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the form of organized structures, Article 9 must be interpreted in the light of
Article 11 of the Convention, which safeguards associative life against unjustified State interference. Seen in that perspective, the right of believers to freedom of religion, which includes the right to manifest one's religion in community with others, encompasses the expectation that believers will be allowed to associate freely, without arbitrary State intervention. Indeed, the autonomous existence of religious communities is indispensable for pluralism in a democratic society and is thus an issue at the very heart of the protection which Article 9 affords. The State's duty of neutrality and impartiality, as defined in the Court's case-law, is incompatible with any power on the State's part to assess the legitimacy of religious beliefs.
264:
religion or belief. The Court held that where the organization of a religious community is at issue, "a refusal to recognize it" not only constitutes interference with its right to freedom of association protected by ECHR Article 11. It also constitutes interference with the applicants' right to freedom of religion under
Article 9 of the convention. The Court noted that "the believers' right to freedom of religion encompasses the expectation that the community will be allowed to function peacefully, free from arbitrary State intervention". Therefore, the Court determined that the failure to recognize the Church of Scientology through rejection of registration offended these fundamental religious freedom and association rights.
243:
to fifth applications were refused on the grounds that the Church had failed to submit unspecified documents. The sixth to tenth applications were refused on the grounds that the Church had failed to comply with the time limit for re-registration, although the
Constitutional Court had already held that this reason was not valid. Finally, the eleventh application was refused on the ground that the Church had failed to prove its existence in Moscow for at least 15 years, although the Constitutional Court had already held that this reason was not valid.
251:
Church and pointed out that an association with no status as a legal entity was, in particular, prevented from renting premises for religious ceremonies and worship, receiving and disseminating religious literature or holding a bank account. It also held that that refusal had been inconsistent with international standards of law. That decision became binding and enforceable on 19 December 2000. However, the
Justice Department refused to comply with it and, in March 2001, it was quashed by way of supervisory review by the government. Subsequently, the
375:
based its ruling merely on the specifically
Russian and consequently national assessment of the 'Church of Scientology Moscow' being an association of a religious nature, without positively according the Scientology organisation as a whole the status of a religious community." The task force concluded that the ECHR did not grant the Church a "positive entitlement" to registration as a religious entity in Russia nor did it make a ruling on the religious nature of Scientology that would be binding on ECHR signatories other than Russia.
247:
re-register, the rights of the Church and its parishioners essential to the conduct of their religious activities on anything but the most primitive level were seriously jeopardized, including the ability to own and operate educational institutions including theological schools, to own and maintain religious buildings, to conduct charitable activities, the right to acquire, import and distribute religious literature and the right to invite foreign citizens to preach and conduct religious services.
24:
226:" (the right to freedom of religion). Specifically, the Court determined that, in denying consideration of registration to the Church of Scientology of Moscow, the Moscow authorities "did not act in good faith and neglected their duty of neutrality and impartiality vis-à-vis the applicant's religious community". The Court also awarded the Church €10,000 in respect of non-pecuniary damage and €15,000 for costs and expenses.
324:
authorities did not act in good faith and neglected their duty of neutrality and impartiality vis-à-vis the applicant's religious community. In the light of the foregoing, the Court considers that the interference with the applicant's right to freedom of religion and association was not justified. There has therefore been a violation of
Article 11 of the Convention read in the light of Article 9.
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issue, a refusal to recognize it also constitutes interference with the applicants' right to freedom of religion under
Article 9 of the Convention. The believers' right to freedom of religion encompasses the expectation that the community will be allowed to function peacefully, free from arbitrary State intervention.
363:
In
September 2009, the European Court of Human Rights issued a binding ruling in favor of the Scientology branches in Surgut and Nizhnekamsk. The two organizations were awarded €20,000 in costs and damages. The ruling, which cannot be appealed, said that Russia could not ban the Church of Scientology
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This is not the first time that the
Strasbourg organs have ruled in favor of Scientology. The Church of Scientology has previously been before the European Commission on Human Rights in a case that decided that a Church could represent its members to assert their religious rights under Article 9 (see
242:
The Church of
Scientology of Moscow subsequently applied eleven times for re-registration to the Moscow Justice Department between August 1998 and May 2005. Each application was rejected. The first two applications were refused on the grounds that the Church had violated unspecified laws. The third
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In its decision overturning the refusal by Russian authorities to re-register the Church, the Human Rights Court determined that the Church of Scientology of Moscow was a "religious community" entitled to the rights afforded such communities by ECHR Article 9, which protects the right to freedom of
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As a result of a complaint filed by the Church, the Nikulinskiy District Court of Moscow found, on 8 December 2000, that the Justice's Department refusal to re-register the Church was unlawful. It concluded that the Justice Department had, in essence, used subterfuge to avoid re-registration of the
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While religious freedom is primarily a matter of individual conscience, it also implies, inter alia, freedom to "manifest religion" alone and in private or in community with others, in public and within the circle of those whose faith one shares. Since religious communities traditionally exist in
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The Court refers to its settled case-law to the effect that, as enshrined in Article 9, freedom of thought, conscience and religion is one of the foundations of a "democratic society" within the meaning of the Convention. It is, in its religious dimension, one of the most vital elements that go to
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The Working group commented, "The ECHR itself did not consider whether the Scientology organisation as such meets the characteristics of a religion (or religious community) within the meaning of article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights in terms of its structure and beliefs. The Court
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to religious freedom issues – "the need to secure true religious pluralism, an inherent feature of the notion of a democratic society". Similarly, the Court has emphasized the importance of "pluralism, tolerance and broadmindedness, without which there is no democratic society". As the Court has
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The refusal to re-register the Moscow Church under the Religion Law placed its status as a legal entity in jeopardy. The consequences of non-registration as a religious organization within the meaning of the Law were extreme for the Church and its members. As a result of the arbitrary refusal to
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n view of the Court's finding above that the reasons invoked by the Moscow Justice Department and endorsed by the Moscow courts to deny re-registration of the applicant branch had no legal basis, it can be inferred that, in denying registration to the Church of Scientology of Moscow, the Moscow
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The Court has expressed the view that a refusal by the domestic authorities to grant legal-entity status to an association of individuals may amount to an interference with the applicants' exercise of their right to freedom of association. Where the organization of the religious community is at
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entered into force, requiring all religious associations previously granted the status of a legal entity to bring their articles of association into conformity with the Religion Law and to re-apply for registration with the competent Justice Department before 31 December 2000. Failure to obtain
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The Court has already found in a similar case that this situation disclosed an interference with the religious organization's right to freedom of association and also with its right to freedom of religion insofar as the Religions Act restricted the ability of a religious association without
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City Government's refusal to consider the Church of Scientology of Moscow for registration as a religious organisation, and as a result found that Russia had violated the rights of the Church of Scientology under Articles 11 (the right to freedom of association) when "read in the light of
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The Court then dismissed the government's claims that the refusal to register the Moscow Church of Scientology did not constitute a violation of the Church's fundamental human rights as it was not dissolved and could continue to operate. Instead, the Court applied its findings in
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In its admissibility decision, the European Court of Human Rights determined, after examining extensive submissions and arguments by the parties, that the founding members' and the Church's complaint regarding the refusal of Russian authorities to re-register it was admissible.
342:(Application nos. 76836/01 and 32782/03), the Court considered separate applications regarding the refusal of Russian authorities to register Scientology Churches as religious organizations filed by founding members of two Churches of Scientology, the Church of Scientology of
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make up the identity of believers and their conception of life, but it is also a precious asset for atheists, agnostics, sceptics and the unconcerned. The pluralism indissociable from a democratic society, which has been dearly won over the centuries, depends on it.
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Moreover, on 9 June 2005, the European Court of Human Rights (First Section) issued an important admissibility decision concerning issues relating to the registration of two Scientology Churches as a religious organization under Russian national law. In that case,
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16 DR 109 ). The Commission concluded that the Church of Scientology, as "a Church body is capable of possessing and exercising the rights contained in Article 9(1) in its own capacity as a representative of its members."
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The Court considers, in the light of the parties' submissions, that this part of the applications raises serious issues of fact and law under the Convention, the determination of which requires an examination of the
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Likewise, the Court found that the government's actions constituted an interference with the Church of Scientology's rights to freedom of association and religion.
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The Church of Scientology of Moscow describes itself as a religious association and was officially registered as such in January 1994. On 1 October 1997, a new
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In view of the judgment the European Human Rights Office of the Church of Scientology International emphasized a "need for dialogue" with governments.
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upheld the systematic refusal to register the Moscow Church. The Church then filed an application with the European Court in 2002.
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579:"Comments on the ruling of the European Court of Human Rights of 5th April 2007 – Case of Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia"
239:"re-registration" before the expiration of that time limit exposed the Church to the threat of dissolution by judicial decision.
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case to find that the Moscow Church of Scientology was being prevented from exercising its full range of religious activities.
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603:"Submission to OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting", Sept 26, 2007, page 2, by Fabio Amicarelli, OSCE homepage
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posted comments on the city's website, in English, containing its assessment of the judgment and its implications.
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This expansive approach is consistent with the Court's application of a fundamental human rights policy of the
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City in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Region of the Russian Federation, and the Church of Scientology of
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New Era Publications International ApS v. Carol Publishing Group and Jonathan Caven-Atack
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444:"Judgment on Application no. 18147/02 by Church of Scientology of Moscow against Russia"
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legal-entity status to exercise the full range of religious activities (see
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Salvation Army vs. Russia, Judgement at European Center for Law and Justice
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Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.
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Kimlya, Aidar Sultanov and Church of Scientology of Nizhnekamsk vs Russia
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simply because it did not have a long history in the country.
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306:). These findings are applicable in the present case as well.
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Beliefnet: European Court Clears Hurdles for Scientologists
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CASE OF THE MOSCOW BRANCH OF THE SALVATION ARMY v. RUSSIA
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A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant
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Church of Scientology Intl. v. Time Warner, Inc., et al.
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European Court of Human Rights cases involving Russia
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Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights
488:, (59/1995/565/651) (26 September 1996), paragraph 41
476:, (59/1995/565/651) (26 September 1996), paragraph 44
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in the Tatarstan Republic of the Russian Federation.
500:(Application no. 72881/01), JUDGMENT, 5 October 2006
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Hubbard Association of Scientologists International
1093:Church of Scientology Intl. v. Fishman and Geertz
304:The Moscow Branch of The Salvation Army v. Russia
1767:
1079:Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong
533:Judgement at European Center for Law and Justice
369:Scientology Working Group of the City of Hamburg
550:"Scientologists win rights case against Russia"
1545:New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project
1505:Concerned Businessmen's Association of America
1142:Headley v. Church of Scientology International
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295:Moscow Branch of The Salvation Army v. Russia
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1485:Association for Better Living and Education
1252:International Association of Scientologists
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1648:Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath
1580:World Institute of Scientology Enterprises
885:Church of Scientology editing on Knowledge
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410:
47:. Please do not remove this message until
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521:Case Summary at Minority Rights Group Int
319:The Court then concluded by stating that
67:Learn how and when to remove this message
1100:Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto
568:
43:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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1135:Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia
1086:R. v. Church of Scientology of Toronto
1044:X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden
393:Scientology status by country § Russia
84:Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia
639:
331:X and Church of Scientology v. Sweden
195:Church of Scientology Moscow v Russia
99:Church of Scientology Moscow v Russia
1585:Youth for Human Rights International
1058:Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology
1005:The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power
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1500:Citizens Commission on Human Rights
1189:Church of Scientology International
1107:Religious Technology Center v Lerma
457:European Convention on Human Rights
209:of the convention. In the case the
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1277:Scientology Missions International
1242:Golden Era Productions (Gold Base)
1218:Flag Building/Super Power Building
1128:Arenz, Röder and Dagmar v. Germany
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116:ECLI:CE:ECHR:2007:0405JUD001814702
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875:Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act
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795:Scientology and religious groups
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1575:The Way to Happiness Foundation
1051:Church of Scientology v. Sweden
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1606:Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology
1237:Founding Church of Scientology
1201:Church of Spiritual Technology
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211:European Court of Human Rights
203:European Court of Human Rights
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880:Books critical of Scientology
486:Manoussakis, Others v. Greece
474:Manoussakis. Others v. Greece
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1267:Rehabilitation Project Force
920:Guardian's Office operations
388:Scientology and law § Russia
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1262:Religious Technology Center
760:Keeping Scientology Working
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49:conditions to do so are met
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983:The Secrets of Scientology
630:Press release of the Court
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1213:Flag Service Organization
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1065:Hernandez v. Commissioner
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977:Scientology as a business
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1037:United States v. Hubbard
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905:Death of Lisa McPherson
1791:Scientology litigation
1515:Cult Awareness Network
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1683:A Token of My Extreme
1560:Second Chance Program
1555:Safe Environment Fund
1225:Flag Ship Service Org
1184:Church of Scientology
895:Death of Elli Perkins
452:"Court press release"
398:Scientology in Russia
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1655:My Scientology Movie
994:Tax status in the US
945:Operation Snow White
89:Decided 5 April 2007
1570:Volunteer Ministers
1520:The Delphian School
1490:Applied Scholastics
900:Death of Kaja Ballo
890:Clearwater Hearings
36:of this section is
1786:Religion in Russia
1535:Moxon & Kobrin
989:Suppressive person
971:Scientology and Me
940:Operation Freakout
935:Operation Clambake
765:Marcab Confederacy
740:Ethics and justice
130:Court composition
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1719:Wikimedia Commons
1300:Status by country
1194:Guaranty Building
950:Project Chanology
915:Fishman Affidavit
847:Training routines
280:Council of Europe
205:case, concerning
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1796:2007 in case law
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1613:Being Tom Cruise
1418:Jessica Feshbach
1398:Shelly Miscavige
1388:Mary Sue Hubbard
1272:Saint Hill Manor
1172:Celebrity Centre
1030:Hubbard v Vosper
955:Project Normandy
837:Study Technology
780:Operating Thetan
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556:. 2 October 2009
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460:. 5 April 2007.
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125:First Section
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1530:Front groups
1463:Kurt Weiland
1448:Mark Rathbun
1423:David Gaiman
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930:The Internet
925:Keith Henson
827:Silent birth
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598:
586:. Retrieved
558:. Retrieved
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268:Significance
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194:
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191:
178:D. Spielmann
153:L. Loucaides
146:
140:C.L. Rozakis
135:
78:
63:
54:
32:
15:
1747:Wikiversity
1634:Going Clear
1495:Celebrities
1473:Affiliated
1453:Mike Rinder
1413:Tommy Davis
1340:New Zealand
1335:Netherlands
832:Space opera
675:Beliefs and
667:Scientology
348:Nizhnekamsk
1770:Categories
1754:Wiktionary
1740:Wikisource
1676:South Park
1669:The Profit
1662:The Master
1627:The Bridge
1565:Trademarks
1443:Karin Pouw
1158:properties
1021:Litigation
965:Psychiatry
404:References
283:stressed,
217:condemned
215:Strasbourg
207:Article 11
173:K. Hajiyev
168:E. Steiner
34:neutrality
1733:Wikiquote
1712:Wikibooks
1620:Bowfinger
1525:Free Zone
1403:Bob Adams
1375:Officials
1305:Australia
1292:Countries
1230:Freewinds
1167:Cadet Org
910:Fair game
805:Sec Check
716:Dianetics
710:Dianetics
677:practices
632:(English)
560:6 October
224:Article 9
163:A. Kovler
136:President
57:July 2013
45:talk page
1726:Wikinews
1595:Popular
1540:Narconon
1510:Criminon
1350:Pakistan
1011:Timeline
999:The Hole
770:Marriage
755:Incident
745:Glossary
690:Auditing
685:Abortion
382:See also
259:Judgment
199:ECHR 258
158:N. Vajić
107:18147/02
38:disputed
1597:culture
1330:Germany
1310:Belgium
1282:Sea Org
862:History
785:OT VIII
750:Implant
730:E-meter
359:merits.
122:Chamber
1355:Russia
1345:Norway
1325:France
1315:Canada
842:Thetan
815:Gender
735:Engram
718:(book)
700:Bridge
588:16 May
344:Surgut
219:Moscow
147:Judges
1320:Egypt
1156:(and
960:R2-45
705:Clear
695:Books
582:(PDF)
230:Facts
201:is a
1640:film
852:Xenu
775:MEST
590:2007
562:2009
367:The
192:The
112:ECLI
104:Case
31:The
864:and
810:Sex
213:in
1772::
570:^
552:.
539:^
454:.
412:^
1685:"
1681:"
1160:)
659:e
652:t
645:v
592:.
564:.
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70:)
64:(
59:)
55:(
51:.
41:.
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