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and fails to persuade those who don't already accept it. Other ways to express this are that there is no reason to accept the premises unless one already believes the conclusion, or that the premises provide no independent ground or evidence for the conclusion. Circular reasoning is closely related
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in which the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with. Circular reasoning is not a formal logical fallacy, but a pragmatic defect in an argument whereby the premises are just as much in need of proof or evidence as the conclusion. As a consequence, the argument becomes a matter of
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if they seek to justify their implicit assumption that laws which held true in the past will also hold true in the future. Since the principle of the uniformity of nature is itself an inductive principle, any justification for induction must be circular. But as
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note that "using the scientific method to judge the scientific method is circular reasoning". Scientists attempt to discover the laws of nature and to predict what will happen in the future, based on those laws. The laws of nature are arrived at through
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The reciprocal trope occurs when what ought to be confirmatory of the object under investigation needs to be made convincing by the object under investigation; then, being unable to take either in order to establish the other, we
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Circular reasoning is often of the form: "A is true because B is true; B is true because A is true." Circularity can be difficult to detect if it involves a longer chain of propositions.
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Logical fallacy in which the conclusion provides the premise
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Nolt, John Eric; Rohatyn, Dennis; Varzi, Achille (1998).
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The problem of circular reasoning has been noted in
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282:An example of circular reasoning is: "
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624:. Cengage Learning. pp. 257–58.
367:principle of the uniformity of nature
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572:Informal Logic: A Pragmatic Approach
543:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p.
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318:. The Pyrrhonist philosopher
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601:Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis
568:Walton, Douglas (2008).
402:Affirming the consequent
340:The problem of induction
1635:Two wrongs make a right
966:Denying the correlative
494:Encyclopædia Britannica
1620:Psychologist's fallacy
1557:Argument to moderation
1547:Argument from anecdote
1497:Chronological snobbery
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605:Outlines of Scepticism
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725:Argument from fallacy
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906:Begging the question
827:Undistributed middle
735:Mathematical fallacy
710:Affirming a disjunct
603:i., from Annas, J.,
362:problem of induction
274:begging the question
255:circulus in probando
181:Münchhausen trilemma
143:Similar philosophies
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412:Circular definition
354:inductive reasoning
162:Academic skepticism
81:Agrippa the Skeptic
1699:Informal fallacies
1420:Poisoning the well
1237:Proof by assertion
1212:Texas sharpshooter
1146:Questionable cause
1083:Slothful induction
1042:Anecdotal evidence
902:Circular reasoning
797:Exclusive premises
759:Illicit conversion
422:Circular reporting
417:Circular reference
349:Russ Shafer-Landau
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876:Loki's Wager
856:Equivocation
849:Equivocation
621:
615:
604:
600:
592:
571:
563:
538:
530:
518:. Retrieved
503:
492:
477:
365:
343:
329:
310:philosopher
301:
281:
278:
259:
254:
245:
244:
186:Benson Mates
1630:Red herring
1387:Association
1068:Conjunction
989:Composition
886:Reification
802:Existential
754:Existential
510:"Fallacies"
442:Ringschluss
427:Coherentism
335:about both.
76:Aenesidemus
60:Pyrrhonists
1704:Pyrrhonism
1688:Categories
1606:Moralistic
1540:Sealioning
1534:Ad nauseam
1461:Ipse dixit
1373:Ad hominem
1197:Regression
999:Ecological
812:Four terms
730:Masked man
469:References
437:Ipse dixit
358:David Hume
308:Pyrrhonist
110:Acatalepsy
43:Pyrrhonism
1647:Straw man
1525:Arguments
1514:fallacies
1488:Tradition
1478:Etymology
1450:Authority
1431:Tu quoque
1415:Bulverism
1185:Gambler's
1154:Animistic
1098:Ambiguity
1064:Base rate
807:Necessity
679:fallacies
610:. (2000).
155:Epilogism
115:Adiaphora
1673:Category
1305:Ridicule
1290:Flattery
1280:Children
1177:Post hoc
1057:McNamara
1019:Accident
994:Division
841:Informal
520:April 5,
514:Archived
379:See also
105:Ataraxia
98:Concepts
35:a series
33:Part of
1492:Novelty
1467:Poverty
1329:Loyalty
1295:Novelty
1272:Emotion
1221:Appeals
1190:Inverse
1170:Cum hoc
1159:Furtive
677:Common
447:Paradox
312:Agrippa
290:History
262:) is a
1577:Cliché
1512:Other
1483:Nature
1471:Wealth
1106:Accent
692:Formal
628:
580:
551:
130:Epoché
120:Aporia
66:Pyrrho
1339:Spite
1233:Stone
326:":
324:trope
269:faith
250:Latin
125:Dogma
1425:Tone
1300:Pity
1285:Fear
683:list
626:ISBN
578:ISBN
549:ISBN
522:2012
347:and
744:In
700:In
545:205
360:'s
272:to
1690::
1608:/
1490:/
1469:/
1317:/
1235:/
1066:/
929:/
925:/
904:/
599:,
547:.
491:.
356:.
252::
37:on
685:)
681:(
670:e
663:t
656:v
634:.
586:.
557:.
524:.
248:(
234:e
227:t
220:v
20:)
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