived
8168:22348629
8103:22348628
8051:Archived
8047:24717910
7997:Archived
7993:19052530
7940:20652012
7884:31184701
7832:Archived
7806:17115046
7757:26830006
7749:18161758
7706:June 27,
7700:Archived
7666:19339948
7617:15365096
7568:15365095
7490:16679064
7394:12158927
7343:12029140
7299:28523977
7291:12590415
7248:21849975
7196:20991705
7188:18923409
7147:14734528
7096:25837979
7020:June 27,
7014:Archived
6981:June 27,
6975:Archived
6944:17163676
6872:June 25,
6841:June 25,
6821:(2002).
6805:12810858
6762:March 9,
6727:25280769
6718:10576873
6646:46624541
6638:20954881
6588:Archived
6533:Archived
6508:19715601
6442:Archived
6438:28488664
6362:20966896
6322:Archived
6268:Archived
6247:22674060
6239:16549963
6190:22372741
6155:38476611
6147:18541903
6110:June 27,
6104:Archived
6071:June 27,
6065:Archived
6026:22156896
5991:21412869
5955:25541753
5947:20543603
5874:June 27,
5868:Archived
5837:20624114
5786:22819660
5737:19179227
5664:Archived
5635:Archived
5601:Archived
5575:26824882
5534:17892568
5483:17708137
5451:18664564
5402:19179227
5323:20543603
5281:17708137
5254:15660015
5226:15247337
5125:16022653
5088:June 14,
5082:Archived
5060:24227983
4993:21322514
4966:12594648
4923:17720999
4896:20350494
4864:June 27,
4858:Archived
4821:June 27,
4815:Archived
4782:June 27,
4776:Archived
4745:20703338
4621:June 27,
4615:Archived
4582:Archived
4490:Archived
4459:18205765
4407:Archived
4372:Archived
4370:. 2018.
4346:22229120
4261:Archived
4230:Archived
4226:51608938
4175:June 16,
4166:Archived
4154:. 2006.
4122:17054781
4058:Archived
4004:June 27,
3998:Archived
3938:Archived
3914:30455270
3852:Archived
3823:Archived
3775:AIDSinfo
3755:June 27,
3749:Archived
3716:June 27,
3710:Archived
3679:11396444
3626:July 20,
3620:Archived
3547:Archived
3513:Archived
3468:Archived
3413:Archived
3286:such as
3265:Research
3186:reckless
2933:In many
2779:Kinshasa
2770:syphilis
2749:bushmeat
2694:Cameroon
2686:primates
2587:Haitians
2505:detained
2470:Portugal
2422:pandemic
2216:500–1000
2023:selenium
2016:diabetes
1958:against
1820:Stribild
1348:3rd gen)
1178:virulent
1049:Virology
886:oral sex
801:0–0.04%
647:bacteria
629:cachexia
552:symptoms
537:diarrhea
462:pandemic
400:safe sex
398:include
196:Safe sex
145:Lifelong
142:Duration
105:Symptoms
45:HIV/AIDS
19649:Viruses
19635:Portals
19268:humoral
19255:Primary
18935:Pharynx
18439:Central
18129:Cholera
18096:Measles
18086:Malaria
17958:General
17863:Cancer
17834:Scabies
17605:Oceania
17596:Uruguay
17571:Bolivia
17539:Jamaica
17457:Ukraine
17429:Vietnam
17297:Bahrain
17287:Armenia
17239:Senegal
17229:Nigeria
17219:Namibia
17194:Lesotho
16981:Culture
16962:HIV.gov
16805:History
16798:History
16478:D000163
16372:HIVinfo
16146:2844528
16118:Science
16060:3502309
15971:1949841
15886:7992043
15866:Bibcode
15858:Science
15844:3399880
15824:Bibcode
15816:Science
14872:May 15,
14843:6199453
14661:1447082
14259:June 6,
14231:4416837
14223:9468138
14201:Bibcode
14081:2848574
14058:Bibcode
14016:3682493
13995:Bibcode
13957:3234451
13900:1088484
13848:3367631
13799:1088480
13758:3093360
13700:2442710
13679:Bibcode
13671:Science
13652:4432185
13644:9989410
13622:Bibcode
13586:2141817
13563:Bibcode
13492:6601823
13472:Bibcode
13464:Science
13449:6815471
13322:3397566
13302:October
13283:6811853
13241:6189183
13221:Bibcode
13213:Science
13190:6808340
13099:6116083
13064:7287964
13014:1470612
12940:May 19,
12634:2276790
12570:Roser M
12307:2690857
11904:June 3,
11773:3130543
11553:8759069
11513:7411052
11461:2570227
11347:3066516
11272:5458097
11232:6711255
11127:3226021
11024:4514044
10973:5909396
10852:3132788
10764:8237391
10506:3284097
10370:7491569
10265:5072419
10028:2670965
9943:6309682
9827:June 3,
9790:6575156
9495:7389566
9383:8989146
9343:8388126
9194:3489107
9145:3036787
9094:3112554
9022:5831642
8885:4026368
8833:7092487
8784:3931252
8735:2597652
8577:May 31,
8458:2158164
8405:3557929
8356:3836228
8223:3266126
7931:2907270
7797:1717013
7657:2760828
7608:2211962
7559:2211967
7455:8990195
7423:Bibcode
7386:8096089
7366:Bibcode
7358:Science
7256:4409389
7228:Bibcode
7138:2211771
7087:4383537
7064:Bibcode
6909:8280406
6584:HIV.gov
6499:2741434
6430:8161444
6034:6198083
5828:2904634
5777:3805037
5728:4467783
5525:2045676
5442:2638872
5393:4467783
5189:May 11,
5051:3770226
4736:2915483
4337:3234451
4206:Bibcode
4197:Science
4113:1629027
4054:HIV.gov
4034:May 23,
4022:. U.S.
3905:6239917
3850:(CDC).
3846:. U.S.
3347:HIV.gov
3083:Hackney
2881:consent
2818:Belgium
2722:Senegal
2646:Origins
2623:Science
2511:History
2485:gay men
2474:Belarus
2466:Moldova
2458:Ukraine
2443:In the
2388:and on
2207:100–500
2160:no data
2130:chronic
2068: 0
1511:bronchi
1507:trachea
1501:of the
1488:chronic
1239:viremia
1180:, more
1004:tattoos
692:(HPV).
651:viruses
627:(40%),
390:during
362:HIV is
357:testing
305:vaccine
271:) is a
19485:X-SCID
19469:Severe
18599:HTLV-I
18544:Rabies
18394:HTLV-I
18111:Plague
18008:either
17970:female
17877:penile
17872:vulvar
17586:Guyana
17576:Brazil
17484:Mexico
17479:Canada
17452:Russia
17439:Europe
17424:Turkey
17359:Jordan
17322:Yunnan
17307:Bhutan
17259:Zambia
17254:Uganda
17234:Rwanda
17204:Malawi
17179:Guinea
17139:Angola
17131:Africa
17078:ACT UP
16866:Social
16584:topics
16513:000594
16467:609423
16366:UNAIDS
16361:Curlie
16355:
16346:Curlie
16289:
16144:
16136:
16101:
16093:
16058:
16050:
15978:
15968:
15925:
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15756:
15683:
15644:
15605:
15566:
15075:May 3,
15042:
15032:
14907:
14850:
14840:
14717:
14709:
14668:
14658:
14605:
14580:
14530:
14365:
14323:
14284:
14229:
14221:
14193:Nature
14131:
14123:
14088:
14078:
14023:
14013:
13986:Nature
13964:
13954:
13946:
13907:
13897:
13855:
13845:
13806:
13796:
13756:
13748:
13707:
13697:
13650:
13642:
13614:Nature
13593:
13583:
13515:
13490:
13447:
13320:
13281:
13249:390173
13247:
13239:
13188:
13157:
13149:
13105:
13097:
13062:
13021:
13011:
12848:UNAIDS
12802:
12641:
12631:
12551:
12543:
12496:
12488:
12449:
12441:
12406:
12398:
12363:
12355:
12314:
12304:
12263:
12214:
12172:
12118:
12077:
12036:
12001:
11960:
11952:
11934:
11893:UNAIDS
11872:
11864:
11823:
11815:
11780:
11770:
11695:
11687:
11643:
11635:
11595:
11560:
11550:
11511:
11503:
11468:
11458:
11419:
11388:
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11279:
11269:
11230:
11222:
11177:
11134:
11124:
11031:
11021:
10980:
10970:
10917:
10859:
10849:
10798:
10771:
10761:
10753:
10513:
10503:
10462:
10414:
10407:315530
10404:
10368:
10360:
10315:
10307:
10272:
10262:
10211:
10172:
10164:
10129:
10121:
10080:
10072:
10035:
10025:
9950:
9940:
9859:
9797:
9787:
9640:UNAIDS
9604:
9569:
9502:
9492:
9421:
9390:
9380:
9341:
9333:
9280:
9272:
9231:
9201:
9191:
9152:
9142:
9092:
9061:
9020:
9012:
8976:
8935:
8927:
8892:
8882:
8840:
8830:
8791:
8781:
8742:
8732:
8674:
8647:
8620:
8565:
8530:
8499:
8491:
8456:
8448:
8412:
8402:
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8353:
8296:
8265:
8230:
8220:
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7566:
7556:
7515:
7488:
7453:
7443:
7392:
7384:
7341:
7297:
7289:
7254:
7246:
7219:Nature
7194:
7186:
7145:
7135:
7094:
7084:
7006:
6967:
6942:
6907:
6803:
6725:
6715:
6644:
6636:
6506:
6496:
6482:: 24.
6436:
6428:
6360:
6245:
6237:
6196:
6188:
6153:
6145:
6096:
6057:
6032:
6024:
5989:
5953:
5945:
5901:
5860:
5835:
5825:
5784:
5774:
5735:
5725:
5573:
5532:
5522:
5508:: 67.
5481:
5449:
5439:
5400:
5390:
5346:
5321:
5279:
5252:
5224:
5146:
5123:
5074:"AIDS"
5058:
5048:
4991:
4964:
4921:
4894:
4850:
4807:
4768:
4743:
4733:
4607:
4574:
4465:
4457:
4402:UNAIDS
4378:May 9,
4344:
4334:
4290:
4224:
4158:
4152:UNAIDS
4120:
4110:
3990:
3933:UNAIDS
3912:
3902:
3815:
3741:
3702:
3677:
3669:
3615:UNAIDS
3408:UNAIDS
3314:, and
3302:, and
3290:, and
2846:Stigma
2808:, the
2742:fusion
2716:), an
2662:, the
2585:, and
2462:Latvia
2454:Russia
2346:, and
2323:, and
2290:cancer
2275:
2270:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2205:
2203:
2196:50–100
2194:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
1879:, and
1786:RV 144
1675:USPSTF
1621:UNAIDS
1587:condom
1517:, and
1371:10–33
1363:18–45
1352:23–90
1321:
1315:
1159:latent
1143:genome
1010:, and
916:, and
852:Sexual
838:sputum
777:0.03%
761:0.30%
753:0.67%
701:sweats
680:, and
657:, and
550:These
447:condom
414:, and
386:, and
364:spread
349:tumors
347:, and
317:UNAIDS
252:Deaths
150:Causes
136:tumors
73:symbol
19708:Media
19475:(B+T)
19373:Other
19195:Mumps
18954:Mumps
18924:Human
18354:MCPyV
17892:(HPV)
17844:Viral
17688:(STI)
17534:Haiti
17384:Nepal
17354:Japan
17334:India
17224:Niger
17189:Kenya
17174:Ghana
17159:Egypt
17144:Benin
16340:‹The
16310:(PDF)
16283:(PDF)
16270:Notes
16187:(CDC)
16183:U.S.
16142:S2CID
16099:S2CID
16056:S2CID
15893:(PDF)
15854:(PDF)
15727:(PDF)
15716:(PDF)
15417:(CDC)
15413:U.S.
15069:(PDF)
15062:(PDF)
14985:(PDF)
14974:(PDF)
14945:(PDF)
14715:S2CID
14578:S2CID
14539:(PDF)
14528:S2CID
14508:(PDF)
14477:(PDF)
14464:(PDF)
14227:S2CID
14129:S2CID
13754:S2CID
13648:S2CID
13350:(PDF)
13339:(PDF)
13318:JSTOR
13245:S2CID
13155:S2CID
13103:S2CID
12855:(PDF)
12844:(PDF)
12813:(PDF)
12796:(PDF)
12776:(PDF)
12769:(PDF)
12737:(CDC)
12733:U.S.
12702:(PDF)
12691:(PDF)
12549:S2CID
12494:S2CID
12447:S2CID
12404:S2CID
12361:S2CID
12183:(PDF)
12166:(PDF)
11958:S2CID
11870:S2CID
11821:S2CID
11722:(PDF)
11715:(PDF)
11693:S2CID
11641:S2CID
11509:S2CID
11228:S2CID
11063:(PDF)
11056:(PDF)
10716:(PDF)
10705:(PDF)
10634:(FDA)
10630:U.S.
10599:(EMA)
10571:(PDF)
10560:(PDF)
10543:(PDF)
10532:(PDF)
10366:S2CID
10313:S2CID
10170:S2CID
10127:S2CID
10078:S2CID
9980:(PDF)
9969:(PDF)
9870:(PDF)
9853:(PDF)
9447:(PDF)
9440:(PDF)
9339:S2CID
9278:S2CID
9018:S2CID
8933:S2CID
8685:(PDF)
8668:(PDF)
8497:S2CID
8454:S2CID
8054:(PDF)
8031:(PDF)
8000:(PDF)
7977:(PDF)
7828:(CDC)
7824:U.S.
7753:S2CID
7446:19306
7390:S2CID
7295:S2CID
7252:S2CID
7214:(PDF)
7192:S2CID
7054:arXiv
6642:S2CID
6434:S2CID
6325:(PDF)
6318:(PDF)
6271:(PDF)
6264:(PDF)
6243:S2CID
6194:S2CID
6151:S2CID
6030:S2CID
5951:S2CID
5667:(PDF)
5660:(PDF)
5631:(CDC)
5627:U.S.
5597:(CDC)
5593:U.S.
4585:(PDF)
4568:(PDF)
4463:S2CID
4410:(PDF)
4397:(PDF)
4368:(CDC)
4364:U.S.
4222:S2CID
4169:(PDF)
4144:(PDF)
3826:(PDF)
3809:(PDF)
3577:(PDF)
3570:(PDF)
3509:(CDC)
3505:U.S.
2826:Haiti
2790:Congo
2738:HIV-1
2676:HIV-1
2668:HIV-2
2628:shape
2187:25–50
2178:10–25
1515:lungs
1513:, or
1346:ELISA
1337:Days
1132:sense
1105:genus
834:feces
655:fungi
588:HIV-1
513:fever
156:(HIV)
115:Later
110:Early
79:with
71:is a
19793:Taxa
19725:News
19241:and
18909:hMPV
18781:OC43
18777:HKU1
18773:NL63
18769:229E
18427:AIDS
18306:KSHV
18081:AIDS
17989:male
17882:anal
17852:AIDS
17591:Peru
17369:Laos
17349:Iraq
17344:Iran
17274:Asia
17209:Mali
17112:Ayds
16669:PrEP
16582:AIDS
16489:5938
16473:MeSH
16462:OMIM
16447:9-CM
16437:B24
16433:B20
16418:1C62
16414:1C61
16410:1C60
16287:ISBN
16259:2018
16229:2018
16199:2018
16134:PMID
16091:PMID
16048:PMID
16011:2009
15976:PMID
15923:ISBN
15882:PMID
15840:PMID
15797:PMID
15754:ISBN
15735:2015
15699:2021
15681:ISBN
15660:2021
15642:ISBN
15621:2015
15603:ISBN
15582:2015
15564:ISBN
15543:2013
15511:2013
15481:2013
15455:2013
15429:2014
15395:2018
15363:2012
15332:2012
15300:2012
15269:2011
15239:2011
15206:2022
15173:2011
15140:2011
15107:2011
15077:2008
15040:PMID
15008:2015
14953:2008
14905:PMID
14874:2024
14848:PMID
14803:2018
14750:2013
14707:PMID
14689:AIDS
14666:PMID
14621:2015
14603:ISBN
14547:2006
14485:2007
14446:2015
14414:2009
14381:2016
14363:ISBN
14339:2016
14321:ISBN
14300:2016
14282:ISBN
14261:2021
14219:PMID
14170:2010
14121:PMID
14086:PMID
14021:PMID
13962:PMID
13944:ISSN
13905:PMID
13853:PMID
13804:PMID
13746:PMID
13728:Cell
13705:PMID
13640:PMID
13591:PMID
13531:2015
13513:ISBN
13488:PMID
13445:PMID
13422:2008
13410:Time
13391:2011
13358:2008
13279:PMID
13237:PMID
13186:PMID
13147:PMID
13095:PMID
13060:PMID
13019:PMID
12972:2019
12942:2020
12894:2014
12827:link
12800:ISBN
12749:2023
12710:2023
12668:2024
12639:PMID
12594:2019
12541:PMID
12510:2019
12486:PMID
12439:PMID
12396:PMID
12353:PMID
12335:AIDS
12312:PMID
12261:PMID
12230:2015
12212:ISBN
12191:2012
12170:ISBN
12146:2012
12116:PMID
12075:PMID
12034:PMID
11999:PMID
11981:AIDS
11950:PMID
11906:2023
11862:PMID
11844:AIDS
11813:PMID
11778:PMID
11730:2008
11685:PMID
11667:AIDS
11633:PMID
11593:PMID
11558:PMID
11536:2010
11501:PMID
11466:PMID
11417:PMID
11386:PMID
11352:PMID
11307:2023
11277:PMID
11255:2017
11220:PMID
11175:PMID
11132:PMID
11085:link
11071:2009
11029:PMID
10978:PMID
10933:2015
10915:ISBN
10891:2018
10857:PMID
10796:PMID
10769:PMID
10751:ISSN
10739:2021
10688:2021
10646:2021
10611:2020
10511:PMID
10460:PMID
10412:PMID
10358:PMID
10305:PMID
10270:PMID
10225:2021
10209:PMID
10162:PMID
10119:PMID
10101:AIDS
10070:PMID
10033:PMID
9988:2014
9948:PMID
9922:JAMA
9903:2023
9857:ISBN
9829:2023
9795:PMID
9750:2022
9718:2022
9686:2020
9653:2023
9602:PMID
9567:PMID
9530:2015
9500:PMID
9478:2009
9455:2008
9419:PMID
9388:PMID
9366:2012
9331:PMID
9294:2020
9270:PMID
9229:PMID
9199:PMID
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