27:
282:" used for conversion to more limited range video signals. Conventionally, these points are 95 and 685 on the 0-1023 scale (but should be adjusted based upon actual negative content). Pixel values above 685 are "brighter than white", such as the sun, chrome highlights, etc. The concept of a "soft clip" was introduced to make the rolloff of whites appear more natural. Pixel values below 95 represent black values exposed on the negative (the clear base of the film). These values can descend in practice as low as pixel values 20 or 30.
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To evaluate original scene luminances from Cineon data, the camera negative characteristics must be known. (Such characterization is known as "unbuilding.") Such characterization is aided by exposing a sensitometric strip so that the actual developing gamma can be determined. The film can be unbuilt
380:
The initial developers of the system received a
Scientific and Engineering Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in February 2005. The system as commercially used contained the contributions of many additional scientists and engineers.
795:
261:
to Status-M can be estimated with a 3x3 matrix or by using tables contained in the Kodak "Digital LAD" document. This document shows a specific relation between Cineon Code values and Status-M densities.
398:. The restoration project was done entirely at 4K resolution and 10-bit color depth using the Cineon software to digitally remove dirt and scratches. After the end of Cineon, Glenn Kennel worked with
784:
Digital
Alchemy: Matter And Metamorphosis In Contemporary Digital Animation And Interface Design, by Michelle Ramona Silva BA, Bridgewater State College, 1992 MA, University of Massachusetts, 1996
374:
led by
Lindsay Arnold. In early 1995, development moved to Kodak in Rochester, NY, where it was led by David Cok and Jim Minno. In about 1996, software development moved to
802:
268:
format, directly corresponding to density of the original negative. Since the scanned material is likely a negative, the data can be said to be "gamma with log encoding".
668:
774:
A brief history of scanning and recording by C Glenn Kennel, director of technology for
Cinesite’s Film Scanning and Recording and Digital Mastering divisions.
2390:
178:
hardware. The software was withdrawn from sale by 1997, although a number of customers continued to use it beyond that date. As an end-to-end solution for
388:
Digital Film Center in
September 1992, which became the premier test site for Cineon. In 1993 Cinesite used Cineon in the digital restoration of Disney's
1717:
755:
oscars.org, The 77th
Scientific & Technical Awards 2004 | 2005, Ritz-Carlton Huntington Hotel, Saturday, February 12, 2005, Host: Scarlett Johansson
733:
oscars.org, The 77th
Scientific & Technical Awards 2004 | 2005, Ritz-Carlton Huntington Hotel, Saturday, February 12, 2005, Host: Scarlett Johansson
313:
206:
190:, the system was one of the first. The three major components of the system (scanner, workstation software, and recorder) have all received separate
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534:
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The Cineon 10 bits per pixel color space provides 1024 levels of color as opposed to 256 levels of color in 8 bits per pixel color space. 10 bit
278:
Conversion to 8-bit integer format for display on computer monitors or transfer to video typically involves the notion of the "black point" and "
524:
Google
Patents, Method and apparatus for calibrating a sensor for highlights and for processing highlights, US 7088388 B2, Eastman Kodak Company
221:
The Cineon file format was designed specifically to represent scanned film images, and thus has some differences from other formats such as
1460:
370:(the Lightning film recorder) in Rochester NY. From February 1990, the Cineon workstation software was written by a team based at Kodak in
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390:
359:
From the late 1980s Glenn Kennel was the principal architect of the Cineon digital film system. Kennel led the development of the Cineon
191:
245:. Any negative can be reproduced on the recorder retaining the original neg's characteristics (such as color component crosstalk and
237:. Thus, Cineon files are assumed to operate as part of a reproduction chain keeping whatever values are originally scanned from a
201:. Although the product is no longer for sale, Cineon file format that Kodak defined was for a long time commonly used in the film
862:
2367:
1967:
1793:
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The Cineon project was also responsible for the creation of the Cineon ( .cin) 10 bit log file format, designed to handle
2436:
1825:
428:, Digital Visual Effects in Cinema: The Seduction of Reality. p 73 notes the place of Cineon in file restoration history.
331:
are the industry standard. The standard documented and recognized by the
Society Of Motion Picture Television Engineers:
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410:. Pleasantville was the first digital intermediate film scanned on a Spirit DataCine. This process produced the mix of
254:
1710:
1125:
963:
597:
545:
1907:
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cinematography.com, Five
Scientists Earn Kudos for Developing Kodak Hybrid Technology, by Tim Tyler, February 2005
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621:"Conversion of 10-bit Log Film data to 8-bit Linear or Video Data for The Cineon Digital Film System Version 2.1"
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148:
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In a Cineon (.cin) file, each channel (R, G, B) is 10 bits, packed 3 per 32-bit word, with two bits unused.
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thefreelibrary.com, Kodak unveils new array of Cineon film and video production products, April 15, 1996
26:
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1947:
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1987:
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249:) — and thereby retaining the negative's "look" if it were directly printed. The original Cineon
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2099:
1977:
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1771:
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1369:
1084:
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1064:
848:
783:
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and color pictures. Philips licensed some of the technology from Kodak, mainly the front end (
238:
78:
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which can store more varieties of image information as well as additional header information.
2156:
2007:
1872:
1658:
1253:
1034:
646:
431:
Mark Sawicki, Filming the Fantastic: A Guide to Visual Effects Cinematography. p. 113ff.
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digital-intermediate.co.uk, Understanding Cineon, by Richard Patterson, First Draft 10/2/01
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394:, which became the first film to be entirely scanned to digital files, manipulated, and
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1972:
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Conversions to the Cineon format were defined in a Kodak document by Glenn Kennel. The
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cinematography.com, Kodak Cineon Digital Film System, By Tim Tyler, Feb 12 2005
451:
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202:
144:
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to Cineon-compatible digital file output, first applying it to the 1998 movie
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The pixel data represents "printing density", the density that is seen by the
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based hardware. In July 1993 version 2.1.3 of the software was released for
2124:
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1627:
1553:
1525:
1379:
1359:
1320:
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942:
765:
Understanding Digital Cinema: A Professional Handbook, by Charles S. Swartz
456:
421:
Some books mentioning the role of Cineon in digital imaging history are:
123:
in the early 1990s. It was an integrated suite of components consisting a
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International Press Telecommunications Council § Photo metadata
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Brucegoren.com/, Kodak Brings Digital Art to Film, by Bruce N. Goren
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558:"cineon.com, Cineon Image File Format Draft (not a Kodak Company.)"
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by using the unique per-layer contrasts of the color negative.
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standardized the format further into a related format called
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2012:
1997:
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The art of digital color, By Mike Seymour, August 23, 2011
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Color and Mastering for Digital Cinema, by Glenn Kennel
658:
Cineon Files: What They Are, and How To Work With Them
351:
file is a type of Cineon Graphics Data File format.
162:
Hollywood. The workstations were initially built on
158:The system was first released in September 1992 to
16:
Computer based digital film system created by Kodak
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669:Prince, Stephen. Digital Visual Effects in Cinema
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582:James D. Murray; William vanRyper (April 1996).
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856:
618:
1833:
1819:
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205:world, and formed the basis for the newer
139:(the Cineon Digital Film Workstation) for
1840:
691:Understanding Cineon, First Draft 10/2/01
257:. Conversion of Cineon Printing Density
585:"Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats"
2451:
2386:Exchangeable image file format (Exif)
1814:
844:
680:producedbyconference.com glenn kennel
216:
1794:You Press the Button, We Do the Rest
253:printing densities were based upon
13:
2396:Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP)
14:
2475:
1718:Kodak v. Image Technical Services
870:
825:Cinema Papers No.120 October 1997
744:group47.com, Jim Minno, bio, 2016
194:Scientific and Technical Awards.
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391:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
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1:
1375:Kodacolor (still photography)
477:
384:Kennel helped launch Kodak's
7:
1126:Z712 IS ZOOM digital camera
702:linkedin.com Lindsay Arnold
619:Glenn Kennel (1995-07-26).
435:
125:Motion picture film scanner
10:
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723:Popular Science March 2005
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1151:Cine Special 16mm Cameras
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33:
24:
1441:Carousel slide projector
1121:Z612 Zoom Digital Camera
906:ESL Federal Credit Union
462:Direct to Disk Recording
211:Digital Picture Exchange
20:Cineon Image File Format
1788:Union of Kodak Workers
1772:Eastman Color Positive
1767:Eastman Color Negative
1370:Kodacolor (filmmaking)
796:"University of Sussex"
264:The data is stored in
255:5244 intermediate film
2459:Graphics file formats
2085:PBM / PGM / PPM / PNM
1842:Graphics file formats
1659:Eastman Business Park
396:recorded back to film
376:Palo Alto, California
111:was one of the first
1613:Leopold Godowsky Jr.
1486:Kodacolor Technology
1446:Cinema Digital Sound
372:Melbourne, Australia
188:Digital intermediate
172:Silicon Graphics Inc
117:digital film systems
2401:GIF § Metadata
1684:Kodak Picture Kiosk
1674:Kodak Park Railroad
1396:High-Speed Infrared
588:(Second ed.).
546:kodak.com, Timeline
199:digital film frames
21:
1618:Thomas J. Hargrave
1577:Four Thirds system
294:report to support
217:Cineon file format
62:Image file formats
35:Filename extension
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1808:
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1643:William S. Vaughn
1581:Micro Four Thirds
1511:Proofing Software
1419:
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1249:Vest Pocket Kodak
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886:Chinon Industries
363:film scanner and
251:color data metric
182:, 10 bit digital
149:image restoration
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48:Developed by
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1689:Kodak, Tennessee
1679:Kodak Photo Spot
1436:Autographic film
1431:Approval proofer
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402:to extend the
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286:Programs like
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213:(DPX) format.
209:-standardised
203:visual effects
145:visual effects
135:hardware with
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564:on 2013-05-29
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1628:Kenneth Mees
1554:The Brownies
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1360:Eastmancolor
879:Subsidiaries
830:
821:
810:. Retrieved
803:the original
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108:
106:
2140:Logluv TIFF
1703:Court cases
1694:Kodak Tower
1572:DX encoding
1353:Color print
1267:Camera film
1182:Kodak 35 RF
1160:Rangefinder
447:Color suite
418:and CCDs).
327:and 10 bit
280:white point
141:compositing
133:workstation
2453:Categories
2437:Comparison
1668:Building 9
1563:Technical
1506:Picture CD
1344:Kodachrome
1339:Ektachrome
1229:Instamatic
1146:Ciné-Kodak
982:400 series
977:300 series
812:2017-03-02
633:2015-04-17
605:2015-04-17
568:2005-04-30
478:References
472:Film stock
345:SMPTE 372M
341:SMPTE 296M
337:SMPTE 292M
333:SMPTE 259M
235:print film
168:Transputer
2174:UFO / UFP
2110:PSD / PSB
2023:JPEG 2000
1983:ICO / CUR
1735:Processes
1565:standards
1521:Starmatic
1491:Kodascope
1476:KAF-10500
1461:Ektaprint
1239:Starflash
1172:Retinette
1027:EasyShare
1017:Pro SLR/n
1012:Pro SLR/c
930:DC series
84:Draft 4.5
2425:Category
2378:Metadata
2320:Compound
2048:JPEG-HDR
1531:Versamat
1456:Colorama
1177:Kodak 35
590:O'Reilly
436:See also
386:Cinesite
239:negative
176:SGI Onyx
160:Cinesite
137:software
113:computer
79:Standard
2167:TIFF/IT
2162:TIFF/EP
2043:JPEG XT
2038:JPEG XS
2033:JPEG XR
2028:JPEG XL
2018:JPEG-LS
1781:Related
1516:S-mount
1481:Keykode
1471:Gallery
1389:B&W
1321:Super 8
1274:Formats
1224:Brownie
1007:Pro 14n
922:Digital
915:Cameras
412:B&W
400:Philips
355:History
97:.cineon
90:Website
2275:Gerber
2237:Vector
2100:PICtor
1850:Raster
1652:Places
1596:People
1526:Ultima
1451:Cineon
1380:Portra
1217:Others
1201:Reflex
1187:Signet
1167:Retina
1116:Pixpro
1109:Others
1090:DX7590
1085:DX6490
1080:DX6440
1075:DX4530
1070:CX4230
1065:CX4200
943:DC3200
901:Qualex
596:
292:XnView
288:FFmpeg
115:based
2464:Kodak
2343:MODCA
2003:JBIG2
1893:BSAVE
1540:Media
1406:Tri-X
1401:T-MAX
1365:Ektar
1192:Ektra
1139:Movie
1035:C1013
1002:DCS 3
997:DCS 1
992:D6000
987:D2000
938:DC215
806:(PDF)
799:(PDF)
624:(PDF)
365:laser
349:.fido
314:SMPTE
259:(CPD)
207:SMPTE
192:AMPAS
121:Kodak
52:Kodak
2368:XAML
2353:PICT
2333:DjVu
2290:PGML
2285:IGES
2280:HVIF
2270:EMF+
2222:CIFF
2184:WebP
2179:WBMP
2157:TIFF
2135:RGBE
2125:QTVR
2070:NRRD
2065:MIFF
2013:JPEG
1998:JBIG
1993:ILBM
1978:ICNS
1973:ICER
1968:HEVC
1963:HDRi
1948:FLIF
1943:FLIC
1938:FITS
1878:AVIF
1868:APNG
1863:ANIM
1762:K-14
1757:RA-4
1747:C-41
1742:C-22
1316:Disc
1234:Pony
1100:V570
1095:P880
1060:C813
1055:C613
1050:C340
1045:C330
1040:C300
964:DSLR
891:Creo
594:ISBN
347:. A
301:.dpx
298:and
296:.cin
290:and
227:JPEG
225:and
223:TIFF
186:and
151:and
131:and
127:, a
107:The
99:.com
41:.cin
2363:SWF
2348:PDF
2338:EPS
2328:CDF
2310:Xar
2305:WMF
2300:VML
2295:SVG
2265:EMF
2260:DXF
2255:CGM
2250:CDR
2227:DNG
2214:Raw
2204:XWD
2199:XPM
2194:XCF
2189:XBM
2152:TGA
2147:SGI
2130:RAS
2120:QOI
2115:PSP
2105:PNG
2095:PGF
2090:PCX
2080:PAM
2075:ORA
2060:MNG
2055:KRA
2008:JNG
1988:ICS
1958:GIF
1953:FPX
1933:EXR
1928:ECW
1923:DPX
1918:DDS
1913:CPT
1908:CPC
1903:CIN
1898:CAL
1888:BPG
1883:BMP
1873:ART
1858:ANI
1752:E-6
1496:KPR
1311:828
1306:616
1301:135
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1291:126
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1281:110
972:100
953:DCS
361:CCD
329:RGB
325:YUV
318:DPX
266:log
241:or
164:Sun
95:www
72:DPX
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2358:PS
2245:AI
961:EF
957:NF
626:.
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339:,
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