761:
rigidity, tardive dyskinesia, and akathisia. 17 of 100 new parkinsonism cases are linked to administration of either cinnarizine or flunarizine. Drug induced parkinsonism is the second leading cause of parkinsonism. Evidence suggests that it is one of the metabolites of cinnarizine, C-2, that has an active role in contributing to the development of drug-induced parkinsonism. Those people especially at risk are elderly patients, in particular women, and patients who have been taking the drug for a longer amount of time. There is also evidence that patients with a family history of
Parkinson's or a genetic predisposition to the disease are more likely to develop the drug induced form of this disease as a result of cinnarizine treatment.
663:
445:
422:
757:, drowsiness, sweating, dry mouth, headache, skin problems, lethargy, gastrointestinal irritation, hypersensitivity reactions, as well as movement problems, muscle rigidity, and tremor. Because cinnarizine can cause drowsiness and blurred vision, it is important that users make sure their reactions are normal before driving, operating machinery, or doing any other jobs which could be dangerous if they are not fully alert or able to see well.
865:(half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of cinnarizine for smooth muscle contraction inhibition is 60 mM and it has been shown that this drug preferentially binds to its target calcium channels when they are in an open, as opposed to closed conformation. In treatment of nausea and motion sickness it was previously hypothesized that cinnarizine exerts its effects by inhibiting the calcium currents in voltage gated channels in
833:(steady state apparent volume of distribution) for lipid emulsion administration was 2× lower (6.871 ± 1.432 L/kg) than that of cinnarizine given in solution (14.018 ± 5.598 L/kg) and it was found that significantly less cinnarizine was taken up into the lung and brain in the lipid emulsion condition. This is significant because it would reduce the likelihood of toxic side effects in the
29:
870:
pressure on the hair cells. It is true that cinnarizine does abolish calcium currents in vestibular hair cells as well; it is just that this only occurs at higher concentrations of drug (3 μM). The inhibition of these currents works to lessen the vertigo and motion-induced nausea by dampening the over-reactivity of the vestibular hair cells, which send information about balance and motion to the brain.
2406:
829:
had a higher AUC and lower clearance than the solution form, which meant that there was an increased bioavailability of cinnarizine, allowing for an improved therapeutic effect. Plasma pharmacokinetics of cinnarizine administered intravenously follows a three-compartment model first with a fast distribution phase, followed by a slower distribution phase, and ending with a very slow elimination. The V
726:. Cinnarizine inhibits the flow of calcium into red blood cells, which increases the elasticity of the cell wall, thereby increasing their flexibility and making the blood less viscous. This allows the blood to travel more efficiently and effectively through narrowed vessels in order to bring oxygen to damaged tissue. It is also effectively combined with other nootropics, primarily
780:, stupor, and convulsions. The cognitive complications likely result from the antihistaminic effects of cinnarizine, while the motor effects are a product of the antidopaminergic properties. In cases of overdose, the patient should be brought to and observed in a hospital for potential neurological complications.
715:
However, cinnarizine does not heighten toxicity risk, and in fact, evidence even seems to suggest that cinnarizine may be beneficial in helping delay O2 toxicity in the central nervous system. There is also evidence that cinnarizine may be used as an effective anti-asthma medication when taken regularly.
869:
within the inner ear. However, more recent evidence supports the idea that at pharmacologically relevant levels (0.3–0.5 μM), cinnarizine is not lessening vestibular vertigo by blocking calcium channels, but rather by inhibiting potassium (K) currents that are activated by heightened hydrostatic
699:
for the treatment of seasickness, concluded that scopolamine was reported as significantly more effective and as having fewer adverse side effects than cinnarizine. This led to the conclusion that transdermal scopolamine is likely a better option for the treatment of motion sickness in naval crew and
760:
Cinnarizine causes acute and chronic parkinsonism due to its affinity for D2 receptors, which strongly counter-suggests its actual usefulness for improving neurological health. Cinnarizine's antagonistic effects of D2 dopamine receptors in the striatum leads to symptoms of depression, tremor, muscle
690:
and the visual senses is abolished, so that the confusion of brain whether the individual is moving or standing is reduced. Vomiting in motion sickness could be a physiological compensatory mechanism of the brain to keep the individual from moving so that it can adjust to the signal perception, but
828:
Bioavailability of orally administered cinnarizine is typically low and variable due to high incidence of degradation. However, it has been found that when administered intravenously in lipid emulsion, better pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution were achieved. The lipid emulsion administration
1230:
Pianese CP, Hidalgo LO, González RH, Madrid CE, Ponce JE, Ramírez AM, Morán LM, Arenas JE, Rubio AT, Uribe JO, Abiuso J, Hanuch E, Alegría J, Volpi C, Flaskamp R, Sanjuán AP, Gómez JM, Hernández J, Pedraza A, Quijano D, Martínez C, Castañeda JR, Guerra OJ, F GV (May 2002). "New approaches to the
714:
which can result in seizures, and is a high risk in closed-circuit oxygen diving. This is also relevant to divers who could potentially have to undergo hypobaric decompression therapy, which uses high oxygen pressure and could also be affected by any cinnarizine-induced CNS oxygen toxicity risk.
694:
When prescribed for balance problems and vertigo, cinnarizine is typically taken two or three times daily depending on the amount of each dose and when used to treat motion sickness, the pill is taken at least two hours before travelling and then again every four hours during travel. However, a
623:
substituent on the free nitrogen atom of the benzhydrylpiperazine core, combined with the generic ending "-rizine" for "antihistaminics/cerebral (or peripheral) vasodilators". It is not available in the United States or Canada. It has also been cited as one of the most used drugs for seasickness
764:
In addition to antagonizing D2 receptors, treatment with cinnarizine leads to reduced presynaptic dopamine and serotonin, as well as alterations in vesicular transport of dopamine. Chronic treatment with cinnarizine builds the drug concentrations high enough that they interfere with the proton
788:
Cinnarizine is most commonly taken orally, in tablet form, with frequency and amount of dosage varying depending on the reason for taking the medication. Once ingested, the substance is absorbed quite rapidly and reaches a peak plasma concentration in 1–3 hours post-administration.
805:, was 4437 ± 948 ng·h/mL. The half-life elimination varies from 3.4–60 hours, depending on age. However, the mean terminal half-life elimination for young volunteer subjects administered 75 mg cinnarizine, was found to be 23.6 ± 3.2 hours.
769:, which prevents the MgATP-dependent production of the electrochemical gradient crucial to the transport and storage of dopamine into vesicles, and thereby lowers the levels of dopamine in the basal ganglia neurons and leads to the Parkinson's symptoms.
738:), it was found that cinnarizine helped to improve the functional abnormalities of ischemia, but did not help with damage to the neurons. Flunarizine offered more neuronal protection, but was less effective in treating subsequent behavioral changes.
808:
A study that administered 75 mg doses of cinnarizine, twice a day for twelve days, to healthy volunteers, observed that cinnarizine did accumulate in the body, with a steady-state accumulation factor of 2.79 ± 0.23. However, the
1855:
Tosoni C, Lodi-Rizzini F, Cinquini M, Pasolini G, Venturini M, Sinico RA, Calzavara-Pinton P (March 2009). "A reassessment of diagnostic criteria and treatment of idiopathic urticarial vasculitis: a retrospective study of 47 patients".
1445:
Haasler T, Homann G, Duong Dinh TA, Jüngling E, Westhofen M, Lückhoff A (December 2009). "Pharmacological modulation of transmitter release by inhibition of pressure-dependent potassium currents in vestibular hair cells".
2128:
Kornhuber J, Henkel AW, Groemer TW, Städtler S, Welzel O, Tripal P, Rotter A, Bleich S, Trapp S (July 2010). "Lipophilic cationic drugs increase the permeability of lysosomal membranes in a cell culture system".
1945:
Serrano A, Menéndez J, Casarejos MJ, Solano RM, Gallego E, Sánchez M, et al. (August 2005). "Effects of cinnarizine, a calcium antagonist that produces human parkinsonism, in parkin knock out mice".
2360:
Pukhal'skaya TG, Kolosova OA, Men'shikov MY, Vein AM (July 2000). "Effects of calcium antagonists on serotonin-dependent aggregation and serotonin transport in platelets of patients with migraine".
1061:
Kariya S, Isozaki S, Masubuchi Y, Suzuki T, Narimatsu S (November 1995). "Possible pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors affecting parkinsonism inducement by cinnarizine and flunarizine".
1560:
Gil A, Nachum Z, Tal D, Shupak A (2012). "A comparison of cinnarizine and transdermal scopolamine for the prevention of seasickness in naval crew: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study".
4597:
2284:
Silver PJ, Dachiw J, Ambrose JM, Pinto PB (September 1985). "Effects of the calcium antagonists perhexiline and cinnarizine on vascular and cardiac contractile protein function".
1606:
Arieli R, Shupak A, Shachal B, Shenedrey A, Ertracht O, Rashkovan G (1999). "Effect of the anti-motion-sickness medication cinnarizine on central nervous system oxygen toxicity".
700:
other sea travelers. However, due to increased levels of drowsiness caused by the medication, it is generally of limited use in pilots and aircrew who must be dependably alert.
1107:
Terland O, Flatmark T (June 1999). "Drug-induced parkinsonism: cinnarizine and flunarizine are potent uncouplers of the vacuolar H+-ATPase in catecholamine storage vesicles".
997:
Castañeda-Hernández G, Vargas-Alvarado Y, Aguirre F, Flores-Murrieta FJ (May 1993). "Pharmacokinetics of cinnarizine after single and multiple dosing in healthy volunteers".
845:
Cinnarizine is classified as a selective antagonist of T-type voltage-operated calcium ion channels, because its binding blocks the channels and keeps them inert. It has a K
1682:
Saletu B, Grünberger J (1980). "Antihypoxidotic and nootropic drugs: proof of their encephalotropic and pharmacodynamic properties by quantitative EEG investigations".
934:
After administration, cinnarizine is completely metabolized within the body and the metabolites are eliminated by one third in the urine and two thirds in solid waste.
6088:
4590:
6950:
6610:
5369:
1279:
Arab SF, Düwel P, Jüngling E, Westhofen M, Lückhoff A (June 2004). "Inhibition of voltage-gated calcium currents in type II vestibular hair cells by cinnarizine".
1535:
722:
drug because of its vasorelaxating abilities (due to calcium channel blockade), which happen mostly in brain, and the fact that it is also used as a labyrinthine
3040:
5832:
4759:
4583:
81:
6083:
5364:
6121:
5785:
4849:
2936:
730:; in such combination each drug potentiates the other in boosting brain oxygen supply. An animal study comparing the effectiveness of cinnarizine and
659:
In a clinical study (n=181), treatment with cinnarizine reduced the occurrence of moderate vertigo experience by 65.8% and extreme vertigo by 89.8%.
5704:
4864:
1776:
Teive HA, Troiano AR, Germiniani FM, Werneck LC (June 2004). "Flunarizine and cinnarizine-induced parkinsonism: a historical and clinical analysis".
686:
by limiting the activity of the vestibular hair cells which send signals about movement. The disparity of signal processing between inner ear motion
2257:
Klein M, Musacchio JM (October 1989). "High affinity dextromethorphan binding sites in guinea pig brain. Effect of sigma ligands and other agents".
4844:
2101:
Nowacka-Krukowska H, Rakowska M, Neubart K, Kobylińska M (2007). "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for cinnarizine in human plasma".
508:
5350:
3720:
1816:"Functional, behavioral, and histological changes induced by transient global cerebral ischemia in rats: effects of cinnarizine and flunarizine"
1346:
Lucertini M, Mirante N, Casagrande M, Trivelloni P, Lugli V (May 2007). "The effect of cinnarizine and cocculus indicus on simulator sickness".
7209:
4779:
4192:
4187:
4127:
4087:
3996:
3976:
3695:
3615:
3595:
6763:
6718:
6330:
5972:
5897:
5689:
5191:
5186:
4899:
4839:
4222:
4157:
4102:
3986:
3730:
3670:
3650:
3640:
3555:
3525:
3250:
51:
2222:
Shi S, Chen H, Lin X, Tang X (January 2010). "Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and safety of cinnarizine delivered in lipid emulsion".
7314:
7229:
6655:
5684:
5679:
5389:
5374:
4879:
4874:
4819:
4809:
4769:
4649:
4519:
4398:
4217:
4182:
4117:
4107:
3991:
3981:
3971:
3966:
3740:
3690:
3550:
3535:
3530:
3510:
2313:"Variable, voltage-dependent, blocking effects of nitrendipine, verapamil, diltiazem, cinnarizine and cadmium on adrenomedullary secretion"
522:
7319:
7244:
7194:
6865:
6600:
6578:
6553:
6543:
6388:
5902:
5674:
5419:
5063:
4952:
4774:
4764:
4378:
4227:
4212:
4172:
4137:
4001:
3745:
3705:
3685:
3675:
3585:
3033:
6940:
6890:
6832:
6827:
5659:
5241:
5098:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4684:
4669:
4348:
3961:
967:
Kalava SB, Demirel M, Yazan Y (2005). "Physicochemical characterization and dissolution properties of cinnarizine solid dispersions".
753:
Side effects experienced while taking cinnarizine range from the mild to the quite severe. Possible side effects include drug-induced
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
6920:
6733:
6503:
5579:
5146:
4804:
4784:
4343:
4338:
793:, the maximum level of the drug in the tested area (typically blood plasma), has been measured to be 275 ± 36 ng/mL; t
7169:
7164:
7159:
7050:
7045:
6925:
6630:
6528:
6523:
6508:
6443:
6438:
6185:
4909:
4674:
4559:
1231:
management of peripheral vertigo: efficacy and safety of two calcium antagonists in a 12-week, multinational, double-blind study".
550:
InChI=1S/C26H28N2/c1-4-11-23(12-5-1)13-10-18-27-19-21-28(22-20-27)26(24-14-6-2-7-15-24)25-16-8-3-9-17-25/h1-17,26H,18-22H2/b13-10+
7134:
6625:
6114:
5719:
772:
Several cases of pediatric and adult cinnarizine overdose have been reported, with effects including a range of symptoms such as
7119:
7114:
5554:
5256:
4829:
4664:
4564:
3026:
2929:
825:
by simple diffusion. It is because of this property that it is able to exert its effects on cerebral blood flow in the brain.
2437:
4053:
3093:
6107:
5358:
5354:
4617:
1539:
567:
4606:
2922:
2782:
1489:
Yates BJ, Miller AD, Lucot JB (November 1998). "Physiological basis and pharmacology of motion sickness: an update".
1157:
Nicholson AN, Stone BM, Turner C, Mills SL (June 2002). "Central effects of cinnarizine: restricted use in aircrew".
765:
electrochemical gradient necessary for packaging dopamine into vesicles. Cinnarizine, pKa = 7.4, acts as a
542:
666:
The vestibular system's semicircular canal – a cross-section. This is the site of cinnarizine's anti-vertigo action.
7375:
1323:"The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances 2011"
7390:
6210:
5956:
215:
111:
7380:
6250:
5499:
5408:
4977:
5494:
4941:
662:
7344:
6078:
4554:
2410:
440:
321:
1990:
7370:
7035:
1322:
652:. It is one of only a few drugs that has a beneficial effect in the chronic treatment of the vertigo and
401:
2172:
Emanuel MB (July 1979). "Specific calcium antagonists in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease".
1906:"Parkinsonism and other movement disorders in outpatients in chronic use of cinnarizine and flunarizine"
390:
5808:
5748:
3834:
2977:
734:(a derivative of cinnarizine that is 2.5-15 times stronger for treatment of transient global cerebral
6980:
6688:
5509:
5479:
4927:
2430:
645:
605:
2010:
417:
6052:
5800:
3864:
3335:
589:
5276:
5131:
3125:
2830:
2542:
585:
69:
41:
2051:"'Cerebroactive' drugs. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic role in cerebrovascular disorders"
7189:
6990:
6698:
6240:
5346:
5078:
4575:
3755:
2005:
887:
834:
708:
370:
6595:
6037:
5986:
5922:
5699:
5644:
5094:
5073:
4919:
4470:
4447:
4264:
4246:
4015:
3918:
3060:
742:
696:
616:
310:
1389:
Ganança MM, Caovilla HH, Munhoz MS, Ganança CF, da Silva ML, Serafini F, Ganança FF (2007).
6418:
6032:
5952:
5549:
2738:
2653:
2578:
2423:
854:
850:
817:, which was estimated from the single dose administration. As a very weakly basic and also
671:
330:
165:
8:
7385:
6047:
5709:
5594:
5404:
5206:
3265:
3078:
2785:
2668:
858:
822:
790:
649:
245:
236:
996:
444:
421:
7253:
6280:
6254:
6133:
5780:
5775:
5534:
5489:
5311:
4962:
4937:
4754:
4631:
4609:
3330:
3260:
3052:
3049:
2385:
2337:
2328:
2312:
2197:
2154:
2080:
2031:
1971:
1881:
1742:
1659:
1650:
1634:
1585:
1514:
1471:
1417:
1390:
1371:
1304:
1256:
1132:
126:
61:
1502:
1407:
1120:
741:
Cinnarizine has also been found to be a valuable second-line treatment for idiopathic
6057:
5917:
5812:
5629:
5524:
5474:
5331:
5211:
4465:
3816:
2719:
2377:
2342:
2293:
2266:
2239:
2189:
2146:
2110:
2072:
2067:
2050:
2023:
1963:
1959:
1927:
1873:
1869:
1837:
1793:
1789:
1734:
1699:
1695:
1664:
1615:
1577:
1506:
1463:
1422:
1363:
1296:
1248:
1244:
1207:
1166:
1124:
1078:
1074:
1006:
813:
for this amount of time (T=12 days) was not significantly different from the AUC
2201:
2158:
2084:
2035:
1989:
Turner D, Lurie Y, Finkelstein Y, Schmid T, Gopher A, Kleid D, Bentur Y (May 2006).
1975:
1922:
1905:
1885:
1746:
1589:
1518:
1375:
1308:
1260:
1136:
270:
6822:
6788:
6285:
6265:
6141:
5770:
5589:
5544:
5045:
3942:
3809:
3425:
3285:
3205:
3009:
2714:
2709:
2459:
2389:
2369:
2332:
2324:
2231:
2181:
2138:
2062:
2015:
1955:
1917:
1865:
1827:
1785:
1726:
1691:
1654:
1646:
1569:
1498:
1475:
1455:
1412:
1402:
1355:
1288:
1240:
1197:
1116:
1070:
861:
effects, binding to H1 histamine receptors, and dopaminergic (D2) receptors. The IC
687:
620:
457:
137:
94:
2235:
1359:
7079:
6860:
6768:
6368:
6358:
5930:
5887:
5584:
5321:
5246:
5226:
5017:
4981:
3345:
3305:
3280:
3165:
2804:
2790:
2757:
2657:
1573:
802:
711:
637:
593:
155:
145:
3018:
2950:
2914:
7219:
7214:
6660:
6428:
6378:
6260:
6130:
5926:
5529:
5469:
5231:
5009:
5005:
4993:
4699:
4393:
3922:
3812:
3635:
3575:
3490:
3325:
3270:
3240:
3200:
3190:
3185:
2982:
2883:
2752:
2699:
2684:
2593:
2185:
907:
636:
Cinnarizine is predominantly used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with
1730:
1459:
1292:
1202:
1186:"Cinnarizine for prevention of nausea and vomiting during platin chemotherapy"
1185:
7364:
7104:
6880:
6650:
6403:
6363:
6042:
5882:
5868:
5864:
5856:
5804:
5464:
5459:
5326:
5261:
4744:
4659:
3908:
3904:
3868:
3828:
3771:
3767:
3630:
3580:
3470:
3455:
3380:
3375:
3180:
2962:
2888:
2847:
2729:
1633:
Emanuel MB, Chamberlain JA, Whiting S, Rigden BG, Craven AH (February 1979).
581:
433:
6099:
1759:
RomPharm. Pyracin (piractam 400 mg and cinnarizine 25 mg). 2008 .
797:, the time to maximum concentration, was 3.0 ± 0.5 hours. AUC
20:
7294:
7279:
7259:
7234:
6670:
6563:
6413:
6305:
6300:
6220:
6195:
5946:
5942:
5876:
5872:
5824:
5816:
5634:
5599:
5514:
5414:
5399:
5336:
5266:
5216:
5121:
5086:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5037:
4854:
4814:
4789:
4524:
4428:
4368:
4289:
4162:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3926:
3912:
3876:
3872:
3858:
3787:
3759:
3625:
3610:
3495:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3450:
3445:
3415:
3395:
3385:
3350:
3300:
3230:
3150:
2772:
2704:
2623:
2538:
2450:
2381:
2243:
2150:
2114:
2027:
2019:
1967:
1931:
1877:
1797:
1619:
1581:
1510:
1467:
1426:
1367:
1300:
1252:
1170:
1128:
766:
754:
704:
683:
609:
597:
89:
5434:
5429:
2359:
2346:
2297:
2270:
2100:
2076:
1841:
1832:
1815:
1738:
1703:
1211:
1082:
1010:
7329:
7309:
7299:
7264:
7124:
7055:
7020:
7015:
7005:
6837:
6773:
6728:
6723:
6558:
6518:
6433:
6423:
6398:
6315:
6270:
6235:
6062:
6027:
6007:
5934:
5912:
5907:
5892:
5852:
5828:
5795:
5764:
5756:
5738:
5714:
5664:
5649:
5639:
5609:
5604:
5569:
5454:
5449:
5424:
5394:
5379:
5236:
5196:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5136:
5116:
5041:
5029:
5013:
4967:
4869:
4834:
4824:
4694:
4509:
4480:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4388:
4353:
4294:
4269:
4232:
4142:
4063:
4058:
3950:
3900:
3880:
3854:
3846:
3799:
3795:
3779:
3735:
3700:
3680:
3660:
3655:
3540:
3505:
3465:
3430:
3420:
3405:
3370:
3360:
3340:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3275:
3225:
3220:
3155:
3130:
3098:
3083:
2987:
2967:
2878:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2762:
2694:
2689:
2634:
2613:
2608:
2598:
2563:
2533:
2523:
2508:
2488:
2193:
1668:
921:
897:
731:
1391:"Optimizing the pharmacological component of integrated balance therapy"
718:
Beyond an anti-vertigo treatment, cinnarizine could be also viewed as a
290:
7324:
7269:
7204:
7199:
7099:
7030:
7010:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6935:
6885:
6842:
6807:
6758:
6753:
6713:
6680:
6675:
6665:
6645:
6640:
6573:
6548:
6373:
6320:
6310:
6275:
6244:
6230:
6205:
6200:
6180:
6175:
6022:
6002:
5967:
5860:
5848:
5836:
5743:
5732:
5728:
5669:
5564:
5559:
5539:
5444:
5316:
5271:
5251:
5201:
5156:
5106:
5102:
5090:
5021:
5001:
4989:
4947:
4904:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4859:
4794:
4734:
4679:
4654:
4639:
4529:
4418:
4383:
4363:
4358:
4302:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4177:
4167:
4147:
4132:
4122:
4112:
4097:
4092:
3892:
3820:
3791:
3783:
3710:
3645:
3605:
3600:
3565:
3560:
3520:
3515:
3440:
3365:
3290:
3255:
3245:
3215:
3195:
3175:
3135:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2842:
2643:
2603:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2528:
2513:
2503:
2483:
2446:
2373:
821:
compound with low aqueous solubility, cinnarizine is able to cross the
818:
773:
625:
484:
301:
2142:
695:
recent 2012 study comparing the effects of cinnarizine to transdermal
7304:
7289:
7274:
7249:
7179:
7094:
7074:
7025:
6960:
6955:
6870:
6738:
6635:
6615:
6588:
6568:
6493:
6393:
6383:
6353:
6295:
6290:
6170:
6165:
5840:
5820:
5790:
5760:
5752:
5654:
5614:
5574:
5519:
5439:
5384:
5341:
5286:
5161:
5151:
5126:
5082:
5033:
5025:
4985:
4972:
4799:
4749:
4704:
4689:
4514:
4475:
4423:
4373:
4274:
4152:
4048:
4033:
3896:
3884:
3850:
3838:
3824:
3775:
3763:
3725:
3715:
3665:
3620:
3570:
3545:
3460:
3435:
3410:
3400:
3390:
3355:
3295:
3235:
3170:
3160:
3140:
3088:
2992:
2898:
2893:
2767:
2747:
2588:
2518:
2498:
2493:
2478:
2473:
2311:
López MG, Moro MA, Castillo CF, Artalejo CR, García AG (March 1989).
943:
866:
777:
727:
719:
675:
256:
178:
55:
2415:
1345:
849:(inhibitory constant) value of 22 nM. It is also known to have
7284:
7239:
7129:
7089:
7084:
7000:
6847:
6708:
6340:
6335:
6325:
6016:
5962:
5938:
5694:
5624:
5484:
5221:
5141:
5110:
5068:
4957:
4534:
4493:
4433:
4328:
4323:
4307:
4043:
4038:
3934:
3842:
3803:
3590:
3145:
3003:
2903:
2799:
2648:
735:
723:
691:
the true evolutionary reason for this malady is currently unknown.
679:
653:
350:
281:
1854:
1717:
Towse G (September 1980). "Cinnarizine--a labyrinthine sedative".
1183:
1037:
Deka, C.V.R. (2006). "Role of
Cinnarizine in Peripheral Vertigo".
507:
6930:
6910:
6905:
6812:
6748:
6513:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6408:
6225:
6190:
6012:
5992:
5844:
5619:
5504:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
4739:
4333:
4284:
4071:
3888:
3106:
2946:
2629:
641:
601:
4605:
1813:
6915:
6900:
6817:
6778:
6743:
6620:
6538:
6533:
6498:
6458:
6160:
5720:
5281:
4932:
4488:
4279:
2405:
1814:
Poignet H, Beaughard M, Lecoin G, Massingham R (October 1989).
1632:
1444:
381:
2127:
1944:
28:
6875:
6802:
6453:
6155:
4644:
1775:
498:
361:
1988:
1605:
1388:
1229:
1060:
670:
It acts by interfering with the signal transmission between
406:
6852:
6345:
1184:
Wilder-Smith CH, Schimke J, Osterwalder B, Senn HJ (1991).
608:. Cinnarizine is one of the leading causes of drug-induced
341:
4618:
1278:
2310:
2286:
The
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
2259:
The
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
1156:
2283:
6211:
592:
group. It is prescribed for nausea and vomiting due to
5510:
Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide)
227:)-1-(Diphenylmethyl)-4-(3-phenylprop-2-enyl)piperazine
6853:
6346:
1903:
619:
in 1955. The nonproprietary name is derived from the
16:
Antihistamine and calcium channel blocker medication
7036:
1991:"Pediatric cinnarizine overdose and toxicokinetics"
1904:Fabiani G, Pastro PC, Froehner C (September 2004).
1559:
966:
6981:
6689:
3048:
2944:
7362:
5700:Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide)
1681:
1635:"Cinnarizine in the treatment of chronic asthma"
1488:
269:
5725:Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
2048:
1106:
244:
6991:
6699:
2256:
2221:
1448:Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology
1281:Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology
615:Cinnarizine was first synthesized as R1575 by
6129:
6115:
6089:Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
4591:
3034:
2930:
2431:
2362:Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
1820:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
530:c1c(cccc1)C(c2ccccc2)N3CCN(CC3)C\C=C\c4ccccc4
418:DTXSID80859311 DTXSID3022821, DTXSID80859311
6084:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
1159:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
6122:
6108:
5660:3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate
4623:Tooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
4598:
4584:
3041:
3027:
2937:
2923:
2438:
2424:
2096:
2094:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1809:
1807:
1440:
1438:
1436:
443:
420:
309:
2336:
2066:
2009:
1921:
1831:
1658:
1601:
1599:
1416:
1406:
1339:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1201:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
969:Turish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
703:Additionally, cinnarizine can be used in
329:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1639:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
1395:Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
1143:
1056:
1054:
1052:
979:
962:
960:
958:
661:
6251:Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)
6216:Tooltip Calcitonin gene-related peptide
2171:
2091:
1892:
1804:
1433:
416:
289:
7363:
2224:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
1719:The Journal of Laryngology and Otology
1596:
1530:
1528:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1218:
1089:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
434:
120:
6103:
4579:
3022:
3007:
2918:
2445:
2419:
1858:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
1762:
1716:
1049:
955:
389:
369:
60:
3008:
1778:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
1684:Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology
1036:
656:associated with Ménière's disease.
93:
7041:Tooltip 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine
2208:
2049:Spagnoli A, Tognoni G (July 1983).
1525:
1315:
1267:
1017:
840:
783:
349:
260:
13:
3306:Etybenzatropine (ethylbenztropine)
2329:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb11874.x
1651:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1979.tb00920.x
1608:Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine
14:
7402:
7215:Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)
6986:Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine
6694:Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine
5322:Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)
4994:chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)
4978:Antihistamines (first-generation)
4755:Desmethylclozapine (norclozapine)
4607:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
2399:
2404:
2068:10.2165/00003495-198326010-00003
1960:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.03.003
1870:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02891.x
1790:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2003.12.004
1245:10.1097/00129492-200205000-00023
801:, which can be used to estimate
474:
468:
27:
6043:Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
5861:northiaden (desmethyldosulepin)
4560:Monoamine metabolism modulators
2353:
2317:British Journal of Pharmacology
2304:
2277:
2250:
2165:
2121:
2042:
1982:
1938:
1923:10.1590/S0004-282X2004000500008
1848:
1753:
1710:
1675:
1626:
1553:
1482:
1382:
748:
631:
555:Key:DERZBLKQOCDDDZ-JLHYYAGUSA-N
6996:Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine
6704:Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine
6404:Pentoxyverine (carbetapentane)
5500:N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
2131:Journal of Cellular Physiology
1177:
929:
884:Calcium ion channel antagonist
462:
1:
7345:Receptor/signaling modulators
6241:Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
6079:Receptor/signaling modulators
5495:N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
4565:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
4555:Receptor/signaling modulators
2236:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.09.025
1910:Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
1503:10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00092-6
1408:10.1016/s1808-8694(15)31116-2
1360:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.02.008
1121:10.1016/s0028-3908(98)00233-0
949:
867:type II vestibular hair cells
707:without an increased risk of
5935:cyamemazine (cyamepromazine)
1696:10.1016/0364-7722(80)90017-x
1574:10.1097/WNF.0b013e31823dc125
1075:10.1016/0006-2952(95)02057-8
46:Stugeron, Stunarone, Cinarin
7:
6429:Racemethorphan (methorphan)
5749:Tetracyclic antidepressants
5640:Profenamine (ethopropazine)
5262:Dicycloverine (dicyclomine)
4188:Quisultazine (quisultidine)
3835:Tetracyclic antidepressants
2103:Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica
937:
10:
7409:
5898:Tripitamine (tripitramine)
5122:Benzatropine (benztropine)
3151:Benzatropine (benztropine)
2978:Cinnarizine/dimenhydrinate
2186:10.1177/000331977903000704
1562:Clinical Neuropharmacology
452:Chemical and physical data
7338:
7064:
6787:
6140:
6071:
5985:
5801:Tricyclic antidepressants
5351:+beclometasone/formoterol
4928:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
4918:
4630:
4616:
4547:
4502:
4458:
4446:
4316:
4257:
4245:
4080:
4026:
4014:
3865:Tricyclic antidepressants
3721:Sequifenadine (bicarphen)
3115:
3071:
3059:
3016:
2958:
2871:
2829:
2781:
2728:
2667:
2622:
2577:
2458:
1731:10.1017/s0022215100089787
1460:10.1007/s00210-009-0463-3
1348:Physiology & Behavior
1293:10.1007/s00210-004-0936-3
1233:Otology & Neurotology
1203:10.3109/02841869109092448
596:or other sources such as
563:
538:
518:
496:
483:
456:
451:
432:
400:
380:
360:
340:
320:
300:
280:
255:
235:
211:
206:
177:
164:
154:
144:
136:
110:
105:
80:
68:
50:
40:
35:
26:
6306:Fabomotizole (afobazole)
6281:Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
6053:Phosphatidylethanolamine
3503:Second/third-generation:
3336:Hydroxyethylpromethazine
2579:5-HT serotonin G-protein
1063:Biochemical Pharmacology
590:diphenylmethylpiperazine
62:International Drug Names
7376:H1 receptor antagonists
7270:Mepyramine (pyrilamine)
6951:3-Methoxydextrallorphan
6611:3-Methoxydextrallorphan
6434:Racemorphan (morphanol)
5277:Diphemanil metilsulfate
5132:Benzilylcholine mustard
5079:Atypical antipsychotics
4143:Lavoltidine (loxtidine)
3756:Atypical antipsychotics
3701:Quifenadine (phencarol)
3366:Mepyramine (pyrilamine)
3126:4-Methyldiphenhydramine
1491:Brain Research Bulletin
888:T-type calcium channels
586:calcium channel blocker
7391:Sigma receptor ligands
7325:Tiospirone (BMY-13859)
7265:Gevotroline (WY-47384)
7190:18-Methoxycoronaridine
7177:Allosteric modulators:
6936:Panamesine (EMD-57455)
6886:Siramesine (Lu 28-179)
6823:Ditolylguanidine (DTG)
6586:Allosteric modulators:
6549:Panamesine (EMD-57455)
6494:BMY-14802 (BMS-181100)
6286:Ditolylguanidine (DTG)
6266:Dextromethorphan (DXM)
5923:Typical antipsychotics
5695:Scopolamine (hyoscine)
5370:Hexahydrosiladifenidol
5347:Glycopyrronium bromide
3919:Typical antipsychotics
2020:10.1542/peds.2005-2059
999:Arzneimittel-Forschung
835:central nervous system
709:central nervous system
667:
7381:Janssen Pharmaceutica
6596:Methylphenylpiracetam
6171:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
6038:Glycerophosphocholine
5841:dosulepin (dothiepin)
5645:Propantheline bromide
5520:Otenzepad (AF-DX 116)
5074:Atropine methonitrate
3885:dosulepin (dothiepin)
2413:at Wikimedia Commons
1833:10.1038/jcbfm.1989.92
1538:. NHS. Archived from
876:Action of cinnarizine
743:urticarial vasculitis
665:
617:Janssen Pharmaceutica
6419:Pregnenolone sulfate
6231:Cutamesine (SA-4503)
6033:Dimethylethanolamine
5953:Umeclidinium bromide
5833:desmethyldesipramine
5550:Oxyphenonium bromide
4760:Ethoxysebacylcholine
2654:Tetrahydrocannabinol
2581:receptor antagonists
672:vestibular apparatus
6569:Rimcazole (BW-234U)
6048:Phosphatidylcholine
5710:Sofpironium bromide
5595:Pipenzolate bromide
5405:Ipratropium bromide
5207:Cimetropium bromide
3266:Dexchlorpheniramine
3079:2-Pyridylethylamine
2466:channel antagonists
823:blood brain barrier
624:within the British
23:
7371:Belgian inventions
6326:Igmesine (JO-1784)
6255:prasterone sulfate
5781:Tiotropium bromide
5776:Timepidium bromide
5535:Oxitropium bromide
5490:Muscarinic toxin 7
5365:Hexahydrodifenidol
5312:Emepronium bromide
4963:Ambutonium bromide
4938:Aclidinium bromide
3331:Homochlorcyclizine
3261:Dexbrompheniramine
3050:Histamine receptor
2374:10.1007/BF02682090
855:antiserotoninergic
776:, coma, vomiting,
668:
127:Pharmacy medicines
19:
7358:
7357:
7352:
7351:
7187:Unknown/unsorted:
6948:Unknown/unsorted:
6683:
6608:Unknown/unsorted:
6271:Dextrorphan (DXO)
6097:
6096:
6058:Phosphorylcholine
5996:
5981:
5980:
5918:Trospium chloride
5813:amitriptylinoxide
5786:Tiquizium bromide
5630:Prifinium bromide
5525:Otilonium bromide
5480:Methylscopolamine
5475:Methylhomatropine
5332:Fentonium bromide
5212:Clidinium bromide
4573:
4572:
4543:
4542:
4471:α-Methylhistamine
4466:4-Methylhistamine
4442:
4441:
4265:α-Methylhistamine
4241:
4240:
4010:
4009:
3959:Unknown/unsorted:
3817:hydroxynefazodone
3123:First-generation:
3001:
3000:
2912:
2911:
2720:Trimethobenzamide
2409:Media related to
2143:10.1002/jcp.22112
1948:Neuropharmacology
1109:Neuropharmacology
1039:Vertigo Viewpoint
927:
926:
879:Target of action
646:Ménière's disease
606:Ménière's disease
575:
574:
509:Interactive image
402:CompTox Dashboard
124:
7398:
7042:
7038:
6997:
6993:
6987:
6983:
6856:(midomafetamine)
6855:
6705:
6701:
6695:
6691:
6681:
6349:(midomafetamine)
6348:
6217:
6213:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6101:
6100:
5990:
5771:Tiemonium iodide
5726:
5722:
5590:Phenyltoloxamine
5545:Oxyphencyclimine
5046:phenyltoloxamine
4850:Suberyldicholine
4628:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4577:
4576:
4483:
4456:
4455:
4297:
4255:
4254:
4066:
4024:
4023:
3943:prochlorperazine
3810:Phenylpiperazine
3426:Phenyltoloxamine
3286:Diphenylpyraline
3206:Chlorphenoxamine
3101:
3069:
3068:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3010:Pharmacodynamics
3005:
3004:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2791:anticholinergics
2715:Thiethylperazine
2710:Prochlorperazine
2440:
2433:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2408:
2394:
2393:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2219:
2206:
2205:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2070:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2013:
1995:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1901:
1890:
1889:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1773:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1442:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1410:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1227:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1154:
1141:
1140:
1104:
1087:
1086:
1058:
1047:
1046:
1034:
1015:
1014:
994:
977:
976:
964:
918:Antidopaminergic
904:Antiserotonergic
873:
872:
859:antidopaminergic
841:Pharmacodynamics
784:Pharmacokinetics
650:Cogan's syndrome
571:
570:
511:
491:
476:
470:
464:
447:
436:
425:
424:
410:
408:
393:
373:
353:
333:
313:
293:
273:
263:
262:
248:
201:
200:
196:
191:
190:
186:
169:
122:
119:
97:
64:
31:
24:
22:
18:
7408:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7361:
7360:
7359:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7334:
7254:St. John's wort
7080:Ethylketazocine
7060:
7040:
6995:
6985:
6861:Methamphetamine
6792:
6783:
6769:Trifluoperazine
6703:
6693:
6369:Methylphenidate
6359:Methamphetamine
6215:
6145:
6136:
6128:
6098:
6093:
6067:
5989:
5977:
5931:chlorprothixene
5888:Trihexyphenidyl
5724:
5705:Silahexacyclium
5585:Phenglutarimide
5247:Desfesoterodine
5227:Cyclobenzaprine
5018:diphenhydramine
4982:brompheniramine
4914:
4865:Thiopilocarpine
4622:
4612:
4604:
4574:
4569:
4539:
4498:
4481:
4451:
4438:
4312:
4295:
4250:
4237:
4076:
4064:
4019:
4006:
3813:antidepressants
3346:Isopromethazine
3281:Diphenhydramine
3166:Brompheniramine
3111:
3099:
3064:
3055:
3047:
3012:
3002:
2997:
2954:
2945:Drugs used for
2943:
2913:
2908:
2867:
2834:
2825:
2805:Diphenhydramine
2788:
2777:
2758:Diphenhydramine
2736:
2733:
2724:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2632:
2627:
2618:
2580:
2573:
2465:
2463:
2454:
2444:
2402:
2397:
2358:
2354:
2309:
2305:
2282:
2278:
2255:
2251:
2230:(1–2): 264–70.
2220:
2209:
2170:
2166:
2126:
2122:
2099:
2092:
2047:
2043:
2011:10.1.1.566.5819
1993:
1987:
1983:
1943:
1939:
1902:
1893:
1853:
1849:
1812:
1805:
1774:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1715:
1711:
1690:(4–5): 469–89.
1680:
1676:
1631:
1627:
1604:
1597:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1487:
1483:
1443:
1434:
1387:
1383:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1277:
1268:
1228:
1219:
1190:Acta Oncologica
1182:
1178:
1155:
1144:
1105:
1090:
1069:(10): 1645–50.
1059:
1050:
1035:
1018:
995:
980:
965:
956:
952:
940:
932:
911:
864:
848:
843:
832:
816:
812:
803:bioavailability
800:
796:
786:
751:
712:oxygen toxicity
638:motion sickness
634:
594:motion sickness
566:
564:
559:
556:
551:
546:
545:
534:
531:
526:
525:
514:
489:
479:
473:
467:
428:
404:
396:
376:
356:
336:
316:
296:
276:
259:
251:
231:
228:
219:
218:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
167:
146:Bioavailability
138:Pharmacokinetic
132:
101:
71:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7406:
7405:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7349:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7220:Chlorpromazine
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7183:
7182:
7173:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7068:
7066:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6988:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6796:
6794:
6790:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6696:
6686:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6661:Chlorpromazine
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6514:E-52862 (S1RA)
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6379:Neuropeptide Y
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6261:Dextrallorphan
6258:
6248:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6138:
6137:
6131:Sigma receptor
6127:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6104:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5983:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5950:
5927:chlorpromazine
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5530:Oxapium iodide
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5470:Methylatropine
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5232:Cyclopentolate
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5010:dimenhydrinate
5006:cyproheptadine
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4935:
4930:
4924:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4845:Sebacylcholine
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4700:Butyrylcholine
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4625:
4614:
4613:
4603:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4580:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4394:Iodophenpropit
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3955:
3954:
3923:chlorpromazine
3916:
3862:
3832:
3807:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3636:Levocetirizine
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3576:Clobenztropine
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3491:Tripelennamine
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3326:Histapyrrodine
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3271:Dimenhydrinate
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:Cyproheptadine
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3201:Chlorphenamine
3198:
3193:
3191:Chloropyramine
3188:
3186:Chlorcyclizine
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3013:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:Dimenhydrinate
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:Cerium oxalate
2881:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2753:Dimenhydrinate
2750:
2744:
2742:
2739:antihistamines
2731:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2700:Metoclopramide
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:Chlorpromazine
2681:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2594:Cyproheptadine
2591:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2401:
2400:External links
2398:
2396:
2395:
2352:
2303:
2276:
2249:
2207:
2164:
2120:
2090:
2041:
2004:(5): e1067–9.
1981:
1954:(2): 208–219.
1937:
1891:
1847:
1803:
1761:
1752:
1725:(9): 1009–15.
1709:
1674:
1625:
1595:
1552:
1524:
1497:(5): 395–406.
1481:
1432:
1381:
1338:
1314:
1266:
1217:
1176:
1142:
1088:
1048:
1016:
978:
971:(in Turkish).
953:
951:
948:
947:
946:
939:
936:
931:
928:
925:
924:
919:
915:
914:
909:
905:
901:
900:
895:
894:Antihistaminic
891:
890:
885:
881:
880:
877:
862:
851:antihistaminic
846:
842:
839:
830:
814:
810:
798:
794:
785:
782:
750:
747:
682:centre of the
633:
630:
573:
572:
561:
560:
558:
557:
554:
552:
549:
541:
540:
539:
536:
535:
533:
532:
529:
521:
520:
519:
516:
515:
513:
512:
504:
502:
494:
493:
487:
481:
480:
477:
471:
465:
460:
454:
453:
449:
448:
438:
430:
429:
427:
426:
413:
411:
398:
397:
395:
394:
386:
384:
378:
377:
375:
374:
366:
364:
358:
357:
355:
354:
346:
344:
338:
337:
335:
334:
326:
324:
318:
317:
315:
314:
306:
304:
298:
297:
295:
294:
286:
284:
278:
277:
275:
274:
266:
264:
253:
252:
250:
249:
241:
239:
233:
232:
230:
229:
222:
214:
213:
212:
209:
208:
204:
203:
181:
175:
174:
173:3–4 hours
171:
162:
161:
158:
152:
151:
148:
142:
141:
134:
133:
131:
130:
116:
114:
108:
107:
103:
102:
100:
99:
86:
84:
78:
77:
74:
72:administration
66:
65:
58:
48:
47:
44:
38:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7404:
7403:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7337:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7106:
7105:Tenocyclidine
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7063:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6881:Phencyclidine
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6786:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6685:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6651:Amitriptyline
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6364:Methoxetamine
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6125:
6120:
6118:
6113:
6111:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6070:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5988:
5984:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5883:Tridihexethyl
5881:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5869:protriptyline
5866:
5865:nortriptyline
5862:
5858:
5857:nitroxazepine
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5809:+perphenazine
5806:
5805:amitriptyline
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5723:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5465:Methoctramine
5463:
5461:
5460:Methantheline
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5435:Mamba toxin 7
5433:
5431:
5430:Mamba toxin 3
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5327:Fenpiverinium
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4745:cis-Dioxolane
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4660:Acetylcholine
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4594:
4589:
4587:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4445:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4244:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4013:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3909:protriptyline
3906:
3905:nortriptyline
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3869:amitriptyline
3866:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3829:triazoledione
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3772:brilaroxazine
3769:
3768:brexpiprazole
3765:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:Levocabastine
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:Desloratadine
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Thenyldiamine
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:Pyrrobutamine
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Methapyrilene
3379:
3377:
3376:Methafurylene
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Carbinoxamine
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3006:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Acetylleucine
2961:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:Dexamethasone
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Fosaprepitant
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2666:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2464:serotonin ion
2457:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2323:(3): 725–31.
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2292:(3): 629–35.
2291:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2265:(1): 207–15.
2264:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2180:(7): 454–69.
2179:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2137:(1): 152–64.
2136:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2109:(5): 407–11.
2108:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1916:(3B): 784–8.
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:(2): 166–70.
1863:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1826:(5): 646–54.
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:(2): 189–95.
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1542:on 2012-05-07
1541:
1537:
1536:"Stugeron 15"
1531:
1529:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:(1): 180–90.
1353:
1349:
1342:
1324:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:(3): 357–63.
1238:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:(6): 879–82.
1114:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1012:
1008:
1005:(5): 539–42.
1004:
1000:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
974:
970:
963:
961:
959:
954:
945:
942:
941:
935:
923:
920:
917:
916:
913:
906:
903:
902:
899:
896:
893:
892:
889:
886:
883:
882:
878:
875:
874:
871:
868:
860:
856:
852:
838:
836:
826:
824:
820:
806:
804:
792:
781:
779:
775:
770:
768:
762:
758:
756:
746:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
713:
710:
706:
701:
698:
692:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
664:
660:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
629:
627:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:antihistamine
579:
569:
562:
553:
548:
547:
544:
537:
528:
527:
524:
517:
510:
506:
505:
503:
500:
495:
488:
486:
482:
461:
459:
455:
450:
446:
442:
439:
437:
435:ECHA InfoCard
431:
423:
419:
415:
414:
412:
403:
399:
392:
388:
387:
385:
383:
379:
372:
368:
367:
365:
363:
359:
352:
348:
347:
345:
343:
339:
332:
328:
327:
325:
323:
319:
312:
308:
307:
305:
303:
299:
292:
288:
287:
285:
283:
279:
272:
268:
267:
265:
258:
254:
247:
243:
242:
240:
238:
234:
226:
221:
220:
217:
210:
205:
182:
180:
176:
172:
170:
163:
159:
157:
153:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
128:
118:
117:
115:
113:
109:
104:
96:
91:
88:
87:
85:
83:
79:
75:
73:
67:
63:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
43:
39:
36:Clinical data
34:
30:
25:
7341:
7340:
7295:Promethazine
7280:Perphenazine
7260:Fluphenazine
7235:Clocapramine
7224:
7210:Carvotroline
7186:
7176:
7112:Antagonists:
7111:
7071:
6947:
6898:Antagonists:
6897:
6799:
6671:Clomipramine
6607:
6592:
6585:
6564:Progesterone
6451:Antagonists:
6450:
6414:Pregnenolone
6301:Escitalopram
6221:Cloperastine
6196:Blarcamesine
6152:
5947:thioridazine
5943:mesoridazine
5877:trimipramine
5873:quinupramine
5825:clomipramine
5817:butriptyline
5635:Procyclidine
5600:Piperidolate
5515:Orphenadrine
5415:Isopropamide
5400:Imidafenacin
5359:+neostigmine
5355:+indacaterol
5337:Fesoterodine
5267:Dihexyverine
5217:Cloperastine
5087:fluperlapine
5058:triprolidine
5054:propiomazine
5050:promethazine
5038:phenindamine
4997:
4855:Talsaclidine
4815:Oxotremorine
4790:Methacholine
4780:LY-2,033,298
4525:Thioperamide
4429:Thioperamide
4369:Clobenpropit
4290:Immethridine
4193:Ramixotidine
4163:Niperotidine
4128:Isolamtidine
4088:Bisfentidine
3997:Trelnarizine
3977:Flotrenizine
3958:
3947:thioridazine
3939:perphenazine
3931:fluphenazine
3927:flupenthixol
3913:trimipramine
3877:clomipramine
3873:butriptyline
3859:oxaprotiline
3788:paliperidone
3760:aripiprazole
3752:
3696:Piclopastine
3626:Latrepirdine
3616:Flezelastine
3611:Fexofenadine
3596:Efletirizine
3502:
3496:Triprolidine
3486:Tolpropamine
3481:Thonzylamine
3476:Thiazinamium
3451:Propiomazine
3446:Promethazine
3416:Phenindamine
3396:Orphenadrine
3386:Methdilazine
3351:Isothipendyl
3301:Etodroxizine
3231:Cloperastine
3210:
3122:
2972:
2773:Promethazine
2705:Metopimazine
2635:cannabinoids
2539:Palonosetron
2403:
2368:(7): 633–5.
2365:
2361:
2355:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2227:
2223:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2106:
2102:
2061:(1): 44–69.
2058:
2054:
2044:
2001:
1997:
1984:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1913:
1909:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1823:
1819:
1784:(4): 243–5.
1781:
1777:
1755:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1614:(2): 105–9.
1611:
1607:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1544:. Retrieved
1540:the original
1494:
1490:
1484:
1454:(6): 531–8.
1451:
1447:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1330:. Retrieved
1317:
1287:(6): 570–5.
1284:
1280:
1236:
1232:
1196:(6): 731–4.
1193:
1189:
1179:
1165:(6): 570–4.
1162:
1158:
1112:
1108:
1066:
1062:
1042:
1038:
1002:
998:
972:
968:
933:
922:D2 receptors
898:H1 receptors
844:
827:
807:
787:
771:
767:protonophore
763:
759:
755:parkinsonism
752:
749:Side effects
740:
717:
705:scuba divers
702:
693:
684:hypothalamus
669:
658:
635:
632:Medical uses
614:
610:parkinsonism
598:chemotherapy
577:
576:
565:
224:
166:Elimination
112:Legal status
106:Legal status
7330:Venlafaxine
7310:Remoxipride
7300:Propranolol
7225:Cinnarizine
7125:Lamotrigine
7021:Pentazocine
7016:Noribogaine
7006:Nemonapride
6838:Haloperidol
6764:Spipethiane
6729:Noribogaine
6724:Nemonapride
6719:KCR-12-83.1
6559:Pentazocine
6519:Haloperidol
6424:Pridopidine
6399:Pentazocine
6316:Fluvoxamine
6236:Cyclazocine
6063:Pirisudanol
6028:Cyprodenate
6008:Adafenoxate
5973:Zamifenacin
5957:+vilanterol
5913:Tropicamide
5908:Tropatepine
5893:Trimebutine
5853:lofepramine
5829:desipramine
5796:Tolterodine
5765:mirtazapine
5757:maprotiline
5739:Telenzepine
5715:Solifenacin
5690:SCH-217,443
5665:Revefenacin
5650:Propiverine
5610:Piroheptine
5605:Pirenzepine
5570:Penthienate
5455:Mepenzolate
5450:Meladrazine
5425:Hyoscyamine
5409:+salbutamol
5395:Homatropine
5380:Hexocyclium
5237:Darifenacin
5197:CAR-302,668
5192:CAR-302,537
5187:CAR-302,368
5182:CAR-302,282
5177:CAR-302,196
5172:CAR-301,060
5167:CAR-226,086
5137:Benzydamine
5117:Benactyzine
5095:+fluoxetine
5042:pheniramine
5030:mequitazine
5014:dimetindene
4998:cinnarizine
4968:Anisodamine
4942:+formoterol
4920:Antagonists
4900:WAY-132,983
4870:Vedaclidine
4840:SDZ 210-086
4835:Sabcomeline
4825:Pilocarpine
4695:Bethanechol
4510:JNJ-7777120
4503:Antagonists
4414:PF-03654746
4409:NNC 38-1049
4404:JNJ-5207852
4389:Impentamine
4354:Betahistine
4317:Antagonists
4270:Cipralisant
4233:Zolantidine
4223:Venritidine
4158:Mifentidine
4103:Dalcotidine
4081:Antagonists
4059:Impromidine
3987:Napactadine
3951:thiothixene
3901:lofepramine
3881:desipramine
3855:mirtazapine
3847:maprotiline
3800:ziprasidone
3796:risperidone
3780:iloperidone
3736:Terfenadine
3731:Temelastine
3681:Olopatadine
3671:Noberastine
3661:Mizolastine
3656:Mebhydrolin
3651:Mapinastine
3641:Linetastine
3556:Carebastine
3541:Bepotastine
3526:Bamirastine
3506:Acrivastine
3466:Thenalidine
3431:Pimethixene
3421:Pheniramine
3406:Oxomemazine
3371:Mequitazine
3361:Medrylamine
3341:Hydroxyzine
3321:Flunarizine
3316:Fenethazine
3311:Etymemazine
3276:Dimetindene
3251:Decloxizine
3226:Clocinizine
3221:Clobenzepam
3211:Cinnarizine
3156:Bepotastine
3131:Alimemazine
3116:Antagonists
3084:Betahistine
2988:Flunarizine
2973:Cinnarizine
2968:Betahistine
2879:Amisulpride
2835:antagonists
2821:Scopolamine
2816:Hyoscyamine
2812:(very mild)
2810:Hydroxyzine
2786:antagonists
2763:Hydroxyzine
2734:antagonists
2695:Hydroxyzine
2690:Haloperidol
2677:antagonists
2614:Ziprasidone
2609:Risperidone
2599:Hydroxyzine
2564:Tropisetron
2543:+netupitant
2534:Ondansetron
2524:Mirtazapine
2509:Granisetron
2489:Cilansetron
2447:Antiemetics
2411:Cinnarizine
1568:(1): 37–9.
1401:(1): 12–8.
975:(2): 51–62.
930:Elimination
732:flunarizine
697:scopolamine
578:Cinnarizine
492: g·mol
441:100.005.514
391:ChEMBL43064
371:CHEBI:31403
207:Identifiers
42:Trade names
21:Cinnarizine
7386:Cyclizines
7365:Categories
7315:SL 82.0715
7230:Cinuperone
7205:Caramiphen
7200:Butaclamol
7100:Tapentadol
7031:Safinamide
7011:Nepinalone
6976:Clemastine
6971:5-MeO-DiPT
6966:5-MeO-DALT
6843:Ifenprodil
6808:Arketamine
6759:Selegiline
6754:Safinamide
6714:Imipramine
6676:Clorgiline
6666:Clemastine
6656:Azidopamil
6646:5-MeO-DiPT
6641:5-MeO-DALT
6574:Sertraline
6374:Nepinalone
6321:Ifenprodil
6311:Fluoxetine
6276:Dimemorfan
6245:prasterone
6206:Citalopram
6201:Captodiame
6181:Arketamine
6176:Amantadine
6134:modulators
6023:Citicoline
6003:Acetyl-coA
5987:Precursors
5968:Xanomeline
5849:imipramine
5837:dibenzepin
5744:Terodiline
5733:paroxetine
5729:femoxetine
5685:SCH-72,788
5680:SCH-57,790
5670:Rociverine
5565:PD-0298029
5560:PD-102,807
5540:Oxybutynin
5445:Mebeverine
5390:HL-031,120
5375:Hexbutinol
5317:Etanautine
5272:Difemerine
5252:Dexetimide
5202:Caramiphen
5157:Bornaprine
5107:tenilapine
5103:quetiapine
5091:olanzapine
5022:doxylamine
5002:clemastine
4990:captodiame
4948:Abediterol
4905:Xanomeline
4895:VU-0238429
4890:VU-0152100
4885:VU-0152099
4880:VU-0090157
4875:VU-0029767
4860:Tazomeline
4820:PD-151,832
4810:Ocvimeline
4795:Milameline
4770:LY-593,039
4735:Cevimeline
4680:Alvameline
4655:Aceclidine
4650:AC-260,584
4640:77-LH-28-1
4610:modulators
4530:Toreforant
4520:Seliforant
4484:-Histidine
4419:Pitolisant
4399:Irdabisant
4384:GSK-189254
4364:Ciproxifan
4359:Burimamide
4303:Methimepip
4298:-Histidine
4218:Tuvatidine
4208:Sufotidine
4203:Roxatidine
4198:Ranitidine
4183:Pibutidine
4178:Oxmetidine
4168:Nizatidine
4148:Lupitidine
4133:Lafutidine
4123:Famotidine
4118:Etintidine
4113:Ebrotidine
4108:Donetidine
4098:Cimetidine
4093:Burimamide
4067:-Histidine
3992:Tagorizine
3982:GSK1004723
3972:Elbanizine
3967:Belarizine
3893:imipramine
3821:nefazodone
3792:quetiapine
3784:olanzapine
3741:Vapitadine
3711:Rupatadine
3691:Pibaxizine
3646:Loratadine
3606:Epinastine
3601:Emedastine
3566:Clemastine
3561:Cetirizine
3551:Cabastinen
3536:Bepiastine
3531:Barmastine
3521:Azelastine
3516:Astemizole
3511:Alinastine
3441:Pipoxizine
3291:Doxylamine
3256:Deptropine
3246:Dacemazine
3216:Clemastine
3196:Chlorothen
3176:Captodiame
3136:Antazoline
3102:-Histidine
3053:modulators
2863:Rolapitant
2858:Netupitant
2853:Maropitant
2843:Aprepitant
2644:Dronabinol
2604:Olanzapine
2569:Zatosetron
2559:Ricasetron
2554:Ramosetron
2549:Quetiapine
2529:Olanzapine
2514:Lerisetron
2504:Dolasetron
2484:Bemesetron
1998:Pediatrics
1546:2012-10-21
1332:2015-03-12
950:References
819:lipophilic
774:somnolence
626:Royal Navy
497:3D model (
485:Molar mass
331:3DI2E1X18L
302:ChemSpider
237:CAS Number
216:IUPAC name
156:Metabolism
7342:See also:
7320:SR-31747A
7305:Quinidine
7290:Proadifen
7275:Molindone
7250:Hypericin
7245:EMD-59983
7195:BMY-13980
7180:SKF-83959
7095:Naluzotan
7075:Berberine
7072:Agonists:
7026:RS-67,333
6961:4-MeO-PCP
6956:3-MeO-PCE
6871:Opipramol
6866:OPC-14523
6800:Agonists:
6739:RS-67,333
6684:-Deprenyl
6636:4-MeO-PCP
6616:3-MeO-PCP
6601:SOMCL-668
6593:Positive:
6589:Phenytoin
6579:SR-31742A
6554:PD-144418
6544:NPC-16377
6394:Opipramol
6389:OPC-14523
6384:Noscapine
6354:Memantine
6296:Eliprodil
6291:Donepezil
6166:5-MeO-DMT
6153:Agonists:
5903:Tropacine
5821:cidoxepin
5791:Tofenacin
5761:mianserin
5753:amoxapine
5675:RU-47,213
5655:Quinidine
5615:Pizotifen
5575:Pethidine
5440:Mazaticol
5420:J-104,129
5385:Himbacine
5342:Flavoxate
5287:Drofenine
5162:Camylofin
5152:Biperiden
5127:Benzilone
5083:clozapine
5064:AQ-RA 741
5034:perlapine
5026:meclizine
4986:buclizine
4973:Anisodine
4958:AF-DX 384
4953:AF-DX 250
4800:Muscarine
4775:L-689,660
4765:Itameline
4750:Clozapine
4705:Carbachol
4690:Arecoline
4515:Mianserin
4476:Histamine
4424:SCH-79687
4379:Enerisant
4374:Conessine
4275:Histamine
4228:Xaltidine
4213:Tiotidine
4173:Osutidine
4153:Metiamide
4138:Lamtidine
4049:Histamine
4034:Amthamine
4002:Trenizine
3897:iprindole
3851:mianserin
3839:amoxapine
3825:trazodone
3776:clozapine
3764:asenapine
3746:Zepastine
3726:Talastine
3716:Setastine
3706:Rocastine
3686:Perastine
3676:Octastine
3666:Moxastine
3621:Ketotifen
3586:Dorastine
3571:Clemizole
3546:Bilastine
3461:Talastine
3436:Piperoxan
3411:Perlapine
3401:Oxatomide
3391:Moxastine
3356:Meclozine
3296:Embramine
3236:Cyclizine
3171:Buclizine
3161:Bromazine
3141:Azatadine
3089:Histamine
2993:Piracetam
2899:Midazolam
2894:Lorazepam
2768:Meclizine
2748:Cyclizine
2589:Clozapine
2519:Mianserin
2499:Dazopride
2494:Clozapine
2479:Azasetron
2474:Alosetron
2174:Angiology
2006:CiteSeerX
1045:(1): 2–4.
944:Cyclizine
912:receptors
778:hypotonia
728:piracetam
720:nootropic
688:receptors
676:inner ear
179:Excretion
168:half-life
125: P (
70:Routes of
56:Drugs.com
7285:Pimozide
7240:Dezocine
7130:Naloxone
7090:Metaphit
7085:Fourphit
7065:Unsorted
7001:Ibogaine
6941:SAS-0132
6891:UKH-1114
6848:Ketamine
6833:DKR-1051
6828:DKR-1005
6709:Ibogaine
6341:L-687384
6336:Ketamine
6075:See also
6017:lecithin
5993:prodrugs
5963:WIN-2299
5939:loxapine
5625:Pridinol
5485:Metixene
5242:DAU-5884
5222:CS-27349
5142:Bevonium
5111:zotepine
5099:rilapine
5069:Atropine
4730:CDD-0102
4725:CDD-0098
4720:CDD-0097
4715:CDD-0078
4710:CDD-0034
4685:AQRA-741
4670:AF150(S)
4632:Agonists
4551:See also
4535:VUF-6002
4494:VUF-8430
4459:Agonists
4434:VUF-5681
4349:Bavisant
4329:A-423579
4324:A-349821
4308:Proxyfan
4258:Agonists
4044:Dimaprit
4039:Betazole
4027:Agonists
3962:Azanator
3935:loxapine
3843:loxapine
3804:zotepine
3591:Ebastine
3146:Bamipine
3072:Agonists
2904:Propofol
2800:Atropine
2658:cannabis
2649:Nabilone
2630:agonists
2382:11140571
2244:19770029
2202:38239037
2159:25095807
2151:20301195
2115:18540159
2085:46985958
2036:11045925
2028:16636115
1976:41909759
1968:15993444
1932:15476069
1886:26074302
1878:18681869
1798:15120099
1747:46148781
1620:10372430
1590:24196565
1582:22139622
1519:23368593
1511:10052567
1468:19830405
1427:17505593
1376:45239084
1368:17434541
1309:27410833
1301:15138660
1261:23282116
1253:11981396
1171:12056673
1137:40061724
1129:10465691
938:See also
736:ischemia
724:sedative
680:vomiting
678:and the
654:tinnitus
621:cinnamyl
568:(verify)
282:DrugBank
246:298-57-7
82:ATC code
7155:UMB-116
7150:UMB-103
7145:UMB-101
7140:UMB-100
6931:MIN-101
6921:CT-1812
6911:BD-1067
6906:BD-1008
6813:BD-1047
6749:Saffron
6734:RHL-033
6504:Dup-734
6489:BD-1067
6484:BD-1063
6479:BD-1060
6474:BD-1047
6469:BD-1031
6464:BD-1008
6409:PRE-084
6226:Cocaine
6191:BD-1052
6013:Choline
5925:(e.g.,
5845:doxepin
5803:(e.g.,
5751:(e.g.,
5727:(e.g.,
5620:Poldine
5580:pFHHSiD
5505:Nefopam
5307:EA-3834
5302:EA-3580
5297:EA-3443
5292:EA-3167
5147:BIBN 99
5081:(e.g.,
4980:(e.g.,
4805:NGX-267
4785:McNA343
4740:Choline
4344:AZD5213
4339:ABT-652
4334:ABT-239
4285:Immepip
4072:UR-AK49
3921:(e.g.,
3889:doxepin
3867:(e.g.,
3837:(e.g.,
3815:(e.g.,
3758:(e.g.,
3753:Others:
3107:UR-AK49
2947:vertigo
2390:2173191
2347:2720300
2338:1854390
2298:3162016
2271:2477524
2077:6349963
1842:2777934
1739:7000939
1704:7012879
1660:1429430
1476:1845935
1418:9443544
1212:1958394
1083:7503767
1011:8328998
674:of the
642:vertigo
602:vertigo
588:of the
490:368.524
458:Formula
311:1264793
291:DB00568
271:1547484
257:PubChem
197:⁄
192:urine,
187:⁄
98:)
92: (
90:N07CA02
7170:YZ-185
7165:YZ-069
7160:YZ-011
7051:UMB-82
7046:UMB-23
6926:LR-172
6916:CM-156
6901:AC-927
6818:BD1063
6779:YKP10A
6744:RTI-55
6631:4-IPBS
6621:4C-T-2
6539:NE-100
6534:MS-377
6529:LR-172
6524:LR-132
6509:E-5842
6499:CM-156
6459:AC-927
6444:UMB-82
6439:UMB-23
6186:BD-737
6161:4-PPBP
5282:Ditran
4933:4-DAMP
4910:YM-796
4675:AF267B
4619:mAChRs
4489:OUP-16
4280:Imetit
2872:Others
2388:
2380:
2345:
2335:
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2192:
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580:is an
523:SMILES
382:ChEMBL
351:D01295
202:faeces
160:Entire
7135:SM-21
6876:PB-28
6803:3-PPP
6626:4-IBP
6454:3-PPP
6156:3-PPP
5991:(and
5721:SSRIs
4645:AC-42
2386:S2CID
2198:S2CID
2155:S2CID
2081:S2CID
2055:Drugs
2032:S2CID
1994:(PDF)
1972:S2CID
1882:S2CID
1743:S2CID
1586:S2CID
1515:S2CID
1472:S2CID
1372:S2CID
1328:. WHO
1326:(PDF)
1305:S2CID
1257:S2CID
1133:S2CID
648:, or
604:, or
543:InChI
499:JSmol
362:ChEBI
7120:AZ66
7115:AHD1
7056:W-18
6982:DiPT
6854:MDMA
6774:W-18
6690:DiPT
6347:MDMA
6331:IPAB
6212:CGRP
5555:PBID
5257:DIBD
4830:RS86
4665:AF30
4054:HTMT
3094:HTMT
2951:N07C
2783:mACh
2460:5-HT
2378:PMID
2343:PMID
2294:PMID
2267:PMID
2240:PMID
2190:PMID
2147:PMID
2111:PMID
2073:PMID
2024:PMID
1964:PMID
1928:PMID
1874:PMID
1838:PMID
1794:PMID
1735:PMID
1700:PMID
1665:PMID
1616:PMID
1578:PMID
1507:PMID
1464:PMID
1423:PMID
1364:PMID
1297:PMID
1249:PMID
1208:PMID
1167:PMID
1125:PMID
1079:PMID
1007:PMID
908:5-HT
857:and
791:Cmax
584:and
342:KEGG
322:UNII
140:data
76:Oral
52:AHFS
7037:TMA
6992:DPT
6700:DPT
5811:),
5097:),
2451:A04
2370:doi
2366:130
2333:PMC
2325:doi
2290:234
2263:251
2232:doi
2228:383
2182:doi
2139:doi
2135:224
2063:doi
2016:doi
2002:117
1956:doi
1918:doi
1866:doi
1828:doi
1786:doi
1727:doi
1692:doi
1655:PMC
1647:doi
1570:doi
1499:doi
1456:doi
1452:380
1413:PMC
1403:doi
1356:doi
1289:doi
1285:369
1241:doi
1198:doi
1117:doi
1071:doi
809:AUC
795:max
407:EPA
261:CID
150:Low
95:WHO
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