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envelope proteins. Though budding does not immediately destroy the host cell, this process will slowly use up the cell membrane and eventually lead to the cell's demise. This is also how antiviral responses are able to detect virus-infected cells. Budding has been most extensively studied for viruses of
188:
cooperates with a certain region of the host cell membrane. During this interaction, the glycosylated viral envelope protein inserts itself into the cell membrane. In order to successfully bud from the host cell, the nucleocapsid of the virus must form a connection with the cytoplasmic tails of
279:; the vesicles of virus progeny are carried to the cell membrane and then released into the extracellular space. This is used primarily by non-enveloped viruses, although enveloped viruses display this too. An example is the use of recycling viral particle receptors in the enveloped
228:
space is possible. However, apoptosis does not necessarily result in the cell simply popping open and spilling its contents into the extracellular space. Rather, apoptosis is usually controlled and results in the cell's
89:
The term is variously used to refer to viral particles shedding from a single cell, from one part of the body into another, and from a body into the environment, where the virus may infect another.
82:
infection. Once replication has been completed and the host cell is exhausted of all resources in making viral progeny, the viruses may begin to leave the cell by
475:– Chapter 1: General Information – "Definitions as Used in this Document Shedding – The release of rabies virus from the salivary glands into the saliva."
275:, in which the host cell is not destroyed. Viral progeny are synthesized within the cell, and the host cell's transport system is used to enclose them in
763:"Endocytosis and recycling of varicella-zoster virus Fc receptor glycoprotein gE: internalization mediated by a YXXL motif in the cytoplasmic tail"
220:
Animal cells are programmed to self-destruct when they are under viral attack or damaged in some other way. By forcing the cell to undergo
1096:
854:
485:
Hall CB, Douglas RG, Geiman JM, Meagher MP (October 1979). "Viral shedding patterns of children with influenza B infection".
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and therefore spread undetected from person to person, as no fever or other hints reveal the contagious nature of the host.
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543:
811:
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1206:
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N.J. Dimmock et al. "Introduction to Modern
Virology, 6th edition." Blackwell Publishing, 20hif ilikr 07.
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Although this process is primarily used by non-enveloped viruses, enveloped viruses may also use this.
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888:
393:
347:
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209:
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1194:
574:
Pornillos O, Garrus JE, Sundquist WI (December 2002). "Mechanisms of enveloped RNA virus budding".
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space is most effective for viruses that require their own envelope. These include such viruses as
883:
416:
if they are shedding virus particles, even if they are unaware of doing so. Some viruses such as
372:
306: with: cited content on viral shedding from one part of the body to another. You can help by
271:
Viruses that have envelopes that come from nuclear or endosomal membranes can leave the cell via
252:
is an example of an enveloped virus that exploits this process for the infection of macrophages.
122:
1089:
417:
840:
346: with: cited content on viral shedding from a body into the environment. You can help by
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1136:
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260:
8:
1131:
1116:
878:
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Quemin ER, Chlanda P, Sachse M, Forterre P, Prangishvili D, Krupovic M (September 2016).
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736:
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635:
610:
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413:
96:
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660:"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr induces apoptosis through caspase activation"
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is a form of viral shedding which can occur in instances of infection caused by some
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either to infect them or simply travel to other tissues in the body.
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22:
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107:
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Massachusetts
Department of Public Health – Rabies Control Plan
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72:
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of dead cell material clump off the cell to be absorbed by
193:. However, it has been demonstrated that viruses infecting
177:
443:- a form of viral shedding following administration of an
249:
169:
573:
484:
658:Stewart SA, Poon B, Song JY, Chen IS (April 2000).
657:
75:progeny following successful reproduction during a
213:Virus forcing cell to undergo apoptosis to infect
112:
1222:
184:. When beginning the budding process, the viral
204:
201:also employ this mechanism of virion release.
16:Dissemination of mature virions from host cell
848:
287:Shedding from one part of the body to another
241:. This is a good way for a virus to get into
224:or cell suicide, release of progeny into the
108:Shedding from a cell into extracellular space
255:
651:
602:
567:
855:
841:
760:
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611:"Eukaryotic-Like Virus Budding in Archaea"
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327:Shedding from a body into the environment
1097:Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
259:
208:
862:
1223:
836:
809:
706:
519:
97:attenuated (or "live virus") vaccines
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445:attenuated (or "live virus") vaccine
412:A human with a viral disease can be
376:
330:
290:
1201:
13:
722:10.1016/B978-0-12-803109-4.00003-9
709:"Virus Interactions With the Cell"
535:10.1016/B978-0-12-803109-4.00003-9
522:"Virus Interactions With the Cell"
487:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
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14:
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366:
1200:
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1177:
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928:
380:
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130:
121:
71:is the expulsion and release of
812:"Genital Herpes' Silent Spread"
803:
779:10.1128/JVI.71.5.4042-4054.1997
676:10.1128/jvi.74.7.3105-3111.2000
156:—in effect, borrowing from the
113:Budding (through cell envelope)
761:Olson JK, Grose C (May 1997).
700:
513:
466:
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1:
588:10.1016/s0962-8924(02)02402-9
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205:Apoptosis (cell destruction)
7:
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10:
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370:
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1062:
1021:
985:
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926:
902:
889:Social history of viruses
874:
256:Exocytosis (cell release)
233:being chopped up, before
160:to create the virus' own
499:10.1093/infdis/140.4.610
102:
373:Transmission (medicine)
1090:Helper dependent virus
576:Trends in Cell Biology
281:varicella-zoster virus
268:
217:
35:
707:Payne, Susan (2017).
627:10.1128/mBio.01439-16
520:Payne, Susan (2017).
263:
212:
34:
1142:Virus quantification
1137:Virus classification
1132:Virus-like particle
810:Daniel J., DeNoon.
767:Journal of Virology
664:Journal of Virology
392:. You can help by
269:
264:Virus leaving via
218:
36:
1216:
1215:
1107:Neurotropic virus
952:Viral replication
410:
409:
364:
363:
324:
323:
66:
65:
1243:
1236:Viral life cycle
1204:
1203:
1192:
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1180:
1179:
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1003:Phenotype mixing
939:Viral life cycle
932:
857:
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843:
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827:
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441:Vaccine shedding
420:(which produces
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235:apoptotic bodies
134:
125:
93:Vaccine shedding
25:virus life cycle
19:
18:
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1221:
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1217:
1212:
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1013:Viral evolution
998:Antigenic shift
993:Antigenic drift
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977:Lysogenic cycle
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390:needs expansion
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344:needs expansion
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84:several methods
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1102:Marine viruses
1099:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1070:Antiviral drug
1066:
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1023:
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1016:
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1005:
1000:
995:
989:
987:
983:
982:
980:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
957:Viral shedding
954:
949:
943:
941:
935:
934:
927:
925:
923:
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917:
915:Viral envelope
912:
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859:
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845:
837:
829:
828:
802:
773:(5): 4042–54.
753:
731:
699:
670:(7): 3105–11.
650:
601:
582:(12): 569–79.
566:
544:
512:
477:
465:
455:
454:
452:
449:
448:
447:
436:
433:
422:genital herpes
408:
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368:
367:Contagiousness
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362:
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341:
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328:
325:
322:
321:
301:
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197:of the domain
162:viral envelope
140:Generic viral
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69:Viral shedding
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27:
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15:
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3:
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1128:
1125:
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1122:Viral disease
1120:
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1035:
1034:Bacteriophage
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1001:
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978:
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968:
967:Virus latency
965:
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960:
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950:
948:
945:
944:
942:
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936:
931:
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920:Viral protein
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901:
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732:9780128031094
728:
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545:9780128031094
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388:This section
386:
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379:
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349:
345:
342:This section
340:
337:
333:
332:
318:
309:
305:
302:This section
300:
297:
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292:
284:
282:
278:
274:
267:
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251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
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227:
226:extracellular
223:
216:
211:
202:
200:
196:
192:
187:
183:
179:
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171:
167:
166:extracellular
163:
159:
158:cell membrane
155:
154:cell envelope
151:
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133:
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100:
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39:
33:
29:
28:
24:
21:
20:
1218:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1085:Viral vector
1080:Helper virus
1044:Human virome
1029:Animal virus
1008:Reassortment
956:
884:Introduction
864:Microbiology
819:. Retrieved
815:
805:
770:
766:
756:
744:. Retrieved
712:
702:
667:
663:
653:
618:
614:
604:
579:
575:
569:
557:. Retrieved
525:
515:
493:(4): 610–3.
490:
486:
480:
468:
459:
427:asymptomatic
425:
424:) can cause
411:
401:October 2021
398:
394:adding to it
389:
355:October 2021
352:
348:adding to it
343:
315:October 2021
312:
308:adding to it
303:
270:
247:
219:
186:nucleocapsid
152:through the
148:
91:
88:
68:
67:
58:
1207:WikiProject
1075:Giant virus
1054:Plant virus
972:Lytic cycle
947:Viral entry
243:macrophages
239:macrophages
215:macrophages
195:prokaryotes
49:Replication
1225:Categories
1152:Virosphere
1127:Viral load
1117:Satellites
903:Components
821:29 January
451:References
414:contagious
371:See also:
273:exocytosis
266:exocytosis
191:eukaryotes
1112:Oncovirus
1049:Mycovirus
1039:Virophage
962:Viroplasm
715:: 23–25.
528:: 23–25.
222:apoptosis
150:"Budding"
23:Influenza
1231:Virology
1183:Category
986:Genetics
894:Virology
741:90650541
694:10708425
645:27624130
596:12495845
554:90650541
435:See also
429:shedding
277:vesicles
182:smallpox
59:Shedding
1195:Commons
1022:By host
879:History
797:9094682
746:7 April
713:Viruses
636:5021807
559:7 April
526:Viruses
199:Archaea
164:— into
142:budding
54:Latency
1171:Portal
1147:Virome
910:Capsid
795:
788:191557
785:
739:
729:
692:
685:111809
682:
643:
633:
594:
552:
542:
507:512419
505:
231:genome
1063:Other
868:Virus
816:WebMD
737:S2CID
621:(5).
550:S2CID
418:HSV-2
103:Means
73:virus
44:Entry
823:2019
793:PMID
748:2020
727:ISBN
690:PMID
641:PMID
615:mBio
592:PMID
561:2020
540:ISBN
503:PMID
178:SARS
80:cell
77:host
783:PMC
775:doi
717:doi
680:PMC
672:doi
631:PMC
623:doi
584:doi
530:doi
495:doi
491:140
396:.
350:.
310:.
250:HIV
180:or
174:HSV
170:HIV
1227::
866::
814:.
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781:.
771:71
769:.
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399:(
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353:(
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313:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
